456:
136:
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32:
487:
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1428:) on the basis that Georgia's long-standing policy and practice of rejecting mail-in voter registration applications that were submitted in bundles, by persons other than registrars, deputy registrars, or "authorized persons", violated the requirements of the National Voter Registration Act by undermining voter registration drives. A senior
1450:
state law. The NVRA also provides additional safeguards under which registered voters would be able to vote notwithstanding a change in address in certain circumstances, such as when a voter has move within a district or a precinct will retain the right to vote even if they have not re-registered at their new address.
1441:
Section 8 of the act sets out requirements for how states maintain voter registration lists for federal elections. The act deems as timely those valid voter registration applications by eligible applicants submitted to designated state and local officials, or postmarked if submitted by mail, at least
1379:
Section 7 of the act requires state agencies that provide public assistance – including those that administer federal assistance programs, such as food stamps, Medicaid, TANF, and WIC, and disability offices – to assist their applicants and clients in registering to vote
1445:
The act requires states to keep voter registration lists accurate and current, such as identifying persons who have become ineligible due to having died or moved outside the jurisdiction. At the same time, the act requires list maintenance programs to incorporate specific safeguards, e.g., they must
1380:
during the application process. Each applicant for any of these services, renewal of services, or address changes must be provided with a voter registration form as well as assistance in completing the form and forwarding the completed application to the appropriate State or local election official.
1432:
upheld earlier federal court decisions in the case, which also found private entities have a right, under the federal law, to engage in organized voter registration activity in
Georgia at times and locations of their choosing, without the presence or permission of state or local election officials.
1343:
required voter-registration officials to "reject" any application for registration, including a federal form, that was not accompanied by documentary proof of citizenship, such as a birth certificate. A group of
Arizona residents and a group of nonprofit organizations challenged this Arizona law in
1366:
Section 5 of the act requires state motor vehicle offices to provide an opportunity for voter registration to anyone at the same time that they apply for a new or renewed driver's license or state identification card, and to require the state to forward the completed application to the appropriate
1449:
The removal of voters for non-voting or for having moved can only be done after meeting the requirements set out in the act. Voters can be removed from registration lists when they have been convicted of a disqualifying crime or adjudged mentally incapacitated, where such removals are allowed by
1370:
The act reduces costs to the state of voter registration by accumulating individual data when applying for a drivers license or receiving social assistance. The "motor voter" nickname came from the idea that most of the NVRA data was accumulated from applicants renewing or obtaining driver's
1260:
introduced a series of "motor voter" bills to require state motor vehicle agencies to offer voter registration opportunities to persons applying for a driver's license. The first of these bills, the proposed
National Voter Registration Act of 1989, passed in the House of Representatives with
1309:
lost the exemption when it abolished EDR in 2011, although EDR was subsequently restored in that state it nonetheless has not practiced it continually. Several states have since August 1994 adopted some form of EDR, but these states are nevertheless subject to the act.)
1336:(EAC). The federal form can be used by voter registration applicants as an alternative to state voter registration forms. The federal form requires that an applicant say, under penalty of perjury, various matters including that he or she is a citizen.
1395:
Section 6 of the act allows voter registration applicants to submit their voter registration forms by mail. It provides that citizens can register to vote by mail using mail-in-forms developed by each state and the
Election Assistance Commission.
2481:
2474:
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1237:
to mail voter registration forms to every household, none of which passed. In the mid and late 1970s, proposals to require certain public agency offices to make voter registration forms available and to require states to allow
1273:
The act formally applies only to federal elections. However, because states have unified their voter registration systems for state and federal elections, the provisions functionally apply to both federal and state elections.
1344:
federal court. The
District Court ruled in favour of the Arizona law. The Ninth Circuit reversed, holding that the state's documentary proof-of-citizenship requirement was disallowed by the federal act. On June 17, 2013, the
1418:(Dem.) rejected all 63 voter registration applications on the basis that the fraternity did not follow correct procedures, including obtaining specific pre-clearance from the state to conduct their drive. Nu Mu Lambda filed
1323:
The NVRA requires States to "accept and use" a uniform federal form to register voters for federal elections. The
National Mail Voter Registration Form (commonly referred to as the "Federal Form") was developed by the
1652:
1182:. The law requires states to register applicants that use a federal voter registration form, and prohibits states from removing registered voters from the voter rolls unless certain criteria are met.
1714:
2661:
2118:
2847:
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3022:
1256:
In the light of low voter turnout in federal elections in the 1980s, Congress returned its attention to creating general voter registration standards in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
2351:
3254:
2386:
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bipartisan support, but failed to pass in the Senate. A similar bill in 1991 gained less bipartisan support; it passed in both the Senate and the House but was vetoed by
President
2009:
2378:
1387:(FVAP) is responsible for administering NVRA for U.S. citizens abroad. FVAP allows eligible citizens to register to vote at 6,000 Armed Forces recruitment offices nationwide.
3244:
2467:
1984:
2817:
1249:
of 1984 requires states to make available to elderly and disabled voters "a reasonable number of accessible permanent registration facilities" and registration aids. The
1442:
30 days before a federal election. The act also requires the notification of all applicants of whether their voter registration applications were accepted or rejected.
2961:
2901:
1960:
1245:
Congress passed two pieces of legislation in the 1980s that made voter registration for federal elections more accessible for certain disadvantaged populations. The
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299:
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The act exempts from its requirements states that have continuously, since 1 August 1994, not required voter registration for federal elections or offered
2061:
1358:, the court held that the NVRA's mandate that states "accept and use" the federal form disallowed Arizona's documentary proof-of-citizenship requirement.
1185:
The act exempts from its requirements states that have continuously since August 1, 1994 not required voter registration for federal elections or offered
340:
318:
3483:
3209:
3000:
1250:
1217:
lost the exemption when it abolished EDR in 2011 (which it subsequently restored), Maine has never considered itself exempt from the act.
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2624:
1229:
to address rampant voting discrimination against racial minorities, voting rights advocates argued for federal legislation to remove other barriers to
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68:
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Voting rights organizations have argued that many states have not been complying with the NVRA. In several states, organizations such as
804:
82:
3234:
1446:
be uniform, non-discriminatory, in compliance with the Voting Rights Act, and not be undertaken within 90 days of a federal election.
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of 1986 requires states to mail federal voter registration forms to overseas and military voters and permit them to register by mail.
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have filed lawsuits or sent pre-litigation letters. In some of these cases, this has resulted in changes in compliance.
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3005:
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1628:"Federal Role in Voter Registration: The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA) and Subsequent Developments"
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2087:
Federal Role in Voter
Registration: The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 and Subsequent Developments
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1066:
726:
430:
176:
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3324:
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1429:
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1345:
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1265:. Two years later, Congress passed a nearly identical bill: the National Voter Registration Act of 1993.
1234:
717:
146:
An Act to establish national voter registration procedures for
Federal elections, and for other purposes.
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3189:
3154:
2675:
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2289:
2154:
1508:
1147:
746:
683:
332:
308:
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1745:"Porsche or Pinto? The Impact of the "Motor Voter Registration Act" on Black Political Participation"
1226:
939:
698:
199:
2973:
2968:
2951:
2546:
774:
1836:
Wolfinger, Raymond E.; Hoffman, Jonathan (March 2001). "Registering and Voting with Motor Voter".
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2869:
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760:
42:
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1420:
1105:
1602:
435:
8:
2123:
1163:
1142:
on May 20, 1993, that came into effect on
January 1, 1995. The law was enacted under the
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2086:
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1946:
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423:
1744:
1281:(EDR) for federal general elections. Six states qualify for exemption from the act:
3407:
3377:
3295:
2944:
2929:
2511:
2460:
1961:"Attorneys suspect tens of thousands of Nevadans wrongly stripped of right to vote"
1930:
1845:
1143:
964:
893:
845:
688:
674:
254:
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2101:
3082:
3057:
2077:
The National Voter Registration Act of 1993: History, Implementation, and Effects
1721:
The National Voter Registration Act of 1993: History, Implementation, and Effects
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998:
934:
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1202:
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605:
600:
522:
3387:
3128:
3062:
2742:
1653:"Implementing the NVRA of 1993 Requirements Issues Approaches and Examples"
1463:
1282:
1233:. In the early 1970s, Congress considered several proposals to require the
1190:
1189:(EDR) for federal general elections. Six states qualify for the exemption:
1139:
1051:
1035:
983:
874:
865:
840:
620:
585:
460:
350:
19:"Motor Voter" redirects here. For state-level automatic registration, see
2682:
1025:
908:
888:
615:
1083:
2578:
1857:
1155:
883:
751:
575:
535:
218:
56: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2010:"Federal form gives incorrect info on felon voting rights in Nebraska"
2298:
1298:
1290:
1213:
because of the EDR exemption. While some have recently asserted that
1206:
1198:
531:
1361:
31:
3432:
3382:
3023:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
1985:"Delaware changing voter registration forms amid legality concerns"
784:
281:
1592:"Not Registered to Vote? Sign This, Mail It, and Go Hire a Lawyer"
1511:§ 1973gg et seq. before being transferred to its current location.
2282:
1340:
1302:
1210:
151:
1681:"Maine Same-Day Registration Veto Referendum, Question 1 (2011)"
3442:
2057:
ARIZONA ET AL. v. INTER TRIBAL COUNCIL OF ARIZONA, INC., ET AL.
503:
478:
1162:
processes for any eligible person who applies for or renews a
1138:, is a United States federal law signed into law by President
2072:
Full text of statute from United States Department of Justice
1332:
transferred the FEC's responsibilities under the NVRA to the
1306:
1286:
1214:
1194:
1558:"2-2.3 Voting Registration Officials | Postal Explorer"
486:
463:
signing the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 into law
1175:
2153:
1822:
https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-71_7l48.pdf
1375:
Voter registration at agencies providing public assistance
2996:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
1247:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
21:
Voter registration in the United States § Automatic
2825:
2102:
Charles H. Wesley Education Foundation v. Cathy Cox.
1883:"Background on Delgado v. Galvin Interim Settlement"
1844:(1). American Political Science Association: 85â92.
1533:"The National Voter Registration Act Of 1993 (NVRA)"
3001:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
1421:
Charles H. Wesley Education Foundation v. Cathy Cox
1251:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
1178:election materials of a state as if the state is a
1318:
2106:
1362:Voter registration of driver's license applicants
3455:
2962:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
1835:
1776:"The National Voter Registration Act at Fifteen"
412:Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc.
2719:1996 United States campaign finance controversy
2655:National Highway System Designation Act of 1995
1807:
1805:
2387:Joint session of Congress (health care reform)
1503:The law was initially codified under sections
1351:Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Ariz., Inc.
3474:History of voting rights in the United States
3276:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
2811:
2306:Commerce Department trade mission controversy
2139:
1472:Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law
1354:(2013). In a 7â2 decision written by Justice
1285:, which does not require registration, while
1106:
2726:Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy
1831:
1829:
1802:
167:National Voter Registration Act, Motor Voter
3373:Democratic backsliding in the United States
3011:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
1943:"Cox Violated Voter Rights, Judge Declares"
1193:, which does not require registration, and
815:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
3484:United States federal election legislation
2818:
2804:
2607:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996
2146:
2132:
1877:
1875:
1573:
1571:
1390:
1113:
1099:
780:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
718:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
325:Reported by the joint conference committee
1826:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
65:"National Voter Registration Act of 1993"
3469:Acts of the 103rd United States Congress
2117:) is being considered for deletion. See
2089:(Report). Congressional Research Service
454:
393:Crawford v. Marion County Election Board
3018:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
2974:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
2593:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
2370:
1904:"Americans can vote. Wherever they are"
1872:
1742:
1568:
1231:voter registration in the United States
1128:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
129:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
3456:
3255:United States Virgin Islands residents
2586:Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation
2084:
1773:
1749:Boston College Third World Law Journal
1743:Gemmiti, Nathan V. (January 1, 1998).
1704:
1702:
1700:
1589:
1268:
2799:
2127:
1585:
1583:
1494:before being transferred to Title 52.
1490:The law was initially codified under
1399:In 2004, the Nu Mu Lambda chapter of
2848:House Electors Qualifications Clause
2008:Bureau, Emily Nitcher World-Herald.
1767:
1590:Shordt, Richard F. (February 2010).
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
2491:North American Free Trade Agreement
1697:
1436:
13:
3245:Northern Mariana Islands residents
2827:Voting rights in the United States
2774:â George H. W. Bush administration
2007:
1885:(Press release). Demos. 2012-08-09
1580:
1367:state or local election official.
1154:in the United States by requiring
675:Plurality and majoritarian systems
14:
3500:
3006:Federal Voting Assistance Program
2121:to help reach a consensus. âș
2085:Eckman, Sarah J. (May 11, 2022).
2050:
1908:Federal Voting Assistance Program
1385:Federal Voting Assistance Program
785:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
3413:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.
3330:Women's poll tax repeal movement
1811:
1713: This article incorporates
1708:
1158:governments to offer simplified
1082:
485:
134:
30:
2957:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
2875:Privileges or Immunities Clause
2783:George W. Bush administration â
2001:
1977:
1953:
1935:
1920:
1896:
1793:
1736:
1328:(FEC), but an amendment in the
1319:Federal voter registration form
1305:because of the EDR exemption. (
1240:Election Day voter registration
41:needs additional citations for
3235:District of Columbia residents
3165:Multiple non-transferable vote
3088:Voter registration in the U.S.
3033:Election Assistance Commission
2853:Congressional Elections Clause
2669:Telecommunications Act of 1996
2614:White House Millennium Council
2525:Cruise missile strikes on Iraq
2080:Congressional Research Service
1838:Political Science and Politics
1729:Congressional Research Service
1673:
1645:
1620:
1550:
1525:
1497:
1484:
1334:Election Assistance Commission
790:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1:
3418:National Voting Rights Museum
3028:Help America Vote Act of 2002
1518:
1453:
1330:Help America Vote Act of 2002
1313:
1220:
234:Title 52âVoting and Elections
3281:Timeline of women's suffrage
1599:George Washington Law Review
1172:United States Postal Service
1067:End-to-end verifiable voting
727:Single non-transferable vote
431:Husted v. Randolph Institute
177:103rd United States Congress
7:
3335:History of direct democracy
3325:Selma to Montgomery marches
3068:Initiatives and referendums
2641:Balanced Budget Act of 1997
1774:Rogers, Estelle H. (2009).
1346:United States Supreme Court
1326:Federal Election Commission
1225:After Congress enacted the
925:Voting patterns and effects
362:United States Supreme Court
10:
3505:
3479:Presidency of Bill Clinton
3155:First-past-the-post voting
2925:U.S. Department of Justice
2676:Communications Decency Act
2505:IsraelâJordan peace treaty
2352:Presidential proclamations
2155:Presidency of Bill Clinton
2114:Presidency of Bill Clinton
1799:42 U.S.C. §1973ggâ4(a)(1).
1413:Georgia secretary of state
1148:United States Constitution
747:Single transferable voting
684:First-past-the-post voting
307:on February 4, 1993 (
18:
3343:
3291:Woman Suffrage Procession
3263:
3182:
3147:
3101:
3050:
3043:
2979:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2915:
2833:
2767:
2701:
2692:Transportation Equity Act
2623:
2570:
2450:
2379:Joint session of Congress
2162:
1850:10.1017/s1049096501000130
1348:ruled against Arizona in
1279:election day registration
1227:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1187:election day registration
940:Voting advice application
770:Mixed-member proportional
699:Plurality-at-large voting
368:
360:
269:
260:
239:
229:
224:
205:
195:
190:
182:
171:
163:
150:
142:
133:
16:United States federal law
3230:American Samoa residents
2969:Civil Rights Act of 1960
2952:Civil Rights Act of 1957
2735:ClintonâLewinsky scandal
2547:Operation Infinite Reach
2119:templates for discussion
1577:52 U.S. Code § 20503 (b)
1477:
1405:voter registration drive
805:Ruralâurban proportional
800:Dual-member proportional
775:Additional member system
317:on March 17, 1993 (
2935:Enforcement Act of 1870
2870:Equal Protection Clause
1733:Retrieved June 8, 2014.
1632:crsreports.congress.gov
1391:Mail voter registration
1339:Between 2004 and 2013,
296:Committee consideration
2940:Second Enforcement Act
2648:GrammâLeachâBliley Act
2600:One America Initiative
2519:2000 Camp David Summit
1715:public domain material
1509:ch. 20, subch. I-H
1409:DeKalb County, Georgia
955:Passive electioneering
856:Straight-ticket voting
464:
339:on May 11, 1993 (
329:agreed to by the House
3393:Elections in the U.S.
3250:Puerto Rico residents
2989:covered jurisdictions
2554:Bombing of Yugoslavia
2482:by Madeleine Albright
2475:by Warren Christopher
2315:Judicial appointments
2062:Senate roll call vote
1468:Campaign Legal Center
1134:), also known as the
810:Majority bonus system
795:Alternative Vote Plus
694:Instant-runoff voting
458:
331:on May 5, 1993 (
3464:1993 in American law
2561:1998 bombing of Iraq
2067:House roll call vote
1965:Reno Gazette Journal
1601:(78). Archived from
1170:, and requiring the
761:Mixed-member systems
300:House Administration
292:) on January 5, 1993
50:improve this article
2468:International trips
1430:U.S. district judge
1269:Scope and exemption
1089:Politics portal
851:Split-ticket voting
327:on April 28, 1993;
263:Legislative history
130:
3489:Voter registration
3438:Voter registration
3314:Give Us the Ballot
3210:Transgender people
3114:Grandfather clause
3078:Provisional ballot
2038:has generic name (
1403:fraternity held a
1258:Member of Congress
1235:U.S. Census Bureau
1160:voter registration
1062:Voter registration
1021:Voter intimidation
545:Write-in candidate
518:Provisional ballot
465:
128:
3451:
3450:
3398:Electoral College
3220:African Americans
3178:
3177:
3170:One man, one vote
3139:Voter suppression
2793:
2792:
2446:
2445:
2437:2000 SOTU Address
2430:1999 SOTU Address
2423:1998 SOTU Address
2416:1997 SOTU Address
2409:1996 SOTU Address
2402:1995 SOTU Address
2395:1994 SOTU Address
2338:Executive actions
1263:George H. W. Bush
1168:public assistance
1123:
1122:
1074:
1073:
1031:Voter suppression
1011:Ballot harvesting
989:
988:
950:Paradox of voting
916:
915:
899:None of the above
831:Voting strategies
822:
821:
732:Cumulative voting
666:Electoral systems
656:
655:
591:Electronic voting
581:Compulsory voting
453:
452:
315:Passed the Senate
208:Statutes at Large
126:
125:
118:
100:
3496:
3408:Electoral system
3403:Electoral reform
3378:Disfranchisement
3366:Native Americans
3356:Campaign finance
3301:U.S. suffragists
3296:Silent Sentinels
3225:Native Americans
3048:
3047:
2945:Ku Klux Klan Act
2930:Enforcement Acts
2820:
2813:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2777:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2694:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2634:Health care plan
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2512:Dayton Agreement
2507:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2461:Clinton Doctrine
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2347:
2345:Executive orders
2340:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2308:
2301:
2292:
2285:
2281:Vice President:
2277:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2187:2nd inauguration
2182:
2180:1st inauguration
2175:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1945:. Archived from
1939:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1608:on June 14, 2010
1607:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1529:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1437:Other provisions
1164:driver's license
1144:Elections Clause
1115:
1108:
1101:
1087:
1086:
1005:
1004:
965:Political apathy
929:
928:
894:Election boycott
835:
834:
689:Two-round system
671:
670:
500:
499:
489:
467:
466:
374:Young v. Fordice
305:Passed the House
276:in the House as
265:
243:sections created
209:
156:
138:
131:
127:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3339:
3259:
3174:
3143:
3109:Electoral fraud
3097:
3093:Voting in space
3083:Recall election
3058:Absentee ballot
3039:
2917:
2911:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2794:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2662:Riegle-Neal Act
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:Economic policy
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2571:Domestic policy
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2366:
2361:Bush transition
2359:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2257:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2158:
2152:
2122:
2092:
2090:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1834:
1827:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1741:
1737:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1537:www.justice.gov
1531:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1456:
1439:
1401:Alpha Phi Alpha
1393:
1377:
1364:
1321:
1316:
1271:
1223:
1166:or applies for
1136:Motor Voter Act
1125:
1119:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1016:Ballot stuffing
1002:
999:Electoral fraud
991:
990:
935:Coattail effect
926:
918:
917:
861:Tactical voting
832:
824:
823:
737:Binomial system
668:
658:
657:
536:Ballot measures
513:Absentee ballot
497:
472:Politics series
449:
356:
353:on May 20, 1993
347:Signed into law
261:
207:
186:January 1, 1995
172:Enacted by
154:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Freedom Summer
3317:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:Suffrage Hikes
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Guam residents
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:Gerrymandering
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2907:26th Amendment
2904:
2902:24th Amendment
2899:
2897:23rd Amendment
2894:
2892:19th Amendment
2889:
2887:17th Amendment
2884:
2882:15th Amendment
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2865:14th Amendment
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2839:
2837:
2834:Constitutional
2831:
2830:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2778:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2452:Foreign policy
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2051:External links
2049:
2046:
2045:
2000:
1989:delawareonline
1976:
1952:
1949:on 2014-08-29.
1934:
1927:52 U.S.C.
1919:
1895:
1871:
1825:
1801:
1792:
1781:. Project Vote
1766:
1735:
1696:
1672:
1644:
1619:
1579:
1567:
1549:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1496:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1455:
1452:
1438:
1435:
1392:
1389:
1376:
1373:
1363:
1360:
1356:Antonin Scalia
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1270:
1267:
1222:
1219:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1003:
1001:and prevention
997:
996:
993:
992:
987:
986:
980:
979:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
960:Vote splitting
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
914:
913:
912:
911:
906:
904:Refused ballot
901:
896:
891:
886:
878:
877:
871:
870:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
820:
819:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
764:
763:
757:
756:
755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
721:
720:
714:
713:
712:
711:
709:Usual judgment
706:
704:General ticket
701:
696:
691:
686:
678:
677:
669:
664:
663:
660:
659:
654:
653:
652:
651:
649:Voting machine
646:
641:
633:
632:
626:
625:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
570:
569:
565:
564:
563:
562:
557:
552:
547:
539:
538:
528:
527:
526:
525:
520:
515:
507:
506:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
482:
481:
475:
474:
451:
450:
448:
447:
446:___ (2018)
427:
408:
389:
369:
366:
365:
358:
357:
355:
354:
344:
322:
312:
302:
293:
270:
267:
266:
258:
257:
247:52 U.S.C.
244:
237:
236:
231:
230:Titles amended
227:
226:
222:
221:
211:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
157:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3501:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Secret ballot
3426:
3424:
3423:Redistricting
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Ballot access
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:Vote dilution
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Voter ID laws
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3119:Literacy test
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Postal voting
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:1st Amendment
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:Oslo I Accord
2495:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2329:controversies
2326:
2323:
2322:Supreme Court
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2041:
2029:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1818:public domain
1808:
1806:
1796:
1777:
1770:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1705:
1703:
1701:
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106:February 2011
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61:Find sources:
55:
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39:This article
37:
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27:
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3388:Election law
3306:Publications
3215:Young adults
3129:Voter caging
3063:Early voting
3051:Voter access
3017:
2918:and agencies
2916:Federal laws
2781:
2772:
2743:Starr Report
2741:
2592:
2112:
2093:December 16,
2091:. Retrieved
2017:. Retrieved
2013:
2003:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:
1955:
1947:the original
1937:
1931:§ 20505
1922:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:
1898:
1887:. Retrieved
1841:
1837:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1752:
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1738:
1720:
1688:. Retrieved
1684:
1675:
1664:. Retrieved
1662:. 1994-01-01
1659:
1647:
1636:. Retrieved
1634:. 2024-04-29
1631:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1603:the original
1598:
1561:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1539:. 2015-08-06
1536:
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1464:Project Vote
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1283:North Dakota
1276:
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1244:
1224:
1191:North Dakota
1184:
1140:Bill Clinton
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1052:Election ink
1036:Voter caging
945:Likely voter
866:Vote pairing
841:Issue voting
639:Popular vote
621:Voting booth
586:Early voting
470:Part of the
461:Bill Clinton
429:
410:
391:
372:
351:Bill Clinton
346:
336:
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273:
225:Codification
155:(colloquial)
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3361:Citizenship
3102:Vote denial
2703:Impeachment
2683:Section 230
2157:(1993â2001)
2107:âč The
2036:|last=
1685:Ballotpedia
1660:www.eac.gov
1562:pe.usps.com
1026:Vote buying
909:Spoilt vote
889:Donkey vote
616:Vote center
596:Open ballot
426: (2013)
407: (2008)
388: (1997)
278:H.R. 2
3458:Categories
3205:Foreigners
3044:State laws
2984:amendments
2836:provisions
2579:AmeriCorps
2173:Transition
2019:2018-03-12
1994:2018-03-12
1970:2018-03-12
1913:2023-05-05
1889:2012-08-09
1690:2023-05-05
1666:2024-06-24
1638:2024-06-24
1543:2023-05-05
1519:References
1454:Compliance
1371:licenses.
1314:Provisions
1221:Background
1044:Prevention
884:Abstention
752:Spare vote
742:Party-list
576:Ballot box
568:Collection
550:Electorate
532:Candidates
459:President
274:Introduced
196:Public law
143:Long title
76:newspapers
2843:Article I
2299:Nannygate
2028:cite news
2014:Omaha.com
1866:154442192
1505:42 U.S.C.
1416:Cathy Cox
1299:Wisconsin
1291:Minnesota
1207:Wisconsin
1199:Minnesota
1180:nonprofit
496:Balloting
213:107
191:Citations
183:Effective
164:Nicknames
3433:Suffrage
3383:Election
3271:Timeline
3183:By group
3124:Poll tax
2371:Speeches
2194:Timeline
2164:Timeline
2109:template
1492:Title 42
1242:failed.
630:Counting
611:Precinct
282:Al Swift
152:Acronyms
3344:Related
3264:History
2751:Inquiry
2712:Efforts
2283:Al Gore
2275:Cabinet
2259:Pardons
2250:2000â01
2111:below (
1858:1350315
1759:June 8,
1612:June 2,
1341:Arizona
1303:Wyoming
1211:Wyoming
1146:of the
504:Ballots
333:259â164
309:259â160
90:scholar
3443:Voting
3200:Felons
2389:(1993)
2381:(1993)
2290:tenure
1929:
1864:
1856:
1820::
1785:May 2,
560:Ticket
479:Voting
438:,
436:16-980
434:, No.
337:Senate
249:
241:U.S.C.
217:
200:103-31
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3195:Women
2758:Trial
1862:S2CID
1854:JSTOR
1779:(PDF)
1725:(PDF)
1717:from
1656:(PDF)
1606:(PDF)
1595:(PDF)
1507:
1478:Notes
1460:Demos
1307:Maine
1287:Idaho
1215:Maine
1195:Idaho
1156:state
644:Tally
555:Slate
442:
419:
400:
381:
364:cases
341:62â36
319:62â37
255:20511
215:Stat.
97:JSTOR
83:books
2538:1996
2531:1993
2266:list
2243:1999
2236:1998
2229:1997
2222:1996
2215:1995
2208:1994
2201:1993
2095:2023
2040:help
1787:2020
1761:2014
1614:2014
1470:and
1383:The
1301:and
1209:and
1176:mail
1132:NVRA
1126:The
534:and
444:U.S.
421:U.S.
402:U.S.
383:U.S.
175:the
159:NVRA
69:news
3190:Men
1846:doi
1755:(1)
1407:in
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440:584
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