468:.) Next, Narses placed much of his cavalry on the immediate sides of the dismounted infantry. Normally the cavalry would have been behind the centre, but they were not meant to aid any of the struggling line. Instead they were used to deliver a surprise attack on the Goths when they became fully enveloped. Narses knew that Totila would take the advantage of attacking the "weak" centre, and therefore allowed Narses to completely destroy the Ostrogothic army. Procopius said that Totila had been "out-generalled by his own folly", because Totila had instructed his troops to only engage with spears, as he thought a quick strike would win the battle.
386:
into two parties, between
Belisarius and Narses. Justinian himself dispatched a letter to Belisarius, stating that "We have not sent our steward Narses to Italy in order to command the army; for we wish Belisarius alone to command the whole army in whatever manner seems to him best, and it is the duty of all of you to follow him in the interest of the state." The division however remained and the city of Milan was to fall victim to the divided command. Narses was recalled to Constantinople, but not in disgrace, as he was allowed to retain some of his barbarian guardsmen.
585:. Narses then retired to Naples. In an apocryphal but often retold story, Sophia sent Narses a golden distaff with the sarcastic message that he was invited to return to the palace and oversee the women's spinning, and Narses is said to have replied that he would spin a thread of which neither she nor Justin would ever find the end. From Naples, Narses supposedly sent word to the Lombards inviting them to invade northern Italy. The historian Dunlap questions whether there was hostility between the empress and Narses.
410:, a cousin of the Emperor, was appointed by Justinian to finish what Belisarius had started a decade before. However, on his way to Italy in 550, Germanus fell ill and "abruptly reached the term of life." Narses was appointed the new commander of the army, given supreme command and returned to Italy where twelve years previously he had been recalled. Many historians believe that Narses was put in command because of his old age, so that he would never be able to rebel successfully against Justinian.
531:: "They (The Franks) in like manner wasted Italy. But with the help of the Lord they too were destroyed by Narses. And all Italy rejoiced." For the next year or two, Narses crossed the countryside, reinstituting Byzantine rule and laying siege to towns that resisted. But as more and more Franks poured over the Alps, Narses regrouped in Rome, and once spring came, marched his army against them. The Franks, led by the two brothers, were pursuing separate routes, but plundering the whole time.
551:
general charge that blasted their ranks, and mowed them down. The Franks were massacred and
Agathias claimed that only five of them escaped from Narses that day. All three of Narses' major victories can be credited to his skillful use of combined tactics involving cavalry and archers to create and exploit disorder in his enemies. Afterwards, in the autumn of 554, the triumphant Narses returned to Rome, possibly to celebrate a formal
472:
They were kept in the rear of the advance, fearing that Narses' horsemen would outflank them from the hill. Finally, Totila's cavalry was pressed backwards onto their own line of infantry, Narses then charged with his own cavalry, which had been held in reserve. The retreat quickly turned into a rout, as the Gothic cavalry rushed right over the infantry, who joined them in the withdrawal.
513:
the Goths, it reinvigorated them to fight for another day. The second day was much like the first, as the Goths charged and fought on foot, involving little to no tactics. Finally, the Goths sent some of their officers to Narses who said they would surrender if they were allowed to leave the country safely. Narses, who received more advice from John, accepted those terms of surrender.
476:
Totila. The body was immediately taken to the village of Caprae where it was hurriedly buried. In the second version, Totila was mortally wounded in the first wave, struck by a bowman who did not even recognize his target. The first is more widely accepted by historians, as later a Gothic woman revealed where Totila was buried and the body was exhumed and positively identified.
47:
374:
very diverse peoples, drawing from many of the surrounding tribes.) Procopius referred to Narses as the eunuch and keeper of the royal treasuries, and described him as "keen and more energetic than would be expected of a eunuch". Narses met with
Belisarius at Firmum where a council of war was held. The council discussed what should happen regarding the
434:, and did not allow free passage. Procopius stated that Narses was "completely bewildered", but John was familiar with that part of Italy and advised him how to continue. Using this advice, Narses was able to reach Ravenna unopposed. Totila may have believed that Narses was going to come from the sea, whence all the previous invasions had come.
492:(the son of Totila, and new Gothic king), a considerable detachment was sent to Campania to take Cumae. Teias followed the example set by Narses on his march into Italy and marched around the Imperial Army. After engaging Narses in small skirmishes for nearly two months, Teias retreated into the mountains. They maneuvered onto
505:
two days and
Procopius described the bravery of King Teias. He first introduced the battle as "a battle of great note," and the heroism displayed by King Teias was not "inferior to any of the heroes of legend." It may be noted that Procopius did not witness any of the battle, and only retold it from the account of others.
365:, the man they were about to declare emperor, was a Green, and that Justinian supported the Blues. Either the money or his words persuaded the Blue faction to support Justinian and turn against Hypatius. Narses himself may have been with the men that dragged Hypatius from the throne on the Imperial Stand.
650:
Armenians were a significant minority within the empire. In the sixth century, Justinian I's
General Narses was Armenian. The emperor Maurice (582–602) may have been Armenian. In the ninth and 10th centuries there were several Armenian emperors, including Leo V, Basil I, Romanos I Lekapenos, and John
450:
Narses sent word to Totila and gave him a chance to either surrender, or give the day in which the battle would take place. Procopius quoted Totila's response, "At the end of eight days let us match our strength." Narses was not fooled by this and preferred the tactical defensive upon meeting Totila,
504:
The Goths suddenly came down the mountain in a compact phalanx, catching the army off guard who were also on foot. The reasons why the Goths attacked horseless is unknown, but the suddenness of the attack seemed to be the reason that Narses fought horseless as well. The ensuing battle was fought for
471:
Totila sent wave after wave of troops, who became so disorganized by the raining arrow storm that by the time they met the dismounted infantrymen they were completely broken. The Gothic infantry never even engaged in actual combat as they hesitated to advance far enough to actually become effective.
459:
Narses' great success at the Battle of
Taginae was to come from the disposition of his forces before the battle began. Narses arrayed his troops in a "crescent shaped" formation with mostly infantry in the middle, flanked by archers. The infantry were in fact dismounted barbarian cavalry, since many
512:
recounts that every time his shield was filled with arrows, he received another from his man-at-arms. Finally when a spear struck his shield, he received another but was struck with a mortal blow. The soldier cut off his head to display to the Goths their king had died, but instead of disheartening
484:
Narses marched to Rome after the Battle of
Taginae and had to conduct a short siege of the city. Narses attacked on one side with a large contingent of archers, while John assaulted another part of the walls. From Rome, Narses would work to remove all of the remaining Ostrogothic forces from Italy.
385:
John owed his thanks to Narses for convincing
Belisarius, and according to Procopius, commented on the relationship between the two men. "And from that time both these men began to regard each other with great suspicion." During the autumn and winter months of 538–39, the Army in Italy was divided
538:, Narses put true heavy infantry in the centre, instead of dismounted cavalry. These were hand picked troops, "Ante-signani", who wore long clad coats of mail that went down to their feet. Highly trained cavalry were on the flanks, armed with everything that the army carried. On the opposing side,
413:
Narses' greatest asset in his newfound position was to have access to the
Emperor's financial resources. With the treasury, Narses was able to amass anywhere between 20,000 and 30,000 troops. Narses also seemed to be well liked by many of the soldiers of fortune, as he had treated them "especially
373:
Narses' involvement and help in suppressing the Nika Riots suddenly found him in charge of a moderately-sized army that would go to Italy to help
Belisarius. The army arrived in June of 538 probably in Ancona and consisted of roughly 7,000 soldiers. (Every army that Narses commanded was made up of
277:
Scholasticus of Myrina described him thus: "He was a man of sound mind, and clever at adapting himself to the times. He was not versed in literature nor practiced in oratory, made up for it by the fertility of his wits," and as "small and of a lean habit, but stronger and more high-spirited than
270:
in AD 530. The year of Narses' birth is unknown; historians have given dates including 478, 479 and 480. The year of his death is also unknown, with dates given between 566 and 574, making him eighty-six to ninety-six years old at his death. His family and lineage is also completely unknown, with
550:
At this point Narses had the cavalry wheel in from the flanks, but without directly engaging the Franks. Instead, he had them unleash an enormous number of arrows into the half-naked barbarians. Finally the Franks became disorganized and their tightly held formations broke down. Narses sounded a
475:
Totila himself was killed at this battle and Procopius gave two versions as to the fate of the Ostrogothic king. The first has Totila initially surviving the battle and fleeing the field of battle with only five of his followers. Asbad, leader of the Gepids, overtook him and drove his spear into
426:
as a naval battle that resembled a battle on land. "There were arrows discharged and fighting at close quarters with sword and spear, just as on a battle field." The Byzantine victory at Sena Gallica was overwhelming, as 36 of the 47 Gothic ships were destroyed, and Gibal, a Gothic admiral, was
389:
After being recalled, Narses seemed to have lost "none of his favour at court, remained the most trusted servant and minister of the Emperor and his consort." For the next twelve years, 539–51, there is little historical reference to Narses and he seemed to work more behind the scenes. In 541,
460:
of the Goths thought that typical infantry was frail and would flee in the face of a charge. Some historians feel there may have been a political motivation by placing the Heruli and Lombards in the centre dismounted, Narses possibly suspecting them of having sympathy or admiration for Totila.
442:
On his way to seek Totila's main army, Narses encountered a small Gothic garrison at the town of Rimini. John, who had previously been in command at Rimini when it was besieged by Gothic forces, again gave advice to Narses on how to proceed. The exact route taken was not precisely indicated by
485:
The next major move that Narses undertook was to capture the treasury of Totila that was held in Cumae. Both Procopius and Agathias wrote of the strength of the fortress at Cumae. Procopius called it, "an exceedingly strong fortress," and Agathias declared it "very well fortified."
382:. Narses commented that he had already been punished for his "insolence" and that if the Goths took Rimini then it could turn the tide of the war. Belisarius and Narses led a column of troops through inland mountainous routes to descend upon Rimini from the northwest.
290:
in Ecclesiastica Historia reported that she would tell him the proper time to attack, and Narses would never engage in battle without her consent. Narses also was reported to be generous to the poor and zealous when it came to restoring churches. He was so devoted to
421:
the Ostrogothic king controlled the sea of eastern Italy and hampered supply ships that set sail for Narses' army. John from Salona led 38 ships and Valerian sailed with 12 to meet Totila's force and bring relief to Ancona. Procopius described the subsequent
542:
describes the Franks as, "Very rude and without cavalry. Their swords were worn on the left leg, and their main weapons were the throwing ax and hooked javelins." The Franks attacked Narses' centre, which was initially pushed back but was reinforced by the
325:'s steward in 530. Narses was a high treasurer who dealt with the emperor's finances and payments from the imperial treasury. He rose through the ranks, became the commander of the emperor's eunuch bodyguard, and eventually became Grand Chamberlain (
463:
On the sides of the crescent, foot-archers were placed, and this enabled them to destroy the Gothic cavalry through enfilading fire. (This disposition of the archers and their effect upon the battle is strikingly parallel to the later
414:
well". Procopius reported that Narses had built an army that in the requirement of men and arms was "worthy of the Roman Empire". The army reflected many of Narses' previous commands, in that most of the troops were barbarians.
451:
as his army would have been larger than that of Totila. The following battle would be Narses' ultimate victory, and would set the estimation of his military talents as not inferior to those of Belisarius.
571:. Narses completed some restoration projects in Italy but was unable to return Rome to its former splendor, though he did repair many of the bridges into the city and rebuild the city's walls.
341:
had, in 422, barred eunuchs from serving as patricians (which meant that the Grand Chamberlain "was not a magistrate, but a 'minister'"), Justinian overturned this law, and so Narses became a
443:
Procopius and has led to confusion on the reconstruction of the coming battles. Procopius referred to the next battle as "Busta Gallorum", but many historians now refer to it as the
430:
There were a number of reasons that Narses' march was very slow. Totila had dispatched various troops to employ delaying tactics and the Franks were enemies of Narses' allies the
574:
Little is known of Narses' last years. Some historians believe he died in 567, while others assert that he died in 574, in which case he may have reached the age of 96.
266:, thus, the commander is incorrectly attributed a relationship with this princely family, to which he had no relation. His first mention in a primary source is by
1540:
Stewart, Michael Edward: "The Andreios Eunuch-Commander Narses: Sign of a Decoupling of Martial Virtues and Hegemonic Masculinity in the early Byzantine Empire?"
563:
For the next twelve years, Narses may have stayed in Italy and "set about to reorganize" its government. Justinian sent Narses a series of new decrees known as "
577:
Legend has it that Narses was recalled to Constantinople for turning the Romans under his rule into virtual slaves, thereby upsetting the new Emperor
417:
Narses was to take more than a year to reach Italy after his appointment, as his entire army made a long march along the coast of the Adriatic Sea.
493:
1660:
697:
Procopius, History of the Wars I. xv. 31. The Loeb Classical Library. Trans. H.B. Dewing. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954) Vol. I 139.
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captured. Historian Archibald R. Lewis pointed out that victory could only come to Narses after Totila's sea dominance was brought to an end.
1650:
1495:
555:; but Agathias, the sole source for the possibility, "does not provide even a rhetorical account of this", and gives no further detail.
1404:
1630:
715:
Scholasticus, Evagrius. Ecclesiastical History. Trans. E. Walford (London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1846) Book iv. 214–215.
724:
Paul the Deacon. History of the Langobards. Trans. William D. Foulke. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1907) 56.
620:, p. 534 (2007). "The new Byzantine commander there , the Armenian eunuch Narses, proved a match for the daring Totila..."
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to take sufficient funds to bribe the Blue Faction's leaders. Narses appealed to their factionalism, reminding them that
1665:
1596:
1517:
564:
1566:
Rance, Philip (2005). "Narses and the Battle of Taginae (Busta Gallorum) 552: Procopius and Sixth Century Warfare".
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Agathias Scholasticus cited by Fauber, L.H. Narses Hammer of the Goths. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990) 15.
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Narses was believed to have helped the Empress Theodora and Antonina (wife of Belisarius) with the overthrow of
358:
525:, led by the brothers Leutharis and Buccillinus, attempted to invade the recently reconquered lands. From the
1526:
Rance, Philip: "Narses and the Battle of Taginae (Busta Gallorum) 552: Procopius and Sixth-Century Warfare."
535:
169:
423:
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of the Grand Chamberlain, remains unknown. When Procopius first mentions Narses, he was serving as Emperor
254:, the eastern part of Armenia that had been given to Persia a little less than 100 years earlier under the
1645:
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1480:
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51:
Man traditionally identified as Narses, from the mosaic depicting Justinian and his entourage in the
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History of the Later Roman Empire. From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian. Vol. II
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303:, than by arms of war." Before accepting supreme command of the army, Narses built a church and
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Finally in 551, Narses was sent back to Italy, where he was to achieve his greatest victories.
52:
1394:
362:
287:
1439:
History of the Later Roman Empire. From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian.
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by nationality. Some sourses mistakenly identify Narses the eunuch with his namesake Narses
1589:
50 Battles That Changed the World: The Conflicts That Most Influenced the Course of History
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W.G. Holmes, The Age of Justinian and Theodora. (London: Gorgias Press, 1905) Vol II 648.
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527:
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How or when Narses arrived in Constantinople, or exactly how he found a footing in the
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Narses was reported to be a very pious man with a special devotion to the Virgin Mary.
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59:. Note also the lack of facial hair and the bloating around the neck characteristic of
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220:
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1233:, Book II. Translated by Joseph D. Frendo. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1975) 36–38.
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119:
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Stewart, Michael Edward: "Breaking Down Barriers: Eunuchs in Italy, 400–625." In:
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Mentioned: Procopius of Caesarea. War with the Persians, Book I, XII, 20 et seq.
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1499:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 241–242.
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The Office of the Grand Chamberlain in the Later Roman and Byzantine Empires.
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wrote that Narses was buried in the presence of the Emperor and Empress in a
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338:
868:
The Office of the Grand Chamberlain in the Later Roman and Byzantine Empires
1552:
1194:. Trans. L.R. Loomis. (Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing, 2006) 164.
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many different stories told about his origins and how he became a eunuch.
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that "he obtained victory more by the supplications he poured forth to
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398:, to recruit troops since he was popular among that barbarian nation.
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DeForest, Dallas, "Agathias on Italy, Italians and the Gothic War."
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Rance, Philip. "Narses and the Battle of Taginae (Busta Gallorum)".
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As parts of the army were sent throughout the country to deal with
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that took place during Justinian's reign. Narses was a Romanized
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I Tzimiskes. Theodora, the wife of Theophilios, was Armenian.
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in Cappadocia, intent upon going there upon his retirement.
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1348:
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Teall, John L.: "The Barbarians in Justinian's Armies."
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Teall, John. "The Barbarians in Justinian's Armies".
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1472:
Greatrex, Geoffrey: "The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal."
1246:. (New York: Cornell University Press, 1953), p. 18.
974:. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951) 25.
831:. (London: Thames & Hudson, rev. ed. 1987) 111.
1451:Croke, Brian: "Jordanes and the Immediate Past."
1607:
1182:Procopius. History. xxxv. 33–35 Vol. V 417–419.
1173:Procopius. History. xxxv. 26–31 Vol. V 415–417.
496:, where they soon faced death from starvation.
1128:Procopius. History. xxxiii. 18–19 Vol. V 395.
1506:Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium
1164:Procopius. History. xxxv. 22–26 Vol. V 413.
234:. He spent most of his life as an important
1434:London: Thames & Hudson, rev. ed. 1987.
1396:The Eunuch in Byzantine History and Society
1000:. (New York: Frederick A Praeger, 1957) 70.
499:
1192:The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis)
972:Naval Power and Trade in the Mediterranean
357:in 532; he was instructed by Justinian or
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1568:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1528:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
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1453:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
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1032:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
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521:After the final defeat of the Goths, the
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1018:Procopius. History. xxix. 8 Vol. V 355.
1009:Procopius. History. xxix. 5 Vol. V 353.
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1591:. Savage, Md: Barnes and Noble Books.
870:. (London: Macmillan Press, 1924) 287.
1565:
1345:. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930) 90.
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508:Teias led the charge towards Narses.
190:
1651:Byzantine people of Armenian descent
1586:
1093:(London: Macmillan Press, 1958) 267.
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1469:New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.
26:For other people named Narses, see
13:
1661:People of the Gothic War (535–554)
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751:
664:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
648:– Scarecrow Press, 2011. p. 199."
646:Historical Dictionary of Byzantium
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378:and with the commander of troops,
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353:Narses had a part in quashing the
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1257:History of the Later Roman Empire
1244:The Art of War In the Middle Ages
238:in the palace of the emperors in
1549:Byzantine Culture in Translation
1474:The Journal of Hellenic Studies.
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1381:Office of the Grand Chamberlain
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1343:The City Walls of Imperial Rome
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1486:"Narses (Roman General)"
1462:London: Macmillan Press, 1924.
1155:Rance. Battle of Taginae. 437.
1119:. xxxii. 33–35 Vol. V 387–389.
1106:. xxxii. 22–28 Vol. V 383–385.
1034:Vol. 54, No. 4 (2005), 424.
709:
700:
691:
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1551:, edited by Amelia Brown and
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614:The Cambridge Ancient History
600:
348:
16:6th-century Byzantine general
1467:Narses: Hammer of the Goths.
547:, who slowed the attackers.
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1631:6th-century Armenian people
1504:Kaldellis, Anthony (2019).
1300:10.1344/EBizantinos2020.8.2
935:. xxvi. 30–31. Vol. V 329.
281:
278:would have been believed."
10:
1682:
1530:. Vol. 54 (2005), 424–472.
1455:. Vol. 54 (2005), 473–494.
1399:. Routledge. p. 157.
805:. xxx. 54 Vol. I 555, 557.
597:monastery founded by him.
581:and his wife, the Empress
454:
331:) and Master of Soldiers (
328:praepositus sacri cubiculi
245:
25:
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1666:Praepositi sacri cubiculi
1427:Berlin: Peter Lang, 2018.
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1537:Vol. 40 (1965), 294–322.
1510:Harvard University Press
1448:London: Routledge, 2011.
1294:8, no. 1 (2020): p. 71.
500:Battle of Mons Lactarius
182:(also sometimes written
165:Battle of Mons Lactarius
19:Not to be confused with
1656:Generals of Justinian I
1496:Encyclopædia Britannica
1476:Vol. 117 (1997), 60–86.
1432:Justinian and Theodora.
1393:Tougher, Shaun (2008).
961:. xxiii. 32 Vol. V 297.
857:. xxii. 4–5 Vol. IV 57.
844:. xviii. 28 Vol. IV 27.
479:
170:Battle of the Volturnus
111:566 or 573 (aged 86/95)
28:Narses (disambiguation)
1636:6th-century Christians
1626:5th-century Christians
1587:Weir, William (2004).
1317:Justinian and Theodora
1067:. xxxii. 7 Vol. V 377.
987:. xxvi. 24 Vol. V 337.
922:. xxvi. 17 Vol. V 333.
883:. xxv. 26 Vol. IV 261.
829:Justinian and Theodora
818:. xviii. 3 Vol. IV 19.
766:Fauber. Narses. 39–40.
742:Fauber. Narses. 17–18.
424:Battle of Sena Gallica
219:in the service of the
53:Basilica of San Vitale
792:. xxv. 26 Vol. I 247.
288:Evagrius Scholasticus
211:; 478–573) was, with
1281:Fauber. Narses. 128.
1146:Fauber, Narses. 101.
970:Lewis, Archibald R.
392:John the Cappadocian
188:Latin pronunciation:
1357:, pp. 241–242.
1292:Estudios Bizantinos
996:Liddell Hart, B.H.
565:pragmatic sanctions
536:Battle of Casilinum
466:Battle of Agincourt
250:Narses was born in
215:, one of the great
1646:Byzantine generals
1465:Fauber, Lawrence:
1458:Dunlap, James E.:
1430:Browning, Robert:
896:. xl. 9 Vol. V 41.
827:Browning, Robert.
528:Liber Pontificalis
256:Peace of Acilisene
192:[ˈnarseːs]
1641:Byzantine eunuchs
1444:Cameron, Averil:
1423:Brodka, Dariusz:
1406:978-1-135-23571-0
1341:Richmond, Ian A.
1054:. Ch. XLIII. 266.
866:Dunlap, James E.
445:Battle of Taginae
438:Battle of Taginae
376:Siege of Ariminum
221:Byzantine Emperor
177:
176:
160:Battle of Taginae
1673:
1602:
1583:
1523:
1500:
1488:
1411:
1410:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1050:Gibbon, Edward.
1048:
1042:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
981:
975:
968:
962:
955:
949:
942:
936:
929:
923:
916:
910:
903:
897:
890:
884:
877:
871:
864:
858:
851:
845:
838:
832:
825:
819:
812:
806:
799:
793:
786:
780:
773:
767:
764:
758:
757:
749:
743:
740:
734:
731:
725:
722:
716:
713:
707:
704:
698:
695:
689:
686:
680:
674:
668:
667:
660:
654:
644:John H. Rosser.
642:
636:
635:
627:
621:
611:
334:magister militum
228:Roman reconquest
210:
202:
194:
189:
127:
120:Byzantine Empire
91:
82:
49:
33:
32:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1562:
1560:Further reading
1544:2 (2015), 1–25.
1520:
1481:Hodgkin, Thomas
1437:Bury, John B.:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1242:Oman, C. W. C.
1241:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
982:
978:
969:
965:
956:
952:
943:
939:
930:
926:
917:
913:
904:
900:
891:
887:
878:
874:
865:
861:
852:
848:
839:
835:
826:
822:
813:
809:
800:
796:
787:
783:
774:
770:
765:
761:
750:
746:
741:
737:
732:
728:
723:
719:
714:
710:
705:
701:
696:
692:
687:
683:
675:
671:
662:
661:
657:
643:
639:
628:
624:
612:
608:
603:
591:John of Ephesus
587:Paul the Deacon
561:
519:
502:
482:
457:
440:
404:
402:Return to Italy
371:
369:Military career
351:
313:
284:
248:
187:
95:
94:
64:
40:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1584:
1574:(4): 424–472.
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1501:
1491:Chisholm, Hugh
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1385:
1372:
1359:
1347:
1334:
1321:
1308:
1283:
1274:
1268:Liddell Hart.
1261:
1248:
1235:
1222:
1209:
1196:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1020:
1011:
1002:
989:
976:
963:
950:
937:
924:
911:
907:The Barbarians
898:
885:
872:
859:
846:
833:
820:
807:
794:
781:
768:
759:
744:
735:
726:
717:
708:
699:
690:
681:
677:Kaldellis 2019
669:
655:
637:
622:
618:Late Antiquity
605:
604:
602:
599:
560:
557:
518:
515:
501:
498:
494:Mons Lactarius
481:
478:
456:
453:
439:
436:
403:
400:
370:
367:
350:
347:
312:
309:
283:
280:
247:
244:
240:Constantinople
175:
174:
173:
172:
167:
162:
150:Nika Rebellion
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
132:Byzantine Army
129:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
83:
73:
72:
70:
66:
65:
50:
42:
41:
36:
21:Narses (comes)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1678:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1600:
1598:0-7607-6609-6
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1519:9780674986510
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1231:The Histories
1226:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1015:
1006:
999:
993:
986:
980:
973:
967:
960:
954:
947:
941:
934:
928:
921:
915:
908:
902:
895:
889:
882:
876:
869:
863:
856:
850:
843:
837:
830:
824:
817:
811:
804:
798:
791:
785:
778:
772:
763:
756:. p. 19.
755:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
685:
679:, p. 59.
678:
673:
665:
659:
652:
647:
641:
633:
626:
619:
615:
610:
606:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
572:
570:
566:
556:
554:
548:
546:
541:
537:
532:
530:
529:
524:
517:Final battles
514:
511:
506:
497:
495:
491:
486:
477:
473:
469:
467:
461:
452:
448:
446:
435:
433:
428:
425:
420:
415:
411:
409:
399:
397:
393:
387:
383:
381:
377:
366:
364:
360:
356:
346:
344:
340:
339:Theodosius II
336:
335:
330:
329:
324:
320:
319:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
279:
276:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
206:
198:
193:
185:
181:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
156:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
130:
124:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
87:
84:
81:Նարսես/Ներսէս
78:
75:
74:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
48:
43:
34:
29:
22:
1588:
1571:
1567:
1553:Bronwen Neil
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1505:
1494:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1418:Bibliography
1395:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1355:Hodgkin 1911
1350:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1291:
1286:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1031:
1014:
1005:
997:
992:
984:
979:
971:
966:
958:
953:
945:
940:
932:
927:
919:
914:
906:
901:
893:
888:
880:
875:
867:
862:
854:
849:
841:
836:
828:
823:
815:
810:
802:
797:
789:
784:
776:
771:
762:
753:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
693:
684:
672:
658:
649:
645:
640:
634:. p. 4.
631:
625:
617:
613:
609:
576:
573:
562:
549:
533:
526:
520:
507:
503:
487:
483:
474:
470:
462:
458:
449:
441:
429:
416:
412:
405:
388:
384:
372:
352:
337:). Although
332:
326:
316:
314:
311:Early career
285:
273:
258:. He was an
249:
183:
179:
178:
152:
146:Battles/wars
1115:Procopius.
1102:Procopius.
1063:Procopius.
983:Procopius.
957:Procopius.
931:Procopius.
918:Procopius.
892:Procopius.
879:Procopius.
853:Procopius.
840:Procopius.
814:Procopius,
801:Procopius.
788:Procopius.
616:, Vol. 14:
559:Final years
323:Justinian I
252:Persarmenia
226:during the
224:Justinian I
69:Native name
1621:573 deaths
1616:478 births
1610:Categories
1383:. 295–299.
1370:. 176–183.
1315:Browning.
1229:Agathias,
601:References
355:Nika riots
349:Nika riots
264:Kamsarakan
213:Belisarius
154:Gothic War
116:Allegiance
103:478 or 480
1535:Speculum.
1306:, 2.10.7
1304:Histories
1076:Liddell.
595:Bithynian
579:Justin II
510:Procopius
343:patrician
305:monastery
268:Procopius
1483:(1911).
1379:Dunlap.
1366:Fauber.
1328:Fauber.
1270:Strategy
1216:Fauber.
1203:Fauber.
1078:Strategy
998:Strategy
948:. 73–74.
944:Fauber.
777:Speculum
752:Fauber.
630:Fauber.
540:Agathias
432:Lombards
408:Germanus
363:Hypatius
359:Theodora
318:officium
282:Religion
275:Agathias
260:Armenian
232:Armenian
217:generals
197:Armenian
126:Service/
77:Armenian
1580:4436789
1493:(ed.).
1117:History
1104:History
1065:History
1040:4436789
985:History
959:History
933:History
920:History
905:Teall.
894:History
881:History
855:History
842:History
816:History
803:History
790:History
553:Triumph
534:At the
455:Tactics
345:, too.
293:prayers
246:Origins
141:General
61:eunuchs
57:Ravenna
1595:
1578:
1516:
1403:
1368:Narses
1332:. 139.
1330:Narses
1319:. 234.
1259:. 280.
1255:Bury.
1220:. 125.
1218:Narses
1207:. 119.
1205:Narses
1089:Bury.
1038:
946:Narses
909:. 304.
754:Narses
632:Narses
583:Sophia
569:Exarch
545:Heruli
523:Franks
419:Totila
396:Heruli
297:vigils
236:eunuch
209:Ναρσής
201:Նարսես
184:Nerses
180:Narses
128:branch
90:Ναρσής
39:Նարսես
37:Narses
1576:JSTOR
1542:Cerae
1489:. In
1272:. 71.
1080:. 71.
1036:JSTOR
490:Teias
205:Greek
86:Greek
1593:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1401:ISBN
480:Rome
380:John
295:and
138:Rank
108:Died
100:Born
1296:doi
301:God
1612::
1572:54
1570:.
1512:.
1508:.
1023:^
447:.
242:.
207::
203:;
199::
195:;
186:;
88::
79::
55:,
1601:.
1582:.
1522:.
1409:.
1298::
666:.
653:"
63:.
30:.
23:.
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