Viet Cong - Knowledge

1353:", or political branch intended to encourage the participation of non-communists. The group's formation was announced by Radio Hanoi and its ten-point manifesto called for, "overthrow the disguised colonial regime of the imperialists and the dictatorial administration, and to form a national and democratic coalition administration." Thọ, a lawyer and the Viet Cong's "neutralist" chairman, was an isolated figure among cadres and soldiers. South Vietnam's Law 10/59, approved in May 1959, authorized the death penalty for crimes "against the security of the state" and featured prominently in Viet Cong propaganda. Violence between the Viet Cong and government forces soon increased drastically from 180 clashes in January 1960 to 545 clashes in September. 424: 162: 1475: 900: 324: 565: 619: 783: 578: 96: 809: 659: 605: 1659: 412: 368: 336: 194: 757: 1456: 1403: 770: 1395:(PAVN) increased from 174,000 at the end of 1963 to 300,000 in 1964. The Soviets cut aid in 1964 as an expression of annoyance with Hanoi's ties to China. Even as Hanoi embraced China's international line, it continued to follow the Soviet model of reliance on technical specialists and bureaucratic management, as opposed to mass mobilization. The winter of 1964–1965 was a high-water mark for the Viet Cong, with the Saigon government on the verge of collapse. Soviet aid soared following a visit to Hanoi by Soviet Premier 1254: 822: 1825: 694: 1189: 744: 591: 1364: 1338: 848: 731: 632: 1278:, long treated as a Chinese sphere of influence. In November, Hồ traveled to Moscow with Lê Duẩn and gained approval for a more militant line. In early 1958, Lê Duẩn met with the leaders of "Inter-zone V" (northern South Vietnam) and ordered the establishment of patrols and safe areas to provide logistical support for activity in the Mekong Delta and in urban areas. In June 1958, the Viet Cong created a command structure for the eastern Mekong Delta. French scholar 400: 390: 229: 127: 796: 4750: 4740: 916: 307: 835: 1512: 1144: 1758:, the Viet Cong's top commander and PRG defense minister, he followed orders issued by the "Military Commission of the Party Central Committee" in Hanoi, which in turn implemented resolutions of the Politburo. Trà himself was deputy chief of staff for the PAVN before being assigned to the South. The official Vietnamese history of the war states that "The Liberation Army of South Vietnam is a part of the People's Army of Vietnam". 868: 645: 707: 673: 1360:, aid to North Vietnam was a way to enhance his "anti-imperialist" credentials for both domestic and international audiences. About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated the South in 1961–63. The Viet Cong grew rapidly; an estimated 300,000 members were enrolled in "liberation associations" (affiliated groups) by early 1962. The ratio of Viet Cong to government soldiers jumped from 1:10 in 1961 to 1:5 a year later. 436: 4760: 354: 67: 934: 1575:, estimated that Tet resulted in 40,000 communist dead (compared to about 10,600 U.S. and South Vietnamese dead). "It is a major irony of the Vietnam War that our propaganda transformed this debacle into a brilliant victory. The truth was that Tet cost us half our forces. Our losses were so immense that we were unable to replace them with new recruits", said PRG Justice Minister 1606:, according to the official communist military history. The US military believed that 70 percent of communist main-force combat troops in the South were northerners, but most communist military personnel were not main-force combat troops. Even in early 1970, MACV estimated that northerners made up no more than 45 percent of communist military forces overall in South Vietnam. 1626:. Pushed into Cambodia, the Viet Cong could no longer draw South Vietnamese recruits. In May 1968, Trường Chinh urged "protracted war" in a speech that was published prominently in the official media, so the fortunes of his "North first" faction may have revived at this time. COSVN rejected this view as "lacking resolution and absolute determination." The Soviet invasion of 1321:, the first American dead of the Vietnam War. The "2d Liberation Battalion" ambushed two companies of South Vietnamese soldiers in September 1959, the first large unit military action of the war. This was considered the beginning of the "armed struggle" in communist accounts. A series of uprisings beginning in the 1334:(1960–61). Moscow favored reducing international tensions in 1960, as it was election year for the U.S. presidency. Despite this, 1960 was a year of unrest in South Vietnam, with pro-democracy demonstrations inspired by the South Korean student uprising that year and a failed military coup in November. 1434:

units operated at night, and employed terror as a standard tactic. Rice procured at gunpoint sustained the Viet Cong. Squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas. Government employees, especially village and district heads, were the most common targets. But there were a wide variety of targets,

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In January 1966, Australian troops uncovered a tunnel complex that had been used by COSVN. Six thousand documents were captured, revealing the inner workings of the Viet Cong. COSVN retreated to Mimot in Cambodia. As a result of an agreement with the Cambodian government made in 1966, weapons for the

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in December 1967 using flamethrowers. Viet Cong death squads assassinated at least 37,000 civilians in South Vietnam; the real figure was far higher since the data mostly cover 1967–72. They also waged a mass murder campaign against civilian hamlets and refugee camps; in the peak war years, nearly a

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About 90,000 Viet Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South, most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation. The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first Viet Cong front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group. Other

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on April 30, 1975, the PRG moved into government offices there. At the victory parade, Tạng noticed that the units formerly dominated by southerners were missing, replaced by northerners years earlier. The bureaucracy of the Republic of Vietnam was uprooted and authority over the South was assigned

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in Hanoi. He argued adamantly that war with the United States was necessary to achieve unification. But as China and the Soviets both opposed confrontation at this time, Lê Duẩn's plan was rejected and communists in the South were ordered to limit themselves to economic struggle. Leadership divided

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A landmark party meeting was held in December 1963, shortly after a military coup in Saigon in which Diệm was assassinated. North Vietnamese leaders debated the issue of "quick victory" vs "protracted war" (guerrilla warfare). After this meeting, the communist side geared up for a maximum military

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arrived in Saigon with 35 helicopters in December 1961. By mid-1962, there were 12,000 U.S. military advisors in Vietnam. The "special war" and "strategic hamlets" policies allowed Saigon to push back in 1962, but in 1963 the Viet Cong regained the military initiative. The Viet Cong won its first

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who organized and mobilized peasants in the territory the Viet Cong controlled. During the war, communist fighters and some anti-war activists claimed that the Viet Cong was an insurgency indigenous to the South that represented the legitimate rights of people in South Vietnam, while the U.S. and

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in August 1968 led to intense Sino-Soviet tension and to the withdrawal of Chinese forces from North Vietnam. Beginning in February 1970, Lê Duẩn's prominence in the official media increased, suggesting that he was again top leader and had regained the upper hand in his longstanding rivalry with

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Major reversals in 1966 and 1967, as well as the growing American presence in Vietnam, inspired Hanoi to consult its allies and reassess strategy in April 1967. While Beijing urged a fight to the finish, Moscow suggested a negotiated settlement. Convinced that 1968 could be the last chance for

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widened in the following months, Hanoi began to play the two communist giants off against each other. The North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956. Lê Duẩn's blueprint for revolution in the South was approved in principle, but

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Nghia M. Vo Saigon: A History 2011 – Page 140 "... on December 19 to 20, 1960, Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, a Saigon lawyer, Trương Như Tảng, chief comptroller of a bank, Drs. Dương Quỳnh Hoa and Phùng Văn Cung, along with other dissidents, met with communists to form the National Liberation

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to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974. With U.S. bombing ended, communist logistical preparations could be accelerated. An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Viet Cong headquarters in

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To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord, the independence of the Viet Cong was stressed in communist propaganda. The Viet Cong created the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam in December 1960 at Tân Lập village in Tây Ninh as a

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An assassination campaign, referred to as "extermination of traitors" or "armed propaganda" in communist literature, began in April 1957. Tales of sensational murder and mayhem soon crowded the headlines. Seventeen civilians were killed by machine gun fire at a bar in

1200:, South Vietnam refused to sign the Geneva Accord. Arguing that a free election was impossible under the conditions that existed in communist-held territory, Diệm announced in July 1955 that the scheduled election on reunification would not be held. After subduing the 1698:, beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war, was upgraded throughout the war, first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season, and finally, into paved, all-weather roads that could be used year-round, even during the 1452:

third of all civilian deaths were the result of Viet Cong atrocities. Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Vietcong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century".

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A photo from the U.S. Information Agency allegedly showing a 23-year-old Le Van Than, who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the South Vietnam Government side and was later recaptured by the Viet Cong and spent a month in a Viet Cong internment

1613:. The group's manifesto called for an independent, non-aligned South Vietnam and stated that "national reunification cannot be achieved overnight." In June 1969, the alliance merged with the Viet Cong to form a "Provisional Revolutionary Government" (PRG). 1329:

in January 1960 created "liberated zones", models of Viet Cong-style government. Propagandists celebrated their creation of battalions of "long-hair troops" (women). The fiery declarations of 1959 were followed by a lull while Hanoi focused on events in

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stressed that violence was still a last resort. Nguyễn Hữu Xuyên was assigned military command in the South, replacing Lê Duẩn, who was appointed North Vietnam's acting party boss. This represented a loss of power for Hồ, who preferred the more moderate

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Anti-communists countered that the Viet Cong was merely a front for Hanoi. They said some statements issued by communist leaders in the 1980s and 1990s suggested that southern communist forces were influenced by Hanoi. According to the memoirs of

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in 1955, and the Hòa Hảo and other militant religious sects in early 1956, Diệm turned his attention to the Viet Cong. Within a few months, the Viet Cong had been driven into remote swamps. The success of this campaign inspired U.S. President

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sect, or "Vietnam-Cambodia Buddhist Association". Front groups were favored by the Viet Cong to such an extent that its real leadership remained shadowy until long after the war was over, prompting the expression "the faceless Viet

1059:. The offensive riveted the attention of the world's media for weeks, but also overextended the Viet Cong. Later communist offensives were conducted predominantly by the North Vietnamese. The organization officially merged with the 3663:(Virtual Vietnam Archive, Texas Tech University, item #F015900080736), page I-1. MACV estimates of enemy strength were not very reliable, but their political bias if any should have been to exaggerate the proportion of northerners. 1726:, despite the protests of the non-communist PRG members including Tạng. Without consulting the PRG, North Vietnamese leaders decided to rapidly dissolve the PRG at a party meeting in August 1975. North and South were merged as the 1504:, an area in Cambodia only 30 miles from Saigon, was prepared as a base of operations. Funeral processions were used to smuggle weapons into Saigon. Viet Cong entered the cities concealed among civilians returning home for 2565:

The effects of just one month spent in a Viet Cong prison camp show on 23-year-old Le Van Than, who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the Government side, was recaptured by the Viet Cong and deliberately

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The Tet Offensive increased American public discontent with participation in the Vietnam War and led the U.S. to gradually withdraw combat forces and to shift responsibility to the South Vietnamese, a process called

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agreed to a truce and to a separation of forces. The Viet Minh had become the government of North Vietnam, and military forces of the communists regrouped there. Military forces of the non-communists regrouped in

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The offensive was undertaken in the hope of triggering a general uprising, but urban Vietnamese did not respond as the Viet Cong anticipated. About 75,000 communist soldiers were killed or wounded, according to

1172:, which became a separate state. Elections on reunification were scheduled for July 1956. A divided Vietnam angered Vietnamese nationalists, but it made the country less of a threat to China. Chinese Premier 1118:), abbreviated PRG. Although the NLF was not officially abolished until 1977, the Viet Cong no longer used the name after the PRG was created. Members generally referred to the Viet Cong as "the Front" ( 1180:

front names used by the Viet Cong in the 1950s implied that members were fighting for religious causes, for example, "Executive Committee of the Fatherland Front", which suggested affiliation with the

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in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Viet Cong called for the unification of Vietnam and the overthrow of the American-backed South Vietnamese government. The Viet Cong's best-known action was the

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in July and in September a district chief was killed with his entire family on a main highway in broad daylight. In October 1957, a series of bombs exploded in Saigon and left 13 Americans wounded.

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Disappointed with the results of the 1964 U.S. presidential election, the Kremlin did not try to influence the election of 1968. Desiring "businesslike" relations, the Kremlin favored incumbent

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Activists opposing American involvement in Vietnam said that the Viet Cong was a nationalist insurgency indigenous to the South. They said that the Viet Cong was composed of several parties—the

1826: 97: 4135: 1547:, a section of Saigon, in ruins. The Viet Cong used any available tactic to demoralize and intimidate the population, including the assassination of South Vietnamese commanders. A photo by 1111: 404: 399: 389: 359: 234: 228: 126: 38: 1496:, suggested an all-out offensive against urban centers. He submitted a plan to Hanoi in May 1967. After Thanh's death in July, Giáp was assigned to implement this plan, now known as the 3605:"Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975." University Press of Kansas, May 2002 (original 1995). Translation by Merle L. Pribbenow. Page 246. 1655:, signed by all parties in January 1973, fighting continued. In March, Trà was recalled to Hanoi for a series of meetings to hammer out a plan for an enormous offensive against Saigon. 1535:. In January and February 1968, some 80,000 Viet Cong struck more than 100 towns with orders to "crack the sky" and "shake the Earth." The offensive included a commando raid on the 3965: 4645: 1682: 17: 4819: 3499: 1767: 1709:

The success of the 1973–74 dry season offensive convinced Hanoi to accelerate its timetable. When there was no U.S. response to a successful communist attack on

2569:. Series: Master File Photographs of U.S. And Foreign Personalities, World Events, and American Economic, Social, and Cultural Life, 1900 – 2003. Archived from 4525: 3131: 1876:

Radio Hanoi called it the "National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam" in a January 1961 broadcast announcing the group's formation. In his memoirs,

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in February 1965. Hanoi was soon receiving up-to-date surface-to-air missiles. The U.S. would have 200,000 soldiers in South Vietnam by the end of the year.

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in March 1970, the Viet Cong faced a hostile Cambodian government which authorized a U.S. offensive against its bases in April. However, the capture of the

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The official Vietnamese history gives the group's name as the Liberation Army of South Vietnam or the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLFSV;

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implementation was conditional on winning international support and on modernizing the army, which was expected to take at least until 1959. President

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This article is about the organization formally named National Liberation Front of South Vietnam. For the government formed by this organization, see

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The level of violence in the South jumped dramatically in the fall of 1961, from 50 guerrilla attacks in September to 150 in October. U.S. President

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Program, which encouraged defections. By the end of 1969, there was little communist-held territory, or "liberated zones", in the rural lowlands of

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in English is from 1957. American soldiers referred to the Viet Cong as Victor Charlie or V-C. "Victor" and "Charlie" are both letters in the

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The Communist Party of Vietnam approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the

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of a Viet Cong in Saigon on February 1 became a symbol of the brutality of the war. In an influential broadcast on February 27, newsman

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published an influential article in July 1958 which analyzed the pattern of rising violence and concluded that a new war had begun.

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Trà begins, "How did the B2 theater carry out the mission assigned it by the Military Commission of the Party Central Committee?" (

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to dub Diệm the "miracle man" when he visited the U.S. in May 1957. France withdrew its last soldiers from Vietnam in April 1956.

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Olson, James; Randy Roberts (1991). "Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam, 1945–1990". New York: St. Martin's Press: 67.

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and other territory in Laos, as well as five provinces in northeastern Cambodia, allowed the North Vietnamese to reopen the

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By 1960, the Sino-Soviet split was a public rivalry, making China more supportive of Hanoi's war effort. For Chinese leader

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This is sometimes referred to as the "Genoa Policy" and later inspired Khrushchev to take credit for Kennedy's election.(

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and Westmoreland argued that panicky news coverage gave the public the unfair perception that America had been defeated.

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The Viet Cong were commonly referred to by the Vietnamese rural population as "night bandits" or the "night government".

4720: 4564: 4339: 4291: 3539: 3503: 3179: 2063: 1921: 4043: 4286: 4070:" (Forward to Saigon.) This propaganda video features singing Viet Cong and newsreel footage from the 1975 offensive. 4004: 3989: 3974: 3957: 3942: 3877: 3850: 3568: 3330: 3288: 2841: 2744: 2720: 2634: 2445: 2349: 2123: 2096: 1988: 1938: 1893: 1772: 1691: 1544: 2563: 4809: 4640: 4281: 4246: 4160: 1902: 1431: 1306: 1123: 996: 428: 416: 344: 199: 167: 3139: 1694:, about 75 miles northwest of Saigon. (COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive.) The 4844: 4149: 1270:

In a speech given on September 2, 1957, Hồ reiterated the "North first" line of economic struggle. The launch of

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Kearny, Cresson H. (Maj) (1997). "Jungle Snafus...and Remedies". Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine: 327.

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to the PAVN. People considered tainted by association with the former South Vietnamese government were sent to

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of about 3,500 residents. House-to-house fighting between Viet Cong and South Vietnamese Rangers left much of

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to foment insurgency in the South. Many of the Viet Cong's core members were volunteer "regroupees", southern

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in 1973. The VC uniform was a floppy jungle hat, rubber sandals, and green fatigues without rank or insignia.

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At this point, there were about 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam, as well as 900,000 allied forces. General

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South Vietnamese governments portrayed the group as a tool of North Vietnam. It was later conceded by the

4520: 4165: 4131: 3960:. 1985. See Chapter 7 on the forming of the Viet Cong, and Chapter 21 on the communist take-over in 1975. 1783: 1731: 1723: 1392: 1060: 920: 328: 311: 4453: 2172: 1710: 1576: 260: 4698: 4503: 4367: 4113: 1747: 1548: 1501: 1443:, 48 killed in the bombing of My Canh floating restaurant in Saigon in June 1965 and a massacre of 252 1411: 1220:

presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled "The Road to the South" to the other members of the

137: 31: 3760: 251: 4703: 4670: 4569: 4542: 4372: 4348: 4088: 3524: 1963: 1686: 1341: 1110:). Many writers shorten this to National Liberation Front (NLF). In 1969, the Viet Cong created the " 3592: 3475: 3398: 3271: 2656: 2598: 2539: 2491: 1197: 1035:

North Vietnam established the National Liberation Front on December 20, 1960, at Tân Lập village in

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Province near the Cambodian border. On July 8, the Viet Cong killed two U.S. military advisors at

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decided in November 1961 to substantially increase American military aid to South Vietnam. The

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including clinics and medical personnel. Notable Viet Cong atrocities include the massacre of

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Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution: In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives

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negotiated the terms of the ceasefire with France and then imposed them on the Viet Minh.

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Gettleman, Marvin E (1995). Marvin E. Gettleman; Jane Franklin; Marilyn Young (eds.).

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This decision was made at the 11th Plenary Session of the Lao Động Central Committee.

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Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975

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in October boosted Soviet confidence and led to a reassessment of policy regarding

527: 4063:. What was it like to be a Viet Cong? This recruiting video shows one perspective. 1599: 1516: 219: 4714: 4619: 4538: 4325: 3621: 3558: 3278: 3183: 3124: 2831: 2734: 2624: 2435: 2018: 1978: 1883: 1860: 1595: 1594:. The breakup of larger Viet Cong units increased the effectiveness of the CIA's 1556: 1372: 1201: 762: 72: 27:

Revolutionary organization active in South Vietnam and Cambodia from 1960 to 1977

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in January 1975, South Vietnamese morale collapsed. The next major battle, at

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stated that the war was a "stalemate" and could be ended only by negotiation.

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The Military Art of People's War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap

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A Viet Cong prisoner captured in 1967 by the U.S. Army awaits interrogation.

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in July 1976 and the PRG was dissolved. The Viet Cong was merged with the

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Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam

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Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War

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U.S. Information Agency. (August 24, 1982 – January 10, 1999) (1966).

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Viet Cong soldiers captured by US Marines outside of Dong Ha, RVN 1968

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against the South Vietnamese and United States governments during the

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The Last Battalion: Controversies and Casualties of the Battle of Hue

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Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam

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Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam

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Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam

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on February 4, 1977, after North and South Vietnam were officially

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McNamera, Robert S.; Blight, James G.; Brigham, Robert K. (1999).

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This also follows terminology used earlier by leftists in Greece (

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US Military map of Communist forces in South Vietnam in early 1964

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and nominally conducted military operations under the name of the

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The flag of the Viet Cong, adopted in 1960, is a variation on the

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Lynn-Jones, Sean M.; Steven E. Miller; Stephen Van Evera (1989).

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political and military leadership, aiming to unify Vietnam under

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Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom

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called the group the "South Vietnam National Liberation Front" (

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to battlefields, 2.6 times the total for the previous 13 years.

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The terminology "liberation front" is adapted from the earlier

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and then trucked to Viet Cong bases near the border along the "

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Prados, John, (2006) "The Road South: The Ho Chi Minh Trail",

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A U.S. propaganda leaflet urges Viet Cong to defect using the

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Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam

3585:"Failure of the Viet Cong to establish liberation committees" 1598:(1967–72), which targeted individual leaders, as well as the 1479: 583: 285:

December 20, 1960 – February 4, 1977

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Gettleman, Marvin E.; Jane Franklin; Marilyn Young (1995).

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Viet Cong soldier stands beneath a Viet Cong flag with an

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Discovering Kubrick's Symbolism: The Secrets of the Films

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Soviet Military Policy: An International Security Reader

1609:

The Viet Cong created an urban front in 1968 called the

2297:"Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960" 1768:

Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure

1305:

Two regional command centers were merged to create the

1116:

Chính Phủ Cách Mạng Lâm Thời Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam

3482:

Warner, Jayne S. Warner (1993). Luu Doan Huynh (ed.).

1662:

Viet Cong soldiers carry an injured American POW to a

3484:

The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and American Perspectives

2622: 1225:

into a "North first", or pro-Beijing, faction led by

1087:

newspapers beginning in 1956. It is a contraction of

4040:, one of wartime Vietnam's most prominent composers. 4024:

Tet Offensive 1968, US Embassy & Saigon fighting

2004:

There was also a U.S. presidential election in 1964.

1383:

military victory against South Vietnamese forces at

3312: 3276: 3253:

Westmoreland, William. "The Year of Decision—1968".

999:(LASV), the movement fought under the direction of 3314: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3202:, (Oxford University Press, 1978), pp272-3, 448–9. 2472: 1737: 1611:Alliance of National, Democratic, and Peace Forces 1147:Soldiers and civilians took supplies south on the 1093:(Vietnamese communist). The earliest citation for 3977:. See Chapter 4. "The National Liberation Front". 2715:, editor By Andrew A. Wiest, Osprey Publishing, 1414:on a Viet Cong position in South Vietnam in 1966. 441:Alliance of National, Democratic and Peace Forces 4820:Military units and formations of the Vietnam War 4776: 2406:"The History Place — Vietnam War 1945–1960" 1888:. Monthly Review Press. pp. 206, 208, 210. 1832: 1647:was a direct North Vietnamese attack across the 1419:Viet Cong were shipped to the Cambodian port of 1105: 1088: 111: 3648:"Order of Battle Summary, 1 - 28 February 1970" 3623:Vietnam: The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism 3239: 2790:History of Special Forces in Vietnam, 1961–1971 1943:Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic 1780:, former Viet Cong who worked with U.S. Marines 30:"Vietcong" redirects here. For other uses, see 3984:. New York: William Morrow and Company. 1990. 3321:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. pp. 2873: 2871: 1717:in March, was a communist walkover. After the 4089: 3945:. See especially Part VII: The Decisive Year. 3589:Declassified CIA Documents on the Vietnam War 2795:United States Army Center of Military History 2340:Military History Institute of Vietnam,(2002) 1857:Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam 1107:Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam 3757:"Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre" 3615: 3613: 3611: 2965: 2963: 2948: 2836:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 83. 2726: 2520:The Political and Military Line of Our Party 2400: 2398: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2336: 2334: 2219:"The Swedish-American Conflict over Vietnam" 2031: 1631:Trường Chinh. After the overthrow of Prince 1298:was established to maintain and upgrade the 4625:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations 3969:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1972. 3813: 3811: 3671: 3669: 3232: 3230: 2868: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 4096: 4082: 3538:Crowell, Todd Crowell (October 29, 2006). 3486:. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 49–50. 3414:"A Dark Glimpse From Eddie Adams's Camera" 3128:, United States Information Service, 1967 2941: 2939: 2892: 2797:. p. 4. CMH Pub 90-23. Archived from 2693: 2616: 2608:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2514: 2369:, the official English-language newspaper. 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2137: 2135: 2035:Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre 1470:Viet Cong and PAVN logistics and equipment 1463: 1285: 993:National Liberation Front of South Vietnam 394:National Liberation Front of South Vietnam 18:National Liberation Front of South Vietnam 4815:History of the Communist Party of Vietnam 4805:Defunct political party alliances in Asia 4009:Morris, Virginia and Hills, Clive. 2018. 3935:Vietnam and America: A Documented History 3776: 3608: 2977: 2975: 2960: 2898: 2684: 2604:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2393: 2381: 2331: 1427:", which replaced the Ho Chi Minh Trail. 1216:In March 1956, southern communist leader 1043:who had resettled in the North after the 1024:that the movement was actually under the 655: 601: 4026:. CBS News footage of the Tet Offensive. 3836: 3834: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3791: 3785: 3754: 3710: 3708: 3666: 3626:. Cornell University Press. p. 26. 3515: 3513: 3497: 3456: 3252: 3227: 3064: 3062: 2929: 2927: 2677: 2675: 2459: 2457: 2429: 2427: 2303:. 1971. pp. 242–314. Archived from 2216: 2169:"Man in the News: Lt.-Gen. Tran Van Tra" 1882:Nguyên Giáp Võ, Russell Stetler (1970). 1657: 1510: 1473: 1454: 1401: 1362: 1336: 1252: 1187: 1142: 4646:Opposition to United States involvement 3537: 3026:. Presidio Press. pp. 27–28, 115. 2936: 2256: 2149:, International Publishers, New York. ( 2132: 2112:Gibson, Karen Bush (February 4, 2020). 2064:"National Liberation Front (Viet Cong)" 1837:(Vietnamese communist / Viet-communist) 991:. Formally organized as and led by the 952:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 373:People's Revolutionary Party of Vietnam 75:. Sometimes the lower stripe was green. 14: 4777: 3926:The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam 3864: 3858: 3843:War and Revolution in Vietnam, 1930–75 3653:. Combined Intelligence Center Vietnam 3619: 3521:"Vietnam Veterans for Academic Reform" 3481: 3379: 3103: 3071:The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam 3021: 2997: 2972: 2705: 2143:Liberation Front: Formation of the NLF 2111: 1022:modern Vietnamese communist leadership 4077: 3840: 3829: 3705: 3510: 3313:Dougan, Clark; Stephen Weiss (1983). 3303:Westmoreland, p. 344 (editor's note). 3132:"On the Other Side: Terror as Policy" 3059: 2924: 2833:China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975 2786: 2762: 2672: 2454: 2424: 1818: 1651:between North and South. Despite the 1391:effort and the troop strength of the 1229:, and a "South first" faction led by 146:, secretary-general and vice-chairman 4850:1954 establishments in South Vietnam 4830:Political party alliances in Vietnam 4759: 3792:Whitcomb, Col Darrel (Summer 2003). 3563:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 404. 3556: 3439:Walter Cronkite on the Tet Offensive 2829: 2156: 2084: 4363:U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 3999:. University Press of Kansas. 2002 3591:. February 22, 1991. Archived from 3577: 3411: 3405: 3161:. December 15, 1967. Archived from 2780: 2437:The Vietnam War from the Other Side 2433: 1962:, the first names to appear on the 24: 4835:Popular fronts of communist states 4292:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 3917: 3353:. October 31, 1969. Archived from 3175:Pictures of Dak Son can be viewed 3138:. December 5, 1969. Archived from 2813: 2235:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x 2171:. February 2, 1973. Archived from 25: 4866: 4855:1976 disestablishments in Vietnam 4800:Defunct communist militant groups 4287:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 4017: 3923:U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, 3068:U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, 2085:Berg, Nicole M. (July 29, 2020). 1939:Provisional Democratic Government 1773:Viet Cong and PAVN battle tactics 1670: 1616: 1586:Aside from some districts in the 1128:Quân Giải phóng Miền Nam Việt Nam 4790:Vietnamese independence movement 4758: 4749: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4641:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 4061:The Viet Cong 1965–1967 – part 2 4057:The Viet Cong 1965–1967 – part 1 3893: 3365:. pp. 23–39. Archived from 3360: 3085:"The My Canh Restaurant bombing" 2899:Pribbenow, Merle (August 1999). 2713:Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land 2185: 1486: 1432:Liberation Army of South Vietnam 1307:Central Office for South Vietnam 1124:Liberation Army of South Vietnam 997:Liberation Army of South Vietnam 932: 914: 898: 866: 846: 833: 820: 807: 794: 781: 768: 755: 742: 729: 705: 692: 671: 657: 643: 630: 617: 603: 589: 576: 563: 434: 429:Liberation Army of South Vietnam 422: 417:Central Office for South Vietnam 410: 398: 388: 366: 352: 345:Central Office for South Vietnam 334: 322: 305: 257:Trần Nam Trung, defense minister 227: 192: 160: 125: 65: 4277:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 4103: 4044:The Wars for Vietnam: 1945–1975 4030:Vietnam War – Hue Massacre 1968 3995:Merle Pribbenow (translation). 3887: 3767: 3748: 3739: 3717: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3640: 3599: 3557:Aron, Paul (November 7, 2005). 3550: 3531: 3491: 3450: 3430: 3373: 3339: 3306: 3297: 3218: 3205: 3189: 3077: 3050: 3041: 3015: 2915: 2883: 2859: 2850: 2823: 2771: 2753: 2663: 2555: 2546: 2508: 2499: 2466: 2440:. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 16. 2372: 2355: 2319: 2024: 2007: 1998: 1969: 1948: 1931: 1914: 1870: 1840: 1738:Relationship with North Vietnam 1685:, the U.S. Congress passed the 1015:units, as well as a network of 499:, with a focus on South Vietnam 4526:United States prisoners of war 3412:Lee, Nathan (April 10, 2009). 3363:"Viet Cong Strategy of Terror" 3215:, Taylor & Francis, p.116. 2210: 2179: 2105: 2078: 2056: 1801: 1531:, a remote U.S. base near the 979:and umbrella term to call the 245:Huỳnh Tấn Phát, prime minister 13: 1: 4709:Henry Kissinger’s involvement 3798:Air & Space Power Journal 2901:"North Vietnam's Master Plan" 2787:Kelly, Francis John (1989) . 2629:. PublicAffairs. p. 35. 2050: 2021:in 1972. (Lynn-Jones, p. 29). 2017:against left-wing challenger 1865:Front national de libération 1728:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 149:Phung Van Cung, vice-chairman 3540:"The Tet Offensive and Iraq" 3283:. Grove Press. p. 345. 2983:"1957–1975: The Vietnam War" 2739:. Grove Press. p. 187. 1744:People's Revolutionary Party 1437:over 3,000 unarmed civilians 1250:, who was defense minister. 1204:organized crime gang in the 1007:. The organization had both 175:Nguyễn Hữu Xuyến (1961–1963) 7: 4317:Independence Palace bombing 4032:. A tribute to the dead of 2141:Burchett, Wilfred (1963): " 1928:National Liberation Fronts. 1786:, the North Vietnamese army 1761: 1732:Vietnamese Fatherland Front 1061:Fatherland Front of Vietnam 983:-driven armed movement and 329:Vietnamese Fatherland Front 312:Vietnamese Fatherland Front 57:Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng 10: 4871: 4825:National liberation armies 4699:Canada and the Vietnam War 4368:1965 South Vietnamese coup 4176:People's Republic of China 4156:International participants 3182:February 19, 2020, at the 3123:November 29, 2014, at the 2217:Logevall, Fredrik (1993). 1674: 1492:decisive victory, General 1467: 1133: 828:Republic of China (Taiwan) 584:People's Republic of China 36: 32:Viet Cong (disambiguation) 29: 4734: 4704:CIA activities in Vietnam 4686: 4633: 4590: 4552: 4476: 4300: 4234: 4201: 4120: 4111: 4013:, McFarland & Co Inc. 3933:Marvin Gettleman, et al. 3155:"The Massacre of Dak Son" 2327:Oxford English Dictionary 2162:Possibly a pseudonym for 2128:– via Google Books. 2101:– via Google Books. 1983:. MIT Press. p. 28. 1964:Vietnam Veterans Memorial 1848:National Liberation Front 1138: 890: 880: 719: 553: 541: 503: 492: 449: 380: 360:Republic of South Vietnam 341:Workers' Party of Vietnam 317: 300: 270: 242:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, president 120: 80: 64: 56: 55: 49:National Liberation Front 48: 4726:Women in the Vietnam War 4658:United States news media 4603:Indochina refugee crisis 4598:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 4373:Bombing of North Vietnam 4312:Strategic Hamlet Program 3113:. pg. 30. Westport 1993. 2434:Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). 1795: 1784:People's Army of Vietnam 1393:People's Army of Vietnam 1074: 4810:Guerrilla organizations 4345:Gulf of Tonkin incident 4266:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 3620:Porter, Gareth (1993). 1464:Logistics and equipment 1311:Trung ương Cục miền Nam 1294:in March. In May 1959, 1286:Launches armed struggle 543:Political position 533:Revolutionary socialism 4845:Vietnamese nationalism 4754:Battles and operations 4694:Awards and decorations 4608:Vietnamese boat people 4577:Impact of Agent Orange 4565:Body count controversy 4272:1954 Geneva Conference 3896:"Who is Tran Van Tra?" 3470:Cite journal requires 3393:Cite journal requires 3266:Cite journal requires 3211:Pedahzur, Ami (2006), 3022:Zumbro, Ralph (1986). 2486:Cite journal requires 2192:University of Richmond 1864: 1856: 1833: 1811: 1667: 1537:U.S. Embassy in Saigon 1520: 1483: 1460: 1415: 1368: 1345: 1259: 1193: 1152: 1106: 1099:NATO phonetic alphabet 1089: 1057:U.S. embassy in Saigon 940:This article contains 181:(1963–1967, 1973–1975) 112: 4840:Rebellions in Vietnam 4463:1975 spring offensive 4422:ARVN campaign in Laos 4418:Vietnamization policy 3937:. Grove Press. 1995. 3841:Ruane, Kevin (1998), 3527:on February 26, 2009. 3500:"Comments on Tet '68" 3347:"The Massacre of Hue" 2032:Trần Văn Trà (1982), 1820:[vîətkə̂wŋmˀ] 1750:was not a communist. 1734:on February 4, 1977. 1687:Case–Church Amendment 1675:Further information: 1661: 1573:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1514: 1477: 1458: 1412:white phosphorus bomb 1405: 1366: 1340: 1256: 1191: 1146: 523:Left-wing nationalism 73:flag of North Vietnam 4795:Communism in Vietnam 4582:Environmental impact 4454:Battle of Phước Long 4219:Cold War (1962–1979) 3963:Frances Fitzgerald. 3804:on February 7, 2009. 3560:Mysteries in History 3457:Tran Van Tra. "Tet". 3369:on December 6, 2022. 3357:on December 4, 2007. 3317:Nineteen Sixty-Eight 3109:Krohn, Charles, A., 3091:on November 25, 2010 2830:Zhai, Qiang (2000). 2801:on February 12, 2014 2793:. Washington, D.C.: 2626:Argument Without End 1958:and Master Sergeant 1525:William Westmoreland 1157:Geneva Accord (1954) 1155:By the terms of the 1069:communist government 860:Non-state opponents: 4662:In popular culture 4615:Sino-Vietnamese War 4445:Paris Peace Accords 4258:First Indochina War 4247:Japanese occupation 4214:Cambodian Civil War 3982:The Phoenix Program 3980:Douglas Valentine. 3782:Karnow. pp. 672–74. 3773:Karnow, pp 644–645. 3735:on October 5, 2022. 3546:on August 23, 2009. 3280:Vietnam and America 3118:Massacre at Dak Son 2736:Vietnam and America 2307:on October 19, 2017 2301:The Pentagon Papers 2198:on October 26, 2014 2175:on August 23, 2009. 1681:In response to the 1653:Paris Peace Accords 493:Active regions 4436:Christmas bombings 4409:Cambodian campaign 3894:Bolt, Dr. Ernest. 3870:Vietnam: A history 3729:www.vietnampix.com 3506:on August 7, 2011. 3419:The New York Times 3200:America in Vietnam 3073:" (1972), p. 8-49. 3047:Zumbro, pp. 25, 33 2955:Victory in Vietnam 2878:Victory in Vietnam 2777:Gettleman, p. 156. 2700:Victory in Vietnam 2522:. pp. 179–80. 2361:See, for example, 2223:Diplomatic History 2186:Bolt, Dr. Ernest. 2074:on April 18, 2023. 1724:re-education camps 1668: 1571:, chairman of the 1521: 1484: 1461: 1447:in the village of 1416: 1369: 1346: 1260: 1194: 1159:, which ended the 1153: 272:Dates of operation 263:, justice minister 254:, foreign minister 4772: 4771: 4489:Ho Chi Minh trail 4382:Buddhist Uprising 4340:Coup against Minh 4331:Coup against Diem 4254:(1949–1955) 4209:Laotian Civil War 4202:Related conflicts 4181:Republic of China 3950:A Vietcong Memoir 3948:Truong Nhu Tang. 3872:. Penguin Books. 3675:Porter, pp. 27–29 3633:978-0-8014-2168-6 3595:on March 7, 2021. 3426:on June 15, 2018. 3236:Ang, pp. 116–117. 3033:978-0-517-07201-1 2911:on April 9, 2023. 2412:on March 12, 2023 2118:. Mitchell Lane. 1909:on June 26, 2010. 1846:Sometimes simply 1834:Việt Nam cộng sản 1831:; contraction of 1778:Kit Carson Scouts 1696:Ho Chi Minh Trail 1683:anti-war movement 1641:Ho Chi Minh trail 1553:summary execution 1408:Douglas Skyraider 1406:A U.S. Air Force 1387:in January 1963. 1300:Ho Chi Minh trail 1238:Sino-Soviet split 1211:Dwight Eisenhower 1206:Battle for Saigon 1163:, France and the 1149:Ho Chi Minh trail 1090:Việt Nam cộng sản 1049:Ho Chi Minh trail 1037:Tây Ninh Province 948:rendering support 928: 927: 910:Succeeded by 686:Non-state allies: 132:Liberation Front: 59:miền Nam Việt Nam 16:(Redirected from 4862: 4762: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4742: 4741: 4499:Operation Popeye 4431:Easter Offensive 4252:State of Vietnam 4242:French Indochina 4224:Cold War in Asia 4132:Việt Minh / PAVN 4098: 4091: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4049:Digger History, 3952:. Random House. 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3902:on July 10, 2011 3898:. 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Archived from 2183: 2177: 2176: 2160: 2154: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2070:. Archived from 2060: 2045: 2043: 2038:, archived from 2028: 2022: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1973: 1967: 1952: 1946: 1935: 1929: 1918: 1912: 1910: 1905:. Archived from 1900:). See also the 1899: 1874: 1868: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1817: 1805: 1645:Easter Offensive 1569:Earle G. Wheeler 1494:Nguyễn Chí Thanh 1109: 1092: 1026:North Vietnamese 987:organization in 954: instead of 936: 935: 921:Fatherland Front 919: 918: 903: 902: 894:Preceded by 881:Battles and wars 871: 870: 869: 852: 850: 849: 839: 837: 836: 826: 824: 823: 813: 811: 810: 800: 798: 797: 787: 785: 784: 774: 772: 771: 761: 759: 758: 748: 746: 745: 735: 733: 732: 724:State opponents: 710: 709: 708: 697: 696: 695: 677: 675: 674: 667: 663: 661: 660: 649: 647: 646: 636: 634: 633: 623: 621: 620: 613: 609: 607: 606: 595: 593: 592: 582: 580: 579: 569: 567: 566: 528:Anti-imperialism 518:Marxism–Leninism 439: 438: 437: 427: 426: 425: 415: 414: 413: 403: 402: 393: 392: 371: 370: 369: 358: 356: 355: 339: 338: 337: 327: 326: 310: 309: 296: 294: 290: 273: 232: 231: 214:Nguyễn Chí Thanh 197: 196: 195: 165: 164: 163: 130: 129: 115: 105: 104: 103: 102: 100: 69: 60: 51:of South Vietnam 46: 45: 21: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4730: 4715:Pentagon Papers 4682: 4629: 4586: 4548: 4472: 4326:Buddhist crisis 4296: 4282:1955 referendum 4230: 4197: 4116: 4107: 4102: 4068:Tiên vê Sài Gòn 4020: 3920: 3918:Further reading 3915: 3905: 3903: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3866:Karnow, Stanley 3863: 3859: 3853: 3839: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3753: 3749: 3745:Karnow, p. 673. 3744: 3740: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3618: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3555: 3551: 3536: 3532: 3519: 3518: 3511: 3496: 3492: 3471: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3410: 3406: 3394: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3361:Pike, Douglas. 3359: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3267: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3210: 3206: 3194: 3190: 3184:Wayback Machine 3168: 3166: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3143: 3142:on May 22, 2013 3130: 3129: 3125:Wayback Machine 3115:Jones, C. Don, 3114: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3020: 3016: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2981: 2980: 2973: 2969:Karnow, p. 427. 2968: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2731: 2727: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2690:Karnow, p. 693. 2689: 2685: 2681:Ang, pp. 24-25. 2680: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2652: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2621: 2617: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2574: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2535: 2534: 2525: 2524: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2487: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2432: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2404: 2403: 2394: 2390:Karnow, p. 245. 2389: 2382: 2378:Karnow, p. 238. 2377: 2373: 2360: 2356: 2339: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2295: 2294: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2184: 2180: 2167: 2161: 2157: 2147:The Furtive War 2140: 2133: 2126: 2115:The Vietnam War 2110: 2106: 2099: 2083: 2079: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2042:on June 2, 2011 2029: 2025: 2019:George McGovern 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1974: 1970: 1953: 1949: 1941:) and Algeria ( 1936: 1932: 1919: 1915: 1901: 1896: 1875: 1871: 1859: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1824: 1823: 1815: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1764: 1740: 1679: 1673: 1619: 1596:Phoenix Program 1577:Trương Như Tảng 1557:Walter Cronkite 1541:massacre at Huế 1489: 1472: 1466: 1373:John F. Kennedy 1288: 1141: 1136: 1077: 1030:a single banner 969: 968: 967: 946:Without proper 937: 933: 924: 923: 913: 912: 907: 897: 896: 867: 865: 847: 845: 834: 832: 821: 819: 808: 806: 795: 793: 782: 780: 769: 767: 763:Kingdom of Laos 756: 754: 743: 741: 730: 728: 706: 704: 693: 691: 672: 670: 658: 656: 644: 642: 631: 629: 618: 616: 604: 602: 590: 588: 577: 575: 564: 562: 537: 488: 445: 435: 433: 423: 421: 411: 409: 397: 387: 367: 365: 353: 351: 335: 333: 321: 304: 292: 288: 286: 284: 271: 266: 261:Trương Như Tảng 252:Nguyễn Thị Bình 226: 225: 208:Nguyễn Văn Linh 193: 191: 190: 168:Liberation Army 161: 159: 158: 155:, vice-chairman 124: 106: 98: 95: 94: 93: 92: 76: 58: 50: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4868: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4756: 4746: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4660: 4655: 4654: 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3819: 3807: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3755:Tran Van Tra. 3747: 3738: 3725:"The Vietcong" 3716: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3665: 3639: 3632: 3607: 3598: 3576: 3569: 3549: 3530: 3509: 3498:Tran Van Tra. 3490: 3472:|journal= 3449: 3429: 3404: 3395:|journal= 3372: 3338: 3331: 3305: 3296: 3289: 3268:|journal= 3238: 3226: 3217: 3204: 3188: 3102: 3076: 3058: 3056:Zumbro, p. 32. 3049: 3040: 3032: 3014: 3009:Digger History 2996: 2971: 2959: 2947: 2935: 2933:Ang, p. 74-75. 2923: 2914: 2891: 2882: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2842: 2822: 2812: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2745: 2725: 2704: 2692: 2683: 2671: 2662: 2635: 2615: 2595:|website= 2573:on May 4, 2023 2554: 2545: 2516:Võ Nguyên Giáp 2507: 2498: 2488:|journal= 2465: 2453: 2446: 2423: 2392: 2380: 2371: 2354: 2330: 2318: 2255: 2229:(3): 421–445. 2209: 2178: 2155: 2131: 2124: 2104: 2097: 2077: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2023: 2006: 1997: 1989: 1968: 1960:Charles Ovnand 1947: 1930: 1913: 1894: 1878:Võ Nguyên Giáp 1869: 1839: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1781: 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McFarland. 2090: 2089: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2068:www.fotw.info 2065: 2059: 2055: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2027: 2020: 2016: 2015:Richard Nixon 2010: 2001: 1992: 1990:0-262-62066-9 1986: 1982: 1981: 1972: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1895:9780853451297 1891: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1835: 1827: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1715:Buôn Ma Thuột 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1665: 1664:prisoner swap 1660: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637:Plain of Jars 1634: 1629: 1625: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1502:Parrot's Beak 1499: 1498:Tet Offensive 1495: 1487:Tet Offensive 1481: 1476: 1471: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1421:Sihanoukville 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198:Ngô Đình Diệm 1190: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1170:South Vietnam 1166: 1162: 1161:Indochina War 1158: 1150: 1145: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:Tet Offensive 1050: 1046: 1045:Geneva Accord 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:North Vietnam 998: 994: 990: 989:South Vietnam 986: 982: 978: 974: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 943: 922: 917: 911: 906: 901: 895: 889: 886: 885:See full list 883: 879: 874: 864: 863: 862: 861: 855: 854:United States 844: 842: 831: 829: 818: 816: 805: 803: 792: 790: 779: 777: 766: 764: 753: 751: 740: 738: 737:South Vietnam 727: 726: 725: 722: 718: 713: 703: 700: 690: 689: 688: 687: 680: 669: 666: 654: 652: 641: 639: 628: 626: 615: 612: 600: 598: 587: 585: 574: 572: 571:North Vietnam 561: 560: 559: 558:State allies: 556: 552: 549: 546: 544: 540: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 508: 506: 502: 498: 495: 491: 484: 481: 478: 477:South Vietnam 474: 471: 468: 464: 461: 458: 455: 454: 452: 448: 442: 432: 430: 420: 418: 408: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 385: 383: 379: 374: 364: 363: 362: 361: 346: 342: 332: 331: 330: 325: 320: 316: 313: 308: 303: 299: 283: 281: 278:(as southern 275: 269: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 240: 238: 236: 230: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 203: 201: 186: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 171: 169: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 136: 135: 133: 128: 123: 119: 114: 109: 101: 99:pronunciation 90: 86: 83: 81:Also known as 79: 74: 68: 63: 54: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 4713: 4687:Other topics 4509:Agent Orange 4458: 4449: 4440: 4426: 4413: 4404: 4386: 4377: 4358: 4335: 4321: 4307: 4139: 4121:Participants 4010: 3996: 3981: 3964: 3949: 3934: 3925: 3904:. 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