Narwhal - Knowledge

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to 25 minutes, but can vary in depth, depending on the season and local variation between environments. For example, in the Baffin Bay wintering grounds, narwhals tend to dive deep within the precipitous coasts, typically south of Baffin Bay. This suggests differences in habitat structure, prey availability, or genetic adaptations between subpopulations. In the northern wintering grounds, narwhals do not dive as deep as the southern population, in spite of greater water depths in these areas. This is mainly attributed to prey being concentrated nearer to the surface, which causes narwhals to alter their foraging strategies.

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most commonly used to communicate with other pod members. Calls recorded from the same pod are more similar than calls from different pods, suggesting the possibility of group- or individual-specific calls. Narwhals sometimes adjust the duration and pitch of their pulsed calls to maximise sound propagation in varying acoustic environments. Other sounds produced by narwhals include trumpeting and "squeaking-door sounds". The narwhal vocal repertoire is similar to that of the beluga whale. However, the frequency ranges, durations, and repetition rates of narwhal clicks differ from those of belugas.

1303: 1546:. Several cases of sea entrapment were recorded in 2008–2010, during the Arctic winter, including in some places where such events had never been recorded before. This suggests later departure dates from summering grounds. Wind and currents move sea ice from adjacent locations to Greenland, leading to fluctuations in concentration. Due to their tendency of returning to the same areas, changes in weather and ice conditions are not always associated with narwhal movement toward open water. It is currently unclear to what extent sea ice changes pose a danger to narwhals. 346: 136: 202: 1044: 160: 11826: 11850: 11838: 1029: 1695:, which are commercially traded. About 1,000 narwhals are killed per year: 600 in Canada and 400 in Greenland. Canadian catches were steady at this level in the 1970s, dropped to 300–400 per year in the late 1980s and 1990s and have risen again since 1999. Greenland caught more, 700–900 per year, in the 1980s and 1990s. 1466:

typically fall between 19 and 48 hertz. Sounds are reflected off the sloping front of the skull and focused by the animal's melon, which can be controlled through surrounding musculature. Echolocation clicks are used for detecting prey and locating barriers at short distances. Whistles and throbs are

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evolved menopause to acquire higher overall longevity, though their reproductive periods did not change. To explain this, scientists hypothesised that calves of the five Odontoceti species require the assistance of menopausal females for an enhanced chance at survival, as they are extremely difficult

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that projects from the left side of the upper jaw. Both sexes have a pair of tusks embedded in the upper jaw, which in males erupts at two or three. The tusk grows throughout the animal's life, reaching lengths of 1.5 to 3 m (4 ft 11 in to 9 ft 10 in). It is hollow and weighs

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Louis, Marie; Skovrind, Mikkel; Samaniego Castruita, Jose Alfredo; Garilao, Cristina; Kaschner, Kristin; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Haile, James S.; Lydersen, Christian; Kovacs, Kit M.; Garde, Eva; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Postma, Lianne; Ferguson, Steven H.; Willerslev, Eske; Lorenzen, Eline D. (29

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is the primary cause of bioaccumulation in marine mammals; this may lead to health problems for the narwhal population. When bioaccumulating, numerous metals appear in the blubber, liver, kidney and musculature. A study found that the blubber was nearly devoid of these metals, whereas the liver and

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When in their wintering waters, narwhals make some of the deepest dives recorded for cetaceans, diving to at least 800 m (2,620 ft) over 15 times per day, with many dives reaching 1,500 m (4,920 ft). The greatest dive depth recorded is 2,370 m (7,780 ft). Dives last up

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in late autumn. This is known as "sea-ice entrapment". Narwhals drown if open water is no longer accessible and ice is too thick for them to break through. Breathing holes in ice may be up to 1,450 m (4,760 ft) apart, which limits the use of foraging grounds. These holes must be at least

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lasts 15 months, and births appear to be most frequent between July and August. A female has a birth interval of around 2–3 years. As with most marine mammals, only a single young is born, averaging 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length with white or light grey pigmentation. Summer population surveys

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at 12 to 20 years of age, reaching a length of 3.5 to 4.0 m (11.5 to 13.1 ft). Females become sexually mature at a younger age between 8 and 9 years old, when they are about 3.4 m (11 ft) long. On average, males are about 70 cm (28 in) longer and more than 75% heavier

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are jointed, instead of being fused as in most whales; this allows a greater range of neck flexibility. These characteristics—a dorsal ridge and jointed neck vertebrae—are shared by the beluga whale. Male and female narwhals have different tail flukes; the former are bent inward, while the latter

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of three to eight—and sometimes up to twenty—individuals. Groups may be "nurseries" with only females and young, or can contain only juveniles or adult males ("bulls"); mixed groups can occur at any time of year. In the summer, several groups come together, forming larger aggregations which can

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due to sea ice decline, especially in their northern wintering grounds such as the Baffin Bay and Davis Strait regions. Satellite data collected from these areas shows the amount of sea ice has been markedly reduced from what it was previously. It is thought that narwhals' foraging ranges

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that connect seawater stimuli to the brain, allowing the narwhal to sense temperature variability in its surroundings. These nerves may be able to pick up the slightest increase or decrease in the magnitude of particles and water pressure. According to Dr. Martin Nweeia, male narwhals may rid

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Nweeia, Martin T.; Eichmiller, Frederick C.; Hauschka, Peter V.; Donahue, Gretchen A.; Orr, Jack R.; Ferguson, Steven H.; Watt, Cortney A.; Mead, James G.; Potter, Charles W.; Dietz, Rune; Giuseppetti, Anthony A.; Black, Sandie R.; Trachtenberg, Alexander J.; Kuo, Winston P. (18 March 2014).

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experienced an increase in the number of caught narwhals, but this increase did not seem to be linked to enhanced endeavour, implying that climate change may be making the narwhal more vulnerable to hunting. Scientists recommend assessing population numbers, assigning sustainable

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The narwhal has a thickset body with a short, blunt snout, small upcurved flippers, and convex to concave tail flukes. Adults measure in body-to-tail length from 3.0 to 5.5 m (9.8 to 18.0 ft) and weigh 800 to 1,600 kg (1,800 to 3,500 lb). Male narwhals attain

1557:. In some instances, the former have been recorded waiting at breathing holes for young narwhals, while the latter were observed surrounding and killing entire narwhal pods. To escape predators such as orcas, narwhals may use prolonged submersion to hide under 1173:, making them easier to catch for feeding. Females, who usually do not have tusks, live longer than males, hence the tusk cannot be essential to the animal's survival. It is generally accepted that the primary function of the narwhal tusk is associated with 1134:

up to 7.45 kg (16.4 lb). Some males may grow two tusks, occurring when the right canine also protrudes through the lip. Females rarely grow tusks: when they do, the tusks are typically smaller than those of males, with less noticeable spirals.

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for millennia. Their long, distinctive tusks were often held with fascination throughout human history. These tusks were prized for their supposed healing powers, and were worn on staffs and thrones. Depictions of narwhals in paintings such as

589:. The remains of an abnormal-looking whale, described by marine zoologists as unlike any known species, were found in West Greenland around 1990. It had features midway between a narwhal and a beluga, indicating that the remains belonged to a 4490:

Chambault, P.; Tervo, O. M.; Garde, E.; Hansen, R. G.; Blackwell, S. B.; Williams, T. M.; Dietz, R.; Albertsen, C. M.; Laidre, K. L.; Nielsen, N. H.; Richard, P.; Sinding, M. H. S.; Schmidt, H. C.; Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. (29 October 2020).

1388:, under dense pack ice. During the summer, they eat mostly Arctic cod and Greenland halibut, with other fish such as polar cod making up the remainder of their diet. Narwhals consume more food in the winter months than they do in summer. 537:, meaning 'corpse-whale', which possibly refers to the animal's grey, mottled skin and its habit of remaining motionless when at the water's surface, a behaviour known as "logging" that usually happens in the summer. The scientific name, 1774:

rather than individual-level responses to local prey distribution, resulting in focal foraging areas during the winter. As such, despite changing conditions, narwhals will continue to return to the same areas during migration.

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of the eastern and western United States. Fossil evidence shows that ancient white whales lived in tropical waters. They may have migrated to Arctic and subarctic waters in response to changes in the marine food chain.

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Skovrind, Mikkel; Castruita, Jose Alfredo Samaniego; Haile, James; Treadaway, Eve C.; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Westbury, Michael V.; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Szpak, Paul; Lorenzen, Eline D. (20 June 2019).

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Across medieval Europe, narwhal tusks were given as state gifts to kings and queens. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the price tag of tusks was said to be a couple of hundred times greater than its weight in

1365:), both of which are found in depths of more than 500 m (1,600 ft). The study also concluded that the size of prey did not differ among genders or ages. Other items found in stomachs have included 6176: 3900:

Nweeia, Martin T.; Eichmiller, Frederick C.; Hauschka, Peter V.; Tyler, Ethan; Mead, James G.; Potter, Charles W.; Angnatsiak, David P.; Richard, Pierre R.; Orr, Jack R.; Black, Sandie R. (30 March 2012).

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to preferred ice-free summering grounds, usually in shallow waters. In summer months, they move closer to coasts, often in pods of 10–100. In the winter, they move to offshore, deeper waters under thick

1282:. Narwhals in Baffin Bay typically travel further north, to northern Canada and Greenland, between June and September. After this period, they travel about 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi) south to the 1081:. This whitening occurs throughout life, resulting in aged narwhals that are almost pure white. Unlike most whales, the narwhal has a shallow dorsal ridge, rather than a dorsal fin. This is possibly an 1193:

in the upper jaw. These teeth, which differ in form and composition, encircle the exposed tooth sockets laterally, posteriorly, and ventrally. Vestigial teeth in male narwhals are commonly shed in the

126: 1624:. As of 2017, the global population is estimated to be 123,000 mature individuals out of a total of 170,000. There were about 12,000 narwhals in Northern Hudson Bay in 2011, and around 49,000 near 1428:

their mother's milk, which is rich in fat; calves are dependent on milk for about 20 months. This long lactation period gives calves time to learn skills they will need to survive as they mature.

1667:(CMS). These committees restrict international trading of live animals and their body parts, as well as implement sustainable action plans. The species is classified as special concern under the 6753:"What about exotic species? Significance of remains of strange and alien animals in the Baltic Sea region, focusing on the period from the Viking Age to high medieval times (800–1300 CE)" 1454:

Like most toothed whales, narwhals use sound to navigate and hunt for food. They primarily vocalise through clicks, whistles and knocks, created by air movement between chambers near the

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The function of the narwhal tusk is debated. Some biologists suggest that narwhals use their tusks in fights, while others argue that they may be of use in feeding. There is, however, a

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Narwhal tusks are sold both carved and uncarved in Canada and Greenland. Per hunted narwhal, an average of one or two vertebrae and one or two teeth are sold. In Greenland, the skin (

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behaviour for the species has been recorded from March to May, when they are in offshore pack ice, and is thought to involve a dominant male mating with several partners. The average

3771: 6832: 424:, along with the jointed neck vertebrae and shallow dorsal ridge allow for easy movement through the Arctic environment, where the narwhal spends extended periods at great depths. 1887:, the narwhal's tusk was created when a woman with harpoon rope tied around her waist was dragged into the ocean after the harpoon had stuck into a large narwhal. She was then 5167:

Senevirathna, Jayan Duminda Mahesh; Yonezawa, Ryo; Saka, Taiki; Igarashi, Yoji; Funasaka, Noriko; Yoshitake, Kazutoshi; Kinoshita, Shigeharu; Asakawa, Shuichi (January 2021).

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Dietz, Rune; Desforges, Jean-Pierre; Rigét, Frank F.; Aubail, Aurore; Garde, Eva; Ambus, Per; Drimmie, Robert; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Sonne, Christian (10 May 2021).

1435: and live for decades after they have finished breeding. Females in this phase may continue to protect calves in the pod. A 2024 study concluded that five species of 5836:

Nielsen, Ole; Rodrigues, Thaís C. S.; Marcoux, Marianne; Béland, Karine; Subramaniam, Kuttichantran; Lair, Stéphane; Hussey, Nigel E.; Waltzek, Thomas B. (6 July 2023).

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

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Blackwell, Susanna B.; Tervo, Outi M.; Conrad, Alexander S.; Sinding, Mikkel H. S.; Hansen, Rikke G.; Ditlevsen, Susanne; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter (13 June 2018).

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reflect patterns they acquired early in life, which improves their capacity to obtain the food supplies they need for the winter. This strategy focuses on strong

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Zahn, Marie J.; Rankin, Shannon; McCullough, Jennifer L. K.; Koblitz, Jens C.; Archer, Frederick; Rasmussen, Marianne H.; Laidre, Kristin L. (12 November 2021).

1286:, and stay there until April. During winter, narwhals from Canada and West Greenland regularly visit the pack ice of the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay along the 2190: 3041:

Garde, Eva; Hansen, Steen H.; Ditlevsen, Susanne; Tvermosegaard, Ketil Biering; Hansen, Johan; Harding, Karin C.; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter (7 July 2015).

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in the narwhal are highly adapted for prolonged periods of deep-sea foraging. During such activities, oxygen is reserved in the muscles, which are typically

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from March to May, and the young are born in July or August of the following year. When communicating, a variety of clicks, whistles and knocks are used.

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Dietz, Rune; Shapiro, Ari D.; Bakhtiari, Mehdi; Orr, Jack; Tyack, Peter L; Richard, Pierre; Eskesen, Ida Grønborg; Marshall, Greg (19 November 2007).

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Europe's Sea Mammals Including the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde: A field guide to the whales, dolphins, porpoises and seals

3525: 6574:"Norse Greenland settlement: reflections on climate change, trade, and the contrasting fates of human settlements in the North Atlantic islands" 2470: 11600: 11543: 11408: 11262: 10963: 10949: 10888: 10868: 10617: 10554: 10417: 10285: 10091: 10013: 9852: 9612: 9561: 9227: 9197: 479: 3458: 1073:, with blackish-brown markings over a white background. At birth, the skin is light grey, and when sexually mature, white patches grow on the 12144: 12092: 11479: 11272: 11138: 10808: 10507: 10081: 9792: 9584: 9187: 9177: 4798: 4025: 3760: 1762:

were not nearly as abundant. Individuals of different weight and sex showed dissimilarities in the concentration of metals in their organs.

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themselves of encrustations on their tusks by rubbing them together, as opposed to posturing displays of aggressive male-to-male rivalry.

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disrupt the narwhal's normal migration patterns. These disturbed migrations may also be associated with increased sea ice entrapment.

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Jones, Joshua M.; Frasier, Kaitlin E.; Westdal, Kristin H.; Ootoowak, Alex J.; Wiggins, Sean M.; Hildebrand, John A. (1 March 2022).

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The narwhal tusk has been highly sought-after in Europe for centuries. This stems from a medieval belief that narwhal tusks were the

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contain 500 to over 1,000 individuals. Male narwhals have been observed rubbing each other's tusks, a behaviour known as "tusking".

467:. It travels in groups of three to eight, with aggregations of up to 1,000 occurring in the summer months. It mates in the offshore 12027: 9297: 1852:, the raw skin and attached blubber, is considered a delicacy. As a custom, one or two vertebrae per animal are used for tools and 1710:, and in Canada to other communities. One estimate of the annual gross value received from narwhal hunts in Hudson Bay in 2013 was 5751: 4168:

Laidre, Kristin L.; Stirling, Ian; Lowry, Lloyd F.; Wiig, Øystein; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Ferguson, Steven H. (March 2008).

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Dietz, R.; Riget, F.; Hobson, K.; Heidejorgensen, M.; Moller, P.; Cleemann, M.; Deboer, J.; Glasius, M. (20 September 2004).

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Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Hansen, Rikke Guldborg; Westdal, Kristin; Reeves, Randall R.; Mosbech, Anders (February 2013).

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Loch, Carolina; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Werth, Alexander (2023), Würsig, Bernd; Orbach, Dara N. (eds.), "Skulls, teeth, and sex",

3368:"Physiological consequences of Arctic sea ice loss on large marine carnivores: unique responses by polar bears and narwhals" 2924: 12329: 9056: 1233:; off the east coast of Greenland; and in a strip running east from the northern end of Greenland round to eastern Russia ( 5058: 4721: 3874: 4648: 3998:"Distribution and migrations of cetaceans in the Russian Arctic according to observations from aerial ice reconnaissance" 6052: 598: 12294: 12014: 4471: 4364:

Laidre, Kristin L.; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Dietz, Rune; Hobbs, Roderick C.; Jørgensen, Ole A. (17 October 2003).

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Considered to have magical properties, narwhal tusks were used to counter poisoning, and all sorts of diseases such as

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In 1914–1915, around 1,000 narwhal carcasses were discovered after entrapment events, most occurring in areas such as

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Although the narwhal and beluga are classified as separate genera, there is some evidence that they may, very rarely,

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Ellis, Samuel; Franks, Daniel W.; Nielsen, Mia Lybkær Kronborg; Weiss, Michael N.; Croft, Darren P. (13 March 2024).

4833:"Ontogenetic profiles of dentine isotopes (δ15N and δ13C) reveal variable narwhal Monodon monoceros nursing duration" 4731: 4658: 2918: 2295: 2245: 6706:"When ivory came from the seas. On some traits of the trade of raw and carved sea-mammal ivories in the Middle Ages" 5456:

Garde, Eva; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Hansen, Steen H.; Nachman, Gösta; Forchhammer, Mads C. (28 February 2007).

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Würsig, Bernd; Rich, Jacquline; Orbach, Dara N. (2023), Würsig, Bernd; Orbach, Dara N. (eds.), "Sex and Behavior",

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Fontanella, Janet E.; Fish, Frank E.; Rybczynski, Natalia; Nweeia, Martin T.; Ketten, Darlene R. (October 2011).

2851:"First monodontid cetacean (Odontoceti, Delphinoidea) from the early Pliocene of the north-western Pacific Ocean" 523: 336: 294: 4558:"Detecting narwhal foraging behaviour from accelerometer and depth data using mixed-effects logistic regression" 1997:. After the unicorn notion was scientifically refuted, narwhal tusks were rarely employed for magical purposes. 1570:

in the bloodstreams of numerous narwhals throughout the course of a 19-year study. They were also recorded with

1421:. These findings suggest that higher calf counts may reflect calving and nursery habitats in favourable inlets. 8905: 1718:(US$ 4,440) was for skin and meat. The net income after subtracting costs in time and equipment, was a loss of 1659:, the United States banned imports of products made from narwhal parts. They are listed on Appendix II of the 1353:) were discovered. Males were more likely than females to consume two additional prey species: polar cod ( 5779:"A review of circumpolar Arctic marine mammal health—a call to action in a time of rapid environmental change" 5777:

Barratclough, Ashley; Ferguson, Steven H.; Lydersen, Christian; Thomas, Peter O.; Kovacs, Kit M. (July 2023).

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Zhao, Shu-Ting; Matthews, Cory J. D.; Davoren, Gail K.; Ferguson, Steven H.; Watt, Cortney A. (24 June 2021).

1253:. There are an estimated 12,500 narwhals in northern Hudson Bay, whereas around 140,000 reside in Baffin Bay. 12309: 12266: 12131: 8322: 8047: 8038: 2849:

Ichishima, Hiroto; Furusawa, Hitoshi; Tachibana, Makino; Kimura, Masaichi (May 2019). Hautier, Lionel (ed.).

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Kelley, Trish C.; Stewart, Robert E. A.; Yurkowski, David J.; Ryan, Anna; Ferguson, Steven H. (April 2015).

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kidneys had a dense concentration of them. Relative to the liver, the kidney has a greater concentration of

408:. Males of this species have a large 1.5–3.0 m (4 ft 11 in – 9 ft 10 in) long 8851: 7868: 7859: 7791: 1656: 1527: 1343: 12105: 11949: 11904: 8950: 8878: 8089: 8056: 7818: 5097: 5023: 4760: 4115: 3953: 3098:"Population dynamics of the narwhal Monodon monoceros: an initial assessement (Odontoceti: Monodontidae)" 2347: 1218: 11954: 12314: 12304: 11816: 10524: 8983: 8974: 7901: 7309: 5274: 5169:"Transcriptomic insight into the melon morphology of toothed whales for aquatic molecular developments" 4462:

Davis, Randall W. (2019). "Appendix 3. Maximum Recorded Dive Depths and Durations for Marine Mammals".

3269: 3203: 932: 6230:"Regional and inter annual patterns of heavy metals, organochlorines and stable isotopes in narwhals ( 4556:

Jensen, Frederik H.; Tervo, Outi M.; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Ditlevsen, Susanne (25 March 2023).

3481: 2493: 1726:, but they continue mainly to support tradition, rather than for profit. Economic analysis noted that 1652:

are 16,000, 8,000 and 3,000, respectively. There are roughly 800 narwhals in the waters off Svalbard.

12253: 10671: 10313: 8869: 8824: 8792: 8783: 8768: 8759: 8609: 8208: 8065: 7318: 2700: 2460: 1625: 1500: 1414: 483: 5210:"Acoustic differentiation and classification of wild belugas and narwhals using echolocation clicks" 2783: 1860:, which is otherwise difficult to obtain in the Arctic Circle. In some places in Greenland, such as 463:. Plunging at depths of up to 2,370 m (7,780 ft), the narwhal is among the deepest-diving 201: 12334: 10624: 9049: 9007: 8998: 8932: 8896: 8860: 8833: 8709: 8382: 8331: 8116: 7701: 4416: 3422: 3320: 2100: 1818: 31: 17: 12123: 6086: 12227: 8718: 8526: 7710: 5640: 3997: 2492:

Waddell, Victor G.; Milinkovitch, Michel C.; Bérubé, Martine; Stanhope, Michael J. (1 May 2000).

1975: 1197:. The varied morphology and anatomy of small teeth indicate a path of evolutionary obsolescence. 1158: 1082: 856: 2287: 2281: 12214: 12058: 11866: 11358: 8923: 8887: 8842: 8727: 8535: 7612: 7594: 3270:"Extreme physiological adaptations as predictors of climate-change sensitivity in the narwhal ( 822: 666: 6793: 5504:

Laidre, Kristin; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Stern, Harry; Richard, Pierre (1 January 2012).

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Garde, Eva; Peter Heide-Jørgensen, Mads; Ditlevsen, Susanne; Hansen, Steen H. (January 2012).

2709:) from the lower Pliocene of Italy supports a warm-water origin for narwhals and white whales" 2262: 1803: 1778:

Reduction in sea ice has possibly led to increased exposure to predation. In 2002, hunters in

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The most conspicuous characteristic of the male narwhal is a long, spiralled tusk, which is a

12319: 12209: 11782: 11617: 8149: 8140: 7372: 7152: 5403:) echolocation click detection and differentiation from long-term Arctic acoustic recordings" 1935:

began trade of narwhal tusks, which, via European channels, would later reach markets in the

958: 634: 316: 12201: 6390:"Narwhals and seismic exploration: is seismic noise increasing the risk of ice entrapments?" 4053: 3794:"Drone-shot video may have just solved 400-year debate over what narwhal tusks are used for" 2322:. Internet Archive. Baltimore, Md. : Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 135–137. 1424:

Newborn calves begin their lives with a thin layer of blubber. The blubber thickens as they

1278:. As spring comes, these leads open up into channels and the narwhals return to the coastal 1249:. The northernmost sightings of narwhals have occurred north of Franz Joseph Land, at about 1121: 12084: 11988: 11913: 8618: 8544: 7782: 7300: 6879: 6401: 6354: 6307: 6245: 5697: 5572: 5517: 5414: 5341: 5290: 5221: 5113: 4961: 4894: 4844: 4569: 4504: 4428: 4381: 4268: 4181: 4131: 3840: 3493: 3285: 3219: 3148: 2862: 2807: 2720: 2521: 2407: 2359: 1990: 1355: 1138: 658:

central Italy was described as a possible narwhal ancestor when it was discovered in 2019.

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Laidre, K. L.; Heide-Jørgensen, M. P.; Jørgensen, O. A.; Treble, M. A. (1 January 2004).

2635:"Influence of past climate change on phylogeography and demographic history of narwhals ( 1947:

hunted narwhals was once held, but was never confirmed and is now considered improbable.

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have a sweep-back on the front margins. This is thought to be an adaptation for reducing

916: 650: 149: 6883: 6721: 6405: 6358: 6311: 6291: 6249: 5927:"Consistency of COSEWIC species at risk designations: freshwater fishes as a case study" 5813: 5778: 5701: 5576: 5521: 5418: 5345: 5294: 5225: 5117: 4965: 4925: 4898: 4882: 4848: 4832: 4573: 4508: 4432: 4385: 4365: 4272: 4185: 4170:"Quantifying the sensitivity of Arctic marine mammals to climate-induced habitat change" 4135: 3844: 3820: 3497: 3289: 3223: 3152: 3097: 2866: 2850: 2811: 2724: 2525: 2411: 2363: 11854: 11768: 11754: 11740: 11720: 11469: 10214: 10101: 9575: 9096: 8941: 8406: 8397: 8164: 7973: 7964: 7949: 7940: 7800: 7734: 7725: 7669: 7660: 7363: 7067: 6974: 6949: 6903: 6867: 6733: 6661: 6609: 6341:

Kovacs, Kit M.; Lydersen, Christian; Overland, James E.; Moore, Sue E. (1 March 2011).

5979: 5837: 5728: 5681: 5596: 5541: 5438: 5250: 5209: 5137: 5125: 4992: 4949: 4533: 4492: 4143: 3179: 3136: 3113: 2982: 2831: 2754: 2671: 2634: 2609: 2564: 2436: 2395: 2371: 1989:. The rise of science towards the end of the 17th century led to a decreased belief in 1531:

0.5 m (1.6 ft) wide to allow an adult whale to breathe. Narwhals also die of

1455: 1449: 1262: 1110: 1066: 737: 432: 421: 196: 6133: 5926: 4303: 4224: 2348:"Description of an anomalous Monodontid skull from West Greenland: a possible hybrid?" 2317: 1335:

them into the mouth. A study of the stomach contents of 73 narwhals found Arctic cod (

474:

There are an estimated 170,000 living narwhals, and the species is listed as being of

12324: 12196: 11962: 10678: 10190: 8807: 8489: 8480: 7892: 7809: 7520: 7511: 7105: 7097: 7059: 7020: 6979: 6961: 6928: 6907: 6895: 6840: 6799: 6774: 6737: 6725: 6684: 6665: 6653: 6601: 6593: 6552: 6525: 6497: 6489: 6419: 6370: 6323: 6269: 6261: 6202: 6157: 6114: 6033: 5946: 5871: 5863: 5818: 5800: 5733: 5715: 5648: 5621: 5588: 5545: 5533: 5481: 5442: 5430: 5375: 5367: 5306: 5302: 5255: 5237: 5190: 5129: 5064: 5031: 4997: 4979: 4930: 4912: 4860: 4768: 4727: 4701: 4654: 4629: 4587: 4538: 4520: 4467: 4444: 4397: 4309: 4284: 4230: 4205: 4197: 4147: 4077: 4017: 3965: 3934: 3926: 3856: 3766: 3700: 3662: 3604: 3554: 3517: 3509: 3450: 3442: 3395: 3387: 3348: 3340: 3301: 3297: 3245: 3231: 3184: 3166: 3117: 3066: 3016: 2974: 2914: 2878: 2823: 2758: 2746: 2676: 2658: 2614: 2596: 2545: 2537: 2441: 2423: 2375: 2323: 2291: 2241: 2077: 1956: 1892: 1592: 1496: 1397: 1291: 1287: 1242: 755: 685: 642: 638: 448: 345: 6613: 6257: 5983: 5141: 2835: 2699:

Bianucci, Giovanni; Pesci, Fabio; Collareta, Alberto; Tinelli, Chiara (4 May 2019).

11980: 11967: 11830: 11706: 11649: 11583: 11445: 11289: 10654: 10333: 8742: 8664: 8655: 8645: 8364: 8305: 8190: 8021: 7417: 7399: 7390: 7145: 7051: 7010: 6969: 6887: 6764: 6717: 6645: 6585: 6479: 6409: 6362: 6315: 6253: 6192: 6184: 6149: 6106: 6025: 5971: 5965: 5938: 5853: 5808: 5790: 5723: 5705: 5580: 5525: 5473: 5422: 5357: 5349: 5298: 5245: 5229: 5180: 5121: 4987: 4969: 4920: 4902: 4852: 4691: 4621: 4577: 4528: 4512: 4436: 4389: 4276: 4256: 4189: 4139: 4069: 4058:) diving for Canadian populations helps identify important seasonal foraging areas" 4009: 3918: 3848: 3690: 3652: 3625:

The ecological and social dynamics of Inuit narwhal foraging at Pond Inlet, Nunavut

3594: 3501: 3434: 3379: 3332: 3293: 3235: 3227: 3174: 3156: 3109: 3058: 2966: 2870: 2815: 2736: 2728: 2666: 2650: 2604: 2588: 2529: 2431: 2415: 2367: 2095: 2021: 1971: 1846:. Almost all parts of the narwhal—the meat, skin, blubber and organs—are consumed. 1605: 1361: 1349: 1337: 1327:

Narwhals have a restricted and specialised diet. Due to the lack of well-developed

1246: 1174: 444: 417: 6229: 6175:

Bouquegneau, Krishna Das; Debacker, Virginie; Pillet, Stéphane Jean-Marie (2003),

6014:"Estimating the economic value of narwhal and beluga hunts in Hudson Bay, Nunavut" 5096:

Miller, Lee A.; Pristed, John; Møshl, Bertel; Surlykke, Annemarie (October 1995).

4280: 2732: 12170: 12162: 11731: 11658: 11553: 11526: 11398: 11107: 10932: 10858: 10635: 10138: 8125: 8107: 8098: 7988: 7603: 7585: 7567: 7435: 6922: 6546: 6414: 6389: 6110: 6013: 5615: 4974: 3482:"Analysis of narwhal tusks reveals lifelong feeding ecology and mercury exposure" 2908: 2819: 2498:

trichotomy: congruent evidence from three nuclear loci indicates that porpoises (

1964: 1932: 1792: 1759: 1738: 1734: 1629: 1332: 1106: 1058: 12240: 12136: 12097: 4696: 3695: 11842: 11685: 11590: 11282: 11014: 10594: 10275: 10112: 10044: 9742: 9591: 9507: 9377: 9247: 9167: 8006: 7773: 7645: 7636: 7483: 7474: 7206: 7090:

Ford, John; Ford, Deborah (March 1986). "Narwhal: unicorn of the Arctic seas".

5426: 5326:"Preliminary evidence for signature vocalizations among free-ranging narwhals ( 5233: 4907: 4582: 4557: 4516: 2419: 2396:"Hybridization between two high Arctic cetaceans confirmed by genomic analysis" 2240:. Ilinniusiorfik Undervisningsmiddelforlag, Nuuk, Greenland. pp. 100–125. 1903: 1884: 1788: 1766: 1727: 1661:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

1601: 1543: 1275: 1091: 655: 487: 6572:

Dugmore, Andrew J.; Keller, Christian; McGovern, Thomas H. (6 February 2007).

6366: 5967:

Meta population modelling of narwhals in East Canada and West Greenland – 2017

5795: 5529: 5457: 4950:"Spatial and temporal patterns of sound production in East Greenland narwhals" 4688:

Sex in Cetaceans: Morphology, Behavior, and the Evolution of Sexual Strategies

4493:"The impact of rising sea temperatures on an Arctic top predator, the narwhal" 3761:"Scientists suggest they have the answer to the mystery of the narwhal's tusk" 3687:

Sex in Cetaceans: Morphology, Behavior, and the Evolution of Sexual Strategies

3599: 3505: 12283: 12079: 11889: 11637: 11573: 11489: 11368: 11212: 11179: 10878: 10647: 10407: 10323: 10295: 10253: 9986: 9956: 9706: 9690: 9652: 9619: 9605: 9554: 9421: 9130: 9117: 9065: 8599: 8424: 7827: 7552: 7501: 7268: 7259: 7109: 7101: 7063: 7024: 6965: 6899: 6778: 6729: 6657: 6649: 6634:"Narwhals or unicorns? Exotic animals as material culture in medieval Europe" 6597: 6493: 6423: 6374: 6327: 6265: 6188: 6161: 6118: 6037: 5950: 5867: 5804: 5719: 5680:

Ferguson, Steven H.; Higdon, Jeff W.; Westdal, Kristin H. (30 January 2012).

5592: 5537: 5485: 5477: 5434: 5394: 5371: 5310: 5241: 5194: 5133: 4983: 4916: 4864: 4633: 4591: 4524: 4448: 4401: 4308:. Internet Archive. San Diego, Calif. : Thunder Bay Press. p. 122. 4288: 4201: 4151: 4081: 4021: 3930: 3860: 3666: 3608: 3513: 3446: 3391: 3344: 3305: 3249: 3170: 3121: 3070: 3062: 2978: 2882: 2827: 2750: 2662: 2600: 2541: 2427: 2379: 2148: 2086: 2015: 1888: 1877: 1771: 1671:(COSEWIC), which aims to classify the risk levels of species in the country. 1621: 1617: 1597: 1418: 1410: 1381: 1302: 1226: 1149: 795: 672: 571: 542: 519: 475: 460: 428: 405: 374: 332: 290: 169: 164: 77: 6837:

The Quest for the Northwest Passage: Knowledge, Nation and Empire, 1576–1806

6769: 6752: 6342: 6012:

Hoover, C.; Bailey, M. L.; Higdon, J.; Ferguson, S. H.; Sumaila, R. (2013).

5641:

Perrin, William F.; Wursig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. 'Hans', eds. (2009).

5505: 5273:

Marcoux, Marianne; Auger-Méthé, Marie; Humphries, Murray M. (October 2012).

5022:

Wei, Chong (1 January 2021), Rosenfeld, Cheryl S.; Hoffmann, Frauke (eds.),

3657: 3640: 3042: 3009:

Webber, Marc A.; Jefferson, Thomas Allen; Pitman, Robert L. (28 July 2015).

2025: 1396:

Most female narwhals reproduce by the time they are six to eight years old.

12019: 11348: 11319: 11305: 11090: 11080: 10818: 10534: 10467: 10427: 10360: 10265: 10207: 10176: 10169: 9966: 9936: 9924: 9812: 9722: 9400: 9391: 9337: 9277: 8682: 8245: 8236: 8226: 7354: 7234: 7218: 6983: 6605: 6501: 6273: 5875: 5822: 5737: 5379: 5259: 5001: 4934: 4542: 4209: 3938: 3521: 3454: 3399: 3352: 3188: 3161: 2680: 2654: 2618: 2549: 2533: 2465: 2445: 2118: 1920: 1707: 1649: 1401: 1374: 1283: 1214: 1190: 1153: 1130: 1078: 778: 630: 618: 594: 562: 549: 413: 397: 392: 273: 6589: 5710: 4073: 3012:

Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to Their Identification

1495:

reveal that narwhals live an average of 50 years, though techniques using

12222: 12175: 12118: 12040: 11941: 11898: 11747: 11676: 11627: 11563: 11500: 11438: 11202: 10565: 10497: 10397: 10387: 10235: 10148: 10123: 10003: 9902: 9835: 9802: 9782: 9633: 9516: 9486: 9442: 9414: 9367: 9307: 9287: 9207: 9157: 8443: 7684: 7283: 7212: 7137: 7015: 6998: 6573: 5506:"Unusual narwhal sea ice entrapments and delayed autumn freeze-up trends" 4608:

Finley, K. J.; Gibb, E. J. (December 1982). "Summer diet of the narwhal (

4440: 4229:. Internet Archive. Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre. p. 24. 4169: 3576: 2741: 1960: 1936: 1784: 1641: 1637: 1523: 1166: 1043: 253: 52: 6438: 6029: 5185: 5168: 3367: 2238:

Greenland's Winter Whales: The Beluga, the Narwhal and the Bowhead Whale

1341:) to be the most commonly consumed prey, followed by Greenland halibut ( 12032: 11232: 11168: 11148: 11057: 10956: 10848: 10747: 10734: 10697: 10544: 10447: 10162: 9976: 9762: 9428: 9407: 9317: 9257: 9147: 7459: 7450: 7408: 7249: 7071: 7039: 5325: 4417:"Research Spotlight: Narwhals document continued warming of Baffin Bay" 4393: 3383: 2986: 2631: 2563:

Racicot, Rachel A.; Darroch, Simon A. F.; Kohno, Naoki (October 2018).

1779: 1688: 1633: 1571: 1550: 1532: 1488: 1480: 1436: 1266: 1230: 1222: 1170: 706: 586: 579: 557: 503: 452: 436: 401: 97: 62: 6319: 5600: 5560: 5353: 4856: 4193: 3902: 3852: 2874: 2592: 1097:

Compared with most marine mammals, the narwhal has a higher amount of

12045: 12001: 11775: 11331: 11128: 10995: 10977: 10908: 10838: 10605: 10584: 10437: 10306: 10228: 10155: 9892: 9862: 9752: 9732: 9523: 9479: 9357: 9267: 9237: 8700: 8562: 7426: 7381: 6891: 6197: 6132:

Wagemann, R.; Snow, N. B.; Lutz, A.; Scott, D. P. (9 December 1983).

5858: 5561:"On 'savssats': a crowding of Arctic animals at holes in the sea ice" 5362: 3922: 3438: 3336: 3240: 1968: 1940: 1873: 1857: 1853: 1723: 1692: 1679: 1539: 1492: 1432: 1425: 1405: 1328: 1311: 1186: 1146: 1101:

in its body, which facilitates deeper dives. It has a dense layer of

1098: 1086: 1085:

to make swimming under ice easier or to facilitate rolling. The neck

660: 529: 491: 213: 102: 11860: 9034: 7055: 6999:"On the ironic specimen of the unicorn horn in enlightened cabinets" 6290:

Laidre, Kristin L.; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter (10 February 2011).

6153: 5942: 5752:"Invasion of the killer whales: killer whales attack pod of narwhal" 4763:, in Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds.), 4625: 4254: 2970: 435:

to ice-free summering grounds, usually in shallow waters, and often

12006: 11883: 11761: 11713: 11462: 11386: 11191: 11040: 10778: 10457: 9993: 9823: 9772: 9493: 9084: 8461: 8434: 8346: 8287: 8080: 7883: 7200: 7188: 6087:"Distribution, exploitation and population status of white whales ( 5975: 5584: 4650:

Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book

4555: 4013: 1944: 1839: 1823: 1665:

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

1587: 1566: 1558: 1385: 1366: 1290:

which contains less than 5% open water and hosts high densities of

1271: 1238: 677: 610: 468: 464: 439:

to the same sites in subsequent years. Its diet mainly consists of

404:. It is a stocky cetacean, with a relatively blunt snout and large 233: 92: 87: 72: 67: 57: 6924:

Monstres et merveilles de Franche-Comté: fées, fantômes et dragons

6439:"Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) COSEWIC assessment and status report" 6387: 5776: 3583:) eye lens nuclei estimated by counting of growth layers in tusks" 2954: 12261: 11993: 11699: 11607: 11341: 11068: 9472: 9465: 9102: 8507: 8373: 7916: 7336: 7169: 6343:"Impacts of changing sea-ice conditions on Arctic marine mammals" 5503: 5462:) from West Greenland as estimated by aspartic acid racemization" 5455: 4226:

The nature of Arctic whales : belugas, bowheads and narwhals

3040: 2491: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1928: 1924: 1865: 1861: 1765:

Narwhals are one of the Arctic marine mammals most vulnerable to

1747: 1370: 1162: 1102: 593:(a hybrid between the two species); this was confirmed by a 2019 590: 495: 370: 263: 107: 82: 12188: 5166: 3960:, in Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M.; Kovacs, Kit M. (eds.), 3628:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). McGill University. pp. 7–13. 3268:

Williams, Terrie M.; Noren, Shawn R.; Glenn, Mike (April 2011).

2848: 11926: 10984: 9090: 9078: 7997: 7194: 7182: 4363: 3641:"Tusk anomalies in narwhals (Monodon monoceros) from Greenland" 3419: 2392: 1908: 1869: 1755: 1701: 1194: 1070: 456: 378: 243: 223: 135: 6227: 5057:

Still, Robert; Harrop, Hugh; Dias, Luís; Stenton, Tim (2019).

4799:"Elusive narwhal babies spotted gathering at Canadian nursery" 3875:"For a dentist, the narwhal's smile is a mystery of evolution" 3201: 1331:, narwhals are believed to feed by swimming close to prey and 1274:, surfacing in narrow fissures or in wider fractures known as 1213:

The narwhal is found in the Atlantic and Russian areas of the

12235: 11004: 9842: 8581: 8572: 8471: 6950:"The use of the unicorn's horn, coral and stones in medicine" 5835: 4370:): differences in foraging behavior between wintering areas?" 3899: 2698: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 1912: 1843: 1835: 1459: 1074: 614: 575: 507: 499: 382: 186: 180: 5024:"Chapter 17 - Sound production and propagation in cetaceans" 3366:

Pagano, Anthony M.; Williams, Terrie M. (15 February 2021).

1959:

had a jewellery-covered narwhal tusk on his deathbed, while

1787:, and ensuring local acceptance of sustainable development. 11097: 8517: 7925: 6340: 5458:"Age-specific growth and remarkable longevity in narwhals ( 5392: 5272: 5207: 4947: 4830: 3996:

Belikov, Stanislav E.; Boltunov, Andrei N. (21 July 2002).

3689:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 51–64, 1952: 1751: 1743: 1554: 1380:

Narwhal diet varies by season. In winter, narwhals feed on

409: 6011: 5095: 4690:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–27, 3818: 2782:

Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge; Pyenson, Nicholas D. (1 March 2012).

2346:

Heide-Jørgensen, Mads P.; Reeves, Randall R. (July 1993).

2167: 11837: 7550: 6174: 4489: 4052:

Watt, C. A.; Orr, J. R.; Ferguson, S. H. (January 2017).

3479: 3137:"Upside-down swimming behaviour of free-ranging narwhals" 2502:) share a more recent common ancestry with white whales ( 1279: 621:

about 11 million years ago. A 2018 molecular analysis of

613:

and white whales are closely related, forming a separate

396:. The narwhal has a similar build to the closely related 4876: 4874: 3134: 2796:) from the Pliocene of the western North Atlantic Ocean" 1669:

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

1145:

which indicate social status. The tusk is also a highly

498:. The narwhal has been hunted for thousands of years by 7232: 6795:

Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore

5838:"Alphaherpesvirus infection in a free-ranging narwhal ( 4880: 4167: 3639:

Garde, Eva; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter (3 June 2022).

2643:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2565:"Neuroanatomy and inner ear labyrinths of the narwhal, 1458:. The frequency of these sounds ranges from 0.3 to 125 1413:

found that calf numbers varied from 0.05% of 35,000 in

629:

around 10.82 to 20.12 mya; they are considered to be a

416:

thought to serve as a weapon or as a tool for feeding,

7119:"The world's weirdest whale: hunt for the sea unicorn" 5686:) in Nunavut, Canada based on Inuit hunter interviews" 5056: 4114:

Laidre, K. L.; Heide-Jorgensen, M. P. (January 2005).

2461:"First-ever beluga–narwhal hybrid found in the Arctic" 1864:, traditional hunting methods are used and whales are 1628:

in 2013. There are approximately a total of 35,000 in

1526:

often occurs when narwhals fail to migrate before the

1503:

of the eyes suggest that female narwhals can reach 115

11814: 6571: 6289: 6131: 6050: 5682:"Prey items and predation behavior of killer whales ( 5679: 4871: 4113: 3008: 2345: 2235: 1891:

into a narwhal; her hair, which she was wearing in a

1431:

Narwhals are among the few animals that undergo

1347:). Large quantities of Boreo-Atlantic armhook squid ( 1165:, revealed that narwhals used their tusks to tap and 11633: 11623: 11613: 11596: 11579: 11569: 11559: 11549: 11539: 11506: 11496: 11485: 11475: 11451: 11434: 11424: 11414: 11404: 11394: 11364: 11354: 11337: 11327: 11278: 11268: 11258: 11248: 11238: 11228: 11218: 11208: 11198: 11187: 11164: 11154: 11144: 11134: 11124: 11113: 11103: 11086: 11076: 11053: 11020: 11010: 10929: 10914: 10904: 10894: 10884: 10874: 10864: 10854: 10844: 10834: 10824: 10814: 10804: 10794: 10784: 10774: 10764: 10660: 10643: 10613: 10590: 10573: 10550: 10540: 10530: 10513: 10503: 10493: 10483: 10473: 10463: 10453: 10443: 10433: 10423: 10413: 10403: 10393: 10383: 10373: 10339: 10329: 10319: 10302: 10291: 10281: 10271: 10261: 10187: 10135: 10119: 10108: 10097: 10087: 10077: 10067: 10057: 10019: 10009: 9999: 9982: 9972: 9962: 9952: 9942: 9932: 9908: 9898: 9888: 9878: 9868: 9858: 9848: 9831: 9808: 9798: 9788: 9778: 9768: 9758: 9748: 9738: 9728: 9718: 9572: 9534: 9504: 9439: 9388: 9373: 9363: 9353: 9343: 9333: 9323: 9313: 9303: 9293: 9283: 9273: 9263: 9253: 9243: 9233: 9223: 9213: 9203: 9193: 9183: 9173: 9163: 9153: 9143: 6134:"Heavy metals in tissues and organs of the narwhal ( 3638: 2953:

Reeves, Randall R.; Tracey, Sharon (15 April 1980).

1963:

received a narwhal tusk allegedly valued at £10,000

912: 852: 818: 791: 702: 390:

and one of two living representatives of the family

5925:Lukey, James R.; Crawford, Stephen S. (June 2009). 5614:Macdonald, David Whyte; Barrett, Priscilla (1993). 4796: 4336:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 4322: 3903:"Vestigial tooth anatomy and tusk nomenclature for 3423:"Sensory ability in the narwhal tooth organ system" 2907:Macdonald, David Whyte; Barrett, Priscilla (2001). 2781: 2562: 1872:. In other parts of Greenland and Northern Canada, 566:, sometimes referred to as the "white whales". The 6292:"Life in the lead: extreme densities of narwhals ( 6142:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 5931:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3759: 3267: 2017:The Vertebrata of the Pliocene deposits of Britain 1470: 1113:, allowing for endurance and manoeuvrable motion. 6868:"'Fish', fossil and fake: medicinal unicorn horn" 5275:"Variability and context specificity of narwhal ( 3550:The Marine World: A Natural History of Ocean Life 2075: 1838:to the same extent as other sea mammals, such as 1487:Age determination techniques using the number of 645:(mya), the narwhal split from the beluga whale. 556:). Together, these two species comprise the only 12281: 6872:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 6545:Bastian, Dawn Elaine; Mitchell, Judy K. (2004). 6468:"Biology and cultural importance of the narwhal" 5754:. Public Broadcasting System. 19 November 2014. 5613: 5334:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5028:Neuroendocrine Regulation of Animal Vocalization 4685: 4257:"Deep-ocean predation by a high Arctic cetacean" 3684: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 2906: 2163:(in Latin). Stockholm: Lars Salvius. p. 75. 1737:of heavy metals takes place. It is thought that 431:of Canada, Greenland and Russia. Every year, it 7096:. Vol. 169, no. 3. pp. 354–363. 6833:"Ice and Eskimos: Dealing With a New Otherness" 6544: 6084: 4765:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Second Edition) 4464:Marine Mammals. Adaptations for an Aquatic Life 4051: 3995: 3951: 2231: 1847: 1699: 625:fossils indicates that they had separated from 532: 6053:"Inuit hunters help scientists track narwhals" 6024:(1). Arctic Institute of North America: 1–16. 5890:"Fact sheet narwhal and climate change| CITES" 4883:"The evolution of menopause in toothed whales" 3962:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Third Edition) 3757: 3365: 2267:An American Dictionary of the English Language 2236:Heide-Jørgensen, M. P.; Laidre, K. L. (2006). 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2101:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T13704A50367651.en 480:International Union for Conservation of Nature 9050: 7153: 6927:(in French). Editions Cabédita. p. 131. 6521:Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 5924: 4603: 4601: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4163: 4161: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 3829:) as estimated by reproductive tract metrics" 3579:"Aspartic acid racemization rate in narwhal ( 3406: 420:or sensing water salinity. Specially adapted 9705: 7037: 4767:, London: Academic Press, pp. 830–836, 4421:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 3204:"Three-dimensional geometry of the narwhal ( 2952: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2279: 1161:footage from August 2016 in Tremblay Sound, 518:The narwhal was scientifically described by 510:, and regulated subsistence hunts continue. 482:(IUCN). The population is threatened by the 6920: 3553:. Princeton University Press. p. 347. 3321:"Anatomical adaptations of aquatic mammals" 2913:. Princeton University Press. p. 173. 2494:"Molecular phylogenetic examination of the 2208: 2040:"Monodon monoceros Linnaeus 1758 (narhwal)" 2020:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1807:Hunter posing next to a narwhal head (1903) 1798: 1217:. Individuals are commonly recorded in the 676:were other extinct genera known during the 548:The narwhal is most closely related to the 9057: 9043: 7167: 7160: 7146: 6681:Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750 6679:Daston, Lorraine; Park, Katharine (2001). 6678: 6631: 6085:Heide-Jørgensen, Mads P. (22 April 1994). 5063:. Princeton University Press. p. 16. 4612:) in Pond Inlet, northern Baffin Island". 4607: 4598: 4352: 4243: 4158: 4100: 3318: 2280:Brodie, Paul (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). 2076:Lowry, L.; Laidre, K.; Reeves, R. (2017). 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 1440:for a single female to successfully rear. 400:, with which it overlaps in range and can 344: 158: 134: 125: 10745: 10696: 9128: 8653: 8607: 7014: 6973: 6947: 6768: 6750: 6483: 6413: 6196: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5857: 5812: 5794: 5727: 5709: 5361: 5249: 5184: 5102:) in Inglefield Bay, Northwest Greenland" 4991: 4973: 4924: 4906: 4792: 4790: 4695: 4646: 4581: 4532: 3694: 3656: 3598: 3239: 3178: 3160: 2889: 2740: 2670: 2608: 2435: 2099: 1511:10 years and male narwhals can live to 84 6430: 6051:Greenfieldboyce, Nell (19 August 2009). 3719: 3717: 3715: 3095: 2147: 1902: 1802: 1678: 1474: 1301: 1297: 1204: 1120: 8432: 7044:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 6866:Duffin, Christopher J. (January 2017). 6791: 6672: 6632:Pluskowski, Aleksander (January 2004). 6627: 6625: 6623: 6551:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 54–55. 5963: 5558: 5323: 4116:"Winter feeding intensity of narwhals ( 2260: 2141: 2113: 2111: 2062: 1730:may be an alternate source of revenue. 1185:The narwhal has a single pair of small 688:is based on a 2019 study of the family 609:Results of a genetic study reveal that 14: 12282: 8570: 7509: 6865: 6830: 6812:from the original on 28 September 2023 6703: 6517: 6513: 6511: 6466:Nweeia, Martin T. (15 February 2024). 6465: 6461: 6459: 6436: 6285: 6283: 5996: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4826: 4824: 4809:from the original on 21 September 2016 4797:Evans Ogden, Lesley (6 January 2016). 4787: 4719: 4485: 4483: 4305:Encyclopedia of North American mammals 3881:from the original on 14 September 2016 3877:. Smithsonian Insider. 18 April 2012. 3867: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3546: 3208:) flukes in relation to hydrodynamics" 3043:"Life history parameters of narwhals ( 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2458: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2013: 1895:, became the spiralling narwhal tusk. 1683:Beluga and narwhal catches (1954–2014) 1616:The narwhal is listed as a species of 570:are distinguished by their pronounced 11865: 11864: 10732: 9687: 9115: 9064: 9038: 7549: 7231: 7141: 6996: 6548:Handbook of Native American Mythology 6080: 6078: 5499: 5497: 5495: 4461: 4455: 4414: 4330:"The biology and ecology of narwhals" 4222: 4047: 4045: 4043: 3753: 3751: 3723: 3712: 3572: 3570: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3036: 3034: 3032: 2777: 2775: 2514:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2341: 2339: 2315: 2189:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2007. 1856:. The skin is an important source of 1722:(US$ 6.80) per person. Hunts receive 1632:, 10,000 in Eclipse Sound, 17,000 in 502:in northern Canada and Greenland for 12267:291E316E-E811-47E0-84BE-867588059A67 9688: 8469: 6620: 6524:. Academic Press. pp. 101–102. 6485:10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-112307 6063:from the original on 24 October 2016 5906:from the original on 26 January 2024 5758:from the original on 22 October 2016 5661:from the original on 28 January 2024 5647:. Academic Press. pp. 929–930. 5324:Shapiro, Ari D. (1 September 2006). 5077:from the original on 28 January 2024 5030:, Academic Press, pp. 267–295, 4758: 4740:from the original on 28 January 2024 4667:from the original on 28 January 2024 4301: 4088:from the original on 28 January 2024 4028:from the original on 27 January 2024 3978:from the original on 20 January 2023 3964:, Academic Press, pp. 627–631, 3736:from the original on 28 January 2024 3528:from the original on 26 January 2024 3461:from the original on 24 January 2024 3077:from the original on 28 January 2024 2927:from the original on 28 January 2024 2319:Walker's marine mammals of the world 2286:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 2129:from the original on 5 December 2017 2108: 1687:Narwhals are hunted for their skin, 528:. The word "narwhal" comes from the 353:Distribution of narwhal populations 12290:IUCN Red List least concern species 8515: 7117:Groc, Isabelle (12 February 2014). 6948:Robertson, W. G. Aitchison (1926). 6751:Schmölcke, Ulrich (December 2022). 6722:10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a14 6508: 6472:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 6456: 6437:Canada, Service (13 October 2015). 6280: 6099:Meddelelser om Grønland. Bioscience 5148:from the original on 5 October 2022 5021: 5008: 4821: 4640: 4480: 4340:from the original on 14 August 2022 3812: 3724:Broad, William (13 December 2005). 3673: 3621: 3195: 2993: 2939: 2687: 2506:) than they do with true dolphins ( 2304: 2269:. G. & C. Merriam. p. 854. 2087:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 24: 7082: 6125: 6075: 5492: 5126:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1995.tb00672.x 4144:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01207.x 4054:"Spatial distribution of narwhal ( 4040: 3748: 3567: 3256: 3114:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02576.x 3096:Kingsley, Michael (October 1989). 3029: 2800:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2772: 2713:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2459:Pappas, Stephanie (20 June 2019). 2372:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00454.x 2336: 2273: 2184:"The narwhal: unicorn of the seas" 1811:Narwhals have coexisted alongside 1714:(US$ 6,300) per narwhal, of which 1409:along different coastal inlets of 1221:, such as in the northern part of 1180: 143:Size compared to an average human 27:Medium-sized toothed whale species 25: 12351: 8182:Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin ( 4647:Klinowska, Margaret, ed. (1991). 3774:from the original on 18 June 2022 2473:from the original on 20 June 2019 2196:from the original on 10 July 2013 2050:from the original on 12 July 2020 574:(acoustic sensory organs), short 11848: 11836: 11824: 7031: 6990: 6941: 6914: 6859: 6824: 6785: 6744: 6697: 6238:Science of the Total Environment 6177:"Heavy metals in marine mammals" 5303:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00514.x 3758:Vincent, James (19 March 2014). 3319:Reidenberg, Joy S. (June 2007). 3298:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00408.x 3232:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00439.x 1822:have found a prevalent place in 1604:. In 2018, a female narwhal had 1443: 1143:secondary sexual characteristics 1042: 1028: 200: 50: 8323:Indo-Pacific finless porpoise ( 8200:Tamanend's bottlenose dolphin ( 8048:Indian Ocean humpback dolphin ( 8039:Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin ( 6704:Dectot, Xavier (October 2018). 6638:European Journal of Archaeology 6565: 6538: 6381: 6334: 6258:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.041 6221: 6183:, CRC Press, pp. 147–179, 6168: 6044: 5964:Witting, Lars (10 April 2017), 5957: 5918: 5882: 5829: 5770: 5744: 5673: 5634: 5617:Mammals of Britain & Europe 5607: 5552: 5449: 5386: 5317: 5266: 5201: 5160: 5098:"The click-sounds of narwhals ( 5089: 5050: 4941: 4752: 4720:Tinker, Spencer Wilkie (1988). 4713: 4679: 4549: 4466:. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. 4408: 4295: 4223:Paine, Stefani Hewlett (1995). 4216: 3989: 3952:Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. (2018), 3945: 3893: 3786: 3632: 3615: 3547:Dipper, Frances (8 June 2021). 3540: 3473: 3372:Journal of Experimental Biology 3359: 3312: 3128: 3089: 3015:. Academic Press. p. 172. 2842: 2625: 2556: 2485: 2452: 2386: 1611: 1471:Longevity and mortality factors 1237:). Land in this strip includes 1200: 1035:Narwhals near the water surface 490:, and human activities such as 381:. It is the only member of the 10733: 9116: 7869:Southern right whale dolphin ( 7860:Northern right whale dolphin ( 7792:Atlantic white-sided dolphin ( 6921:Rochelandet, Brigitte (2003). 6831:Regard, Frédéric, ed. (2014), 6300:Marine Ecology Progress Series 5644:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 5620:. HarperCollins. p. 173. 4837:Marine Ecology Progress Series 4759:Mann, Janet (1 January 2009), 4374:Marine Ecology Progress Series 4261:ICES Journal of Marine Science 4002:NAMMCO Scientific Publications 2254: 2032: 2007: 1927:. According to some theories, 1561:rather than relying on speed. 1019: 545:: 'single-tooth single-horn'. 13: 1: 12300:Cetaceans of the Arctic Ocean 8906:Deraniyagala's beaked whale ( 8879:Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale ( 8090:Pantropical spotted dolphin ( 8057:Australian humpback dolphin ( 7819:Pacific white-sided dolphin ( 5846:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 4281:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.02.002 2788:, a new monodontid (Cetacea, 2733:10.1080/02724634.2019.1645148 2014:Newton, Edwin Tulley (1891). 2000: 1974:; both items were staples in 1898: 1834:Narwhals have been hunted by 7902:Australian snubfin dolphin ( 7310:North Atlantic right whale ( 7038:Schoenberger, Guido (1951). 6415:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.08.005 6181:Toxicology of Marine Mammals 6111:10.7146/mogbiosci.v39.142541 5279:) whistles and pulsed calls" 4975:10.1371/journal.pone.0198295 4726:. E. J. Brill. p. 213. 2820:10.1080/02724634.2012.641705 1657:Marine Mammal Protection Act 1549:Narwhals are preyed upon by 1344:Reinhardtius hippoglossoides 1256: 741:(Common bottlenose dolphin) 641:suggested that, around 4.98 604: 412:, which is a left protruded 7: 12330:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 8852:Blainville's beaked whale ( 8793:Tropical bottlenose whale ( 8769:Southern bottlenose whale ( 8760:Northern bottlenose whale ( 8209:Common bottlenose dolphin ( 8066:Atlantic humpback dolphin ( 7319:North Pacific right whale ( 6296:) in the offshore pack ice" 5559:Porsild, Morten P. (1918). 4697:10.1007/978-3-031-35651-3_1 4614:Canadian Journal of Zoology 4062:Canadian Journal of Zoology 3821:"Mating ecology of beluga ( 3696:10.1007/978-3-031-35651-3_3 2283:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 1417:, to 5% of 10,000 total in 1391: 1219:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 513: 10: 12356: 8951:Stejneger's beaked whale ( 8332:Yangtze finless porpoise ( 8117:Atlantic spotted dolphin ( 7702:Short-finned pilot whale ( 7040:"A goblet of unicorn horn" 6839:, Pickering & Chatto, 6798:. Routledge. p. 476. 5427:10.1007/s00300-022-03008-5 5234:10.1038/s41598-021-01441-w 4908:10.1038/s41586-024-07159-9 4583:10.1186/s40317-023-00325-2 4517:10.1038/s41598-020-75658-6 4415:Kumar, Mohi (March 2011). 4366:"Deep-diving by narwhals ( 2420:10.1038/s41598-019-44038-0 1911:made from narwhal tusk in 1706:) is sold commercially to 1674: 1447: 1377:eggs and sometimes rocks. 1189:teeth that reside in open 578:and the absence of a true 29: 12295:Mammals described in 1758 11873: 11730: 11675: 11648: 11535: 11524: 11385: 11318: 11314: 11303: 11178: 11067: 11049: 11038: 10994: 10928: 10760: 10756: 10741: 10728: 10692: 10634: 10604: 10564: 10369: 10358: 10252: 10186: 10134: 10053: 10042: 9923: 9822: 9714: 9701: 9697: 9683: 9650: 9571: 9533: 9503: 9438: 9387: 9139: 9124: 9111: 9073: 8996: 8984:Shepherd's beaked whale ( 8972: 8805: 8781: 8740: 8698: 8681: 8644: 8598: 8561: 8527:Araguaian river dolphin ( 8506: 8460: 8423: 8395: 8344: 8303: 8286: 8258: 8234: 8225: 8162: 8138: 8078: 8019: 7986: 7962: 7938: 7914: 7881: 7840: 7771: 7747: 7723: 7711:Long-finned pilot whale ( 7682: 7658: 7634: 7583: 7566: 7562: 7545: 7500: 7472: 7448: 7352: 7335: 7281: 7257: 7248: 7244: 7227: 7177: 7003:Journal of Social History 6954:Annals of Medical History 6792:Sherman, Josepha (2015). 6367:10.1007/s12526-010-0061-0 6059:. National Public Radio. 5796:10.3390/pathogens12070937 5530:10.1007/s00300-011-1036-8 3600:10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 3506:10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.018 2316:Nowak, Ronald M. (2003). 1049:Illustration of a narwhal 955: 930: 910: 903: 896: 870: 850: 843: 836: 816: 809: 789: 782: 752: 734: 727: 720: 700: 484:effects of climate change 427:The narwhal inhabits the 352: 343: 322: 315: 197:Scientific classification 195: 178: 156: 147: 142: 133: 124: 41: 12340:Fauna of Northern Canada 8870:Gervais's beaked whale ( 8825:Sowerby's beaked whale ( 8536:Bolivian river dolphin ( 6650:10.1177/1461957104056505 6189:10.1201/9780203165577-11 5478:10.1644/06-mamm-a-056r.1 3726:"It's sensitive. Really" 1829: 1819:The Lady and the Unicorn 1799:Relationship with humans 1640:. Population numbers in 1535:from entrapment events. 32:Narwhal (disambiguation) 9008:Cuvier's beaked whale ( 8933:Perrin's beaked whale ( 8897:Hector's beaked whale ( 8861:Ramari's beaked whale ( 8834:Andrews' beaked whale ( 8710:Arnoux's beaked whale ( 8383:Burmeister's porpoise ( 8150:Rough-toothed dolphin ( 7574:(Oceanic dolphins) 7373:Antarctic minke whale ( 6770:10.3390/heritage5040199 6518:Wexler, Philip (2017). 6394:Biological Conservation 4302:Beer, Amy-Jane (2004). 4174:Ecological Applications 3658:10.33265/polar.v41.8343 2855:Papers in Palaeontology 2786:Bohaskaia monodontoides 2026:10.5962/bhl.title.57425 1976:cabinets of curiosities 1462:, while those used for 1322: 1116: 1083:evolutionary adaptation 857:Bohaskaia monodontoides 796:Haborodelphis japonicus 533: 8719:Baird's beaked whale ( 8619:Ganges river dolphin ( 8545:Amazon river dolphin ( 7926:Orca or killer whale ( 7850:(Right whale dolphins) 7783:White-beaked dolphin ( 7301:Southern right whale ( 6234:) from West Greenland" 3622:Lee, David S. (2005). 3162:10.1186/1472-6785-7-14 3063:10.1093/jmammal/gyv110 2655:10.1098/rspb.2019.2964 2534:10.1006/mpev.1999.0751 2261:Webster, Noah (1880). 1916: 1848: 1808: 1739:pollution in the ocean 1700: 1684: 1484: 1307: 1210: 1126: 823:Denebola brachycephala 560:members of the family 488:reduction in ice cover 12210:Paleobiology Database 8960:Spade-toothed whale ( 8924:True's beaked whale ( 8915:Strap-toothed whale ( 8888:Gray's beaked whale ( 8843:Hubbs' beaked whale ( 8728:Sato's beaked whale ( 8628:Indus river dolphin ( 8356:Spectacled porpoise ( 8172:(Bottlenose dolphins) 7613:Heaviside's dolphin ( 7595:Commerson's dolphin ( 7400:Pygmy Bryde's whale ( 6590:10.1353/arc.2011.0038 6089:Delphinapterus leucas 5842:) from Arctic Canada" 5711:10.1186/2046-9063-8-3 5397:Delphinapterus leucas 5283:Marine Mammal Science 5106:Marine Mammal Science 4124:Marine Mammal Science 4074:10.1139/cjz-2016-0178 3911:The Anatomical Record 3833:Marine Mammal Science 3823:Delphinapterus leucas 3427:The Anatomical Record 3325:The Anatomical Record 3278:Marine Mammal Science 3212:Marine Mammal Science 2571:Delphinapterus leucas 2352:Marine Mammal Science 1906: 1806: 1682: 1478: 1305: 1298:Behaviour and ecology 1208: 1124: 959:Delphinapterus leucas 597:. Whether the hybrid 554:Delphinapterus leucas 12310:Mammals of Greenland 8942:Pygmy beaked whale ( 8815:(Mesoplodont whales) 7974:False killer whale ( 7950:Melon-headed whale ( 7670:Pygmy killer whale ( 7364:Common minke whale ( 6095:) in West Greenland" 5466:Journal of Mammalogy 4653:. IUCN. p. 79. 4441:10.1029/2011EO090009 3051:Journal of Mammalogy 2119:"Appendices | CITES" 1356:Arctogadus glacialis 1312:congregate in groups 1139:scientific consensus 1094:caused by the tusk. 1069:of the narwhal is a 617:which diverged from 30:For other uses, see 8750:(Bottlenose whales) 8490:Dwarf sperm whale ( 8481:Pygmy sperm whale ( 8313:(Finless porpoises) 8029:(Humpback dolphins) 7893:Irrawaddy dolphin ( 7810:Hourglass dolphin ( 7521:Pygmy right whale ( 7093:National Geographic 6997:Spary, E C (2019). 6884:2017GSLSP.452..211D 6578:Arctic Anthropology 6406:2013BCons.158...50H 6359:2011MarBd..41..181K 6347:Marine Biodiversity 6312:2011MEPS..423..269L 6250:2004ScTEn.331...83D 6030:10.14430/arctic4261 5702:2012AqBio...8....3F 5577:1918GeoRv...6..215P 5565:Geographical Review 5522:2012PoBio..35..149L 5419:2022PoBio..45..449J 5346:2006ASAJ..120.1695S 5295:2012MMamS..28..649M 5226:2021NatSR..1122141Z 5186:10.3390/su132413997 5118:1995MMamS..11..491M 4966:2018PLoSO..1398295B 4899:2024Natur.627..579E 4849:2021MEPS..668..163Z 4761:"Parental Behavior" 4723:Whales of the World 4574:2023AnBio..11...14J 4562:Animal Biotelemetry 4509:2020NatSR..1018678C 4433:2011EOSTr..92...80K 4386:2003MEPS..261..269L 4273:2004ICJMS..61..430L 4186:2008EcoAp..18S..97L 4136:2005MMamS..21...45L 3845:2015MMamS..31..479K 3498:2021CBio...31E2012D 3492:(9): 2012–2019.e2. 3290:2011MMamS..27..334W 3224:2011MMamS..27..889F 3153:2007BMCE....7...14D 2867:2019PPal....5..323I 2812:2012JVPal..32..476V 2725:2019JVPal..39E5148B 2526:2000MolPE..15..314W 2412:2019NatSR...9.7729S 2364:1993MMamS...9..258H 1813:circumpolar peoples 1691:, teeth, tusks and 1646:Inglefield Bredning 1528:Arctic freezes over 1209:Pod of six narwhals 917:Casatia thermophila 759:(Harbour porpoise) 651:Casatia thermophila 648:The fossil species 422:slow-twitch muscles 150:Conservation status 10919:Westmorelandelphis 10789:Brevirostrodelphis 10215:Macrosqualodelphis 10102:Eurhinodelphinidae 9576:Eurhinodelphinidae 8665:La Plata dolphin ( 8365:Harbour porpoise ( 8334:N. asiaeorientalis 8191:Burrunan dolphin ( 7759:Fraser's dolphin ( 7622:Hector's dolphin ( 7016:10.1093/jsh/shz005 5690:Aquatic Biosystems 5214:Scientific Reports 4497:Scientific Reports 4394:10.3354/meps261269 3730:The New York Times 3384:10.1242/jeb.228049 3102:Journal of Zoology 2649:(1925): 20192964. 2581:Journal of Anatomy 2400:Scientific Reports 1917: 1809: 1733:As narwhals grow, 1685: 1634:Eastern Baffin Bay 1564:Researchers found 1485: 1450:Whale vocalization 1310:Narwhals normally 1308: 1306:Narwhal tail fluke 1267:fidelity of return 1263:seasonal migration 1211: 1127: 738:Tursiops truncatus 635:phylogenetic study 541:, is derived from 48:Quaternary–Present 12315:Mammals of Russia 12305:Mammals of Canada 12277: 12276: 12197:Open Tree of Life 11981:monodon-monoceros 11932:monodon-monoceros 11919:Monodon_monoceros 11905:Monodon monoceros 11875:Monodon monoceros 11867:Taxon identifiers 11812: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11800: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11520: 11519: 11299: 11298: 11034: 11033: 10724: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10688: 10687: 10354: 10353: 10191:Squalodelphinidae 10038: 10037: 10034: 10033: 9679: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9032: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9019: 8818: 8753: 8692: 8677: 8676: 8640: 8639: 8594: 8593: 8557: 8556: 8502: 8501: 8456: 8455: 8419: 8418: 8407:Dall's porpoise ( 8316: 8297: 8282: 8281: 8221: 8220: 8175: 8126:Spinner dolphin ( 8108:Striped dolphin ( 8099:Clymene dolphin ( 8032: 7853: 7801:Peale's dolphin ( 7735:Risso's dolphin ( 7695: 7604:Chilean dolphin ( 7577: 7556: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7496: 7495: 7346: 7331: 7330: 7294: 7238: 6934:978-2-88295-400-8 6846:978-1-84893-270-8 6805:978-1-317-45938-5 6710:Anthropozoologica 6531:978-0-12-809559-1 6320:10.3354/meps08941 6294:Monodon monoceros 6232:Monodon monoceros 6208:978-0-429-21746-3 6148:(S2): s206–s214. 6136:Monodon monoceros 6093:Monodon monoceros 5840:Monodon monoceros 5654:978-0-08-091993-5 5627:978-0-00-219779-3 5460:Monodon monoceros 5401:Monodon monoceros 5354:10.1121/1.2226586 5328:Monodon monoceros 5277:Monodon monoceros 5100:Monodon monoceros 5070:978-0-691-19062-4 5037:978-0-12-815160-0 4893:(8004): 579–585. 4857:10.3354/meps13738 4774:978-0-12-373553-9 4707:978-3-031-35651-3 4620:(12): 3353–3363. 4610:Monodon monoceros 4368:Monodon monoceros 4315:978-1-59223-191-1 4236:978-1-55054-190-8 4194:10.1890/06-0546.1 4180:(sp2): S97–S125. 4118:Monodon monoceros 4056:Monodon monoceros 3971:978-0-12-804327-1 3956:Monodon monoceros 3905:Monodon Monoceros 3853:10.1111/mms.12165 3827:Monodon monoceros 3767:Independent.co.uk 3706:978-3-031-35651-3 3581:Monodon monoceros 3560:978-0-691-23244-7 3272:Monodon monoceros 3206:Monodon monoceros 3047:) from Greenland" 3045:Monodon monoceros 3022:978-0-12-409592-2 2963:Mammalian Species 2957:Monodon monoceros 2910:Mammals of Europe 2875:10.1002/spp2.1244 2637:Monodon monoceros 2593:10.1111/joa.12862 2567:Monodon monoceros 2329:978-0-8018-7343-0 2155:Monodon monoceros 2080:Monodon monoceros 1957:Ivan the Terrible 1923:of the legendary 1593:Toxoplasma gondii 1577:Cyamus monodontis 1497:amino acid dating 1483:a narwhal carcass 1292:Greenland halibut 1288:continental slope 1261:Narwhals exhibit 1243:Franz Joseph Land 1152:with millions of 1016: 1015: 1007: 1006: 998: 997: 989: 988: 980: 979: 971: 970: 944: 943: 885: 884: 874:Monodon monoceros 768: 767: 756:Phocoena phocoena 707:Kentriodon pernix 686:phylogenetic tree 643:million years ago 639:mitochondrial DNA 601:remains unknown. 539:Monodon monoceros 449:Greenland halibut 366:Monodon monoceros 357: 356: 326:Monodon monoceros 308:M. monoceros 297: 190: 173: 16:(Redirected from 12347: 12270: 12269: 12257: 12256: 12244: 12243: 12231: 12230: 12218: 12217: 12205: 12204: 12192: 12191: 12179: 12178: 12166: 12165: 12153: 12152: 12140: 12139: 12137:NBNSYS0000188753 12127: 12126: 12114: 12113: 12101: 12100: 12088: 12087: 12075: 12074: 12062: 12061: 12049: 12048: 12036: 12035: 12023: 12022: 12010: 12009: 11997: 11996: 11984: 11983: 11971: 11970: 11958: 11957: 11945: 11944: 11935: 11934: 11922: 11921: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11862: 11861: 11853: 11852: 11851: 11841: 11840: 11829: 11828: 11827: 11820: 11650:Lissodelphininae 11635: 11625: 11615: 11598: 11584:Hemisyntrachelus 11581: 11571: 11561: 11551: 11541: 11533: 11532: 11508: 11498: 11487: 11477: 11453: 11436: 11426: 11416: 11406: 11396: 11366: 11356: 11339: 11329: 11316: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11280: 11270: 11260: 11250: 11240: 11230: 11220: 11210: 11200: 11189: 11166: 11156: 11146: 11136: 11126: 11115: 11105: 11088: 11078: 11055: 11047: 11046: 11022: 11012: 10931: 10916: 10906: 10896: 10886: 10876: 10866: 10856: 10846: 10836: 10826: 10816: 10806: 10796: 10786: 10776: 10766: 10758: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10743: 10742: 10730: 10729: 10694: 10693: 10662: 10645: 10615: 10592: 10575: 10552: 10542: 10532: 10515: 10505: 10495: 10485: 10475: 10465: 10455: 10445: 10435: 10425: 10415: 10405: 10395: 10385: 10375: 10367: 10366: 10341: 10334:Prepomatodelphis 10331: 10321: 10304: 10293: 10283: 10273: 10263: 10189: 10137: 10121: 10110: 10099: 10089: 10079: 10069: 10059: 10051: 10050: 10021: 10011: 10001: 9984: 9974: 9964: 9954: 9947:Cozzuoliphyseter 9944: 9934: 9910: 9900: 9890: 9880: 9873:Platyscaphokogia 9870: 9860: 9850: 9833: 9810: 9800: 9790: 9780: 9770: 9760: 9750: 9740: 9730: 9720: 9712: 9711: 9703: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9685: 9684: 9574: 9536: 9506: 9441: 9390: 9375: 9365: 9355: 9345: 9335: 9325: 9315: 9305: 9295: 9285: 9275: 9265: 9255: 9245: 9235: 9225: 9215: 9205: 9195: 9185: 9175: 9165: 9155: 9145: 9137: 9136: 9126: 9125: 9113: 9112: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9036: 9035: 8817: 8816: 8812: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8651: 8650: 8605: 8604: 8568: 8567: 8529:I. araguaiaensis 8513: 8512: 8467: 8466: 8446:P. macrocephalus 8430: 8429: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8232: 8231: 8174: 8173: 8169: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8007:Guiana dolphin ( 7852: 7851: 7847: 7704:G. macrorhynchus 7694: 7693: 7689: 7646:Common dolphin ( 7581: 7580: 7576: 7575: 7571: 7564: 7563: 7555:(Toothed whales) 7554: 7547: 7546: 7507: 7506: 7484:Humpback whale ( 7366:B. acutorostrata 7350: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7255: 7254: 7246: 7245: 7236: 7229: 7228: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7113: 7076: 7075: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7018: 7009:(4): 1033–1060. 6994: 6988: 6987: 6977: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6892:10.1144/SP452.16 6863: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6772: 6763:(4): 3864–3880. 6748: 6742: 6741: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6629: 6618: 6617: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6515: 6506: 6505: 6487: 6463: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6417: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6200: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6091:) and narwhals ( 6082: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6009: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5905: 5894: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5861: 5859:10.3354/dao03732 5833: 5827: 5826: 5816: 5798: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5731: 5713: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5501: 5490: 5489: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5365: 5340:(3): 1695–1705. 5321: 5315: 5314: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5253: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5188: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5019: 5006: 5005: 4995: 4977: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4928: 4910: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4699: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4605: 4596: 4595: 4585: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4361: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4252: 4241: 4240: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4111: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4049: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3923:10.1002/ar.22449 3917:(6): 1006–1016. 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3763: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3721: 3710: 3709: 3698: 3682: 3671: 3670: 3660: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3602: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3439:10.1002/ar.22886 3417: 3404: 3403: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3337:10.1002/ar.20541 3316: 3310: 3309: 3265: 3254: 3253: 3243: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3182: 3164: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3038: 3027: 3026: 3006: 2991: 2990: 2950: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2904: 2887: 2886: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2744: 2696: 2685: 2684: 2674: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2612: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2439: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2313: 2302: 2301: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2233: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2165: 2164: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2115: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2073: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2011: 1972:Martin Frobisher 1943:. The idea that 1874:high-speed boats 1851: 1791:associated with 1721: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1693:carved vertebrae 1636:, and 12,000 in 1606:alphaherpesvirus 1574:species such as 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1362:Sebastes marinus 1350:Gonatus fabricii 1338:Boreogadus saida 1247:Severnaya Zemlya 1175:sexual selection 1107:Skeletal muscles 1046: 1032: 914: 906: 905: 899: 898: 854: 846: 845: 839: 838: 820: 812: 811: 793: 785: 784: 730: 729: 723: 722: 704: 696: 695: 536: 418:attracting mates 348: 328: 289: 205: 204: 184: 167: 162: 161: 138: 129: 119: 49: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 12355: 12354: 12350: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12345: 12344: 12335:Holarctic fauna 12280: 12279: 12278: 12273: 12265: 12260: 12252: 12247: 12239: 12234: 12226: 12221: 12213: 12208: 12200: 12195: 12187: 12182: 12174: 12171:Observation.org 12169: 12161: 12156: 12148: 12143: 12135: 12130: 12122: 12117: 12109: 12104: 12096: 12091: 12083: 12078: 12070: 12065: 12057: 12052: 12044: 12039: 12031: 12026: 12018: 12013: 12005: 12000: 11992: 11987: 11979: 11974: 11966: 11961: 11953: 11948: 11940: 11938: 11930: 11925: 11917: 11912: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11888: 11887: 11882: 11869: 11859: 11849: 11847: 11835: 11825: 11823: 11815: 11813: 11788: 11732:Globicephalinae 11726: 11671: 11659:Cephalorhynchus 11644: 11618:Platalearostrum 11554:Australodelphis 11529: 11516: 11511:Septemtriocetus 11399:Archaeophocaena 11381: 11308: 11295: 11174: 11108:Ischyrorhynchus 11063: 11043: 11030: 10990: 10933:Kentriodontidae 10924: 10859:Macrokentriodon 10829:Herbeinodelphis 10750: 10737: 10712: 10684: 10636:Hyperoodontinae 10630: 10600: 10560: 10363: 10350: 10248: 10182: 10139:Allodelphinidae 10130: 10047: 10030: 9919: 9818: 9693: 9667: 9646: 9567: 9538:Squaloziphiidae 9529: 9499: 9434: 9383: 9133: 9120: 9107: 9069: 9063: 9033: 9016: 8992: 8968: 8854:M. densirostris 8814: 8813: 8811: 8801: 8777: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8736: 8689:(Beaked whales) 8688: 8687: 8685: 8673: 8636: 8590: 8553: 8498: 8452: 8415: 8391: 8340: 8325:N. phocaenoides 8312: 8311: 8309: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8278: 8254: 8217: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8158: 8134: 8128:S. longirostris 8110:S. coeruleoalba 8074: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8015: 7982: 7958: 7934: 7910: 7895:O. brevirostris 7877: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7836: 7828:Dusky dolphin ( 7767: 7743: 7719: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7678: 7654: 7630: 7586:Cephalorhynchus 7573: 7572: 7570: 7558: 7529: 7492: 7486:M. novaeangliae 7468: 7444: 7418:Omura's whale ( 7391:Bryde's whale ( 7342: 7341: 7339: 7337:Balaenopteridae 7327: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7277: 7269:Bowhead whale ( 7240: 7237:(Baleen whales) 7223: 7173: 7166: 7136: 7127: 7125: 7116: 7089: 7085: 7083:Further reading 7080: 7079: 7056:10.2307/3258091 7050:(10): 284–288. 7036: 7032: 6995: 6991: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6919: 6915: 6864: 6860: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6806: 6790: 6786: 6749: 6745: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6677: 6673: 6630: 6621: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6543: 6539: 6532: 6516: 6509: 6464: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6435: 6431: 6386: 6382: 6339: 6335: 6288: 6281: 6244:(1–3): 83–105. 6226: 6222: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6173: 6169: 6154:10.1139/f83-326 6130: 6126: 6083: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6049: 6045: 6010: 5997: 5988: 5986: 5962: 5958: 5943:10.1139/F09-054 5923: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5834: 5830: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5655: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5612: 5608: 5557: 5553: 5502: 5493: 5454: 5450: 5399:) and narwhal ( 5391: 5387: 5322: 5318: 5271: 5267: 5206: 5202: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5071: 5055: 5051: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5020: 5009: 4960:(6): e0198295. 4946: 4942: 4879: 4872: 4829: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4795: 4788: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4734: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4626:10.1139/z82-424 4606: 4599: 4554: 4550: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4460: 4456: 4413: 4409: 4362: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4253: 4244: 4237: 4221: 4217: 4166: 4159: 4112: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4050: 4041: 4031: 4029: 3994: 3990: 3981: 3979: 3972: 3950: 3946: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3825:) and narwhal ( 3817: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3756: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3722: 3713: 3707: 3683: 3674: 3637: 3633: 3620: 3616: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3486:Current Biology 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3418: 3407: 3364: 3360: 3317: 3313: 3266: 3257: 3200: 3196: 3133: 3129: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3039: 3030: 3023: 3007: 2994: 2971:10.2307/3503952 2951: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2921: 2905: 2890: 2847: 2843: 2780: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2719:(3): e1645148. 2697: 2688: 2630: 2626: 2561: 2557: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2457: 2453: 2391: 2387: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2314: 2305: 2298: 2278: 2274: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2234: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2168: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2117: 2116: 2109: 2074: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1965:pounds sterling 1933:Greenland Norse 1901: 1832: 1801: 1793:oil exploration 1789:Seismic surveys 1735:bioaccumulation 1719: 1715: 1711: 1677: 1630:Admiralty Inlet 1626:Somerset Island 1614: 1608:in her system. 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1473: 1452: 1446: 1415:Admiralty Inlet 1394: 1359:) and redfish ( 1325: 1300: 1259: 1203: 1183: 1181:Vestigial teeth 1141:that tusks are 1119: 1071:mottled pattern 1062:than females. 1059:sexual maturity 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1022: 1017: 1008: 999: 990: 981: 972: 962:(Beluga whale) 945: 886: 769: 633:. A later 2020 607: 525:Systema Naturae 516: 339: 330: 324: 311: 288: 199: 191: 174: 163: 159: 152: 120: 118: 117: 116: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12353: 12343: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12275: 12274: 12272: 12271: 12258: 12245: 12232: 12219: 12206: 12193: 12180: 12167: 12154: 12141: 12128: 12115: 12102: 12089: 12076: 12063: 12050: 12037: 12024: 12011: 11998: 11985: 11972: 11959: 11946: 11936: 11923: 11910: 11895: 11879: 11877: 11871: 11870: 11858: 11857: 11845: 11833: 11810: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11798: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11786: 11779: 11772: 11765: 11758: 11751: 11744: 11736: 11734: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11717: 11710: 11703: 11696: 11689: 11681: 11679: 11673: 11672: 11670: 11669: 11662: 11654: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11642: 11631: 11621: 11611: 11604: 11594: 11591:Lagenorhynchus 11587: 11577: 11567: 11557: 11547: 11536: 11530: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11514: 11504: 11494: 11483: 11473: 11466: 11459: 11456:Numataphocoena 11449: 11442: 11432: 11422: 11419:Haborophocoena 11412: 11402: 11391: 11389: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11379: 11372: 11362: 11352: 11349:Delphinapterus 11345: 11335: 11324: 11322: 11309: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11293: 11286: 11283:Stenasodelphis 11276: 11266: 11256: 11246: 11236: 11226: 11216: 11206: 11196: 11184: 11182: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11162: 11152: 11142: 11132: 11122: 11111: 11101: 11094: 11084: 11073: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11061: 11050: 11044: 11039: 11036: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11028: 11018: 11015:Parapontoporia 11008: 11000: 10998: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10988: 10981: 10974: 10967: 10960: 10953: 10946: 10937: 10935: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10922: 10912: 10902: 10899:Pithanodelphis 10892: 10882: 10872: 10862: 10852: 10842: 10832: 10822: 10812: 10802: 10792: 10782: 10772: 10761: 10751: 10746: 10739: 10738: 10726: 10725: 10722: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10702: 10700: 10690: 10689: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10682: 10675: 10668: 10658: 10651: 10640: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10628: 10621: 10610: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10598: 10595:Microberardius 10588: 10581: 10578:Archaeoziphius 10570: 10568: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10558: 10548: 10538: 10528: 10521: 10511: 10501: 10491: 10481: 10471: 10461: 10451: 10441: 10431: 10421: 10411: 10401: 10391: 10381: 10370: 10364: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10348: 10337: 10327: 10317: 10310: 10300: 10289: 10279: 10276:Dilophodelphis 10269: 10258: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10246: 10239: 10232: 10225: 10218: 10211: 10204: 10196: 10194: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10144: 10142: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10128: 10117: 10113:Squalodontidae 10106: 10095: 10085: 10075: 10065: 10054: 10048: 10045:Platanistoidea 10043: 10040: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10028: 10017: 10007: 9997: 9990: 9980: 9970: 9960: 9950: 9940: 9929: 9927: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9906: 9896: 9886: 9876: 9866: 9856: 9846: 9839: 9828: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9816: 9806: 9796: 9786: 9776: 9766: 9756: 9746: 9743:Brygmophyseter 9736: 9726: 9715: 9709: 9695: 9694: 9681: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9663: 9657: 9655: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9637: 9630: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9602: 9595: 9592:Eurhinodelphis 9588: 9580: 9578: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9542: 9540: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9527: 9520: 9512: 9510: 9508:Squalodontidae 9501: 9500: 9498: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9476: 9469: 9462: 9455: 9447: 9445: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9432: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9404: 9396: 9394: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9378:Tangaroasaurus 9371: 9361: 9351: 9348:Sachalinocetus 9341: 9331: 9321: 9311: 9301: 9291: 9281: 9271: 9261: 9251: 9248:Macrodelphinus 9241: 9231: 9221: 9211: 9201: 9191: 9181: 9171: 9168:Archaeodelphis 9161: 9151: 9140: 9134: 9129: 9122: 9121: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9062: 9061: 9054: 9047: 9039: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9010:Z. cavirostris 9004: 9002: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8980: 8978: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8957: 8948: 8939: 8930: 8921: 8912: 8903: 8894: 8885: 8876: 8867: 8858: 8849: 8840: 8831: 8821: 8819: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8789: 8787: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8766: 8756: 8754: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8725: 8716: 8706: 8704: 8693: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8667:P. blainvillei 8661: 8659: 8648: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8634: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8578: 8576: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8547:I. geoffrensis 8542: 8538:I. boliviensis 8533: 8523: 8521: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8487: 8477: 8475: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8440: 8438: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8403: 8401: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8385:P. spinipinnis 8380: 8371: 8362: 8352: 8350: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8329: 8319: 8317: 8298: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8266: 8264: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8246:Beluga whale ( 8242: 8240: 8237:Delphinapterus 8229: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8206: 8197: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8152:S. bredanensis 8146: 8144: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8123: 8114: 8105: 8096: 8086: 8084: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8063: 8054: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8004: 8000:S. fluviatilis 7994: 7992: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7970: 7968: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7946: 7944: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7922: 7920: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7866: 7856: 7854: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7825: 7821:L. obliquidens 7816: 7807: 7798: 7789: 7785:L. albirostris 7779: 7777: 7774:Lagenorhynchus 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7755: 7753: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7708: 7698: 7696: 7692:(Pilot whales) 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7642: 7640: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7619: 7610: 7601: 7597:C. commersonii 7591: 7589: 7578: 7560: 7559: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7456: 7454: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7436:Rice's whale ( 7433: 7424: 7415: 7406: 7397: 7388: 7379: 7375:B. bonaerensis 7370: 7360: 7358: 7347: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7316: 7307: 7297: 7295: 7291:(Right whales) 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7252: 7242: 7241: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7207:Laurasiatheria 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7165: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7142: 7135: 7134: 7114: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7030: 6989: 6960:(3): 240–248. 6940: 6933: 6913: 6878:(1): 211–259. 6858: 6845: 6823: 6804: 6784: 6743: 6716:(1): 159–174. 6696: 6689: 6683:. Zone Books. 6671: 6644:(3): 291–313. 6619: 6564: 6557: 6537: 6530: 6507: 6455: 6429: 6380: 6353:(1): 181–194. 6333: 6279: 6220: 6207: 6167: 6124: 6074: 6043: 5995: 5976:10.1101/059691 5956: 5937:(6): 959–971. 5917: 5881: 5828: 5769: 5743: 5672: 5653: 5633: 5626: 5606: 5585:10.2307/207815 5571:(3): 215–228. 5551: 5516:(1): 149–154. 5491: 5448: 5413:(3): 449–463. 5385: 5316: 5289:(4): 649–665. 5265: 5200: 5173:Sustainability 5159: 5112:(4): 491–502. 5088: 5069: 5049: 5036: 5007: 4940: 4870: 4820: 4786: 4773: 4751: 4732: 4712: 4706: 4678: 4659: 4639: 4597: 4548: 4479: 4473:978-3319982786 4472: 4454: 4407: 4351: 4321: 4314: 4294: 4267:(3): 430–440. 4242: 4235: 4215: 4157: 4099: 4039: 4014:10.7557/3.2838 3988: 3970: 3944: 3892: 3866: 3839:(2): 479–500. 3811: 3785: 3747: 3711: 3705: 3672: 3645:Polar Research 3631: 3614: 3587:Polar Research 3566: 3559: 3539: 3472: 3433:(4): 599–617. 3405: 3358: 3331:(6): 507–513. 3311: 3284:(2): 334–349. 3255: 3218:(4): 889–898. 3194: 3127: 3108:(2): 201–208. 3088: 3057:(4): 866–879. 3028: 3021: 2992: 2938: 2919: 2888: 2861:(2): 323–342. 2841: 2806:(2): 476–484. 2771: 2686: 2624: 2587:(4): 421–439. 2569:, and beluga, 2555: 2520:(2): 314–318. 2484: 2451: 2385: 2358:(3): 258–268. 2335: 2328: 2303: 2296: 2272: 2253: 2246: 2207: 2166: 2149:Linnaeus, Carl 2140: 2107: 2061: 2031: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1900: 1897: 1878:hunting rifles 1868:from handmade 1831: 1828: 1800: 1797: 1767:climate change 1728:whale watching 1708:fish factories 1676: 1673: 1613: 1610: 1602:papillomavirus 1583:Cyamus nodosus 1544:West Greenland 1491:layers in the 1472: 1469: 1445: 1442: 1393: 1390: 1324: 1321: 1299: 1296: 1265:, with a high 1258: 1255: 1202: 1199: 1182: 1179: 1118: 1115: 1048: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 995: 992: 991: 987: 986: 983: 982: 978: 977: 974: 973: 969: 968: 965: 964: 954: 951: 950: 947: 946: 942: 941: 938: 937: 929: 926: 925: 922: 921: 909: 904: 902: 897: 895: 892: 891: 888: 887: 883: 882: 879: 878: 869: 866: 865: 862: 861: 849: 844: 842: 837: 835: 832: 831: 828: 827: 815: 810: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 788: 783: 781: 775: 774: 771: 770: 766: 765: 762: 761: 751: 748: 747: 744: 743: 733: 728: 726: 721: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 699: 694: 684:The following 656:early Pliocene 606: 603: 515: 512: 486:, such as the 377:native to the 355: 354: 350: 349: 341: 340: 331: 320: 319: 313: 312: 305: 303: 299: 298: 281: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 193: 192: 179: 176: 175: 157: 154: 153: 148: 145: 144: 140: 139: 131: 130: 122: 121: 113: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12352: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12268: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12094: 12090: 12086: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11990: 11986: 11982: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11937: 11933: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11915: 11911: 11906: 11900: 11896: 11891: 11885: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11863: 11856: 11846: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11832: 11822: 11821: 11818: 11785: 11784: 11780: 11778: 11777: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11769:Peponocephala 11766: 11764: 11763: 11759: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11750: 11749: 11745: 11743: 11742: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11729: 11723: 11722: 11718: 11716: 11715: 11711: 11709: 11708: 11704: 11702: 11701: 11697: 11695: 11694: 11693:Lagenodelphis 11690: 11688: 11687: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11674: 11668: 11667: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11647: 11640: 11639: 11638:Pterophocaena 11632: 11630: 11629: 11622: 11620: 11619: 11612: 11610: 11609: 11605: 11603: 11602: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11588: 11586: 11585: 11578: 11576: 11575: 11574:Etruridelphis 11568: 11566: 11565: 11558: 11556: 11555: 11548: 11546: 11545: 11538: 11537: 11534: 11531: 11528: 11523: 11513: 11512: 11505: 11503: 11502: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11490:Pterophocaena 11484: 11482: 11481: 11474: 11472: 11471: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11460: 11458: 11457: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11443: 11441: 11440: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11423: 11421: 11420: 11413: 11411: 11410: 11403: 11401: 11400: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11384: 11378: 11377: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11369:Haborodelphis 11363: 11361: 11360: 11353: 11351: 11350: 11346: 11344: 11343: 11336: 11334: 11333: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11310: 11307: 11302: 11292: 11291: 11287: 11285: 11284: 11277: 11275: 11274: 11267: 11265: 11264: 11257: 11255: 11254: 11253:Protophocaena 11247: 11245: 11244: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11227: 11225: 11224: 11223:Piscorhynchus 11217: 11215: 11214: 11213:Brachydelphis 11207: 11205: 11204: 11197: 11194: 11193: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11180:Pontoporiidae 11177: 11171: 11170: 11163: 11161: 11160: 11159:Plicodontinia 11153: 11151: 11150: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11133: 11131: 11130: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11112: 11110: 11109: 11102: 11100: 11099: 11095: 11093: 11092: 11085: 11083: 11082: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11059: 11052: 11051: 11048: 11045: 11042: 11037: 11027: 11026: 11019: 11017: 11016: 11009: 11007: 11006: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10993: 10987: 10986: 10982: 10980: 10979: 10975: 10973: 10972: 10971:Sophianacetus 10968: 10966: 10965: 10961: 10959: 10958: 10954: 10952: 10951: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10942:Belonodelphis 10939: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10927: 10921: 10920: 10913: 10911: 10910: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10893: 10891: 10890: 10883: 10881: 10880: 10879:Odobenocetops 10873: 10871: 10870: 10863: 10861: 10860: 10853: 10851: 10850: 10843: 10841: 10840: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10823: 10821: 10820: 10813: 10811: 10810: 10803: 10801: 10800: 10799:Cammackacetus 10793: 10791: 10790: 10783: 10781: 10780: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10763: 10762: 10759: 10755: 10752: 10749: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10731: 10727: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10681: 10680: 10676: 10674: 10673: 10669: 10667: 10666: 10659: 10657: 10656: 10652: 10650: 10649: 10648:Africanacetus 10642: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10626: 10622: 10620: 10619: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10596: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10582: 10580: 10579: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10563: 10557: 10556: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10539: 10537: 10536: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10492: 10490: 10489: 10482: 10480: 10479: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10462: 10460: 10459: 10452: 10450: 10449: 10442: 10440: 10439: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10422: 10420: 10419: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10408:Chavinziphius 10402: 10400: 10399: 10392: 10390: 10389: 10382: 10380: 10379: 10372: 10371: 10368: 10365: 10362: 10357: 10346: 10345: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10328: 10326: 10325: 10324:Pomatodelphis 10318: 10316: 10315: 10311: 10309: 10308: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10296:Pachyacanthus 10290: 10288: 10287: 10280: 10278: 10277: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10254:Platanistidae 10251: 10245: 10244: 10243:Squalodelphis 10240: 10238: 10237: 10233: 10231: 10230: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10212: 10210: 10209: 10205: 10203: 10202: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10174: 10172: 10171: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10160: 10158: 10157: 10153: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10125: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10096: 10094: 10093: 10086: 10084: 10083: 10076: 10074: 10073: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10056: 10055: 10052: 10049: 10046: 10041: 10026: 10025: 10024:Thalassocetus 10018: 10016: 10015: 10008: 10006: 10005: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9991: 9989: 9988: 9987:Orycterocetus 9981: 9979: 9978: 9971: 9969: 9968: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9957:Diaphorocetus 9951: 9949: 9948: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9914: 9913:Thalassocetus 9907: 9905: 9904: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9887: 9885: 9884: 9877: 9875: 9874: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9814: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9797: 9795: 9794: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9777: 9775: 9774: 9767: 9765: 9764: 9757: 9755: 9754: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9737: 9735: 9734: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9717: 9716: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9707:Physeteroidea 9704: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9686: 9682: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9641:Ziphiodelphis 9638: 9636: 9635: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9624: 9622: 9621: 9620:Schizodelphis 9617: 9615: 9614: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9606:Mycteriacetus 9603: 9601: 9600: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9589: 9587: 9586: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9577: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9555:Squaloziphius 9552: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9521: 9519: 9518: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9502: 9496: 9495: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9482: 9481: 9477: 9475: 9474: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9463: 9461: 9460: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9424: 9423: 9422:Inermorostrum 9419: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9410: 9409: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9372: 9370: 9369: 9362: 9360: 9359: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9322: 9320: 9319: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9302: 9300: 9299: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9282: 9280: 9279: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9242: 9240: 9239: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9218:Enigmatocetus 9212: 9210: 9209: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9182: 9180: 9179: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9142: 9141: 9138: 9135: 9132: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9114: 9110: 9104: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9075: 9072: 9067: 9060: 9055: 9053: 9048: 9046: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9013: 9011: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9001: 9000: 8995: 8989: 8987: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8965: 8963: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8953:M. stejnegeri 8949: 8947: 8945: 8944:M. peruvianus 8940: 8938: 8936: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8881:M. ginkgodens 8877: 8875: 8873: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8845:M. carlhubbsi 8841: 8839: 8837: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8798: 8796: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8785: 8780: 8774: 8772: 8771:H. planifrons 8767: 8765: 8763: 8762:H. ampullatus 8758: 8757: 8755: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8694: 8684: 8680: 8670: 8668: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8646:Pontoporiidae 8643: 8633: 8631: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8600:Platanistidae 8597: 8587: 8585: 8584:L. vexillifer 8580: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8550: 8548: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8505: 8495: 8493: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8449: 8447: 8444:Sperm whale ( 8442: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8412: 8410: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8299: 8289: 8285: 8275: 8273: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8251: 8249: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8214: 8212: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8155: 8153: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8071: 8069: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8059:S. sahulensis 8055: 8053: 8051: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8024: 8023: 8018: 8012: 8010: 8009:S. guianensis 8005: 8003: 8001: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7979: 7977: 7976:P. crassidens 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7953: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7941:Peponocephala 7937: 7931: 7929: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7907: 7905: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7880: 7874: 7872: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7833: 7831: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7750:Lagenodelphis 7746: 7740: 7738: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7651: 7649: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7627: 7625: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7615:C. heavisidii 7611: 7609: 7607: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7579: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7548: 7544: 7526: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7502:Cetotheriidae 7499: 7489: 7487: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7441: 7439: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7348: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7271:B. mysticetus 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7176: 7171: 7163: 7158: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7124: 7123:New Scientist 7120: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6936: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6917: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6848: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6692: 6690:0-942299-91-4 6686: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6558:1-85109-533-0 6554: 6550: 6549: 6541: 6533: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6514: 6512: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6460: 6444: 6443:www.canada.ca 6440: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6295: 6286: 6284: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6233: 6224: 6210: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6137: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6081: 6079: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5676: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5637: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5510:Polar Biology 5507: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5407:Polar Biology 5404: 5402: 5398: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5329: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5278: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5179:(24): 13997. 5178: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5092: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5053: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4875: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4825: 4808: 4804: 4803:New Scientist 4800: 4793: 4791: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4739: 4735: 4733:0-935848-47-9 4729: 4725: 4724: 4716: 4709: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4666: 4662: 4660:2-88032-936-1 4656: 4652: 4651: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4602: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4484: 4475: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4369: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4162: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4119: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4057: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3906: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3815: 3800:. 17 May 2017 3799: 3798:National Post 3795: 3789: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3762: 3754: 3752: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3708: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3626: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3543: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2926: 2922: 2920:0-691-09160-9 2916: 2912: 2911: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2742:11568/1022436 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2633:April 2020). 2628: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2488: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2299: 2297:0-87196-871-1 2293: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2249: 2247:87-7975-299-3 2243: 2239: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2192: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2162: 2158: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1772:site fidelity 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622:IUCN Red List 1619: 1618:least concern 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598:morbillivirus 1595: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1479:A polar bear 1477: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1444:Communication 1441: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1419:Eclipse Sound 1416: 1412: 1411:Baffin Island 1407: 1403: 1399: 1389: 1387: 1384:prey, mostly 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:Hudson Strait 1224: 1220: 1216: 1207: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1191:tooth sockets 1188: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1154:nerve endings 1151: 1150:sensory organ 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1132: 1123: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1060: 1045: 1031: 1012: 1011: 1003: 1002: 994: 993: 985: 984: 976: 975: 967: 966: 963: 961: 960: 953: 952: 949: 948: 940: 939: 936: 934: 928: 927: 924: 923: 920: 919: 918: 908: 907: 901: 900: 894: 893: 890: 889: 881: 880: 877: 876: 875: 868: 867: 864: 863: 860: 859: 858: 848: 847: 841: 840: 834: 833: 830: 829: 826: 825: 824: 814: 813: 807: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 797: 787: 786: 780: 777: 776: 773: 772: 764: 763: 760: 758: 757: 750: 749: 746: 745: 742: 740: 739: 732: 731: 725: 724: 718: 717: 714: 713: 710: 709: 708: 698: 697: 693: 691: 687: 682: 679: 675: 674: 673:Haborodelphis 669: 668: 663: 662: 657: 653: 652: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 564: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 535: 531: 527: 526: 521: 520:Carl Linnaeus 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 476:least concern 472: 470: 466: 462: 461:armhook squid 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 429:Arctic waters 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394: 389: 388: 384: 380: 376: 375:toothed whale 372: 368: 367: 362: 351: 347: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 321: 318: 317:Binomial name 314: 310: 309: 304: 301: 300: 296: 292: 287: 286: 282: 279: 278: 275: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 259: 258: 255: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 208: 203: 198: 194: 188: 182: 177: 171: 166: 165:Least Concern 155: 151: 146: 141: 137: 132: 128: 123: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12320:Monodontidae 11874: 11781: 11774: 11767: 11760: 11753: 11748:Globicephala 11746: 11739: 11719: 11712: 11705: 11698: 11691: 11684: 11666:Lissodelphis 11664: 11657: 11636: 11626: 11616: 11606: 11601:Norisdelphis 11599: 11589: 11582: 11572: 11562: 11552: 11544:Arimidelphis 11542: 11509: 11499: 11488: 11478: 11470:Phocoenoides 11468: 11461: 11454: 11444: 11437: 11427: 11417: 11409:Australithax 11407: 11397: 11375: 11374: 11367: 11357: 11347: 11340: 11330: 11320:Monodontidae 11306:Delphinoidea 11288: 11281: 11271: 11263:Samaydelphis 11261: 11251: 11241: 11231: 11221: 11211: 11201: 11190: 11167: 11157: 11147: 11137: 11127: 11116: 11106: 11096: 11091:Goniodelphis 11089: 11081:Brujadelphis 11079: 11056: 11023: 11013: 11003: 10983: 10976: 10969: 10964:Platysvercus 10962: 10955: 10950:Kampholophos 10948: 10940: 10917: 10907: 10897: 10889:Pictodelphis 10887: 10877: 10869:Miminiacetus 10867: 10857: 10847: 10837: 10827: 10819:Hadrodelphis 10817: 10807: 10797: 10787: 10777: 10767: 10677: 10670: 10663: 10653: 10646: 10623: 10618:Izikoziphius 10616: 10593: 10583: 10576: 10555:Ziphirostrum 10553: 10543: 10535:Tusciziphius 10533: 10523: 10516: 10506: 10496: 10486: 10476: 10468:Messapicetus 10466: 10456: 10446: 10436: 10428:Choneziphius 10426: 10418:Chimuziphius 10416: 10406: 10396: 10386: 10376: 10342: 10332: 10322: 10312: 10305: 10294: 10286:Grimadelphis 10284: 10274: 10266:Araeodelphis 10264: 10241: 10234: 10227: 10220: 10213: 10208:Huaridelphis 10206: 10199: 10177:Zarhinocetus 10175: 10170:Ninjadelphis 10168: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10122: 10111: 10100: 10092:Perditicetus 10090: 10080: 10070: 10060: 10022: 10014:Placoziphius 10012: 10002: 9992: 9985: 9975: 9967:Idiophyseter 9965: 9955: 9945: 9937:Aulophyseter 9935: 9925:Physeteridae 9911: 9901: 9891: 9881: 9871: 9861: 9853:Koristocetus 9851: 9841: 9834: 9813:Zygophyseter 9811: 9801: 9791: 9781: 9771: 9761: 9751: 9741: 9731: 9723:Acrophyseter 9721: 9639: 9632: 9625: 9618: 9613:Phocaenopsis 9611: 9604: 9597: 9590: 9583: 9562:Yaquinacetus 9560: 9553: 9545: 9522: 9515: 9492: 9485: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9457: 9450: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9406: 9401:Albertocetus 9399: 9392:Xenorophidae 9376: 9366: 9356: 9346: 9338:Prosqualodon 9336: 9326: 9316: 9306: 9296: 9286: 9278:Neosqualodon 9276: 9266: 9256: 9246: 9236: 9228:Eoplatanista 9226: 9216: 9206: 9198:Caolodelphis 9196: 9186: 9176: 9166: 9156: 9146: 9101:Infraorder: 9097:Artiodactyla 9009: 8997: 8986:T. shepherdi 8985: 8973: 8962:M. traversii 8961: 8952: 8943: 8934: 8925: 8916: 8907: 8898: 8889: 8880: 8872:M. europaeus 8871: 8862: 8853: 8844: 8835: 8826: 8806: 8795:I. pacificus 8794: 8782: 8770: 8761: 8741: 8729: 8720: 8711: 8699: 8666: 8654: 8629: 8621:P. gangetica 8620: 8608: 8583: 8571: 8546: 8537: 8528: 8516: 8491: 8483:K. breviceps 8482: 8470: 8445: 8433: 8425:Physeteridae 8408: 8398:Phocoenoides 8396: 8384: 8375: 8366: 8358:P. dioptrica 8357: 8345: 8333: 8324: 8304: 8272:M. monoceros 8271: 8269: 8260: 8259: 8247: 8235: 8227:Monodontidae 8211:T. truncatus 8210: 8202:T. erebennus 8201: 8193:T. australis 8192: 8183: 8163: 8151: 8139: 8127: 8119:S. frontalis 8118: 8109: 8100: 8092:S. attenuata 8091: 8079: 8067: 8058: 8049: 8041:S. chinensis 8040: 8020: 8008: 7999: 7987: 7975: 7963: 7951: 7939: 7927: 7915: 7904:O. heinsohni 7903: 7894: 7882: 7870: 7861: 7843:Lissodelphis 7841: 7829: 7820: 7811: 7803:L. australis 7802: 7793: 7784: 7772: 7760: 7748: 7736: 7724: 7712: 7703: 7685:Globicephala 7683: 7672:F. attenuata 7671: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7623: 7614: 7605: 7596: 7584: 7523:C. marginata 7522: 7510: 7485: 7473: 7461: 7460:Gray whale ( 7451:Eschrichtius 7449: 7437: 7428: 7419: 7410: 7409:Blue whale ( 7401: 7392: 7383: 7374: 7365: 7355:Balaenoptera 7353: 7320: 7312:E. glacialis 7311: 7303:E. australis 7302: 7282: 7270: 7258: 7219:Whippomorpha 7213:Artiodactyla 7126:. Retrieved 7122: 7091: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7006: 7002: 6992: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6923: 6916: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6850:, retrieved 6836: 6826: 6816:18 September 6814:. Retrieved 6794: 6787: 6760: 6756: 6746: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6680: 6674: 6641: 6637: 6584:(1): 12–36. 6581: 6577: 6567: 6547: 6540: 6520: 6475: 6471: 6446:. Retrieved 6442: 6432: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6350: 6346: 6336: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6223: 6212:, retrieved 6180: 6170: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6127: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6088: 6065:. Retrieved 6056: 6046: 6021: 6017: 5987:, retrieved 5966: 5959: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5908:. Retrieved 5896: 5884: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5831: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5760:. Retrieved 5746: 5693: 5689: 5684:Orcinus orca 5683: 5675: 5663:. Retrieved 5643: 5636: 5616: 5609: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5513: 5509: 5472:(1): 49–58. 5469: 5465: 5459: 5451: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5319: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5268: 5220:(1): 22141. 5217: 5213: 5203: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5150:. Retrieved 5109: 5105: 5099: 5091: 5079:. Retrieved 5059: 5052: 5041:, retrieved 5027: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4890: 4886: 4840: 4836: 4811:. Retrieved 4802: 4778:, retrieved 4764: 4754: 4742:. Retrieved 4722: 4715: 4687: 4681: 4669:. Retrieved 4649: 4642: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4503:(1): 18678. 4500: 4496: 4463: 4457: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4342:. Retrieved 4333: 4324: 4304: 4297: 4264: 4260: 4225: 4218: 4177: 4173: 4130:(1): 45–57. 4127: 4123: 4117: 4090:. Retrieved 4068:(1): 41–50. 4065: 4061: 4055: 4030:. Retrieved 4005: 4001: 3991: 3980:, retrieved 3961: 3955: 3947: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3895: 3883:. Retrieved 3869: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3802:. Retrieved 3797: 3788: 3776:. Retrieved 3765: 3738:. Retrieved 3729: 3686: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3624: 3617: 3593:(1): 15865. 3590: 3586: 3580: 3549: 3542: 3530:. Retrieved 3489: 3485: 3475: 3463:. Retrieved 3430: 3426: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3197: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3079:. Retrieved 3054: 3050: 3044: 3011: 2965:(127): 1–7. 2962: 2956: 2929:. Retrieved 2909: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2803: 2799: 2794:Delphinoidea 2793: 2789: 2785: 2762:. Retrieved 2716: 2712: 2707:Delphinoidea 2706: 2703:Monodontidae 2702: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2627: 2584: 2580: 2575:Monodontidae 2574: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2504:Monodontidae 2503: 2499: 2496:Delphinoidea 2495: 2487: 2475:. Retrieved 2466:Live Science 2464: 2454: 2403: 2399: 2388: 2355: 2351: 2318: 2282: 2275: 2266: 2256: 2237: 2198:. Retrieved 2160: 2154: 2143: 2131:. Retrieved 2122: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2052:. Retrieved 2043: 2034: 2016: 2009: 1980: 1949: 1918: 1893:twisted knot 1885:Inuit legend 1882: 1833: 1817: 1810: 1777: 1764: 1732: 1697: 1686: 1663:(CITES) and 1655:In the 1972 1654: 1650:Melville Bay 1615: 1612:Conservation 1591: 1581: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1548: 1537: 1521: 1486: 1464:echolocation 1453: 1430: 1423: 1395: 1379: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1326: 1317: 1309: 1284:Davis Strait 1260: 1215:Arctic Ocean 1212: 1201:Distribution 1184: 1136: 1131:canine tooth 1128: 1125:Narwhal tusk 1096: 1079:genital slit 1067:pigmentation 1064: 1055: 957: 956: 931: 915: 911: 873: 872: 871: 855: 851: 821: 817: 794: 790: 779:Monodontidae 754: 753: 736: 735: 705: 701: 690:Monodontidae 689: 683: 671: 665: 659: 649: 647: 631:sister taxon 626: 623:Monodontidae 622: 608: 595:DNA analysis 584: 568:Monodontidae 567: 563:Monodontidae 561: 553: 550:beluga whale 547: 538: 524: 522:in his 1758 517: 473: 426: 398:beluga whale 393:Monodontidae 391: 386: 385: 365: 364: 360: 358: 325: 323: 307: 306: 284: 283: 274:Monodontidae 260:Infraorder: 254:Artiodactyla 36: 12223:SeaLifeBase 12119:NatureServe 12041:iNaturalist 11899:Wikispecies 11855:Marine life 11677:Delphininae 11628:Pliodelphis 11564:Eodelphinus 11527:Delphinidae 11501:Semirostrum 11480:Piscolithax 11446:Neophocaena 11439:Miophocaena 11387:Phocoenidae 11273:Scaldiporia 11203:Auroracetus 11139:Kwanzacetus 10809:Delphinodon 10672:Indopacetus 10566:Berardiinae 10508:Notoziphius 10498:Ninoziphius 10398:Caviziphius 10388:Beneziphius 10236:Phocageneus 10149:Allodelphis 10124:Waipatiidae 10082:Ensidelphis 10004:Physeterula 9903:Scaphokogia 9836:Aprixokogia 9803:Scaldicetus 9793:Rhaphicetus 9783:Miophyseter 9634:Xiphiacetus 9585:Ceterhinops 9517:Eosqualodon 9487:Urkudelphis 9443:Waipatiidae 9415:Echovenator 9368:Sulakocetus 9308:Patriocetus 9288:Olympicetus 9208:Chilcacetus 9188:Ashleycetus 9178:Argyrocetus 9158:Ankylorhiza 8917:M. layardii 8836:M. bowdoini 8784:Indopacetus 8367:P. phocoena 8306:Neophocoena 8294:(Porpoises) 8288:Phocoenidae 7862:L. borealis 7830:L. obscurus 7812:L. cruciger 7606:C. eutropia 7568:Delphinidae 7553:Odontoceti 7462:E. robustus 7429:B. physalus 7427:Fin whale ( 7411:B. musculus 7384:B. borealis 7382:Sei whale ( 7321:E. japonica 7205:Superorder 7199:Infraclass 7128:10 February 6852:13 February 6478:: 187–208. 6306:: 269–278. 6105:: 135–149. 5989:14 February 5852:: 131–139. 5665:18 November 4843:: 163–175. 4813:6 September 4380:: 269–281. 3885:6 September 3740:22 February 3378:(Suppl_1). 3141:BMC Ecology 2508:Delphinidae 2500:Phocoenidae 2406:(1): 7729. 1961:Elizabeth I 1937:Middle East 1889:transformed 1642:Smith Sound 1638:Jones Sound 1551:polar bears 1524:suffocation 1111:slow-twitch 1020:Description 627:Phocoenidae 599:could breed 183:Appendix II 12284:Categories 11290:Pontoporia 11233:Pliopontos 11169:Saurocetes 11149:Meherrinia 11058:Awadelphis 11025:Prolipotes 10957:Kentriodon 10849:Lophocetus 10748:Delphinida 10735:Delphinida 10707:see below↓ 10698:Delphinida 10679:Mesoplodon 10655:Hyperoodon 10545:Xhosacetus 10525:Tasmacetus 10518:Pterocetus 10478:Nazcacetus 10448:Globicetus 10314:Platanista 10201:Furcacetus 10163:Goedertius 10072:Dolgopolis 10062:Aondelphis 9977:Idiorophus 9763:Hoplocetus 9691:Odontoceti 9662:see below↓ 9653:Odontoceti 9627:Vanbreenia 9547:Crisocetus 9429:Xenorophus 9408:Cotylocara 9328:Phococetus 9318:Phoberodon 9258:Microcetus 9148:Agorophius 9131:Odontoceti 9118:Odontoceti 9066:Odontocete 8975:Tasmacetus 8935:M. perrini 8908:M. hotaula 8899:M. hectori 8808:Mesoplodon 8743:Hyperoodon 8730:B. minimus 8721:B. bairdii 8712:B. arnuxii 8656:Pontoporia 8610:Platanista 8184:T. aduncus 8101:S. clymene 8068:S. teuszii 8050:S. plumbea 7952:P. electra 7871:L. peronii 7737:G. griseus 7648:D. delphis 7624:C. hectori 7551:Parvorder 7343:(Rorquals) 7250:Balaenidae 7235:Mysticeti 7233:Parvorder 6214:4 February 6067:24 October 5910:21 January 5789:(7): 937. 5762:23 October 5152:27 January 5081:28 January 4744:28 January 4671:28 January 4344:15 January 4092:20 January 4032:27 January 3982:27 January 3954:"Narwhal: 3532:26 January 3465:24 January 3081:22 January 2931:27 January 2790:Odontoceti 2764:21 January 2705:(Cetacea, 2573:(Cetacea: 2133:14 January 2001:References 1899:Tusk trade 1880:are used. 1824:human arts 1780:Siorapaluk 1572:whale lice 1533:starvation 1489:periosteum 1481:scavenging 1448:See also: 1437:Odontoceti 1231:Baffin Bay 1223:Hudson Bay 1171:Arctic cod 1147:innervated 587:interbreed 580:dorsal fin 453:cuttlefish 445:Arctic cod 402:interbreed 11831:Cetaceans 11776:Pseudorca 11686:Delphinus 11429:Lomacetus 11332:Bohaskaia 11243:Pontistes 11129:Isthminia 10996:Lipotidae 10978:Rudicetus 10909:Tagicetus 10839:Liolithax 10665:Ihlengesi 10606:Ziphiinae 10585:Berardius 10438:Dagonodum 10361:Ziphiidae 10344:Zarhachis 10307:Pebanista 10229:Notocetus 10222:Medocinia 10156:Arktocara 9893:Praekogia 9883:Pliokogia 9863:Nanokogia 9753:Eudelphis 9733:Albicetus 9524:Squalodon 9480:Otekaikea 9459:Ediscetus 9358:Simocetus 9268:Mirocetus 9238:Inticetus 9077:Kingdom: 8827:M. bidens 8701:Berardius 8683:Ziphiidae 8563:Lipotidae 8374:Vaquita ( 8270:Narwhal ( 8248:D. leucas 7965:Pseudorca 7794:L. acutus 7637:Delphinus 7475:Megaptera 7420:B. omurai 7393:B. brydei 7284:Eubalaena 7217:Suborder 7110:643483454 7102:0027-9358 7064:0026-1521 7025:1527-1897 6966:0743-3131 6908:133366872 6900:0305-8719 6779:2571-9408 6738:135259639 6730:0761-3032 6666:162878182 6658:1461-9571 6598:0066-6939 6494:2165-8110 6424:0006-3207 6400:: 50–54. 6375:1867-1624 6328:0171-8630 6266:0048-9697 6198:2268/3680 6162:0706-652X 6119:0106-1054 6038:0004-0843 5951:0706-652X 5868:0177-5103 5805:2076-0817 5783:Pathogens 5720:2046-9063 5593:0016-7428 5546:253807718 5538:1432-2056 5486:0022-2372 5443:246176509 5435:1432-2056 5395:"Beluga ( 5372:0001-4966 5363:1912/2355 5311:0824-0469 5242:2045-2322 5195:2071-1050 5134:0824-0469 4984:1932-6203 4917:1476-4687 4865:0171-8630 4634:0008-4301 4592:2050-3385 4568:(1): 14. 4525:2045-2322 4449:0096-3941 4427:(9): 80. 4402:0171-8630 4289:1095-9289 4202:1051-0761 4152:0824-0469 4082:0008-4301 4022:2309-2491 4008:: 69–86. 3931:1932-8486 3861:0824-0469 3667:0800-0395 3609:1751-8369 3514:0960-9822 3447:1932-8486 3392:0022-0949 3345:1932-8486 3306:0824-0469 3250:0824-0469 3241:1912/4924 3171:1472-6785 3147:(1): 14. 3122:0952-8369 3071:0022-2372 2979:0076-3519 2883:2056-2799 2828:0272-4634 2759:202018525 2751:0272-4634 2663:0962-8452 2601:0021-8782 2542:1055-7903 2428:2045-2322 2380:0824-0469 2263:"Narwhal" 2123:cites.org 1969:privateer 1967:from the 1941:East Asia 1866:harpooned 1858:vitamin C 1724:subsidies 1716:CA$ 4,570 1712:CA$ 6,500 1588:pathogens 1559:ice floes 1540:Disko Bay 1522:Death by 1519:9 years. 1499:from the 1493:lower jaw 1433:menopause 1406:gestation 1398:Courtship 1329:dentition 1257:Migration 1251:85° north 1235:170° east 1187:vestigial 1099:myoglobin 1087:vertebrae 661:Bohaskaia 637:based on 611:porpoises 605:Evolution 530:Old Norse 492:pollution 465:cetaceans 302:Species: 220:Kingdom: 214:Eukaryota 12325:Unicorns 12236:Species+ 12124:2.104228 12111:14300107 12059:11012163 11994:46559339 11939:BioLib: 11884:Wikidata 11762:Orcaella 11721:Tursiops 11714:Stenella 11463:Phocoena 11359:Denebola 11192:Atocetus 11118:Isoninia 11041:Inioidea 10779:Atocetus 10458:Imocetus 10378:Aporotus 9994:Physeter 9824:Kogiidae 9773:Livyatan 9599:Iniopsis 9494:Waipatia 9452:Awamokoa 9091:Mammalia 9085:Chordata 9083:Phylum: 9079:Animalia 8999:Ziphius 8926:M. mirus 8890:M. grayi 8630:P. minor 8492:K. simus 8462:Kogiidae 8435:Physeter 8409:P. dalli 8376:P. sinus 8347:Phocoena 8165:Tursiops 8081:Stenella 7998:Tucuxi ( 7884:Orcaella 7761:L. hosei 7713:G. melas 7438:B. ricei 7402:B. edeni 7201:Eutheria 7195:Mammalia 7189:Chordata 7183:Animalia 7181:Kingdom 6984:33944492 6810:Archived 6757:Heritage 6614:10030083 6606:21847839 6502:38358838 6274:15325143 6061:Archived 5984:89062294 5901:Archived 5876:37410432 5823:37513784 5814:10385039 5756:Archived 5738:22520955 5696:(1): 3. 5659:Archived 5380:17004490 5260:34772963 5146:Archived 5142:85148204 5075:Archived 5002:29897955 4954:PLOS ONE 4935:38480878 4926:10954554 4807:Archived 4738:Archived 4665:Archived 4543:33122802 4338:Archived 4334:noaa.gov 4210:18494365 4086:Archived 4026:Archived 3976:archived 3939:22467529 3879:Archived 3778:31 March 3772:Archived 3734:Archived 3526:Archived 3522:33705717 3459:Archived 3455:24639076 3400:33627459 3353:17516440 3189:18021441 3075:Archived 2925:Archived 2836:55606151 2681:32315590 2619:30033539 2550:10837160 2471:Archived 2446:31221994 2191:Archived 2151:(1758). 2127:Archived 2048:Archived 2044:PBDB.org 1945:Norsemen 1750:, while 1590:include 1586:. Other 1567:Brucella 1456:blowhole 1392:Breeding 1386:flatfish 1382:demersal 1367:wolffish 1272:pack ice 1239:Svalbard 678:Pliocene 667:Denebola 619:dolphins 514:Taxonomy 469:pack ice 433:migrates 333:Linnaeus 291:Linnaeus 270:Family: 244:Mammalia 234:Chordata 230:Phylum: 224:Animalia 210:Domain: 170:IUCN 3.1 18:Narwhals 12262:ZooBank 12163:narwhal 12098:1006445 12033:5220008 11890:Q159426 11843:Mammals 11817:Portals 11755:Grampus 11700:Sotalia 11608:Orcinus 11376:Monodon 11342:Casatia 11069:Iniidae 11005:Lipotes 10769:Albireo 10625:Ziphius 9473:Nihoroa 9466:Nihohae 9103:Cetacea 9095:Order: 9089:Class: 8863:M. eueu 8582:Baiji ( 8573:Lipotes 8508:Iniidae 8261:Monodon 7989:Sotalia 7928:O. orca 7917:Orcinus 7726:Grampus 7512:Caperea 7260:Balaena 7187:Phylum 7172:species 7170:Cetacea 7168:Extant 7072:3258091 6975:7946245 6880:Bibcode 6402:Bibcode 6355:Bibcode 6308:Bibcode 6246:Bibcode 6057:NPR.org 5897:cms.int 5729:3310332 5698:Bibcode 5573:Bibcode 5518:Bibcode 5415:Bibcode 5342:Bibcode 5291:Bibcode 5251:8589986 5222:Bibcode 5114:Bibcode 5043:18 July 4993:5999075 4962:Bibcode 4895:Bibcode 4845:Bibcode 4780:17 July 4570:Bibcode 4534:7596713 4505:Bibcode 4429:Bibcode 4382:Bibcode 4269:Bibcode 4182:Bibcode 4132:Bibcode 3841:Bibcode 3804:17 July 3494:Bibcode 3286:Bibcode 3220:Bibcode 3180:2238733 3149:Bibcode 2987:3503952 2863:Bibcode 2808:Bibcode 2721:Bibcode 2701:"A new 2672:7211449 2610:6131972 2522:Bibcode 2477:20 June 2437:6586676 2408:Bibcode 2360:Bibcode 2288:200–203 2200:10 July 2054:11 July 1995:alchemy 1987:rubella 1983:measles 1929:Vikings 1925:unicorn 1915:, Italy 1862:Qaanaaq 1760:mercury 1748:cadmium 1675:Threats 1620:by the 1371:capelin 1333:sucking 1163:Nunavut 1103:blubber 935:M 1922 591:narluga 534:nárhval 496:hunting 478:by the 437:returns 387:Monodon 371:species 369:) is a 361:narwhal 285:Monodon 280:Genus: 264:Cetacea 250:Order: 240:Class: 185: ( 168: ( 114:↓ 42:Narwhal 12254:137116 12202:306757 12189:137116 12072:180485 12007:MNODNO 11927:ARKive 11741:Feresa 10985:Wimahl 9689:Crown- 9651:Crown- 9298:Papahu 9068:genera 7661:Feresa 7211:Order 7193:Class 7108: 7100: 7070: 7062: 7023: 6982: 6972: 6964: 6931: 6906: 6898: 6843: 6802: 6777: 6736: 6728: 6687: 6664: 6656: 6612: 6604: 6596: 6555: 6528: 6500: 6492: 6448:4 July 6422: 6373: 6326: 6272: 6264: 6205: 6160: 6117: 6036: 6018:Arctic 5982: 5949: 5874: 5866: 5821: 5811: 5803: 5736: 5726: 5718: 5651: 5624: 5601:207815 5599: 5591: 5544: 5536: 5484: 5441: 5433: 5378: 5370: 5309: 5258: 5248: 5240: 5193: 5140: 5132: 5067: 5034: 5000: 4990: 4982: 4933: 4923: 4915: 4887:Nature 4863: 4771: 4730: 4704: 4657: 4632: 4590: 4541: 4531: 4523: 4470: 4447: 4400: 4312: 4287: 4233: 4208: 4200: 4150: 4080: 4020: 3968: 3937: 3929: 3859: 3703: 3665: 3607: 3557: 3520: 3512: 3453: 3445: 3398: 3390: 3351: 3343: 3304: 3248: 3187: 3177: 3169: 3120: 3069: 3019: 2985: 2977: 2917: 2881: 2834: 2826: 2757: 2749: 2679: 2669: 2661: 2617: 2607: 2599: 2548: 2540: 2444: 2434: 2426: 2378: 2326: 2294: 2244: 1909:goblet 1870:kayaks 1849:Muktuk 1844:whales 1785:quotas 1756:copper 1702:muktuk 1600:, and 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1402:mating 1195:palate 1169:small 576:snouts 572:melons 558:extant 459:, and 457:shrimp 414:canine 379:Arctic 12249:WoRMS 12228:69409 12215:64546 12176:20693 12150:40151 12085:13704 12054:IRMNG 12046:41459 12015:EUNIS 11968:446SX 11955:12413 11942:20781 11783:Steno 11707:Sousa 10488:Nenga 9843:Kogia 8472:Kogia 8141:Steno 8022:Sousa 7068:JSTOR 6904:S2CID 6734:S2CID 6662:S2CID 6610:S2CID 5980:S2CID 5904:(PDF) 5893:(PDF) 5597:JSTOR 5542:S2CID 5439:S2CID 5138:S2CID 2983:JSTOR 2832:S2CID 2755:S2CID 2194:(PDF) 2187:(PDF) 1991:magic 1921:horns 1913:Milan 1840:seals 1836:Inuit 1830:Inuit 1720:CA$ 7 1555:orcas 1460:hertz 1426:nurse 1375:skate 1276:leads 1159:Drone 1075:navel 933:IRSNB 615:clade 543:Greek 508:ivory 500:Inuit 441:polar 406:melon 383:genus 187:CITES 181:CITES 12241:8084 12184:OBIS 12158:NOAA 12145:NCBI 12080:IUCN 12067:ITIS 12028:GBIF 12020:8368 12002:EPPO 11950:BOLD 11098:Inia 8518:Inia 7130:2024 7106:OCLC 7098:ISSN 7060:ISSN 7021:ISSN 6980:PMID 6962:ISSN 6929:ISBN 6896:ISSN 6854:2024 6841:ISBN 6818:2023 6800:ISBN 6775:ISSN 6726:ISSN 6685:ISBN 6654:ISSN 6602:PMID 6594:ISSN 6553:ISBN 6526:ISBN 6498:PMID 6490:ISSN 6450:2024 6420:ISSN 6371:ISSN 6324:ISSN 6270:PMID 6262:ISSN 6216:2024 6203:ISBN 6158:ISSN 6115:ISSN 6069:2016 6034:ISSN 5991:2024 5947:ISSN 5912:2024 5872:PMID 5864:ISSN 5819:PMID 5801:ISSN 5764:2016 5734:PMID 5716:ISSN 5667:2020 5649:ISBN 5622:ISBN 5589:ISSN 5534:ISSN 5482:ISSN 5431:ISSN 5376:PMID 5368:ISSN 5307:ISSN 5256:PMID 5238:ISSN 5191:ISSN 5154:2024 5130:ISSN 5083:2024 5065:ISBN 5045:2024 5032:ISBN 4998:PMID 4980:ISSN 4931:PMID 4913:ISSN 4861:ISSN 4815:2016 4782:2024 4769:ISBN 4746:2024 4728:ISBN 4702:ISBN 4673:2024 4655:ISBN 4630:ISSN 4588:ISSN 4539:PMID 4521:ISSN 4468:ISBN 4445:ISSN 4398:ISSN 4346:2009 4310:ISBN 4285:ISSN 4231:ISBN 4206:PMID 4198:ISSN 4148:ISSN 4094:2024 4078:ISSN 4034:2024 4018:ISSN 3984:2024 3966:ISBN 3935:PMID 3927:ISSN 3887:2016 3857:ISSN 3806:2024 3780:2014 3742:2017 3701:ISBN 3663:ISSN 3605:ISSN 3555:ISBN 3534:2024 3518:PMID 3510:ISSN 3467:2024 3451:PMID 3443:ISSN 3396:PMID 3388:ISSN 3349:PMID 3341:ISSN 3302:ISSN 3246:ISSN 3185:PMID 3167:ISSN 3118:ISSN 3083:2024 3067:ISSN 3017:ISBN 2975:ISSN 2933:2024 2915:ISBN 2879:ISSN 2824:ISSN 2766:2024 2747:ISSN 2677:PMID 2659:ISSN 2615:PMID 2597:ISSN 2546:PMID 2538:ISSN 2479:2019 2442:PMID 2424:ISSN 2376:ISSN 2324:ISBN 2292:ISBN 2242:ISBN 2202:2013 2135:2022 2092:2017 2056:2020 1993:and 1985:and 1953:gold 1939:and 1931:and 1876:and 1842:and 1758:and 1752:lead 1746:and 1744:zinc 1689:meat 1648:and 1580:and 1553:and 1501:lens 1400:and 1323:Diet 1280:bays 1245:and 1167:stun 1117:Tusk 1092:drag 1077:and 1065:The 670:and 506:and 504:meat 494:and 443:and 410:tusk 359:The 337:1758 295:1758 53:PreꞒ 12132:NBN 12106:MSW 12093:MDD 11989:EoL 11976:CMS 11963:CoL 11914:ADW 7052:doi 7011:doi 6970:PMC 6888:doi 6876:452 6765:doi 6718:doi 6646:doi 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