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maintains that "the legislation does nothing more than confirm authorities that the
Federal courts have recognized as lawful under the 2001 AUMF". The statement also maintains that the "Administration will not authorize the indefinite military detention without trial of American citizens", and that it "will interpret section 1021 in a manner that ensures that any detention it authorizes complies with the Constitution, the laws of war, and all other applicable law". Referring to the applicability of civilian versus military detention, the statement argued that "the only responsible way to combat the threat al-Qa'ida poses is to remain relentlessly practical, guided by the factual and legal complexities of each case and the relative strengths and weaknesses of each system. Otherwise, investigations could be compromised, our authorities to hold dangerous individuals could be jeopardized, and intelligence could be lost".
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detention (and even trial) of citizens who have themselves engaged in hostile acts or have supported such acts to the extent that they are properly classified as 'combatants' or 'belligerents'". This reflects the fact that, in their view, the United States is, pursuant to the AUMF, at war with al-Qaeda, and detention of enemy combatants in accordance with the laws of war is authorized. In their view, this does not preclude trial in civilian courts, but it does not require that the detainee be charged and tried. If the detainee is an enemy combatant who has not violated the laws of war, he is not chargeable with any triable offense. Commentators who share this view emphasize the need not to blur the distinction between domestic criminal law and the laws of war.
235:: "That directive provides specific guidance as to the 'Scope of Procedures and Standard for Covered Persons Determinations.' Specifically, it states that 'covered persons' applies only to a person who is not a citizen of the United States and who is a member or part of al-Qaeda or an associated force that acts in coordination with or pursuant to the direction of al-Qaeda; and "who participated in the course of planning or carrying out an attack or attempted attack against the United States or its coalition partners" (see p. 11–12). Under procedures released by the White House the military custody requirement can be waived in a wide variety of cases. Among the waiver possibilities are the following:
406:
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United States, or any other persons who are captured or arrested in the United States." So that section contains a disclaimer regarding an intention to expand detention powers for U.S. citizens, but does so only for the powers vested by that specific section. More important, the exclusion appears to extend only to U.S. citizens "captured or arrested in the United States" — meaning that the powers of indefinite detention vested by that section apply to U.S. citizens captured anywhere abroad (there is some grammatical vagueness on this point, but at the very least, there is a viable argument that the detention power in this section applies to U.S. citizens captured abroad).
225:
captured overseas and there's a good reason for that. Even here, the difference is modest, because the provision already excludes all U.S. citizens. It also excludes lawful residents of United States, except to extent permitted by the constitution. The only covered persons left are those who are illegally in this country or on a tourist visa or other short-term basis. Contrary to some press statements, the detainee provisions in our bill do not include new authority for the permanent detention of suspected terrorists. Rather, the bill uses language provided by the
Administration to codify existing authority that has been upheld in federal courts".
688:, No. 99-5051, 2009 WL 2957826, at 41–42 (D.C. Cir. Sept. 15, 2009) (explaining that petitioner "was unequivocally part of" an enemy force, but even if he "was not part of enemy forces, he accompanied those forces on the battlefield and performed services (e.g. cooking, guard duty)" for them that justified military detention). Under those principles, the term "substantially support" cannot give rise to any reasonable fear that it will be applied to the types of independent journalism or advocacy at issue here. See March 2009 Mem. at 2 ("substantially support" does not include those who provide "unwitting or insignificant support" to al-Qaeda);
684:, Art. 4.A(4) (encompassing detention of individuals who "accompany the armed forces without actually being members thereof, such as civilian members of military aircraft crews, war correspondents, supply contractors, members of labour units or of services responsible for the welfare of the armed forces, provided that they have received authorization from the armed forces which they accompany"); Int'l Comm. Of the Red Cross Commentary on Third Geneva Convention 64 (Pictet, ed. 1960) (Art. 4(a)(4) intended to encompass certain "classes of persons who were more or less part of the armed force" while not members thereof);
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to petroleum take effect 60 days after the bill is signed into law, while sanctions on transactions related to petroleum take effect a minimum of six months after the bill's signing. The bill grants the U.S. President authority to grant waivers in cases in which petroleum purchasers are unable, due to supply or cost, to significantly reduce their purchases of
Iranian oil, or in which American national security is threatened by implementation of the sanctions. Following the signing into law of the NDAA, the
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130:, regarding counterfeit electronic parts highlighted in an investigation commenced in March 2011, which found that 1,800 cases of suspected counterfeit components were in use within over 1 million individual products". Further year-long work undertaken by the Senate Committee and contained in a report on counterfeit parts in the Department of Defense supply chain released on 12 May 2012 showed that counterfeit electronic parts of Chinese origin had been found in the Air Force's
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on indefinite detention will not go into effect until a decision on the Obama
Administration's appeal is rendered. The U.S. Supreme Court refused on December 14, 2012, to lift the stay pending appeal of the order issued by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on October 2, 2012. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals overturned on July 17, 2013, the district court's ruling which struck down § 1021(b)(2) of NDAA as unconstitutional, because the plaintiffs lacked
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313:, President Obama explained: "I have signed the Act chiefly because it authorizes funding for the defense of the United States and its interests abroad, crucial services for service members and their families, and vital national security programs that must be renewed ... I have signed this bill despite having serious reservations with certain provisions that regulate the detention, interrogation, and prosecution of suspected terrorists".
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worldwide indefinite detention provision ... temporal or geographic limitations, and can be used by this and future presidents to militarily detain people captured far from any battlefield". The ACLU also maintains that "the breadth of the NDAA's detention authority violates international law because it is not limited to people captured in the context of an actual armed conflict as required by the laws of war".
197:, "the language which precluded the application of section 1031 to American Citizens was in the bill that we originally approved in the Armed Services Committee and the Administration asked us to remove the language which says that U.S. citizens and lawful residents would not be subject to this section". The Senator refers to section 1021 as "1031" because it was section 1031 at the time of his speaking.
758:", writing that "they're simply wrong ... It allows people who think the 2001 Authorization to Use Military Force against the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks gives the president the authority to detain U.S. citizens without charge or trial to say that, but it also allows people who can read the Constitution of the United States to argue something else". Legal commentator Joanne Mariner has noted in
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provides, in sub-section(e), that "Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect existing law or authorities relating to the detention of United States citizens, lawful resident aliens of the United States, or any other persons who are captured or arrested in the United States". As reflected in Senate debate over the bill, there is a great deal of controversy over the status of existing law.
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pending disposition under the law of war. ... Section 1022. . ... Except as provided in paragraph (4), the Armed Forces of the United States shall hold a person described in paragraph (2) who is captured in the course of hostilities authorized by the
Authorization for Use of Military Force ... in military custody pending disposition under the law of war.
178:, or associated forces that are engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners", and anyone who commits a "belligerent act" against the United States or its coalition allies in aid of such enemy forces, under the law of war, "without trial, until the end of the hostilities authorized by the ". The text authorizes trial by
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of Iran, effectively blocking
Iranian oil exports to countries which do business with the United States. The new sanctions impose penalties against entities—including corporations and foreign central banks—which engage in transactions with the Iranian central bank. Sanctions on transactions unrelated
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consideration of the government's motion to stay the injunction throughout its appeal. The court also said that a Second
Circuit motions panel will take up the government's motion for stay pending appeal on September 28, 2012. On October 2, 2012, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the ban
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has been highly critical of the legislation, writing that under its authority "the U.S. military will have the power to detain
Americans suspected of involvement in terrorism without charge or trial and imprison them for an indefinite period of time"; it has furthermore written that "the most radical
221:. The law affords the option to have U.S. citizens detained by the armed forces but this requirement does not extend to them, as with foreign persons. Lawful resident aliens may or may not be required to be detained by the Armed Forces, "on the basis of conduct taking place within the United States".
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The statement furthermore objected to the mandate for "military custody for a certain class of terrorism suspects", which it called inconsistent with "the fundamental
American principle that our military does not patrol our streets". The White House may now waive the requirement for military custody
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An "associated force," as we interpret the phrase, has two characteristics to it: (1) an organized, armed group that has entered the fight alongside al Qaeda, and (2) is a co-belligerent with al Qaeda in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners. In other words, the group must
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Americans have sought resistance of the NDAA through successful resolution campaigns in various states and municipalities. The states of Rhode Island and
Michigan, the Colorado counties of Wade, El Paso, and Fremont, as well as the municipalities of Northampton, MA. and Fairfax, CA, have all passed
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and some news sources as an effort to limit military detention of American citizens indefinitely and without trial. The amendment proposed to strike the section "Detainee Matters" from the bill, and replace section 1021 (then titled 1031) with a provision requiring the Administration to clarify the
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and Lee Casey, for example, argue that detention under the AUMF is authorized under the laws of war and is not indefinite because the authority to detain ends with the cessation of hostilities. They argue that the NDAA invokes "existing Supreme Court precedent ... that clearly permits the military
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A Presidential Policy Directive entitled "Requirements of the National Defense Authorization Act" regarding the procedures for implementing §1022 of the NDAA was issued on February 28, 2012, by the White House. The directive consists of eleven pages of specific implementation procedures including
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Section 1021, authorizes indefinite detention for the broad definition of "covered persons" .... And that section does provide that "Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect existing law or authorities relating to the detention of United States citizens, lawful resident aliens of the
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challenging the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012. The plaintiffs contend that Section 1021(b)(2) of the law allows the detention of citizens and permanent residents taken into custody in the United States on "suspicion of providing substantial support" to groups engaged in
616:
On December 31, 2011, and after signing the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 into law, President Obama issued a statement on it addressing "certain provisions that regulate the detention, interrogation, and prosecution of terrorism suspects". In the statement the President
189:
regarding the wording of the Senate text, the Senate–House compromise text, in sub-section 1021(d), also affirms that nothing in the Act "is intended to limit or expand the authority of the President or the scope of the Authorization for Use of Military Force". The final version of the bill also
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that would have explicitly barred the military from holding American citizens and permanent residents in indefinite detention without trial as terrorism suspects was dropped on December 18, 2012, during the merging of the House and Senate versions of the 2013 National Defense Authorization Act.
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has stated that "While President Obama issued a signing statement saying he had 'serious reservations' about the provisions, the statement only applies to how his administration would use the authorities granted by the NDAA", and, despite claims to the contrary, "The statute contains a sweeping
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Section 1021. ... Congress affirms that the authority of the President to use all necessary and appropriate force pursuant to the Authorization for Use of Military Force ... includes the authority for the Armed Forces of the United States to detain covered persons (as defined in subsection (b))
692:, 610 F.3d at 722, 725 ("purely independent conduct of a freelancer is not enough"). ... the "substantial support" prong addresses actions like "plan to take up arms against the United States" on behalf of al-Qaeda and "facilitat the travel of unnamed others to do the same." Page 35-37, 61 in
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As of April 2013, four states had passed resolutions through committee to adjust or block the detainment provisions of the 2012 NDAA. Anti-NDAA legislation passed the full Indiana Senate by a vote of 31–17. An additional 13 states have introduced legislation against the detainment provisions.
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NBC News released in February 2014 an undated U.S. Department of Justice White paper entitled "Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen who is a Senior Operational Leader of Al Qa'ida or An Associated Force." In it the Justice Department stated with respect to the term
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cooperation with the detainee's home government or interfere with efforts to secure the person's cooperation or confession". Application of military custody to any suspect is determined by a national security team including the attorney general, the secretaries of state, defense, and homeland
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During debate on the senate floor, Levin stated that "Administration officials reviewed the draft language for this provision and recommended additional changes. We were able to accommodate those recommendations, except for the Administration request that the provision apply only to detainees
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In May 2012, a federal court in New York issued a preliminary injunction which temporarily blocked the indefinite detention powers of NDAA Section 1021(b)(2) on the grounds of unconstitutionality. On August 6, 2012, federal prosecutors representing President Obama and Defense Secretary
82:, and refocused the strategic goals of NATO towards "energy security". The Act increased pay for military service members and gave governors the ability to request the help of military reservists in the event of a hurricane, earthquake, flood, terrorist attack, or other disaster.
675:
The term "substantial support" covers support that, in analogous circumstances in a traditional international armed conflict, is sufficient to justify detention. The term thus encompasses individuals who, even if not considered part of the irregular enemy forces at issue in
85:
The Act contains controversial language allowing the indefinite military detention of persons the government suspects of involvement in terrorism, including U.S. citizens arrested on American soil. Although the White House and Senate sponsors of the Act maintained that the
705:, the government has made clear that an "'associated force' ... has two characteristics": (1) an organized, armed group that has entered the fight alongside al Qaeda, (2) is a co-belligerent with al Qaeda in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners.
773:
Other legal commentators argue that the NDAA does not permit truly "indefinite" detention, given that the period of detention is limited by the duration of the armed conflict. In making this claim, they emphasize the difference between (1) detention pursuant to the
661:
issued an injunction against the indefinite detention provisions of the NDAA (section 1021(b)(2)) on the grounds of unconstitutionality; however, this injunction was appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit the following day and was later reversed.
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fell significantly against the U.S. dollar, reaching a record low two days after the bill's enactment, a change widely attributed to the expected impact of the new sanctions on the Iranian economy. Officials within the Iranian government have threatened to close the
700:
That term is well understood to cover cobelligerent groups that fight together with al-Qaeda or Taliban forces in the armed conflict against the United States or its coalition partners. ... after carefully considering how traditional law-of-war concepts apply in
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wrote that the Act "is the first concrete gesture Congress has made towards turning the homeland into the battlefield", arguing that "codifying indefinite detention on American soil is a very dangerous step". The magazine has nevertheless contested claims by
267:, including the detention authority ... are essential to our ability to protect the American people ... (and) Because the authorities codified in this section already exist, the Administration does not believe codification is necessary and poses some risk".
603:
to challenge the legality of the Authorization for Use of Military Force as embedded in the latest version of the National Defense Authorization Act, signed by the president December 31. Lt. Col. Barry Wingard, a military attorney representing prisoners at
302:, which preserves current law concerning U.S. citizens and lawful resident aliens detained within the United States. After a Senate–House compromise text explicitly ruled out any limitation of the President's authorities, but also removed the
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permanent or not. On September 12, 2012, Judge Forrest issued a permanent injunction, but this was appealed by the Obama Administration on September 13, 2012. A federal appeals court granted a U.S. Justice Department's request for an interim
527:
has written that the Act "gives the U.S. military the option to detain U.S. citizens suspected of participating or aiding in terrorist activities without a trial, indefinitely". The official Russian international radio broadcasting service
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not only be aligned with al Qaeda. It must have also entered the fight against the United States or its coalition partners. Thus, an "associated force" is not any terrorist group in the world that merely embraces the al Qaeda ideology.
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an associated force is an "organized, armed group that has entered the fight alongside al Qaeda" or the Taliban and is "a cobelligerent with al Qaeda in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners." Page 60-61
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Amendments made to the bill following its passage include a 1.6 percent pay increase for all service members, and an increase in military healthcare enrollment and copay fees. The changes were unanimously endorsed by the
2017:
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to mobilize individuals at the grassroots level to pass local and state resolutions voicing opposition to the NDAA. Campaigns have begun to grow in New York City, Miami and San Diego, among other cities and states.
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213:, January 2002. In May 2006, the UN Committee against Torture condemned prisoners' treatment at Guantánamo Bay, noting that indefinite detention constitutes per se a violation of the UN Convention Against Torture.
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to challenge it. The Supreme Court denied certiorari in an order issued April 28, 2014. Critics of the decision quickly pointed out that, without the right to a trial, it is impossible for an individual with
641:
On February 28, 2012, the administration announced that it would waive the requirement for military detention in "any case in which officials that placing a detainee in military custody could impede
727:, 616 F. Supp. 2d 63, 74–75 (D.D.C. 2009) (authority to detain extends to "associated forces," which "mean 'co-belligerents' as that term is understood under the laws of war"). (Footnote at page 1 in
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2519:"Undated memo entitled "Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen who is a Senior Operational Leader of Al Qa'ida or An Associated Force." by the U.S. Department of Justice"
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On December 14, 2011, the bill passed the U.S. House by a vote of 283 to 136, with 19 representatives not voting, and passed by the U.S. Senate on December 15, 2011, by a vote of 86 to 13.
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All persons arrested and detained according to the provisions of section 1021, including those detained on U.S. soil, whether detained indefinitely or not, are required to be held by the
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An amendment to the Act that would have replaced current text with a requirement for executive clarification of detention authorities was rejected by the Senate. According to Senator
98:(ACLU), the Bill of Rights Defense Committee, and media sources which are concerned about the scope of the President's authority. The detention powers contained within the Act face
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in western Massachusetts, said, "We have a country based on laws and process and fairness. This law is an absolute affront to those principles that make America a free nation".
608:, noted that under the NDAA "an American citizen can be detained forever without trial, while the allegations against you go uncontested because you have no right to see them".
770:, the AUMF was interpreted to allow the indefinite detention of both citizens and non-citizens arrested far from any traditional battlefield, including in the United States.
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The Administration explained on November 6, 2012, the terms "substantially supported" and "associated forces" in its opening brief before the U.S. Second Court of Appeals in
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Preet Bharara; Benjamin H. Torrance; Christopher B. Harwood; Jeh Charles Johnson; Stuart F. Delery; Beth S. Brinkmann; Robert M. Loeb; August E. Flentje (6 November 2012).
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that passed it, and though he remained "extremely troubled" by the detainee provisions, he promised to "push Congress to conduct the maximum amount of oversight possible".
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The White House threatened to veto the Senate version of the Act, arguing in an executive statement on November 17, 2011, that while "the authorities granted by the
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94:, the Act "affirms" this authority and makes specific provisions as to its exercise. The detention provisions of the Act have received critical attention from the
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has described the legislation as allowing indefinite detention "without trial American terrorism suspects arrested on U.S. soil who could then be shipped to
2376:"Jeh Johnson's Speech on "National Security Law, Lawyers and Lawyering in the Obama Administration" – Dean's Lecture at Yale Law School on February 22, 2012"
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275:, the secretaries of state, defense and homeland security, the chairman of the military's Joint Chiefs of Staff and the director of national intelligence.
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of military detention for terrorism suspects arrested in the United States, the White House issued a statement saying that it would not veto the bill.
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Eleven municipalities have passed resolutions as well. They are: Berkeley, Fairfax, San Francisco, and Santa Cruz, California; Cherokee City, Kansas;
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that the Act "allows the military to indefinitely detain without trial American terrorism suspects arrested on U.S. soil who could then be shipped to
182:, or "transfer to the custody or control of the person's country of origin", or transfer to "any other foreign country, or any other foreign entity".
44:. The bill passed the U.S. House on December 14, 2011 and passed the U.S. Senate on December 15, 2011. It was signed into law on December 31, 2011 by
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Attorneys Carl J. Mayer and Bruce I. Afran filed a complaint January 13, 2012, in the Southern U.S. District Court in New York City on the behalf of
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680:, bear sufficiently close ties to those forces and provide them support that warrants their detention in prosecution of the conflict. See, e.g.,
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1999:
1037:, Nevada (currently waiting on the county to pass a joint resolution). An additional 13 municipalities have introduced anti-NDAA resolutions:
447:
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And with respect to the term "associated forces", the Administration cited the above-mentioned Jeh Johnson's remarks on February 22, 2012:
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1096:, an important passageway for Middle East oil exports, should the United States press forward with the new sanctions as planned.
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Completion of Conference with The House of Representatives on H.R. 1540, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012
1269:
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2469:"United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Case: 12-3644 Document: 69 11/06/2012 761770 Brief for the Appellants"
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816:, would amend the NDAA "to specify that no U.S. citizen may be detained against his or her will without all the rights of
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Following the passage of the NDAA, various proposals have been offered to clarify the detainee provisions. One example,
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within the United States and abroad, and military modernization. The Act also imposed new economic sanctions against
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An associated force of al-Qa'ida includes a group that would qualify as a co-belligerent under the laws of war. See
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1823:"FACT SHEET: PROCEDURES IMPLEMENTING SECTION 1022 OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2012"
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291:. The amendment was rejected by a vote of 60–38 (with 2 abstaining). Udall subsequently voted for the Act in the
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1442:"Global Battlefield' Provision Allowing Indefinite Detention of Citizens Accused of Terror Could Pass This Week"
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2979:"Order List: 572 U. S. 13-758 HEDGES, CHRISTOPHER, ET AL. V. OBAMA, PRES. OF U.S., ET AL. – Certiorari Denied"
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894:, hoping to eliminate the ban. The following day arguments from both sides were heard by U.S. District Judge
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Senate Armed Services Committee Announces Investigation into Counterfeit Electronic Parts in DOD Supply Chain
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The Senate later adopted by a 98 to 1 vote a compromise amendment, based upon a proposal by Senator
58:, President Obama described the Act as addressing national security programs, Department of Defense
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The detention sections of the NDAA begin by "affirm" that the authority of the President under the
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On the Amendment S.Amdt. 3018 to S. 3254 (National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013)
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Library of Congress THOMAS. H.R. 1540 – National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2012
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2354:"Barack Obama: Statement on Signing the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012"
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2048:"Barack Obama: Statement on Signing the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012"
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1283:"Barack Obama: Statement on Signing the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012"
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1879:"NDAA Signed Into Law By Obama Despite Guantanamo Veto Threat, Indefinite Detention Provisions"
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A transfer to military custody could interfere with efforts to secure cooperation or confession
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to pass a resolution rejecting the NDAA on February 16, 2012. William Newman, Director of the
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is "subject to vociferous debate and continuing litigation". In the years that followed the
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Legal arguments that the legislation does not allow the indefinite detention of U.S. citizens
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Nine counties have passed resolutions against sections 1021 and 1022 of the NDAA. They are:
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Section 1021 and 1022 have been called a violation of constitutional principles and of the
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S Amdt 3018 – Prohibits the Indefinite Detention of Citizens and Lawful Permanent Residents
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70:(section 1245), commissioned appraisals of the military capabilities of countries such as
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2356:. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project . December 31, 2011
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McGreal, Chris, "Military given go-ahead to detain US terrorist suspects without trial,"
1502:"US Senators back law authorizing indefinite military detention without trial or charge,"
1285:. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project . December 31, 2011
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1746:"Presidential Policy Directive – Requirements of the National Defense Authorization Act"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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This section contains "critical provisions" reflecting a bipartisan amendment regarding
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Counties and municipalities taking action against indefinite detention sections of NDAA
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McGreal, C., "Military given go-ahead to detain US terrorist suspects without trial",
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Cutting through the Controversy about Indefinite Detention and the NDAA (ProPublica)
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2681:"Congressional Negotiators Drop Ban on Indefinite Detention of Citizens, Aides Say"
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1520:"H.R.1540: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 – U.S. Congress"
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Grey, B. and T. Carter, "The Nation and the National Defense Authorization Act",
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1541:"S.1867: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 – U.S. Congress"
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1483:"Senate Declines to Clarify Rights of American Qaeda Suspects Arrested in U.S."
1246:"Obama signs defense bill, pledges to maintain legal rights of terror suspects"
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2305:
2211:
Kramnik, Ilya, "New US Defense Act curtails liberties not military spending",
1801:"Obama Issues Rules for Determining Civilian vs Military Custody of Detainees"
1723:
1675:
1540:
1519:
1002:
counties in Pennsylvania. Resolutions have been introduced in three counties:
258:
3506:
1601:
Senate Report Reveals Extent of Chinese Counterfeit Parts in Defense Industry
702:
1223:"H.R. 1540 (112th): National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012"
3318:
2707:"Lawyers Fighting NDAA Indefinite Detention Slam Congress' Latest Decision"
2494:"Justice Department memo reveals legal case for drone strikes on Americans"
2177:
1688:
1088:
1083:
887:
744:
600:
596:
583:
resolutions rejecting the indefinite detention provisions of the NDAA. The
536:
513:
271:
for some detainees following a review by appointed officials including the
115:
48:
2595:"Rivkin & Casey, Bill's detainee provisions reaffirm the laws of war."
1053:, Oklahoma; Dallas, Texas; Springfield, Virginia; and Tacoma, Washington.
1962:
1057:
1046:
817:
809:
775:
123:
111:
882:
hostilities against the United States such as al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
778:" and (2) detention pursuant to domestic criminal law authorities.
359:
40:
which, among other things, specified the budget and expenditures of the
829:
321:
279:
205:
194:
119:
3209:"As Further Sanctions Loom, Plunge in Currency's Value Unsettles Iran"
2226:
Rosenthal, A., "President Obama: Veto the Defense Authorization Act,"
1704:
Greenwald, Glenn, "Obama to sign indefinite detention bill into law,"
278:
During debate within the Senate and before the Act's passage, Senator
3296:
1706:
1330:"2012 Defense Act – Pay Increase, Changes to Special Pay and TRICARE"
1178:
1038:
1034:
813:
248:
The suspect was originally arrested by state or local law enforcement
1658:"Senate Poised to Pass Indefinite Detention Without Charge or Trial"
1082:, section 1245 of the NDAA imposes unilateral sanctions against the
628:
defined the term "associated forces". Johnson stated in a speech at
158:(AUMF), a joint resolution passed in the immediate aftermath of the
3256:"Iran Threatens to Block Oil Shipments, as U.S. Prepares Sanctions"
2018:"White House issues statement saying it will not veto defense bill"
2003:
229:
defining scope and limitations. Judge Kathrine B. Forrest wrote in
171:
2118:
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-112publ81/pdf/PLAW-112publ81.pdf
1959:"Despite concerns, Udall gives nod to Defense Authorization bill."
925:
States taking action against indefinite detention sections of NDAA
287:
Executive's authority to detain suspects on the basis of the 2001
242:
The suspect is arrested for conduct conducted in the United States
3041:
http://www.pandaunite.org/resources/anti-ndaa-legislativetracking
2801:"Judge Permanently Blocks Indefinite Detention Provision in NDAA"
2439:
1748:. The White House Office of the Press Secretary. 28 February 2012
200:
175:
787:
Legal arguments that the legislation allows indefinite detention
1067:
79:
3234:"Iran currency plummets: A sign US sanctions are taking hold?"
2329:"A military attorney's access to his Guantanamo client eroded"
2128:"Commentary: trampling the bill of rights in defense's name."
1910:"Obama Issues Waivers on Military Custody for Terror Suspects"
539:' or 'Muslim tyrannies'". The Act was strongly opposed by the
245:
The suspect is originally charged with a non-terrorism offense
18:
National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2012
2752:"Indefinite Detention Ruling Appealed By Federal Prosecutors"
2727:
2285:
http://constitutioncampaign.org/campaigns/dueprocess/maps.php
1050:
873:
and Members of the U.S. Congress by a group including former
99:
75:
3364:
3253:
3153:
3074:
2827:"Stay You, Stay Me: CA2 Enters Interim Stay Order in Hedges"
2436:"REFILE-U.S. calls ruling on military detention law harmful"
410:
H Amdt 1127 Repeals Indefinite Military Detention Provisions
2954:"Ruling That Struck Down Military Detention Power Rejected"
2882:"U.S. Appeals Judge Grants Stay of Ruling on Detention Law"
2628:
1940:
1843:
1398:
1061:
851:
540:
283:
259:
Actions from the White House and Senate leading to the vote
71:
67:
3105:
2193:
Parvaz, D., "US lawmakers legalise indefinite detention",
2000:"Senate Votes to Allow Indefinite Detention of Americans."
1646:"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012."
1417:"Guantánamo for US citizens? Senate bill raises questions"
1313:"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012."
1211:"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012."
1126:
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists
289:
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists
265:
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists
156:
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists
2410:"U.S. Appeals Order Blocking U.S. Military Detention Law"
1588:
Counterfeit Electronic Components: Understanding the Risk
535:
analysts are comparing the new law to the edicts of the '
3254:
Sanger, David E. & Annie Lowrey (27 December 2011).
3101:
3099:
3097:
3075:
MacInnis, Laura & Parisa Hafezi (31 December 2011).
2853:"U.S. Warns Judge's Ruling Impedes Its Detention Powers"
2625:
President Obama Signs Indefinite Detention Bill Into Law
1988:
U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 112th Congress – 1st Session
921:
to challenge 1021 without having already been released.
620:
On February 22, 2012, the Administration represented by
400:
149:
3302:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012
3282:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012
3225:
1936:"Senate Rejects Amendment Banning Indefinite Detention"
1189:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013
709:
The Administration summarized later in its brief that:
502:
3154:
Richter, Paul & Ramin Mostaghim (9 January 2012).
3147:
3077:"U.S. steps up sanctions as Iran floats nuclear talks"
2096:
On Agreeing to the Amendment: Amendment 29 to H R 4310
239:
The suspect's home country objects to military custody
3185:. Wall Street Journal. 4 January 2012. Archived from
3094:
1564:, published 12 December 2011, accessed 2 January 2022
1056:
Northampton, Massachusetts, became the first city in
892:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
762:
that the scope of existing detention power under the
3177:
3175:
3106:
Lee, Carol E. & Keith Johnson (4 January 2012).
2908:"U.S. appeals court to hear military detention case"
2793:
2728:
Bob Van Voris & Patricia Hurtado (17 May 2012).
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
1045:; Chapel Hill, Durham, and Raleigh, North Carolina;
990:, Kansas; Allegan and Oakland counties in Michigan;
611:
573:, and was criticized in editorials published in the
3130:"U.S. imposes sanctions on banks dealing with Iran"
2655:"NDAA's indefinite detention without trial returns"
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
1794:
1792:
1414:
2820:
2818:
2730:"Military Detention Law Blocked By New York Judge"
2485:
2429:
2427:
1049:, New Mexico; Albany and New York City, New York;
898:during a hearing to determine whether to make her
869:A lawsuit was filed January 13, 2012, against the
703:this armed conflict against non-state armed groups
497:— Excerpts from NDAA 2012, sections 1021 and 1022.
126:, chairman and ranking member respectively of the
22:
3231:
3200:
3172:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
2945:
2931:"Hedges Plaintiffs Ask SCOTUS to Vacate CA2 Stay"
2394:
1577:, published 9 March 2011, accessed 2 January 2022
1352:"New US law lets reservists respond to disasters"
626:General Counsel of the U.S. Department of Defense
146:surveillance plane, among 1800 cases identified.
3504:
3064:Northampton "opts out" of federal law | WWLP.com
2611:The relevance of IHL in the context of terrorism
2453:
1789:
1323:
1321:
118:, adopted following concerns raised by Senators
3493:indicates proposed legislation not yet enacted.
3206:
3127:
2933:. Lawfare Blog – Hard National Security Choices
2922:
2899:
2815:
2424:
1603:, published 31 May 2012, accessed 12 March 2022
1272:, "White House Press Office", December 31, 2011
799:
686:see also, e.g., Gov't Br. in Al Bihani v. Obama
138:cargo planes, in assemblies used in the Navy's
3156:"Sanctions begin taking a bigger toll on Iran"
3023:
2875:
2873:
2846:
2844:
2721:
2551:"The Defense Bill Passed. So What Does It Do?"
2378:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from
2297:
1954:
1952:
1373:
1371:
1369:
599:against Barack Obama and Secretary of Defense
201:Requirement for military custody: Section 1022
170:, "who was part of or substantially supported
3350:
3121:
2779:"NDAA Suit Argued In Federal Court Yesterday"
2770:
2567:
1410:
1408:
1318:
254:A transfer would interfere with a joint trial
114:electronic parts in the Defense Department's
1354:. Fox News. Associated Press. 30 August 2012
1099:
1068:Sanctions targeting the Iranian Central Bank
1029:, New York; New Shorehampton, Rhode Island;
2971:
2870:
2841:
2599:
1949:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1870:
1366:
657:On September 12, 2012, U.S. District Judge
282:introduced an amendment interpreted by the
3357:
3343:
3247:
1644:112th Congress, 1st Session, H1540CR.HSE:
1405:
1209:112th Congress, 1st Session, H1540CR.HSE:
511:. Internationally, the UK-based newspaper
3006:
2951:
2829:. Lawfare: Hard National Security Choices
2590:
2588:
2407:
2374:Johnson, Jeh Charles (22 February 2012).
2264:"NDAA: Liberty Preservation Act Tracking"
1612:
1476:
1474:
907:of the permanent injunction, pending the
571:The Council on American-Islamic Relations
3548:U.S. National Defense Authorization Acts
3523:Acts of the 112th United States Congress
1896:
1243:
852:Legal challenges to indefinite detention
824:have been introduced by Representatives
446:
442: Absent or no representative seated
404:
358:
354: Absent or no representative seated
320:
204:
162:, includes the power to detain, via the
3518:2012 controversies in the United States
3513:2011 controversies in the United States
2928:
2825:Bennett, Wells C. (18 September 2012).
2824:
2634:
2491:
2373:
1798:
1415:Knickerbocker, Brad (3 December 2011).
185:Addressing previous conflicts with the
88:Authorization for Use of Military Force
3505:
2879:
2850:
2704:
2678:
2585:
2326:
2303:
2160:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1907:
1876:
1768:"PRESIDENTIAL POLICY DIRECTIVE/PPD-14"
1615:"Three myths about the detention bill"
1480:
1471:
1327:
413:House vote by congressional district.
325:House vote by congressional district.
3553:Counterterrorism in the United States
3338:
3043:Retrieved 21 May 2013 Pandaunite.org
2880:Savage, Charlie (18 September 2012).
2851:Savage, Charlie (17 September 2012).
2776:
2327:Thomas, Lillian (30 September 2012).
1933:
1908:Savage, Charlie (February 28, 2012).
1676:Senate Session – C-SPAN Video Library
1613:Greenwald, Glenn (16 December 2012).
1270:“President Obama's signing statement”
1205:
1203:
401:Controversy over indefinite detention
150:Detention without trial: Section 1021
3528:Civil liberties in the United States
3232:LaFranchi, Howard (2 January 2012).
3207:Gladstone, Rick (20 December 2011).
3183:"Sanctions on Iran Whipsaw Currency"
2905:
2705:Kelley, Michael (19 December 2012).
2679:Savage, Charlie (18 December 2012).
2652:
2492:Isikoff, Michael (4 February 2013).
2433:
2408:Van Voris, Bob (13 September 2012).
1927:
1481:Savage, Charlie (December 1, 2011).
1379:"STATEMENT OF ADMINISTRATION POLICY"
1078:As part of the ongoing dispute over
928:
557:The Center for Constitutional Rights
503:American and international reactions
3367:National Defense Authorization Acts
2929:Bennett, Wells (13 December 2012).
2024:. December 14, 2011. Archived from
1934:Khaki, Ateqah (November 29, 2011).
808:, sponsored by U.S. Representative
42:United States Department of Defense
13:
3538:Obama administration controversies
3128:MacInnis, Laura (1 January 2012).
3108:"U.S. Targets Iran's Central Bank"
2803:. Democracy Now. 13 September 2012
2653:Bell, Zachary (20 December 2012).
1877:Reilly, Ryan J. (4 January 2013).
1244:Nakamura, David (2 January 2012).
1200:
1162:National Defense Authorization Act
890:filed a notice of appeal with the
856:
128:Senate Committee on Armed Services
27:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
3564:
3533:Human rights in the United States
3275:
3007:Denniston, Lyle (28 April 2014).
2952:Dolmetsch, Chris (17 July 2013).
2434:Katz, Basil (14 September 2012).
2304:Hedges, Chris (16 January 2012).
2050:. Presidency.ucsb.edu. 2011-12-31
1945:. American Civil Liberties Union.
1803:. TalkLeft: The Politics Of Crime
1573:Senate Armed Services Committee,
1560:Senate Armed Services Committee,
652:Director of National Intelligence
612:Views of the Obama Administration
3079:. Reuters Canada. Archived from
1976:Udall Amendment Text for SA 1107
1157:Military Commissions Act of 2006
933:
585:Bill of Rights Defense Committee
3297:Statute Compilations collection
3132:. Reuters India. Archived from
3068:
3057:
3046:
3000:
2744:
2698:
2672:
2646:
2617:
2543:
2511:
2367:
2346:
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2238:
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2205:
2187:
2169:
2122:
2111:
2100:
2089:
2075:
2061:
2040:
2010:
1992:
1981:
1969:
1850:
1815:
1777:. justice.gov. 28 February 2012
1760:
1738:
1716:
1698:
1680:
1669:
1651:
1638:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1567:
1554:
1533:
1512:
1494:
1451:
1434:
1387:Office of Management and Budget
1311:Section 1233 from H1540CR.HSE:
1107:Senate Armed Services Committee
2906:Katz, Basil (2 October 2012).
1724:"Senate Session Nov. 17, 2011"
1663:American Civil Liberties Union
1344:
1328:Howell, Terry (20 June 2011).
1305:
1296:
1275:
1263:
1237:
1215:
1041:, California; Miami, Florida;
820:". Other similar bills in the
793:American Civil Liberties Union
646:security, the chairman of the
579:and other news organizations.
466: One yes, one didn't vote
374: One yes, one didn't vote
105:
96:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
2777:Pinto, Nick (7 August 2012).
1421:The Christian Science Monitor
1194:
822:U.S. House of Representatives
606:Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp
478: One no, one didn't vote
386: One no, one didn't vote
3009:"Detention challenge denied"
2306:"Why I'm Suing Barack Obama"
1799:Jeralyn (28 February 2012).
800:Proposed legislative reforms
7:
3236:. Christian Science Monitor
2986:United States Supreme Court
2641:Library of Congress: Thomas
1112:
1074:U.S. sanctions against Iran
316:
10:
3569:
3543:Presidency of Barack Obama
2988:. 29 April 2014. p. 7
2524:. NBC News. Archived from
1726:. C-Span. 17 November 2012
1586:Trace Laboratories, Inc.,
1080:Iranian uranium enrichment
1071:
862:
219:United States Armed Forces
209:Detainees upon arrival at
166:, any person, including a
160:September 11, 2001 attacks
3486:
3373:
2781:. The Village Voice Blogs
1590:, accessed 4 January 2022
1100:Military pay and benefits
942:This section needs to be
293:joint session of Congress
38:United States federal law
2758:. Reuters. 6 August 2012
2266:. Tenth Amendment Center
2247:World Socialist Web Site
1506:World Socialist Web Site
2333:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1302:Sections 1232 and 1240.
994:in North Carolina; and
845:Feinstein-Lee Amendment
90:(AUMF) already allowed
1131:Enemy Expatriation Act
986:counties in Colorado;
900:preliminary injunction
729:
716:
707:
694:
639:
494:
486:
455:Senate vote by state.
444:
394:
363:Senate vote by state.
356:
214:
3110:. Wall Street Journal
721:
711:
698:
682:Geneva Convention III
673:
648:Joint Chiefs of Staff
634:
545:Amnesty International
489:
472: One yes, one no
450:
408:
380: One yes, one no
362:
324:
208:
3310:US Statutes at Large
2608:official statement:
2575:"The NDAA Explained"
2250:, 27 December 2011:
2232:, 30 November 2011:
2199:, 16 December 2011:
2181:, 14 December 2011:
2134:, 14 December 2011:
2131:The Kansas City Star
2028:on December 15, 2011
1966:, December 15, 2011.
1710:, 14 December 2011:
1692:, 14 December 2011:
1459:Versions of H.R.1540
896:Katherine B. Forrest
871:Obama Administration
768:September 11 attacks
719:"associated forces"
678:the current conflict
659:Katherine B. Forrest
436: Republican nay
430: Republican yea
424: Democratic nay
418: Democratic yea
348: Republican nay
342: Republican yea
336: Democratic yea
330: Democratic nay
187:Obama Administration
142:, and in the Navy's
92:indefinite detention
3189:on January 14, 2012
3136:on February 3, 2016
2756:The Huffington Post
2631:, 31 December 2011.
2382:on 10 November 2012
2217:, 28 December 2011.
2022:The Washington Post
2007:, December 1, 2011.
1883:The Huffington Post
1666:, December 1, 2011.
1509:, December 2, 2011.
1167:Posse Comitatus Act
622:Jeh Charles Johnson
3260:The New York Times
3053:www.pandaunite.org
2886:The New York Times
2709:. Business Insider
2290:2013-03-07 at the
2229:The New York Times
1834:. 28 February 2012
1487:The New York Times
1464:2012-12-16 at the
1448:December 13, 2011.
1390:. 17 November 2011
1184:Unlawful combatant
1151:Marbury v. Madison
1137:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
1031:League City, Texas
879:Christopher Hedges
553:Human Rights Watch
549:Human Rights First
487:
445:
395:
357:
215:
3500:
3499:
3160:Los Angeles Times
2581:. 2 January 2012.
2531:on 26 August 2014
1844:National Archives
1399:National Archives
1144:Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
1021:, Massachusetts;
1008:Montgomery County
963:
962:
589:national campaign
311:Signing Statement
180:military tribunal
140:SH-60B helicopter
64:counter-terrorism
60:health care costs
56:signing statement
3560:
3359:
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3345:
3336:
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3270:
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3103:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:on July 25, 2012
3072:
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2139:. Archived from
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1998:Gerstein, Josh,
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1094:Strait of Hormuz
1014:, Pennsylvania.
1010:, Maryland; and
992:Alleghany County
958:
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937:
936:
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909:Second Circuit's
643:counterterrorism
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273:Attorney General
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1957:
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1932:
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1875:
1871:
1859:Hedges v. Obama
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1440:Khalek, Rania,
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1173:Ex parte Quirin
1120:Hedges v. Obama
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1043:Portland, Maine
1012:Lycoming County
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865:Hedges v. Obama
861:
858:Hedges v. Obama
854:
802:
789:
780:David B. Rivkin
734:
725:Hamily v. Obama
668:Hedges v. Obama
630:Yale Law School
614:
587:has launched a
566:Reason Magazine
531:Voice of Russia
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365:
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232:Hedges v. Obama
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108:
100:legal challenge
26:
12:
11:
5:
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3339:
3333:
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3327:
3321:
3315:H.R. 1540
3312:
3299:
3277:
3276:External links
3274:
3272:
3271:
3246:
3224:
3213:New York Times
3199:
3171:
3146:
3120:
3093:
3067:
3056:
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3022:
2999:
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2921:
2898:
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2857:New York Times
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2697:
2685:New York Times
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2614:, 21 July 2005
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1943:Blog of Rights
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1599:Nash-Hoff, M.
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1543:. OpenCongress
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1522:. OpenCongress
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1332:. Military.com
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919:legal standing
914:legal standing
875:New York Times
863:Main article:
860:
855:
853:
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826:John Garamendi
801:
798:
788:
785:
756:Guantánamo Bay
751:New York Times
733:
730:
613:
610:
576:New York Times
561:Cato Institute
519:Guantánamo Bay
509:Bill of Rights
504:
501:
488:
480:
474:
468:
462:
460: Both yes
456:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
402:
399:
388:
382:
376:
370:
368: Both yes
364:
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2143:on 2012-01-06
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1225:. govtrack.us
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1004:Barber County
1001:
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988:Harper County
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554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
532:
526:
525:
520:
516:
515:
510:
499:
493:
484: Both no
453:
449:
411:
407:
398:
392: Both no
361:
323:
314:
312:
307:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
285:
281:
276:
274:
268:
266:
253:
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50:
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43:
39:
35:
32:
31:112–81 (text)
25:
19:
3490:
3475:
3410:
3378:Main article
3324:S. 1253
3319:Congress.gov
3304:as enacted (
3284:as amended (
3263:. Retrieved
3259:
3249:
3238:. Retrieved
3227:
3216:. Retrieved
3212:
3202:
3191:. Retrieved
3187:the original
3163:. Retrieved
3159:
3149:
3138:. Retrieved
3134:the original
3123:
3112:. Retrieved
3085:. Retrieved
3081:the original
3070:
3059:
3048:
3013:. Retrieved
3011:. SCOTUSblog
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2985:
2973:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2901:
2891:20 September
2889:. Retrieved
2885:
2862:20 September
2860:. Retrieved
2856:
2833:18 September
2831:. Retrieved
2807:14 September
2805:. Retrieved
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2755:
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2684:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:
2648:
2636:
2619:
2609:
2601:
2578:
2569:
2558:. Retrieved
2555:Mother Jones
2554:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2526:the original
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2445:16 September
2443:. Retrieved
2416:14 September
2414:. Retrieved
2384:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2348:
2338:30 September
2336:. Retrieved
2332:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2299:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2258:
2245:
2240:
2227:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2194:
2189:
2178:The Guardian
2176:
2171:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2129:
2124:
2113:
2102:
2091:
2077:
2063:
2052:. Retrieved
2042:
2032:December 18,
2030:. Retrieved
2026:the original
2021:
2012:
2002:
1994:
1983:
1971:
1961:
1939:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:
1872:
1857:
1852:
1842:– via
1836:. Retrieved
1829:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1779:. Retrieved
1774:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1718:
1705:
1700:
1689:The Guardian
1687:
1682:
1671:
1661:
1653:
1648:pp. 265–266.
1640:
1631:
1624:. Retrieved
1618:
1608:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1545:. Retrieved
1535:
1524:. Retrieved
1514:
1504:
1500:Carter, Tom
1496:
1485:
1453:
1445:
1436:
1426:December 18,
1424:. Retrieved
1420:
1397:– via
1392:. Retrieved
1385:
1356:. Retrieved
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1277:
1265:
1255:December 31,
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1217:
1171:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1118:
1103:
1089:Iranian rial
1084:Central Bank
1077:
1055:
1025:, Maryland;
1016:
973:
964:
951:
943:
888:Leon Panetta
884:
874:
868:
857:
842:
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