2228:
2333:
503:
1382:(the rest of the cephalopods). Palcephalopoda is meant to correspond to groups which are closer to living nautilus, while Neocephalopoda is meant to correspond to groups closer to living coleoids. One issue which this scheme is the necessity of establishing a firm ancestry for nautilus, to contextualize which cephalopods are closer to which of the two living end members. On the basis of morphological traits, Nautilida is most similar to coiled early nautiloids such as the Tarphycerida and Oncocerida. However, these orders diverged from coleoid ancestors in the early Ordovician at the latest, while genetic divergence estimates suggest that Nautilida diverged in the Silurian or Devonian.
992:
3052:
1582:
2256:
2302:
2190:
2156:
2140:
2211:
172:
540:), enlarging the body chamber and providing more room for the growing animal. Sutures (or suture lines) appear where each septum contacts the wall of the outer shell. In life, they are visible as a series of narrow wavy lines on the outer surface of the shell. Like their underlying septa, the sutures of the nautiloids are simple in shape, being either straight or slightly curved. This is different from the "zigzag" sutures of the goniatites and the highly complex sutures of the ammonites.
783:
979:
767:
745:
2173:
127:
2281:
616:). Some species' shells—especially in the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic—are ornamented with spines and ribs, but most have a smooth shell. The shells are formed of aragonite, although the cameral deposits may consist of primary calcite. The coloration of the shell of the modern nautilus is quite prominent, and, although somewhat rarely, the shell coloration has been known to be preserved in fossil nautiloids. They often show color patterns only on the
966:
953:
635:
1372:. This means that they include some descendant taxa while excluding others. For example, the paraphyletic order Orthocerida includes numerous orthocerids stretching through the Paleozoic, but it excludes colloids, despite colloids having a well-established ancestry among the orthocerids. Interpretations by Engeser (1996-1998) suggests that nautiloids, and indeed cephalopods in general, should be split into two main clades:
109:
1594:. The first cephalopod-focused paper to use this technique was published by Pohle et al. (2022). They recovered several previously hypothesized groups, though many orders were determined to be paraphyletic. The study was focused on early cephalopod diversification in the Late Cambrian and Ordovician, and did not discuss in detail the origin of post-Ordovician groups. The following is a simplified version of their
563:. The nature of the siphuncle and its position within the shell are important in classifying nautiloids and can help distinguish them from ammonoids. The siphuncle is on the shell periphery in most ammonoids whereas it runs through the center of the chambers in some nautiloids, including living nautiluses.
1320:
forms that include the ancestors of subsequent stocks; Orthoceratoidea, which unites different primarily orthoconic orders (including the ancestors for
Bacritida and Ammonoidea); and Nautilitoidea, which includes the first coiled cephalopods, Tarphycerida, as well as Nautilida, which includes the recent
872:
have been recorded measuring up to 5.7 meters (19 feet) in shell length, and there is a description of a specimen estimated to have reached 9.1 meters (30 feet), although that specimen is reported as destroyed. These large nautiloids would have been formidable predators of other marine animals at the
1319:
Three of these superorders were established for orders of uncertain placement: Endocerida, Actinocerida, and
Discosorida. The other three unite related orders which share a common ancestor and form a branch of the nautiloid taxonomic tree: Plectronoceratoidea, which consists mostly of small Cambrian
1409:
morphology, connecting ring structure, and the extent of cameral and endosiphuncular deposits. While most previous studies referred to subclasses with the suffix '-oidea', these authors instead opted for the suffix '-ia', to prevent confusion between group levels. For example, Nautiloidea
1589:
Traditional nautiloid classification schemes emphasize certain character traits over others, potentially involving personal bias as to which traits are worth emphasizing according to different authors. This issue may be resolved by sampling all morphological traits equally through
1128:
onward, the appearance of pinnipeds in the geological record of a region coincides with the disappearance of nautiloids from that region. As a result, nautiloids are now limited to their current distribution in the tropical Indo-Pacific ocean, where pinnipeds are absent. The genus
494:. This taxon consists only of those orders that are clearly related to the modern nautilus to the exclusion of other modern cephalopods. In this restricted definition, membership is somewhat variable between authors, but it usually includes Tarphycerida, Oncocerida, and Nautilida.
1016:, where it ultimately gave rise to all subsequent cephalopods. In the Early and Middle Ordovician the nautiloids underwent an evolutionary radiation. Some eight new orders appeared at this time, covering a great diversity of shell types and structure, and ecological lifestyles.
2332:
1207:
A consensus on nautiloid classification has traditionally been elusive and subject to change, as different workers emphasize different fundamental traits when reconstructing evolutionary events. The largest and most widely cited publication on nautiloid taxonomy is the
551:(a polymorph of calcium carbonate – which during fossilisation is often recrystallized to calcite, a more stable form of calcium carbonate ): septal necks and connecting rings. Some of the earlier nautiloids deposited calcium carbonate in the empty chambers (called
736:, a biomineralized plate which is proposed to act as an operculum which closes the shell to protect the body. However, aptychus-like plates are known from some extinct nautiloids, and they may be homologous to the fleshy hood of a modern nautilus.
2227:
1414:
was renamed to
Nautilia, to differentiate it from the informal broader definition of "nautiloid". In addition, they used the unsimplified names for orders, with the suffix '-atida' rather than the common simplified form, '-ida'.
464:
group that is thought to have given rise to orthoceratoids, ammonoids and coleoids, and are defined by the exclusion of those descendent groups. Both ammonoids and coleoids have traditionally been assumed to have descended from
1212:
Part K by
Teichert et al. 1964, though new information has rendered this volume outdated and in need of revision. Treatise Part K was based on previous classification schemes by Flower & Kummel (1950) and the Russian
716:
nautiloids, the gas inside the shell keeping it buoyant for some time after the animal's death, allowing the empty shell to be carried some distance from where the animal lived before finally sinking to the seafloor.
570:
are smoothly concave in the forward direction, producing external sutures which are generally simple and smooth. The siphuncle is supported by septal necks which point to the rear (i.e. retrosiphonate) throughout the
1135:
seem to have temporarily survive regions where pinnipeds were present through adaptations to fast and agile swimming, but eventually went extinct as well. Predation by short-snouted whales and the development of
327:
era, when they constituted the main predatory animals. Early in their evolution, nautiloids developed an extraordinary diversity of shell shapes, including coiled morphologies and giant straight-shelled forms
681:
and arms (or tentacles). They have a smooth shell over a large body chamber, which is divided into subchambers filled with an inert gas (similar to the composition of atmospheric air, but with more
1038:
holding their own (and indeed increasing in diversity). Their shells became increasingly tightly coiled, while both numbers and variety of non-nautilid species continued to decrease throughout the
1085:, where they co-existed quite happily with their more specialised ammonoid cousins. Most of these forms differed only slightly from the modern nautilus. They had a brief resurgence in the early
1027:
periods, with various straight, curved and coiled shell forms coexisting at the same time. Several of the early orders became extinct over that interval, but others rose to prominence.
2255:
2301:
1105:, their geographic distribution shrank and these hardy and long-lived animals declined in diversity again. Today there are only six living species, all belonging to two genera,
728:
and other cephalopods, modern nautili do not have an ink sac, and there is no evidence to suggest that the extinct forms possessed one either. Furthermore, unlike the extinct
2189:
945:, where they seem to have been quite diverse (at the time this was a warm shallow sea rich in marine life). However, although four orders have been proposed from the 131
2781:
2643:
1405:
into five subclasses. Major groups were primarily defined by variation in their muscle attachment types. Other traits referenced during this reclassification include
2936:
2210:
1188:
380:
of various early-diverging cephalopod lineages, including the ancestors of ammonoids and coleoids. Some authors prefer a narrower definition of
Nautiloidea (
1220:
Other comprehensive taxonomic schemes have been devised by Wade (1988), Teichert (1988), and
Shevyrev (2006). Wade (1988) divided the subclass Nautiloidea (
3145:
1389:(2004), which supports the monophyly of cephalopods, does not bear on the Palcephalopod/Neocephalopod question, since the only cephalopods included were
2969:
1299:
1343:
Recently some workers in the field have come to recognize
Dissidocerida as a distinct order, along with Pseudorthocerida, both previously included in
1309:
1566:
750:
547:, a fleshy tube which runs through each of the internal chambers of the shell. Surrounding the fleshy tube of the siphuncle are structures made of
536:
secretes a new septum, adding another chamber to the series of shell chambers. At the same time, shell material is added around the shell opening (
674:. It is not usually found in waters less than 100 meters (328 feet) deep and may be found as far down as 500 to 700 meters (1,640 to 2,300 feet).
387:), as a singular subclass including only those cephalopods which are closer to living nautiluses than they are to either ammonoids or coleoids.
3314:
2552:"Onset of the Ordovician cephalopod radiation – evidence from the Rochdale Formation (middle Early Ordovician, Stairsian) in eastern New York"
3568:
3194:
3009:
524:
occupied by the animal in life. The outer wall of the shell, also known as the conch, defines its overall shape and texture. The chambers (
693:
are arranged in two circles around the mouth. The animal is predatory, and has jaws which are horny and beak-like, allowing it to feed on
2139:
3657:
2172:
2155:
1090:
3555:
1030:
Nautiloids began to decline in the
Devonian, perhaps due to competition with their descendants and relatives the Ammonoids and
566:
The subclass
Nautiloidea, in its broader definition, is distinguished from other cephalopods by two main characteristics: the
2830:
1209:
2635:
2280:
1170:
3652:
3560:
949:
named, there is no certainty that all of these are valid, and indeed it is likely that these taxa are seriously oversplit.
430:
Traditionally, the most common classification of the cephalopods has been a four-fold division (by Bather, 1888), into the
1171:
1120:
The recent decrease in the once worldwide distribution of nautiloids is now believed to have been caused by the spread of
2940:
1159:
1151:
512:
shell, showing the large body chamber, shrinking camerae, concave septa, and septal necks (partial siphuncle supports)
1182:
1174:
502:
1167:
1150:
892:
nautiloids accumulated in such large numbers that they form limestones composed of nonspecific assemblages known as
484:
3594:
3002:
1169:
1140:, preventing nautiloids from retreating into deeper water, are also cited as other potential causes of extinction.
3573:
1358:
approaches are rare in nautiloid systematics. Many nautiloid orders (not to mention the group as a whole) are not
1173:
1591:
1165:
373:
with exclusive ancestor-descendant relationships, this is not the case for nautiloids. Instead, nautiloids are a
1019:
Nautiloids remained at the height of their range of adaptations and variety of forms throughout the
Ordovician,
3632:
1152:
2513:"Normal giants? Temporal and latitudinal shifts of Palaeozoic marine invertebrate gigantism and global change"
1168:
1166:
1155:
3647:
3642:
3637:
1175:
1162:
2856:"High-level classification of the nautiloid cephalopods: a proposal for the revision of the Treatise Part K"
1178:
1164:
323:
nautiloids are diverse and species rich, with over 2,500 recorded species. They flourished during the early
3662:
2974:
2511:
Klug, Christian; De Baets, Kenneth; Kröger, Björn; Bell, Mark A.; Korn, Dieter; Payne, Jonathan L. (2015).
1185:
1154:
991:
2987:
3627:
2995:
2465:
1177:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1149:
578:
Modern nautiluses have deeply coiled shells which are involute, meaning that the larger and more recent
171:
1163:
350:). Nautiloids are typically considered one of three main groups of cephalopods, along with the extinct
2952:. Paleontology and Neontology of Cephalopods. Vol. 12. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1153:
3599:
2980:
2915:
2392:
1186:
1158:
2801:
1176:
3057:
1181:
1049:
The massive extinctions at the end of the Permian were less damaging to nautiloids than to other
720:
Nautili propel themselves by jet propulsion, expelling water from an elongated funnel called the
3051:
582:
overlap and obscure older whorls. The shells of fossil nautiloids may be either straight (i.e.,
3472:
2796:
1401:
For an in-process revision of Treatise Part K, King & Evans (2019) reclassified nautiloids
2922:
Doguzhaeva L (1994). "An Early Cretaceous orthocerid cephalopod from north-western Caucasus".
3510:
2948:
Teichert C (1988). "Main Features of Cephalopod Evolution". In Clarke ME, Trueman ER (eds.).
815:
and parts of the United States contain a variety of nautiloid fossils, and specimens such as
678:
3586:
1581:
3529:
2867:
2729:
Pohle A, Kröger B, Warnock RC, King AH, Evans DH, Aubrechtová M, et al. (April 2022).
2682:
2606:
2563:
2524:
2477:
2422:
2312:
532:), which formed during growth spurts of the animal. During a growth spurt, the rear of the
516:
All nautiloids have a large external shell, divided into a narrowing chambered region (the
1069:. The last straight-shelled forms were long thought to have disappeared at the end of the
8:
3622:
1229:
1137:
834:
646:
Much of what is known about the extinct nautiloids is based on what we know about modern
639:
567:
529:
525:
245:
157:
2871:
2686:
2610:
2597:
Kroeger B, Yun-Bai Z (2009). "Pulsed cephalopod diversification during the Ordovician".
2567:
2528:
2512:
2481:
2426:
1224:) into 6 superorders, incorporating orders that are phylogenetically related. They are:
3212:
2893:
2822:
2757:
2730:
2708:
2579:
2489:
2438:
2323:
1598:, showing early cephalopod relationships to the order level (although various isolated
1546:
1439:
1369:
1197:
1009:
651:
537:
508:
461:
377:
340:
166:
117:
2964:
490:
Some workers apply the name Nautiloidea to a more exclusive group, called Nautiloidea
3581:
2897:
2885:
2814:
2810:
2762:
2712:
2700:
2583:
2493:
2446:
2317:
1454:
1427:
941:
Nautiloids are first known from the late Cambrian Fengshan Formation of northeastern
724:, which can be pointed in different directions to control their movement. Unlike the
442:. This article is about nautiloids in that broad sense, sometimes called Nautiloidea
2826:
700:
Empty nautilus shells may drift a considerable distance and have been reported from
3111:
2875:
2806:
2752:
2742:
2690:
2614:
2571:
2532:
2485:
2430:
2271:
2008:
1599:
1420:
1274:
1237:
1107:
1058:
617:
533:
309:
2434:
3353:
3336:
3259:
2618:
1905:
1748:
1668:
1624:
1534:
1262:
1245:
1233:
579:
473:
431:
279:
270:
153:
3416:
3320:
3269:
3264:
3226:
2880:
2855:
2747:
2344:
2217:
1699:
1552:
1492:
1466:
1378:
1252:
970:
842:
258:
2731:"Early cephalopod evolution clarified through Bayesian phylogenetic inference"
2575:
3616:
3495:
3124:
3117:
2889:
2704:
2497:
2247:
2239:
1941:
1761:
1540:
1486:
1460:
1433:
1280:
1039:
983:
851:
830:
778:; an internal mold showing siphuncle and half-filled camerae, both encrusted.
655:
304:
228:
98:
62:
782:
3447:
3440:
3434:
3383:
3367:
3331:
3274:
3152:
3138:
3017:
2818:
2766:
2450:
2339:
2262:
2201:
2162:
1986:
1783:
1727:
1672:
1573:
1521:
1498:
1472:
1447:
1337:
1303:
1284:
1113:
1001:
978:
817:
766:
744:
667:
612:
594:
521:
457:
453:
315:
250:
144:
3521:
3542:
3504:
3363:
3327:
3219:
3205:
3187:
3087:
2367:
2196:
2023:
1848:
1646:
1610:
1528:
1478:
1344:
1329:
1313:
1266:
1241:
1066:
996:
877:
725:
663:
528:) of the phragmocone are separated from each other by thin curved walls (
517:
408:
396:
148:
139:
126:
37:
1077:
rocks. Apart from this exception, only a single nautiloid suborder, the
460:) features not found in derived cephalopods. In other words, they are a
3427:
3421:
3390:
3377:
3373:
3359:
3297:
3243:
3199:
3166:
3093:
3040:
3019:
2551:
2442:
2362:
2234:
2221:
was one of the earliest known nautiloids, existing in the late Cambrian
2031:
2027:
1833:
1810:
1712:
1585:
Nautiloid relationships and body types according to Pohle et al. (2022)
1558:
1406:
1355:
1333:
1325:
1288:
1270:
1256:
1074:
1062:
1013:
958:
922:
918:
915:
910:
863:
856:
812:
808:
801:
788:
771:
755:
694:
600:
588:
466:
449:
420:
416:
404:
351:
296:
213:
135:
82:
47:
3547:
2695:
2670:
2536:
2413:
Stehli FG (June 1956). "Shell Mineralogy in Paleozoic Invertebrates".
1093:), and maintained a worldwide distribution up until the middle of the
965:
952:
677:
Nautili are free swimming animals that possess a head with two simple
3454:
3308:
3286:
3173:
2292:
2267:
2179:
2035:
1964:
1918:
1787:
1595:
1562:
1513:
1376:(including all the nautiloids except Orthocerida and Ascocerida) and
1366:
1359:
1292:
1125:
1078:
1035:
930:
921:
genus, in prior times it was employed as a general name given to all
889:
868:
826:
729:
690:
671:
606:
583:
548:
544:
470:
412:
374:
367:
355:
329:
324:
264:
183:
87:
31:
3466:
3489:
3290:
3067:
3030:
2372:
2287:
2243:
2146:
1121:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1070:
1054:
1024:
1020:
926:
838:
775:
733:
721:
682:
647:
634:
629:
572:
560:
481:
477:
435:
424:
400:
333:
300:
203:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
2916:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php
689:) making the animal neutrally buoyant in the water. As many as 90
3303:
3131:
2671:"Seals, whales and the Cenozoic decline of nautiloid cephalopods"
2669:
Kiel, Steffen; Goedert, James L.; Tsai, Cheng-Hsiu (2022-09-22).
2348:
1098:
1043:
1031:
946:
881:
439:
363:
108:
92:
67:
3534:
2782:"A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca)"
2308:
1131:
885:
797:
713:
709:
686:
480:
period (some 400 million years ago) and became abundant in the
320:
193:
1148:
2351:
that possessed hollow recurved spines running along its shell
1362:
1050:
1008:
Most of these early forms died out, but a single family, the
942:
759:
705:
701:
659:
370:
359:
1089:(perhaps filling the niches vacated by the ammonoids in the
620:
side, suggesting that the living animals swam horizontally.
559:), a process which may have been connected with controlling
2466:"Aptychopsid plates - jaw elements or protective operculum"
339:
In a broad sense, "nautiloid" refers to a major cephalopod
332:). No orthoconic and only a handful of coiled species, the
2779:
1675:
to Endoceratoidea, Multiceratoidea, and Orthoceratoidea)
1332:, is sometimes included with Nautiloidea, sometimes with
487:, before their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.
2780:
Lindgren AR, Giribet G, Nishiguchi MK (October 2004).
2728:
2510:
792:
nautiloid from the Siluro-Devonian of Erfoud, Morocco.
2395:. The University of California Museum of Paleontology
2183:
was one of the largest nautiloids to have ever lived
1602:
also originated during this diversification event):
987:, an oncocerid from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin
974:, an oncocerid from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin
855:
are also found in the Pierre Shale formation of the
395:Nautiloids are among the group of animals known as
415:such as octopus and squid. Other mollusks include
2599:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1336:, and sometimes placed in a subclass of its own,
925:nautiloids that lived from the Ordovician to the
3614:
1921:(possibly paraphyletic to later orthoceratoids)
908:in the geological literature. Although the term
2668:
2204:, the first cephalopods to evolve coiled shells
1202:
712:. Undoubtedy the same applies to the shells of
2937:"The Palcephalopoda/Neocephalopoda Hypothesis"
2596:
2549:
1073:, but a possible orthocerid has been found in
3003:
2965:Nautiloids: The First Cephalopods (TONMO.com)
2270:nautiloid from the Devonian that possessed a
1813:(paraphyletic to Ascocerida and Discosorida)
1385:A more recent phylogenetic study by Lindgren
366:, and kin). While ammonoids and coleoids are
2934:
2149:, one of only two surviving nautiloid genera
2636:"How seals made Nautilus a 'Living Fossil'"
929:periods (but were most common in the early
859:period in the north-central United States.
3010:
2996:
2921:
2463:
1350:
390:
125:
107:
3283:First appearance of long-lasting lineages
2879:
2853:
2800:
2756:
2746:
2694:
1053:and a few groups survived into the early
2947:
1580:
1505:Subclass Nautilia (formerly Nautiloidea
990:
977:
964:
951:
781:
765:
743:
633:
501:
307:and are represented today by the living
1944:(paraphyletic to later orthoceratoids)
936:
804:rocks (less so in more recent strata).
456:assemblage united by shared primitive (
3615:
2412:
1004:from the Upper Ordovician of Wisconsin
476:. The ammonoids appeared early in the
3471:
3470:
2991:
2590:
2543:
1210:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
1143:
770:Fossil orthoconic nautiloid from the
2724:
2722:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2630:
2628:
2166:, the other surviving nautliod genus
1277:(the Orthoceratoidea of Kröger 2007)
1097:Era. With the global cooling of the
623:
1396:
610:), or rarely a helical coil (as in
13:
3050:
2908:
2490:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1984.tb00670.x
654:, which is found in the southwest
14:
3674:
3658:Extant Cambrian first appearances
2958:
2719:
2657:
2625:
1191:
3256:Earliest unambiguous cephalopods
2981:"Lophotrochozoa : Mollusca"
2811:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00032.x
2331:
2300:
2279:
2254:
2226:
2209:
2188:
2171:
2154:
2138:
739:
543:The septa are perforated by the
170:
35:
2847:
2773:
2646:from the original on 2022-10-23
1592:bayesian phylogenetic inference
1423:(formerly Plectronoceratoidea)
732:, the modern nautilus lacks an
3352:the earliest cephalopod group
3038:The belemnite-cuttlefish-like
2860:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
2504:
2457:
2406:
2385:
796:Nautiloids are often found as
336:, survive to the present day.
16:Extant subclass of cephalopods
1:
3411:Probable misidentified genera
3382:Earliest coiled cephalopods:
2550:Kroeger B, Landing E (2008).
2435:10.1126/science.123.3206.1031
2378:
343:or collection of subclasses (
3023:(listed by first occurrence)
2619:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.12.015
1203:Older classification systems
876:In some localities, such as
7:
3653:Furongian first appearances
2918:(retrieved on May 11, 2014)
2356:
1524:(formerly Orthoceratoidea)
1450:(formerly Multiceratoidea)
1215:Osnovy Paleontologii Vol. 5
1111:(the pearly nautilus), and
1081:, continued throughout the
555:) or within the siphuncle (
469:, which in turn arose from
452:speaking, nautiloids are a
10:
3679:
3296:Probable coleoid ancestor
2881:10.1007/s13358-019-00186-4
2854:King AH, Evans DH (2019).
2748:10.1186/s12915-022-01284-5
2242:nautiloid from the middle
2131:
1786:(possibly paraphyletic to
1195:
837:. The marine rocks of the
627:
303:) which originated in the
3479:
3404:
3345:
3251:
3242:
3182:
3162:
3102:
3075:
3066:
3048:
3029:
2576:10.1017/S0016756808004585
2021:
2006:
1999:
1984:
1977:
1962:
1955:
1939:
1932:
1916:
1909:
1846:
1831:
1824:
1808:
1801:
1781:
1774:
1759:
1752:
1725:
1710:
1703:
1693:
1686:
1666:
1659:
1644:
1637:
1622:
1615:
1091:end Cretaceous extinction
1065:, nautilids and possibly
849:, and nautiloids such as
845:often yield specimens of
241:
236:
167:Scientific classification
165:
133:
124:
115:
106:
23:
2347:nautiloid from the Late
2307:Two nautiloids from the
2286:A reconstruction of the
1328:, which is derived from
1012:, survived to the early
984:Acleistoceras whitfieldi
557:endosiphuncular deposits
497:
274:( possibly paraphyletic)
2935:Engeser T (1997–1998).
2675:Journal of Biogeography
2640:Journal of Biogeography
1351:Early cladistic efforts
399:, an advanced class of
391:Taxonomic relationships
354:(ammonites) and living
143:, shown feeding on the
3055:
1586:
1005:
988:
975:
962:
793:
779:
763:
643:
513:
295:are a group of marine
3633:Paleozoic cephalopods
3054:
2975:CephBase: Nautiloidea
2464:Stridsberg S (1984).
1584:
994:
981:
968:
955:
914:now only refers to a
906:Orthoceras limestones
898:cephalopod limestones
785:
769:
747:
637:
506:A cross-section of a
505:
152:, while a quartet of
3648:Transitional fossils
3643:Cenozoic cephalopods
3638:Mesozoic cephalopods
2313:Hoko River Formation
2200:was a member of the
937:Evolutionary history
902:nautiloid limestones
825:may be found in the
786:Cross-section of an
520:) and a broad, open
403:which also includes
3663:Paraphyletic groups
2872:2019SwJP..138...65K
2687:2022JBiog..49.1903K
2611:2009PPP...273..174K
2568:2008GeoM..145..490K
2556:Geological Magazine
2529:2015Letha..48..267K
2482:1984Letha..17...93S
2427:1956Sci...123.1031S
2421:(3206): 1031–1032.
1230:Plectronoceratoidea
971:Gyronaedyceras eryx
640:Nautilus belauensis
246:Plectronoceratoidea
237:Major subdivisions
3628:Mollusc subclasses
3056:
2324:Aturia alabamensis
1587:
1547:Pseudorthoceratida
1440:Protactinoceratida
1198:List of nautiloids
1144:Timeline of orders
1010:Ellesmeroceratidae
1006:
989:
976:
963:
956:Reconstruction of
794:
780:
764:
652:chambered nautilus
644:
514:
509:Nautilus pompilius
118:Nautilus pompilius
3610:
3609:
3582:Open Tree of Life
3473:Taxon identifiers
3464:
3463:
3400:
3399:
3238:
3237:
3146:Paleocirroteuthis
2696:10.1111/jbi.14488
2681:(11): 1903–1910.
2537:10.1111/let.12104
2393:"The Cephalopoda"
2318:Nautilus cookanum
2128:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2026:(paraphyletic to
1895:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1738:
1737:
1455:Ellesmeroceratida
1428:Plectronoceratida
1324:. Another order,
1217:(1962) textbook.
873:time they lived.
862:Specimens of the
807:The rocks of the
748:Fossil nautiloid
670:off the coast of
624:Modern nautiloids
598:), curved (as in
290:
289:
284:
275:
254:
232:
3670:
3603:
3602:
3590:
3589:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3537:
3525:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3468:
3467:
3249:
3248:
3112:Muensterelloidea
3073:
3072:
3024:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2953:
2944:
2939:. Archived from
2931:
2902:
2901:
2883:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2829:. Archived from
2804:
2786:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2750:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2698:
2666:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2605:(1–2): 174–201.
2594:
2588:
2587:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2335:
2304:
2283:
2258:
2230:
2213:
2192:
2175:
2158:
2142:
2009:Pseudorthocerida
2002:
2001:
1980:
1979:
1958:
1957:
1935:
1934:
1912:
1911:
1827:
1826:
1804:
1803:
1777:
1776:
1755:
1754:
1706:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1662:
1661:
1640:
1639:
1618:
1617:
1606:
1605:
1421:Plectronoceratia
1397:Recent revisions
1300:Actinoceratoidea
1275:Pseudorthocerida
1238:Protactinocerida
1059:pseudorthocerids
1034:, with only the
923:straight-shelled
604:) coiled (as in
553:cameral deposits
471:straight-shelled
282:
273:
248:
227:
175:
174:
129:
111:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3572:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3396:
3354:Ellesmerocerida
3341:
3337:Phragmoteuthids
3260:Plectronocerida
3234:
3178:
3158:
3098:
3062:
3059:
3046:
3025:
3022:
3018:Notable fossil
3016:
2979:
2961:
2956:
2911:
2909:Further reading
2906:
2905:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2802:10.1.1.693.2026
2784:
2778:
2774:
2727:
2720:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2595:
2591:
2548:
2544:
2509:
2505:
2462:
2458:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2359:
2352:
2336:
2327:
2305:
2296:
2284:
2275:
2259:
2250:
2231:
2222:
2214:
2205:
2193:
2184:
2176:
2167:
2159:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
1906:Orthoceratoidea
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1749:Multiceratoidea
1739:
1669:Ellesmerocerida
1625:Plectronocerida
1535:Dissidoceratida
1399:
1353:
1310:Discosoritoidea
1263:Orthoceratoidea
1246:Ellesmerocerida
1234:Plectronocerida
1205:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1146:
939:
894:cephalopod beds
742:
632:
626:
575:of the animal.
500:
393:
280:Orthoceratoidea
271:Multiceratoidea
226:
169:
158:Cyclostomiceras
102:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3591:
3578:
3565:
3552:
3539:
3526:
3516:
3501:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3417:Nectocarididae
3414:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3370:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3321:Syllipsimopodi
3300:
3294:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3270:Monoplacophora
3265:Plectronoceras
3252:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:Belemnotheutis
3223:
3216:
3203:
3192:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3106:Early coleoids
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2959:External links
2957:
2955:
2954:
2945:
2943:on 2005-04-11.
2932:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2846:
2795:(5): 454–486.
2772:
2718:
2656:
2642:. 2022-10-15.
2624:
2589:
2562:(4): 490–520.
2542:
2523:(2): 267–288.
2503:
2456:
2405:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2266:was a bizarre
2260:
2253:
2251:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2218:Plectronoceras
2215:
2208:
2206:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1700:Endoceratoidea
1694:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1604:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1567:Pallioceratina
1555:
1553:Actinoceratida
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1493:Tarphyceratida
1483:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1467:Bisonoceratida
1463:
1457:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1398:
1395:
1393:and coleoids.
1379:Neocephalopoda
1374:Palcephalopoda
1352:
1349:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1278:
1259:
1253:Endoceratoidea
1249:
1204:
1201:
1193:
1192:Classification
1190:
1147:
1145:
1142:
938:
935:
811:period in the
751:Trilacinoceras
741:
738:
679:lens-free eyes
650:, such as the
628:Main article:
625:
622:
499:
496:
474:orthoceratoids
434:, nautiloids,
432:orthoceratoids
392:
389:
288:
287:
286:
285:
283:(paraphyletic)
276:
267:
261:
259:Endoceratoidea
255:
239:
238:
234:
233:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
163:
162:
154:ellesmerocerid
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3675:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:Misidentified
3403:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:Styletoctopus
3122:
3120:
3119:
3118:Proteroctopus
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2930:(4): 889–899.
2929:
2925:
2924:Palaeontology
2920:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2836:on 2016-03-04
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2248:United States
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Dissidocerida
1937:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:Cyrtocerinida
1757:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:Orthoceratida
1538:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:sensu stricto
1504:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:Tarphyceratia
1484:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1461:Cyrtocerinida
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1434:Yanheceratida
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:sensu stricto
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:, but rather
1364:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Nautilitoidea
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1199:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:Carboniferous
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
986:
985:
980:
973:
972:
967:
961:
960:
959:Cyrtoceras sp
954:
950:
948:
944:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:
913:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
871:
870:
865:
860:
858:
854:
853:
852:Eutrephoceras
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:Carboniferous
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
791:
790:
784:
777:
773:
768:
761:
757:
753:
752:
746:
740:Fossil record
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
666:, and in the
665:
661:
657:
656:Pacific Ocean
653:
649:
642:
641:
636:
631:
621:
619:
615:
614:
609:
608:
603:
602:
597:
596:
591:
590:
585:
581:
576:
574:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
511:
510:
504:
495:
493:
492:sensu stricto
488:
486:
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
463:
459:
458:plesiomorphic
455:
451:
450:Cladistically
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
388:
386:
385:
384:sensu stricto
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
342:
337:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
311:
306:
305:Late Cambrian
302:
298:
294:
281:
277:
272:
268:
266:
262:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
242:
240:
235:
230:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
173:
168:
164:
160:
159:
155:
151:
150:
146:
142:
141:
137:
132:
128:
123:
120:
119:
114:
110:
105:
100:
99:Late Cambrian
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
3480:
3453:
3448:Shelbyoceras
3446:
3441:Volborthella
3439:
3435:Kirengellida
3426:
3420:
3389:
3384:Tarphycerida
3372:Brevicones:
3368:Actinocerida
3358:Orthocones:
3332:Aulacocerids
3319:
3315:Gordoniconus
3313:
3307:
3275:Knightoconus
3273:
3272:-like form:
3263:
3255:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3198:
3153:Vampyronassa
3151:
3144:
3139:Palaeoctopus
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3080:
3058:Evolution of
3039:
2950:The Mollusca
2949:
2941:the original
2927:
2923:
2866:(1): 65–85.
2863:
2859:
2849:
2838:. Retrieved
2831:the original
2792:
2788:
2775:
2738:
2734:
2678:
2674:
2648:. Retrieved
2639:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2476:(1): 93–98.
2473:
2469:
2459:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2397:. Retrieved
2387:
2345:Tainoceratid
2340:Cooperoceras
2338:
2322:
2316:
2291:
2274:coiled shell
2263:Lorieroceras
2261:
2233:
2216:
2202:Tarphycerida
2195:
2178:
2163:Allonautilus
2161:
2022:
2007:
1987:Actinocerida
1985:
1963:
1940:
1917:
1847:
1832:
1809:
1784:Tarphycerida
1782:
1760:
1728:Bisonocerida
1726:
1711:
1673:paraphyletic
1667:
1645:
1623:
1609:
1588:
1574:Endoceratida
1561:(suborders †
1522:Orthoceratia
1506:
1499:Ascoceratida
1473:Oncoceratida
1448:Multiceratia
1411:
1402:
1400:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1367:paraphyletic
1360:monophyletic
1354:
1347:as subtaxa.
1342:
1338:Bactritoidea
1321:
1318:
1304:Actinocerida
1285:Tarphycerida
1221:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1130:
1119:
1114:Allonautilus
1112:
1106:
1057:, including
1048:
1029:
1018:
1007:
995:
982:
969:
957:
940:
916:Baltic coast
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
875:
867:
861:
850:
846:
823:Rayonnoceras
822:
818:Discitoceras
816:
813:Baltic coast
806:
795:
787:
749:
719:
699:
676:
668:Indian Ocean
645:
638:
613:Lorieroceras
611:
605:
599:
595:Rayonnoceras
593:
587:
577:
565:
556:
552:
542:
522:body chamber
515:
507:
491:
489:
454:paraphyletic
448:
443:
429:
394:
383:
382:Nautiloidea
381:
375:paraphyletic
368:monophyletic
346:
345:Nautiloidea
344:
338:
316:Allonautilus
314:
308:
292:
291:
251:paraphyletic
223:
156:
147:
138:
116:
18:
3543:iNaturalist
3511:Nautiloidea
3505:Wikispecies
3481:Nautiloidea
3388:Spirulid?:
3364:Orthocerida
3349:Early forms
3220:Belemnopsis
3195:Diplobelids
3088:Nautilaceae
3060:cephalopods
3020:cephalopods
2735:BMC Biology
2368:Belemnoidea
2240:Rutoceratid
2197:Alaskoceras
2024:Orthocerida
1849:Discosorida
1647:Yanhecerida
1611:Cephalopoda
1529:Rioceratida
1479:Discosorida
1345:Orthocerida
1330:Orthocerida
1314:Discosorida
1267:Orthocerida
1242:Yanhecerida
1124:. From the
1067:orthocerids
1002:tarphycerid
997:Trocholites
878:Scandinavia
695:crustaceans
664:Philippines
518:phragmocone
411:and modern
397:cephalopods
297:cephalopods
224:Nautiloidea
214:Cephalopoda
149:Aphetoceras
145:tarphycerid
140:Cameroceras
30:495–0
3623:Nautiloids
3617:Categories
3428:Nectocotis
3422:Nectocaris
3391:Shimanskya
3378:Oncocerida
3374:Ascocerida
3360:Endocerida
3328:belemnoids
3298:Bactritida
3244:Palaeozoic
3213:Belemnites
3206:Belemnites
3200:Diplobelus
3188:belemnoids
3081:nautiloids
3041:Belosaepia
2840:2014-12-02
2789:Cladistics
2650:2023-03-29
2399:2014-05-11
2379:References
2363:Ammonoidea
2290:nautiloid
2235:Goldringia
2032:Ammonoidea
2028:Bactritida
1834:Ascocerida
1811:Oncocerida
1713:Endocerida
1559:Astroviida
1520:Subclass †
1485:Subclass †
1446:Subclass †
1419:Subclass †
1407:protoconch
1403:sensu lato
1334:Ammonoidea
1326:Bactritida
1289:Oncocerida
1271:Ascocerida
1257:Endocerida
1222:sensu lato
1196:See also:
1075:Cretaceous
1063:bactritids
1014:Ordovician
919:Ordovician
911:Orthoceras
890:orthoconic
866:nautiloid
864:Ordovician
857:Cretaceous
841:period in
833:period in
827:limestones
809:Ordovician
802:Palaeozoic
789:Orthoceras
772:Ordovician
756:Ordovician
726:belemnites
648:nautiluses
601:Cyrtoceras
589:Orthoceras
584:orthoconic
467:bactritids
444:sensu lato
421:scaphopods
417:gastropods
409:belemnites
347:sensu lato
334:nautiluses
330:orthocones
293:Nautiloids
220:Subclass:
24:Nautiloids
3455:Pohlsepia
3326:Earliest
3309:Jeletzkya
3293:ammonoids
3287:Goniatite
3186:Advanced
3174:Nautilida
3169:ammonoids
3167:Ceratitid
3094:ammonites
3079:Advanced
2898:133647555
2890:1664-2384
2797:CiteSeerX
2741:(1): 88.
2713:252576418
2705:0305-0270
2584:129441156
2498:0024-1164
2293:Cenoceras
2272:helically
2268:oncocerid
2180:Endoceras
2036:Coleoidea
1965:Lituitida
1919:Riocerida
1788:Nautilida
1596:cladogram
1563:Lituitina
1514:Nautilida
1356:Cladistic
1293:Nautilida
1126:Oligocene
1122:pinnipeds
1079:Nautilina
1036:Nautilida
931:Paleozoic
869:Endoceras
847:Cenoceras
800:in early
754:from the
730:ammonoids
691:tentacles
685:and less
672:Australia
607:Cenoceras
549:aragonite
545:siphuncle
436:ammonoids
405:ammonoids
358:(such as
352:ammonoids
325:Paleozoic
265:Nautilida
190:Kingdom:
184:Eukaryota
161:swim by.
136:endocerid
3519:BioLib:
3490:Wikidata
3304:coleoids
3291:ceratite
3068:Mesozoic
3031:Cenozoic
2827:85975284
2819:34892953
2767:35421982
2644:Archived
2451:17800970
2373:Lituites
2357:See also
2288:Mesozoic
2244:Devonian
2147:Nautilus
1600:families
1391:Nautilus
1322:Nautilus
1108:Nautilus
1103:Pliocene
1095:Cenozoic
1087:Tertiary
1083:Mesozoic
1071:Triassic
1055:Mesozoic
1032:Coleoids
1025:Devonian
1021:Silurian
927:Triassic
839:Jurassic
776:Kentucky
734:aptychus
722:hyponome
683:nitrogen
630:Nautilus
573:ontogeny
561:buoyancy
538:aperture
482:Mesozoic
478:Devonian
440:coleoids
425:bivalves
413:coleoids
401:mollusks
356:coleoids
341:subclass
310:Nautilus
301:Mollusca
204:Mollusca
200:Phylum:
194:Animalia
180:Domain:
101:– Recent
3535:2578952
3496:Q840536
3132:Keuppia
2970:Palaeos
2868:Bibcode
2758:9008929
2683:Bibcode
2607:Bibcode
2564:Bibcode
2525:Bibcode
2517:Lethaia
2478:Bibcode
2470:Lethaia
2443:1750042
2423:Bibcode
2415:Science
2349:Permian
2246:of the
2132:Gallery
1572:Order †
1557:Order †
1551:Order †
1545:Order †
1539:Order †
1533:Order †
1527:Order †
1497:Order †
1491:Order †
1477:Order †
1471:Order †
1465:Order †
1459:Order †
1453:Order †
1438:Order †
1432:Order †
1426:Order †
1273:, and †
1244:, and †
1099:Miocene
1044:Permian
947:species
886:fossils
882:Morocco
843:Britain
835:Ireland
829:of the
798:fossils
662:to the
526:camerae
364:octopus
229:Agassiz
210:Class:
3600:153043
3587:854446
3548:194746
3522:133771
3302:Early
2896:
2888:
2825:
2817:
2799:
2765:
2755:
2711:
2703:
2582:
2496:
2449:
2441:
2343:was a
2309:Eocene
2238:was a
2034:, and
1512:Order
1387:et al.
1370:grades
1363:clades
1291:, and
1132:Aturia
1023:, and
933:era).
884:, the
714:fossil
710:Africa
687:oxygen
618:dorsal
586:as in
580:whorls
534:mantle
438:, and
371:clades
321:Fossil
263:Order
231:, 1847
3595:WoRMS
3574:32577
3561:82327
3172:late
3092:True
2894:S2CID
2834:(PDF)
2823:S2CID
2785:(PDF)
2709:S2CID
2580:S2CID
2439:JSTOR
2311:aged
1565:and †
1000:, an
943:China
904:, or
760:China
706:India
702:Japan
660:Samoa
658:from
568:septa
530:septa
498:Shell
462:grade
378:grade
360:squid
3569:NCBI
3556:ITIS
3289:and
2886:ISSN
2815:PMID
2763:PMID
2701:ISSN
2494:ISSN
2447:PMID
2321:and
2145:The
1138:OMZs
1101:and
1051:taxa
1042:and
880:and
821:and
708:and
592:and
423:and
313:and
134:the
38:PreꞒ
3530:EoL
3419:: (
3312:?,
2876:doi
2864:138
2807:doi
2753:PMC
2743:doi
2691:doi
2615:doi
2603:273
2572:doi
2560:145
2533:doi
2486:doi
2431:doi
2419:123
1312:= †
1302:= †
1287:, †
1283:= †
1269:, †
1265:= †
1255:= †
1240:, †
1236:, †
1232:= †
888:of
774:of
758:of
485:era
3619::
3597::
3584::
3571::
3558::
3545::
3532::
3507::
3492::
3425:,
3376:,
3366:,
3362:,
3330::
3318:,
3306::
3268:,
3262::
3258::
3208::
3197::
2928:37
2926:.
2892:.
2884:.
2874:.
2862:.
2858:.
2821:.
2813:.
2805:.
2793:20
2791:.
2787:.
2761:.
2751:.
2739:20
2737:.
2733:.
2721:^
2707:.
2699:.
2689:.
2679:49
2677:.
2673:.
2659:^
2638:.
2627:^
2613:.
2601:.
2578:.
2570:.
2558:.
2554:.
2531:.
2521:48
2519:.
2515:.
2492:.
2484:.
2474:17
2472:.
2468:.
2445:.
2437:.
2429:.
2417:.
2315:,
2038:)
2030:,
1790:)
1509:)
1340:.
1117:.
1061:,
1046:.
900:,
896:,
704:,
697:.
446:.
427:.
419:,
407:,
362:,
319:.
88:Pg
32:Ma
3431:)
3278:?
3011:e
3004:t
2997:v
2983:.
2900:.
2878::
2870::
2843:.
2809::
2769:.
2745::
2715:.
2693::
2685::
2653:.
2621:.
2617::
2609::
2586:.
2574::
2566::
2539:.
2535::
2527::
2500:.
2488::
2480::
2453:.
2433::
2425::
2402:.
1671:(
1569:)
1308:†
1298:†
1295:.
1261:†
1251:†
1248:.
1228:†
762:.
328:(
299:(
278:†
269:†
257:†
253:)
249:(
244:†
93:N
83:K
78:J
73:T
68:P
63:C
58:D
53:S
48:O
43:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
