136:. She received her undergraduate degree from the University of Nebraska with majors in English, History, and Philosophy. She received a Ph.D. in English literature. She was a Professor of Renaissance Literature in the Department of English at the University of Iowa for 5 years. She published scholarly articles on John Donne and her first book in the field of Renaissance English literature: John Donne: Conservative Revolutionary.
208:
her pivotal contributions to the social and behavioral sciences, through the integrative study of mind, brain, and behavior, by joining behavioral science with the technologies of neuroscience and neuroimaging in order to understand mental processes such as memory and creativity, and mental illnesses
148:
Early in her career she recognized that negative symptoms and associated cognitive impairments had more debilitating effects than psychotic symptoms, like delusions and hallucinations. While psychotic symptoms represent an exaggeration of normal brain/mind functions, negative symptoms represent a
144:
A serious illness after the birth of her first daughter piqued
Andreasen's interest in medicine and biomedical research, and she decided to change careers to study medicine. She attended medical school at the University of Iowa College of Medicine, graduated in 1970 and completed her psychiatry
265:
She is the mother of two daughters. Suz
Andreasen, who was a jewelry designer who lived in New York City, died from ovarian cancer on November 10, 2010. Robin Andreasen is a professor of Cognitive Science at the University of Delaware. She is married to Captain Terry Gwinn, a retired military
188:
abnormalities in schizophrenia. Andreasen became director of the Iowa Mental Health
Clinical Research Center and the Psychiatric Iowa Neuroimaging Consortium. She leads a multidisciplinary team working on three-dimensional image analysis techniques to integrate multi-modality imaging and on
173:. Andreasen is largely responsible for development of the concept of negative symptoms in schizophrenia, having created the first widely used scales for rating the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. She became one of the world's foremost authorities on
233:. She was elected to serve two terms on the governing council of the latter organization. She chaired two Institute of Medicine/National Academy of Sciences Committees that published influential reports. She served as Editor-in-Chief of the
257:
She has spoken about her experiences of sexism. Early in her career she found that her articles were more likely to be accepted for publication when she used her initials instead of her first name.
561:
Andreasen NC, Nasrallah HA, Dunn VD, Olson SC, Grove WM, Ehrhardt JC, et al. (1986). "Structural abnormalities in the frontal system in schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging study".
189:
developing automated analysis of structural and functional imaging techniques. Software developed by this team is known as BRAINS (Brain
Research: Analysis of Images, Networks, and Systems).
237:
for 13 years. She is past president of the
American Psychopathological Association and the Psychiatric Research Society. She was the founding Chair of the Neuroscience Section of the
4694:
145:
residency in 1973. In 1974, she conducted the first modern empirical study of creativity that recognized some association between creativity and manic-depressive illness.
595:
Magnotta VA, Harris G, Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Yuh WT, Heckel D. Structural MR image processing using the BRAINS2 toolbox. Comput Med
Imaging Graph, 26:251-64, 2002
4724:
899:
238:
4659:
117:
4719:
4709:
4669:
551:
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.; 1994
184:
Andreasen pioneered the application of neuroimaging techniques in major mental illnesses, and published the first quantitative study of
230:
165:, loss of the ability to experience emotions. The papers describing these concepts have become citation classics, as determined by the
4714:
4679:
892:
185:
4654:
4704:
222:
221:, including its Research Prize, the Judd Marmor Award, and the Distinguished Service Award. She was elected a Fellow of the
1157:
872:
789:
Andreasen, NC. Brave New Brain: Conquering Mental
Illness in the Era of the Genome. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001
170:
4684:
758:
4699:
4664:
3477:
885:
17:
181:
and phenomenology by serving on the DSM III and DSM IV Task Forces, chairing the
Schizophrenia Work Group for DSM IV.
4674:
759:
Male
Scientist Writes of Life as Female Scientist: Biologist Who Underwent Sex Change Describes Biases Against Women.
542:
Andreasen NC. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City, Iowa: The University of Iowa; 1983
455:
Andreasen NC (1987). "Creativity and mental illness: prevalence rates in writers and their first-degree relatives".
533:
Andreasen NC. The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS. Iowa City, IA: The University of Iowa; 1984
218:
214:
420:
N. J. C. Andreasen, A. Canter (March–April 1974). "The creative writer: psychiatric symptoms and family history".
4689:
3509:
234:
1122:
410:
Who's Who in American Education. Nancy Coover Andreasen. 8th ed. New Providence: Marquis Who's Who; 2007-2008
3839:
226:
3591:
2377:
1879:
1297:
646:
631:
401:
Andreasen, NC. The Broken Brain: The Biological Revolution in Psychiatry. New York: Harper&Row, 1984
4547:
3811:
1537:
217:
from the Belgian Academy of Science, the Lieber Schizophrenia Research Prize, and many awards from the
2786:
2335:
1220:
908:
606:
201:
71:
877:
4235:
3681:
2804:
2637:
242:
3546:
2260:
1385:
322:
2814:
658:
380:
Who's Who in the World. Nancy Coover Andreasen. 25th ed. New Providence: Marquis Who's Who, 2008
4644:
4534:
4103:
4003:
3990:
3816:
2946:
2920:
2892:
2566:
2440:
2224:
1728:
1680:
1362:
1233:
1015:
166:
353:
Who's Who in America. Nancy Coover Andreasen. 62nd ed. New Providence: Marquis Who's Who, 2008
4594:
3980:
3962:
3862:
3775:
3142:
2587:
1618:
1403:
1215:
1063:
295:
Introductory Textbook of Psychiatry, Fourth Edition by Nancy C. Andreasen and Donald W. Black
4649:
4565:
4529:
4438:
4383:
4282:
4164:
4156:
4126:
3970:
3947:
3826:
3578:
3501:
2768:
2723:
2650:
2548:
2403:
2322:
2229:
1777:
1708:
1598:
1585:
1421:
1279:
1269:
1256:
1251:
642:
628:
Clinton Names A Diverse Group Of Researchers To Receive The 2000 National Medals Of Science
490:
Andreasen NC (Jul 1982). "Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Definition and reliability".
246:
2458:
682:
Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research. Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 2004
8:
4615:
4378:
4370:
4323:
4084:
4031:
4013:
3854:
3757:
3472:
2983:
2970:
2861:
2755:
2676:
2524:
2490:
2445:
2416:
2385:
2299:
2275:
2216:
2028:
1997:
1751:
1603:
1464:
1459:
1444:
1228:
574:
503:
288:
She authored, co-authored, or edited twelve other scholarly books and over 600 articles.
3485:
833:
Andreasen NC. The Creating Brain: the Neuroscience of Genius. New York: Dana Press, 2005
4487:
4305:
4212:
4059:
3985:
3341:
3177:
3110:
3059:
2827:
2750:
2595:
2474:
2453:
2390:
2188:
2023:
1899:
1874:
1856:
1806:
1580:
1565:
1552:
1547:
1524:
1344:
1246:
1055:
816:
121:
691:
PTSD Compensation and Military Service. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007
4560:
4500:
4492:
4456:
4344:
4331:
4287:
4248:
4202:
4179:
4131:
4118:
4069:
4036:
3890:
3821:
3689:
3644:
3467:
3448:
3443:
3378:
3328:
3235:
3134:
3043:
3038:
3006:
2993:
2975:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2910:
2902:
2809:
2796:
2742:
2715:
2710:
2689:
2658:
2574:
2369:
2356:
2317:
2270:
2047:
1966:
1930:
1925:
1884:
1764:
1695:
1570:
1469:
1307:
1284:
1023:
820:
718:
578:
507:
472:
437:
433:
330:
133:
56:
4443:
4388:
4240:
4220:
4169:
4146:
4136:
4051:
3952:
3914:
3885:
3867:
3793:
3765:
3702:
3676:
3657:
3430:
3417:
3386:
3126:
3118:
2951:
2791:
2702:
2579:
2503:
2348:
2327:
2242:
2170:
2104:
1992:
1948:
1935:
1917:
1912:
1738:
1703:
1675:
1670:
1641:
1631:
1608:
1593:
1542:
1439:
1238:
1130:
1031:
962:
852:
808:
710:
570:
499:
464:
429:
627:
4521:
4513:
4508:
4474:
4461:
4451:
4401:
4396:
4362:
4315:
4310:
4258:
4197:
4174:
4026:
4018:
3957:
3924:
3909:
3707:
3620:
3612:
3583:
3517:
3425:
3346:
3086:
3078:
3051:
3030:
3001:
2988:
2832:
2822:
2781:
2763:
2681:
2466:
2304:
2247:
2193:
2070:
2052:
2005:
1974:
1827:
1690:
1685:
1651:
1646:
1514:
1501:
1449:
1416:
1393:
1357:
1114:
983:
762:
701:
Freedman R (2006). "Nancy C. Andreasen, M.D., Ph.D.: Editor Emeritus Perfectus".
113:
93:
4602:
4555:
4469:
4433:
4192:
4184:
4151:
4108:
3919:
3806:
3649:
3596:
3559:
3538:
3404:
3391:
3354:
3333:
3323:
3299:
3280:
3227:
3185:
3102:
2915:
2866:
2837:
2671:
2553:
2529:
2482:
2411:
2343:
2312:
2252:
2211:
2183:
2099:
2091:
1943:
1861:
1785:
1759:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1626:
1557:
1529:
1496:
1488:
1375:
1370:
1320:
1207:
1165:
1098:
1047:
1007:
1002:
975:
943:
204:, America's highest award for scientific achievement. This award was given for
154:
109:
301:
Schizophrenia: From Mind to Molecule (American Psychopathological Association)
4638:
4479:
4297:
4263:
4253:
4113:
4079:
3998:
3942:
3937:
3929:
3877:
3849:
3844:
3798:
3715:
3628:
3554:
3530:
3438:
3248:
3240:
3022:
3014:
2884:
2697:
2663:
2645:
2561:
2516:
2511:
2421:
2265:
2206:
2201:
2175:
2083:
2078:
1984:
1979:
1961:
1953:
1904:
1837:
1832:
1772:
1746:
1426:
1408:
1380:
1312:
1292:
1261:
1149:
1106:
1039:
970:
714:
334:
298:
Understanding mental illness: A layman's guide (Religion and medicine series)
281:"Brave New Brain: Conquering Mental Illness in the Era of the Genome" (2001),
174:
3315:
812:
468:
4607:
4589:
4584:
4414:
4409:
4357:
4292:
4225:
4074:
4041:
4008:
3872:
3783:
3525:
3493:
3359:
3272:
2897:
2874:
2495:
2398:
2060:
2015:
2010:
1889:
1819:
1801:
1793:
1718:
1636:
1506:
1454:
1431:
1349:
1302:
1274:
1071:
873:
Mental Health - Clinical Research Center - Psychiatry Dept - UI Health Care
856:
722:
266:
officer who flew helicopter gunships for 3.5 tours during the Vietnam War.
88:
736:
582:
511:
476:
441:
4542:
4349:
4230:
4207:
4141:
4064:
4046:
3834:
3788:
3770:
3694:
3604:
3256:
3150:
3094:
2773:
2364:
2294:
2234:
2151:
2109:
1894:
1613:
1575:
1398:
1090:
362:
John Donne: Conservative Revolutionary: Princeton University Press, 1967
192:
She resumed research about the neuroscience of creativity in the 2000s.
4336:
3975:
3636:
3412:
3307:
3264:
2879:
2842:
2065:
1866:
1814:
1325:
3399:
3169:
1519:
907:
162:
158:
116:. She currently holds the Andrew H. Woods Chair of Psychiatry at the
3207:
911:
843:
Snyder S (2006). "The creating brain: the neuroscience of genius".
278:"The Broken Brain: The Biological Revolution in Psychiatry" (1983),
178:
60:
245:
and on the Honorary International Editorial Advisory Board of the
776:
150:
161:, loss of the ability to initiate goal-directed activity, and
419:
643:
The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details
560:
604:
524:
This Week's Citation Classic. Current Contents: 48,1993
389:
This Week's Citation Classic. Current Contents:48,1993
213:
She has received numerous other awards, including the
799:
Rutter M (2001). "Clear view of a promising future".
274:
She has written three books for the general public:
153:
the loss of the ability to think and speak fluently,
4695:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
239:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
923:
737:"Honorary International Editorial Advisory Board"
284:"The Creating Brain: The Neuroscience of Genius".
4636:
3208:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
118:Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
774:
323:"Using Imaging to Look at Changes in the Brain"
893:
157:the loss of the ability to express emotions,
489:
454:
397:
395:
376:
374:
372:
370:
368:
292:John Donne: Conservative Revolutionary. 1967
4725:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
605:Lindsey Moon; Ben Kieffer (4 August 2014).
229:(formerly the Institute of Medicine of the
900:
886:
700:
200:In 2000 President Clinton awarded her the
392:
365:
304:Brain Imaging: Applications in Psychiatry
2617:
842:
798:
751:
621:
269:
108:(born November 11, 1938) is an American
1187:
909:United States National Medal of Science
664:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
659:"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A"
607:"What Makes Someone a Creative Genius?"
320:
252:
149:loss of normal functions, for example,
14:
4720:21st-century American women scientists
4637:
598:
4710:21st-century American women academics
4660:University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
3737:
3736:
3206:
2616:
2130:
1186:
922:
881:
223:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
651:
575:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020042006
504:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070020005
171:Institute for Scientific Information
4670:National Medal of Science laureates
186:magnetic resonance imaging of brain
24:
757:Shankar Vedantam, (13 July 2006).
25:
4736:
866:
260:
225:in 2002. She is a member of the
219:American Psychiatric Association
4715:21st-century American academics
836:
827:
792:
783:
768:
729:
694:
685:
676:
636:
589:
554:
545:
536:
527:
518:
483:
321:Dreifus, Claudia (2008-09-15).
4680:American women neuroscientists
448:
413:
404:
383:
356:
347:
314:
235:American Journal of Psychiatry
215:Interbrew-Baillet-Latour Prize
13:
1:
4655:People from Lincoln, Nebraska
2131:
924:Behavioral and social science
308:
127:
4705:American women psychiatrists
434:10.1016/0010-440X(74)90028-5
231:National Academy of Sciences
227:National Academy of Medicine
7:
647:National Science Foundation
632:National Science Foundation
139:
10:
4741:
4685:University of Iowa faculty
3812:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
777:"Meet Dr. Nancy Andreasen"
4700:Schizophrenia researchers
4665:University of Iowa alumni
4574:
4423:
4272:
4093:
3899:
3747:
3743:
3732:
3666:
3568:
3457:
3368:
3289:
3217:
3213:
3202:
3159:
3068:
2960:
2851:
2787:William Hayward Pickering
2732:
2627:
2623:
2612:
2538:
2430:
2284:
2160:
2141:
2137:
2126:
2037:
1846:
1660:
1478:
1334:
1197:
1193:
1182:
1139:
1080:
992:
952:
933:
929:
918:
241:. She is a member of the
202:National Medal of Science
195:
99:
84:
77:
72:National Medal of Science
67:
39:
32:
4675:American neuroscientists
4236:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
3682:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1313:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
775:Nancy Andreasen (2009).
715:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.3
422:Comprehensive Psychiatry
243:Society for Neuroscience
3547:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1465:George Ledyard Stebbins
1386:James Augustine Shannon
813:10.1126/science.1062984
469:10.1176/ajp.144.10.1288
27:American neuroscientist
4690:American psychiatrists
4004:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
3991:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
2947:Harry George Drickamer
2893:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
2567:M. Frederick Hawthorne
2441:John D. Baldeschwieler
1681:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
1363:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
857:10.1056/nejmbkrev39218
211:
209:such as schizophrenia.
167:Science Citation Index
132:Andreasen was born in
106:Nancy Coover Andreasen
34:Nancy Coover Andreasen
4595:Sylvester James Gates
3981:William Alfred Fowler
3963:Robert Rathbun Wilson
3776:Robert Burns Woodward
2588:Geraldine L. Richmond
2336:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1619:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1548:Vernon B. Mountcastle
1404:Sterling B. Hendricks
1221:Marshall W. Nirenberg
1216:Theodosius Dobzhansky
1064:William Julius Wilson
270:Selected bibliography
206:
177:. She contributed to
4566:Warren M. Washington
4530:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
4439:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
4384:Martin Schwarzschild
4165:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
4157:J. Robert Schrieffer
4127:E. Margaret Burbidge
3971:Nicolaas Bloembergen
3948:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
3827:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3579:John Griggs Thompson
3502:Martin David Kruskal
3342:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
2815:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
2769:Ralph Brazelton Peck
2724:Jack St. Clair Kilby
2651:John Robinson Pierce
2618:Engineering sciences
2549:Jacqueline K. Barton
2404:George M. Whitesides
2323:Dudley R. Herschbach
2261:Richard B. Bernstein
2230:Walter H. Stockmayer
1778:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1709:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
1599:Stanley Norman Cohen
1586:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1422:Keith Roberts Porter
1285:Alfred H. Sturtevant
1280:Michael Heidelberger
1252:Fritz Albert Lipmann
253:Experience of sexism
247:Mens Sana Monographs
4616:Shirley Ann Jackson
4535:Charles P. Slichter
4379:Marshall Rosenbluth
4371:Wallace S. Broecker
4324:Eugene M. Shoemaker
4085:Victor F. Weisskopf
4032:Herbert S. Gutowsky
4014:Edgar Bright Wilson
3855:George Kistiakowsky
3473:Stephen Cole Kleene
2984:George H. Heilmeier
2971:Mildred Dresselhaus
2862:Edward H. Heinemann
2792:Frederick E. Terman
2756:Richard T. Whitcomb
2677:Clarence L. Johnson
2638:Theodore von Kármán
2525:Stephen J. Benkovic
2504:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2491:Marvin H. Caruthers
2446:Ralph F. Hirschmann
2386:Darleane C. Hoffman
2276:Harden M. McConnell
2217:Frank H. Westheimer
2029:Stanley B. Prusiner
1993:Robert J. Lefkowitz
1752:Howard Martin Temin
1609:Maurice R. Hilleman
1604:Joseph L. Goldstein
1543:Donald A. Henderson
1460:Earl Reece Stadtman
1445:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1409:Orville Alvin Vogel
1239:Donald D. Van Slyke
1188:Biological sciences
609:. Iowa Public Radio
563:Arch Gen Psychiatry
492:Arch Gen Psychiatry
4488:G. Brent Dalrymple
4306:Arthur L. Schawlow
4213:James A. Van Allen
4104:Philip W. Anderson
4060:Richard P. Feynman
3986:Linus Carl Pauling
3621:Dennis P. Sullivan
3178:John B. Goodenough
3111:Edwin N. Lightfoot
3079:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
3060:Kenneth N. Stevens
2828:Raymond D. Mindlin
2751:Harold E. Edgerton
2596:A. Paul Alivisatos
2475:Stephen J. Lippard
2454:Ernest R. Davidson
2391:Harold S. Johnston
2225:William S. Johnson
2189:George C. Pimentel
2024:Susan L. Lindquist
2006:Francis S. Collins
1900:Victor A. McKusick
1875:Francisco J. Ayala
1857:Nancy C. Andreasen
1807:Robert A. Weinberg
1581:Har Gobind Khorana
1566:Michael E. DeBakey
1553:George Emil Palade
1525:Wendell L. Roelofs
1515:Howard L. Bachrach
1345:Barbara McClintock
1247:Edward F. Knipling
779:. Nancy Andreasen.
569:(136–44): 136–44.
327:The New York Times
155:affective blunting
122:University of Iowa
18:Nancy C. Andreasen
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4561:Esther M. Conwell
4501:Robert N. Clayton
4493:Riccardo Giacconi
4457:Raymond Davis Jr.
4345:Albert Overhauser
4288:Edwin M. McMillan
4249:Arnold O. Beckman
4226:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
4203:Paul C. Lauterbur
4180:Robert Hofstadter
4132:Maurice Goldhaber
4119:Charles H. Townes
4070:Edward M. Purcell
4037:Frederick Rossini
3891:Wolfgang Panofsky
3822:John H. Van Vleck
3738:Physical sciences
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3690:Solomon W. Golomb
3650:Andrew J. Viterbi
3645:Leonard Kleinrock
3592:Calyampudi R. Rao
3560:Ronald R. Coifman
3468:George F. Carrier
3449:Donald C. Spencer
3444:Saunders Mac Lane
3379:Marshall H. Stone
3329:Shiing-Shen Chern
3236:Solomon Lefschetz
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3135:David J. Wineland
3103:John M. Prausnitz
3044:C. Kumar N. Patel
3039:James L. Flanagan
3007:John Roy Whinnery
2994:H. Guyford Stever
2976:Nick Holonyak Jr.
2939:George W. Housner
2934:Willis M. Hawkins
2929:Daniel C. Drucker
2911:Robert Byron Bird
2903:Bernard M. Oliver
2810:Peter C. Goldmark
2797:Wernher von Braun
2743:George E. Mueller
2716:Nathan M. Newmark
2711:J. Presper Eckert
2690:Claude E. Shannon
2659:Charles S. Draper
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2575:Judith P. Klinman
2459:Gábor A. Somorjai
2370:Isabella L. Karle
2357:George S. Hammond
2318:Gertrude B. Elion
2271:Rudolph A. Marcus
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2048:Ralph L. Brinster
1967:Torsten N. Wiesel
1944:Norman E. Borlaug
1931:Solomon H. Snyder
1926:J. Michael Bishop
1885:Mario R. Capecchi
1765:Salome G. Waelsch
1696:E. Donnall Thomas
1571:Theodor O. Diener
1470:Paul Alfred Weiss
1298:Bernard B. Brodie
1234:George G. Simpson
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1123:Michael I. Posner
1024:Eleanor J. Gibson
976:George J. Stigler
944:Neal Elgar Miller
134:Lincoln, Nebraska
114:neuropsychiatrist
103:
102:
79:Scientific career
50:November 11, 1938
16:(Redirected from
4732:
4444:Gilbert F. White
4389:George Wetherill
4283:Allan M. Cormack
4241:Jack Steinberger
4221:D. Allan Bromley
4170:H. Richard Crane
4147:Frederick Reines
4137:Helmut Landsberg
4052:George Uhlenbeck
3953:Vladimir Haensel
3915:Allan R. Sandage
3886:Herbert C. Brown
3868:Herbert Friedman
3794:Leon M. Lederman
3766:Julian Schwinger
3745:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3703:Alexandre Chorin
3677:Richard A. Tapia
3658:David B. Mumford
3486:Alberto Calderón
3431:Joseph B. Keller
3418:Michael Freedman
3387:Herman Goldstine
3241:H. Marston Morse
3215:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3143:Rudolf E. Kálmán
3127:Robert S. Langer
3119:Jan D. Achenbach
2952:Herbert E. Grier
2703:Igor I. Sikorsky
2664:Othmar H. Ammann
2625:
2624:
2614:
2613:
2580:Jerrold Meinwald
2349:Norman Hackerman
2328:Glenn T. Seaborg
2243:William O. Baker
2171:F. Albert Cotton
2139:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2105:Mary-Claire King
1998:Bert W. O'Malley
1954:Thomas E. Starzl
1949:Phillip A. Sharp
1936:Charles Yanofsky
1918:Evelyn M. Witkin
1913:James E. Darnell
1739:Paul C. Zamecnik
1704:Mary Ellen Avery
1676:Herbert W. Boyer
1671:Baruj Benacerraf
1642:Joshua Lederberg
1632:Viktor Hamburger
1594:Michael S. Brown
1440:Robert H. Burris
1195:
1194:
1184:
1183:
1131:Mortimer Mishkin
1056:William K. Estes
1040:Roger N. Shepard
1032:Robert K. Merton
1016:George A. Miller
963:Herbert A. Simon
931:
930:
920:
919:
902:
895:
888:
879:
878:
861:
860:
840:
834:
831:
825:
824:
796:
790:
787:
781:
780:
772:
766:
755:
749:
748:
746:
744:
733:
727:
726:
698:
692:
689:
683:
680:
674:
673:
671:
669:
663:
655:
649:
640:
634:
625:
619:
618:
616:
614:
602:
596:
593:
587:
586:
558:
552:
549:
543:
540:
534:
531:
525:
522:
516:
515:
487:
481:
480:
452:
446:
445:
417:
411:
408:
402:
399:
390:
387:
381:
378:
363:
360:
354:
351:
345:
344:
342:
341:
318:
169:produced by the
53:
49:
47:
30:
29:
21:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4620:
4608:Sean C. Solomon
4570:
4522:Daniel Kleppner
4514:Lonnie Thompson
4509:Ralph A. Alpher
4475:W. Jason Morgan
4462:Charles Keeling
4452:Marvin L. Cohen
4419:
4402:John N. Bahcall
4397:Don L. Anderson
4363:Peter Goldreich
4316:Steven Weinberg
4268:
4198:Walter Elsasser
4175:Herman Feshbach
4089:
4027:Samuel Goudsmit
4019:Chien-Shiung Wu
3958:Frederick Seitz
3925:John A. Wheeler
3910:Robert H. Dicke
3895:
3758:Luis W. Alvarez
3739:
3720:
3708:David Blackwell
3662:
3613:Carl R. de Boor
3584:Karen Uhlenbeck
3564:
3518:Louis Nirenberg
3453:
3426:Ralph E. Gomory
3364:
3360:Donald E. Knuth
3347:Hassler Whitney
3285:
3209:
3190:
3155:
3087:Andreas Acrivos
3064:
3052:Eli Ruckenstein
3031:Hermann A. Haus
3002:Calvin F. Quate
2989:Luna B. Leopold
2956:
2847:
2833:Robert N. Noyce
2823:Emmett N. Leith
2782:Manson Benedict
2764:Rudolf Kompfner
2728:
2682:Warren K. Lewis
2619:
2600:
2534:
2496:Peter B. Dervan
2467:John I. Brauman
2426:
2378:Norman Davidson
2305:John D. Roberts
2280:
2248:Konrad E. Bloch
2194:Richard N. Zare
2156:
2133:
2114:
2071:Sallie Chisholm
2053:Rudolf Jaenisch
2033:
2016:J. Craig Venter
1975:Rita R. Colwell
1842:
1828:David Baltimore
1719:Robert W. Kates
1691:David G. Nathan
1686:Edward B. Lewis
1656:
1652:Harland G. Wood
1647:Roger W. Sperry
1502:Glenn W. Burton
1474:
1450:Arthur Kornberg
1417:Roger Guillemin
1394:Hallowell Davis
1358:Daniel I. Arnon
1350:Albert B. Sabin
1330:
1303:Detlev W. Bronk
1275:Harry F. Harlow
1270:Kenneth S. Cole
1257:William C. Rose
1229:Francis P. Rous
1189:
1170:
1135:
1115:Gordon H. Bower
1076:
1072:Robert M. Solow
988:
984:Milton Friedman
948:
925:
914:
906:
869:
864:
841:
837:
832:
828:
797:
793:
788:
784:
773:
769:
763:Washington Post
756:
752:
742:
740:
735:
734:
730:
703:Am J Psychiatry
699:
695:
690:
686:
681:
677:
667:
665:
661:
657:
656:
652:
641:
637:
626:
622:
612:
610:
603:
599:
594:
590:
559:
555:
550:
546:
541:
537:
532:
528:
523:
519:
488:
484:
463:(10): 1288–92.
457:Am J Psychiatry
453:
449:
418:
414:
409:
405:
400:
393:
388:
384:
379:
366:
361:
357:
352:
348:
339:
337:
319:
315:
311:
272:
263:
255:
198:
142:
130:
94:Neuropsychiatry
92:
63:
54:
51:
45:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4738:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4603:Burton Richter
4600:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4556:Yakir Aharonov
4553:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4470:Richard Garwin
4467:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4434:Willis E. Lamb
4431:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4368:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4193:Philip Abelson
4190:
4187:
4185:Chen-Ning Yang
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4152:Bruno B. Rossi
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:Yoichiro Nambu
4106:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3920:John C. Slater
3917:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3807:Jacob Bjerknes
3804:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3605:James G. Glimm
3602:
3599:
3597:Elias M. Stein
3594:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3539:Shing-Tung Yau
3536:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3405:Antoni Zygmund
3402:
3397:
3394:
3392:Isadore Singer
3389:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3355:Joseph L. Doob
3352:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3334:George Dantzig
3331:
3326:
3324:John W. Backus
3321:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3300:Richard Brauer
3297:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3281:William Feller
3278:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3228:Norbert Wiener
3225:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3186:Thomas Kailath
3183:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2916:H. Bolton Seed
2913:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2867:Donald L. Katz
2864:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2838:Earl R. Parker
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Hugh L. Dryden
2669:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2554:Peter J. Stang
2551:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2530:Marye Anne Fox
2527:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2483:Tobin J. Marks
2480:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:Stuart A. Rice
2409:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2344:Donald J. Cram
2341:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2313:Ronald Breslow
2310:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2253:Elias J. Corey
2250:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2212:Carl S. Marvel
2209:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:Roald Hoffmann
2181:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:Stanley Falkow
2097:
2094:
2092:Rakesh K. Jain
2089:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:Gene E. Likens
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:George F. Bass
1877:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1862:Peter H. Raven
1859:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1786:Alexander Rich
1783:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1760:Daniel Nathans
1757:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1734:Folke K. Skoog
1731:
1726:
1724:Salvador Luria
1721:
1716:
1714:Elvin A. Kabat
1711:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1627:Katherine Esau
1624:
1621:
1616:
1614:Eric R. Kandel
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1558:Joan A. Steitz
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1530:Berta Scharrer
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1497:Seymour Benzer
1494:
1491:
1489:Philip Handler
1486:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Erwin Chargaff
1373:
1371:Britton Chance
1368:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1321:Robert Huebner
1318:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1208:C. B. van Niel
1205:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1166:Albert Bandura
1163:
1160:
1158:Robert Axelrod
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1099:R. Duncan Luce
1096:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1048:Paul Samuelson
1045:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1008:Patrick Suppes
1005:
1003:Leonid Hurwicz
1000:
996:
994:
990:
989:
987:
986:
981:
978:
973:
968:
965:
960:
956:
954:
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
937:
935:
927:
926:
916:
915:
905:
904:
897:
890:
882:
876:
875:
868:
867:External links
865:
863:
862:
835:
826:
791:
782:
767:
750:
739:. Medknow. n.d
728:
693:
684:
675:
650:
635:
620:
597:
588:
553:
544:
535:
526:
517:
498:(7): 784–788.
482:
447:
412:
403:
391:
382:
364:
355:
346:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
286:
285:
282:
279:
271:
268:
262:
259:
254:
251:
197:
194:
141:
138:
129:
126:
110:neuroscientist
101:
100:
97:
96:
86:
82:
81:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
55:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4737:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:Living people
4643:
4642:
4640:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4548:James E. Gunn
4546:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:Edward Witten
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Roger Revelle
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4264:Henry Stommel
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:Eugene Parker
4252:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Edward Teller
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:Lyman Spitzer
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:Hans A. Bethe
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Maurice Ewing
3941:
3939:
3938:Carl Djerassi
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Saul Winstein
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:Eugene Wigner
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Paul Bartlett
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:Louis Hammett
3848:
3846:
3845:Gregory Breit
3843:
3841:
3840:Francis Birch
3838:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3799:William Rubey
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3731:
3717:
3716:Michael Artin
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Bradley Efron
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Felix Browder
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Stephen Smale
3529:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:John McCarthy
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:Samuel Karlin
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Oscar Zariski
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Ray W. Clough
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Alfred Y. Cho
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:John G. Trump
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Edwin H. Land
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Vannevar Bush
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Allen J. Bard
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:JoAnne Stubbe
2515:
2513:
2512:Joanna Fowler
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2422:Susan Solomon
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Melvin Calvin
2264:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Yuan Tseh Lee
2205:
2203:
2202:Harry B. Gray
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:Gilbert Stork
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:Bruce Alberts
2082:
2080:
2079:May Berenbaum
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Lubert Stryer
1983:
1981:
1980:Nina Fedoroff
1978:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:Anthony Fauci
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Harold Varmus
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1838:Lynn Margulis
1836:
1834:
1833:Jared Diamond
1831:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:Thomas Eisner
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Maxine Singer
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Paul A. Marks
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:Stanley Cohen
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Efraim Racker
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:James V. Neel
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Horace Barker
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Sewall Wright
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:Anne Treisman
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Kenneth Arrow
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
991:
985:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
971:Anne Anastasi
969:
966:
964:
961:
958:
957:
955:
951:
945:
942:
939:
938:
936:
932:
928:
921:
917:
913:
910:
903:
898:
896:
891:
889:
884:
883:
880:
874:
871:
870:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
830:
822:
818:
814:
810:
807:(5541): 312.
806:
802:
795:
786:
778:
771:
765:
764:
760:
754:
738:
732:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
697:
688:
679:
660:
654:
648:
644:
639:
633:
629:
624:
608:
601:
592:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
548:
539:
530:
521:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
486:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:(2): 123–31.
427:
423:
416:
407:
398:
396:
386:
377:
375:
373:
371:
369:
359:
350:
336:
332:
328:
324:
317:
313:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
290:
289:
283:
280:
277:
276:
275:
267:
261:Personal life
258:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
210:
205:
203:
193:
190:
187:
182:
180:
176:
175:schizophrenia
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
146:
137:
135:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
98:
95:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:(age 85)
42:
38:
31:
19:
4590:Sandra Faber
4585:Sidney Drell
4415:Leo Kadanoff
4410:James Cronin
4358:Hans Dehmelt
4293:Robert Pound
4259:Robert Sharp
4075:John Sinfelt
4042:Verner Suomi
4009:Lewis Sarett
3873:Lars Onsager
3817:Henry Eyring
3784:John Bardeen
3526:Richard Karp
3494:Allen Newell
3273:Jerzy Neyman
2898:Tung-Yen Lin
2875:Bill Hewlett
2805:Morris Cohen
2399:John W. Cahn
2300:Karl Folkers
2061:Lucy Shapiro
2011:Elaine Fuchs
1890:Ann Graybiel
1820:Janet Rowley
1802:James Watson
1794:Ruth Patrick
1637:Philip Leder
1507:Mildred Cohn
1455:Severo Ochoa
1432:E. O. Wilson
848:
844:
838:
829:
804:
800:
794:
785:
770:
761:
753:
741:. Retrieved
731:
706:
702:
696:
687:
678:
666:. Retrieved
653:
638:
623:
611:. Retrieved
600:
591:
566:
562:
556:
547:
538:
529:
520:
495:
491:
485:
460:
456:
450:
425:
421:
415:
406:
385:
358:
349:
338:. Retrieved
326:
316:
287:
273:
264:
256:
212:
207:
199:
191:
183:
147:
143:
131:
105:
104:
89:Neuroscience
78:
4650:1938 births
4543:Berni Alder
4350:Frank Press
4231:Walter Kohn
4208:George Pake
4142:Walter Munk
4065:Herman Mark
4047:Henry Taube
3835:Jesse Beams
3789:Peter Debye
3771:Harold Urey
3695:Barry Mazur
3257:John Milnor
3151:Amnon Yariv
3095:Leo Beranek
2921:Ernst Weber
2774:Abel Wolman
2365:Thomas Cech
2295:Elkan Blout
2235:Max Tishler
2152:Roger Adams
2110:Simon Levin
1576:Harry Eagle
1399:Paul Gyorgy
1091:Gary Becker
851:: 1539–40.
743:24 November
613:25 November
4639:Categories
4337:Vera Rubin
3976:Paul Flory
3637:Hyman Bass
3510:John Cocke
3413:Raoul Bott
3316:Kurt Gödel
3308:John Tukey
3265:Paul Cohen
2880:George Low
2843:Simon Ramo
2066:Leroy Hood
1867:Carl Woese
1815:Bruce Ames
1326:Ernst Mayr
709:(1): 3–4.
340:2021-07-09
309:References
128:Early life
46:1938-11-11
4332:Val Fitch
3400:Peter Lax
3170:Shu Chien
2417:John Ross
2132:Chemistry
1520:Paul Berg
912:laureates
821:142086234
335:0362-4331
163:anhedonia
159:avolition
4311:Ed Stone
1308:Jay Lush
723:16390878
668:18 April
179:nosology
140:Clinical
61:Nebraska
801:Science
583:3947208
512:7165477
477:3499088
442:4822820
120:at the
57:Lincoln
819:
721:
581:
510:
475:
440:
333:
196:Honors
151:alogia
85:Fields
68:Awards
4575:2010s
4424:2000s
4273:1990s
4094:1980s
3900:1970s
3748:1960s
3667:2010s
3569:2000s
3458:1990s
3369:1980s
3290:1970s
3218:1960s
3160:2010s
3069:2000s
2961:1990s
2852:1980s
2733:1970s
2628:1960s
2539:2010s
2431:2000s
2285:1990s
2161:1980s
2142:1960s
2038:2010s
1847:2000s
1661:1990s
1479:1980s
1335:1970s
1198:1960s
1140:2010s
1081:2000s
993:1990s
953:1980s
934:1960s
817:S2CID
662:(PDF)
4612:2014
4599:2012
4581:2011
4552:2009
4539:2008
4526:2007
4518:2006
4505:2005
4497:2004
4484:2003
4466:2002
4448:2001
4430:2000
4406:1999
4393:1998
4375:1997
4367:1996
4354:1995
4341:1994
4328:1993
4320:1992
4302:1991
4279:1990
4245:1989
4217:1988
4189:1987
4161:1986
4123:1983
4100:1982
4056:1979
4023:1976
3995:1975
3967:1974
3934:1973
3906:1970
3882:1969
3859:1968
3831:1967
3803:1966
3780:1965
3762:1964
3754:1963
3712:2013
3699:2012
3686:2011
3673:2010
3654:2009
3641:2007
3633:2006
3625:2005
3617:2004
3609:2003
3601:2002
3588:2001
3575:2000
3551:1999
3543:1998
3535:1997
3522:1996
3514:1995
3506:1994
3498:1993
3490:1992
3482:1991
3464:1990
3435:1989
3422:1988
3409:1987
3396:1986
3383:1983
3375:1982
3351:1979
3338:1976
3320:1975
3312:1974
3304:1973
3296:1970
3277:1969
3269:1968
3261:1967
3253:1966
3245:1965
3232:1964
3224:1963
3182:2012
3174:2011
3166:2010
3147:2009
3139:2008
3131:2007
3123:2006
3115:2005
3107:2004
3099:2003
3091:2002
3083:2001
3075:2000
3056:1999
3048:1998
3035:1996
3027:1995
3019:1994
3011:1993
2998:1992
2980:1991
2967:1990
2943:1989
2925:1988
2907:1987
2889:1986
2871:1983
2858:1982
2819:1979
2801:1976
2778:1975
2760:1974
2747:1973
2739:1970
2720:1969
2707:1968
2694:1967
2686:1966
2668:1965
2655:1964
2642:1963
2634:1962
2592:2014
2584:2013
2571:2012
2558:2011
2545:2010
2521:2009
2508:2008
2500:2007
2487:2006
2479:2005
2471:2004
2463:2002
2450:2001
2437:2000
2408:1999
2395:1998
2382:1997
2374:1996
2361:1995
2353:1994
2340:1993
2332:1992
2309:1991
2291:1990
2257:1989
2239:1988
2221:1987
2198:1986
2180:1983
2167:1982
2148:1964
2096:2014
2088:2013
2075:2012
2057:2011
2044:2010
2020:2009
2002:2008
1989:2007
1971:2006
1958:2005
1940:2004
1922:2003
1909:2002
1871:2001
1853:2000
1824:1999
1811:1998
1798:1997
1790:1996
1782:1995
1769:1994
1756:1993
1743:1992
1700:1991
1667:1990
1623:1989
1590:1988
1562:1987
1534:1986
1511:1983
1493:1982
1485:1981
1436:1979
1413:1976
1390:1975
1367:1974
1354:1973
1341:1970
1317:1969
1289:1968
1266:1967
1243:1966
1225:1965
1212:1964
1204:1963
1162:2015
1154:2014
1146:2011
1127:2009
1119:2008
1111:2005
1103:2004
1095:2003
1087:2000
1068:1999
1060:1998
1052:1997
1044:1996
1036:1995
1028:1994
1020:1992
1012:1991
999:1990
980:1988
967:1987
959:1986
940:1964
845:NEJM
745:2014
719:PMID
670:2011
615:2014
579:PMID
508:PMID
473:PMID
438:PMID
331:ISSN
112:and
40:Born
853:doi
849:354
809:doi
805:294
711:doi
707:163
571:doi
500:doi
465:doi
461:144
430:doi
4641::
847:.
815:.
803:.
717:.
705:.
645:,
630:,
577:.
567:43
565:.
506:.
496:39
494:.
471:.
459:.
436:.
426:15
424:.
394:^
367:^
329:.
325:.
249:.
124:.
91:,
59:,
48:)
901:e
894:t
887:v
859:.
855::
823:.
811::
747:.
725:.
713::
672:.
617:.
585:.
573::
514:.
502::
479:.
467::
444:.
432::
343:.
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.