296:. Although five domains are usually used to classify negative symptoms, factor analysis of questionnaires yield two factors, with one including deficits in pleasure and motivation. People with schizophrenia retrospectively report experiencing fewer positive emotions than healthy individuals. However, "liking" or consummatory pleasure, is intact in people with schizophrenia, as they report experiencing the same degree of positive affect when presented with rewarding stimuli. Neuroimaging studies support this behavioral observation, as most studies report intact responses in the reward system (i.e. ventral striatum, VTA) to simple rewards. However, studies on monetary rewards sometimes report reduced responsiveness. More consistent reductions are observed with regard to emotional response during reward anticipation, which is reflected in a reduced responsiveness of both cortical and subcortical components of the reward system. Schizophrenia is associated with reduced positive prediction errors (a normal pattern of response to an unexpected reward), which a few studies have demonstrated to be correlated with negative symptoms. People with schizophrenia demonstrate impairment in reinforcement learnings tasks only when the task requires explicit learning, or is sufficiently complex. Implicit reinforcement learning, on the other hand, is relatively intact. These deficits may be related to dysfunction in the ACC, OFC and dlPFC leading to abnormal representation of reward and goals.
652:
has yet to be determined what the exact relationship between social anhedonia and social anxiety is, and if one potentiates the other. Individuals with social anhedonia may display increased stress reactivity, meaning that they feel more overwhelmed or helpless in response to a stressful event compared to control subjects who experience the same type of stressor. This dysfunctional stress reactivity may correlate with hedonic capacity, providing a potential explanation for the increased anxiety symptoms experienced in people with social anhedonia. In an attempt to separate out social anhedonia from social anxiety, the
Revised Social Anhedonia Scale didn't include items that potentially targeted social anxiety. However, more research must be conducted on the underlying mechanisms through which social anhedonia overlaps and interacts with social anxiety. The efforts of the "social processes"
241:. Neuroimaging studies in humans have reported that deficits in consummatory aspects of reward are associated with abnormalities in the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex, while deficits in anticipatory aspects of reward are related to abnormalities in hippocampal, dorsal ACC and prefrontal regions. These abnormalities are generally consistent with animal models, except for inconsistent findings with regard to the OFC. This inconsistency may be related to the difficulty in imaging the OFC due to its anatomical location, or the small number of studies performed on anhedonia; a number of studies have reported reduced activity in the OFC in schizophrenia and major depression, as well as a direct relationship between reduced activity and anhedonia. Researchers theorize that anhedonia may result from the breakdown in the
198:
incentive salience) to engage with reward, as well as the positive emotions associated with anticipating a reward. "Liking", on the other hand, is associated with the pleasure derived from consuming a reward. The consciousness of reward-related processes has also been used to categorize reward in the context of anhedonia, as studies comparing implicit behavior versus explicit self-reports demonstrate a dissociation of the two. Learning has also been proposed as an independent facet of reward that may be impaired in conditions associated with anhedonia, but empirical evidence dissociating learning from either "liking" or "wanting" is lacking.
280:; therefore, individuals experiencing this symptom can be diagnosed with depression, even in the absence of low/depressed mood. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) describes a "lack of interest or pleasure", but these can be difficult to discern given that people tend to become less interested in things which do not give them pleasure. The DSM criterion of weight loss is probably related, and many individuals with this symptom describe a lack of enjoyment of food. They can portray any of the non-psychotic symptoms and signs of depression.
680:. Social anhedonia is a dimension of both negative and positive schizotypy. It involves social and interpersonal deficits, but is also associated with cognitive slippage and disorganized speech, both of which fall into the category of positive schizotypy. Not all people with schizophrenia display social anhedonia and likewise, people who have social anhedonia may never be diagnosed with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder if they do not have the positive and cognitive symptoms that are most frequently associated with most schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
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and social deficits seen in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. On average, males with schizophrenia are diagnosed at a younger age, have more severe symptoms, worse treatment prognosis, and a decrease in overall quality of life compared to females with the disorder. These results, coupled with the sex difference seen in social anhedonia, outline the necessity for research on genetic and hormonal characteristics that differ between males and females, and that may increase risk or resilience for mental illnesses such as schizophrenia.
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social anhedonia. Blanchard, Horan, and Brown demonstrated that, although both the depression and the schizophrenia patient groups can look very similar in terms of social anhedonia cross-sectionally, over time as individuals with depression experience symptom remission, they show fewer signs of social anhedonia, while individuals with schizophrenia do not. Blanchard and colleagues (2011) found individuals with social anhedonia also had elevated rates of lifetime mood disorders including depression and
43:
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Social support may also play a valuable role in the treatment of social anhedonia. Blanchard et al. found that a greater number of social supports, as well as a greater perceived social support network, were related to fewer schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms and to better general functioning within the social anhedonia group. So far, no medicine has been developed to specifically target anhedonia.
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Researchers studying the neurobiology of social anhedonia posit that this trait may be linked to dysfunction of reward-related systems in the brain. This circuitry is critical for the sensation of pleasure, the computation of reward benefits and costs, determination of the effort required to obtain a
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In the general population, males score higher than females on measures of social anhedonia. This sex difference is stable throughout time (from adolescence into adulthood) and is also seen in people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. These results may reflect a more broad pattern of interpersonal
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Social anhedonia is observed in both depression and schizophrenia. However, social anhedonia is a state related to the depressive episode and the other is a trait related to the personality construct associated with schizophrenia. These individuals both tend to score highly on self-report measures of
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of psychotic disorders. First-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia show elevated levels of social anhedonia, higher baseline scores of social anhedonia are associated with later development of schizophrenia. These findings provide support for the conjecture that it represents a genetic
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as the reduced ability to experience pleasure, it has been used to refer to deficits in multiple facets of reward. Re-conceptualizations of anhedonia highlight the independence of "wanting" and "liking". "Wanting" is a component of anticipatory positive affect, mediating both the motivation (i.e.
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that is associated with an increase in characteristics of social anhedonia. They also identified a DISC1 allele associated with decreased characteristics of social anhedonia, that was found to be preferentially expressed in women. More research needs to be conducted, but social anhedonia may be an
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There is no validated treatment for social anhedonia. Future research should focus on genetic and environmental risk factors to home in on specific brain regions and neurotransmitters that may be implicated in social anhedonia's cause and could be targeted with medication or behavioral treatments.
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As mentioned above, social anxiety and social anhedonia differ in important ways. However, social anhedonia and social anxiety are also often comorbid. People with social anhedonia may display increased social anxiety and be at increased risk for social phobias and generalized anxiety disorder. It
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Additionally, elevated levels of social anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia have been linked to poorer social functioning. Socially anhedonic individuals perform worse on a number of neuropsychological tests than non-anhedonic participants, and show similar physiological abnormalities seen in
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While PTSD is associated with reduced motivation, part of the anticipatory "wanting", it is also associated with elevated sensation seeking, and no deficits in physiological arousal, or self reported pleasure to positive stimuli. PTSD is also associated with blunted affect, which may be due to the
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Social anhedonia may be a valid predictor of future schizophrenia-spectrum disorders; young adults with social anhedonia perform in a similar direction to schizophrenia patients in tests of cognition and social behavior, showing potential predictive validity. Social anhedonia usually manifests in
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function, including reduced motivation or ability to experience pleasure. While earlier definitions emphasized the inability to experience pleasure, anhedonia is currently used by researchers to refer to reduced motivation, reduced anticipatory pleasure (wanting), reduced consummatory pleasure
179:(DSM-5), anhedonia is a component of depressive disorders, substance-related disorders, psychotic disorders, and personality disorders, where it is defined by either a reduced ability to experience pleasure, or a diminished interest in engaging in previously pleasurable activities. While the
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adolescence, possibly because of a combination of the occurrence of critical neuronal development and synaptic pruning of brain regions important for social behavior and environmental changes, when adolescents are in the process of becoming individuals and gaining more independence.
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However, there are two components to the positive affect experienced in rewarding situations - anticipatory positive affect (APA) and cunsummatory positive affect (CPA)...Berridge and
Robinson describe these constructs as 'wanting' and 'liking',
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Social anhedonia is defined as a disinterest in social contact and a lack of pleasure in social situations, and is characterized by social withdrawal. This characteristic typically manifests as an indifference to other people. In contrast to
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Laurent A, Biloa-Tang M, Bougerol T, Duly D, Anchisi AM, Bosson JL, et al. (December 2000). "Executive/attentional performance and measures of schizotypy in patients with schizophrenia and in their nonpsychotic first-degree relatives".
603:. Loren and Jean Chapman further distinguished between two types of anhedonia: physical anhedonia, or a deficit in the ability to experience physical pleasure, and social, or a deficit in the ability to experience interpersonal pleasure.
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Umesh S, Nizamie SH, Goyal N, Tikka S, Bose S (June 2018). "Social anhedonia and gamma band abnormalities as a composite/multivariate endophenotype for schizophrenia: a dense array EEG study: Multivariate endophenotype: schizophrenia".
816:
Recent studies have found people who do not have any issue processing musical tones or beat, yet receive no pleasure from listening to music. Specific musical anhedonia is distinct from melophobia, the fear of music.
599:. In 1962, Meehl furthered Rado's theory through the introduction of the concept of schizotaxia, a genetically driven neural integrative defect thought to give rise to the personality type of
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579:, who characterized a patient with schizophrenia as indifferent to "those objects and pursuits which formerly proved sources of delight and instruction". The concept was formally coined by
213:
Studies in clinical populations, healthy populations, and animal models have implicated a number of neurobiological substrates in anhedonia. Regions implicated in anhedonia include the
595:
postulated that schizotypes, or individuals with the schizophrenic phenotype, have two key genetic deficits, one related to the ability to feel pleasure (anhedonia) and one related to
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252:. Anhedonia can be characterised as "impaired ability to pursue, experience and/or learn about pleasure, which is often, but not always accessible to conscious awareness".
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205:. In PTSD patients, scales measuring these symptoms correlate strongly with scales that measure more traditional aspects of anhedonia, supporting this association.
201:
Anhedonia has also been used to refer to "affective blunting", "restricted range of affect", "emotional numbing", and "flat affect", particularly in the context of
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Blanchard JJ, Horan WP, Brown SA (August 2001). "Diagnostic differences in social anhedonia: a longitudinal study of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder".
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are closely related. In akinetic mutism, a stroke or other lesion to the anterior cingulate cortex causes reduction in movement (akinetic) and speech (mutism).
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794:, and OFC mediate the hedonic perception of rewards. Activity in the PFC and ventral striatum have been found to be decreased in anhedonic individuals with
766:
pleasant stimulus, deciding to obtain that stimulus, and increasing motivation to obtain the stimulus. In particular, the ventral striatum and areas of the
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Garfield JB, Lubman DI, Yücel M (January 2014). "Anhedonia in substance use disorders: a systematic review of its nature, course and clinical correlates".
185:(ICD-10) does not explicitly mention anhedonia, the depressive symptom analogous to anhedonia as described in the DSM-5 is a loss of interest or pleasure.
1355:
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341:, with rates between 7%–45% being reported. Whether or not anhedonia is related to the high rates of depression in Parkinson's disease is unknown.
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744:) gene has been consistently associated with risk for, and cause of, schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and other mental illnesses. More recently,
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in that social anhedonia is predominantly typified by diminished positive affect, while social anxiety is distinguished by both decreased
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It is very uncommon that a neurological examination and blood tests can determine the cause of a specific case of sexual anhedonia.
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Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie = Archives Suisses de Neurologie, Neurochirurgie et de Psychiatrie
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L.J. and J.P. Chapman were the first to discuss the possibility that social anhedonia may stem from a genetic vulnerability. The
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672:, which is defined as a continuum of personality traits that can range from normal to disordered and contributes to risk for
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The condition is most frequently found in males, but females can experience lack of pleasure when the body goes through the
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802:. However, schizophrenia may be less associated with decreased hedonic capacity and more with deficient reward appraisal.
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will be crucial in differentiating between these components of social behavior that may underlie mental illnesses such as
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486:, a nonpathological dimension of human personality, social anhedonia represents a deficit in the ability to experience
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function in the brain of those with ADHD result in dysregulation of reward processing which can lead to anhedonia.
571:, "pleasure". Interest in the nature of pleasure and its absence dates back to ancient Greek philosophers such as
202:
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to aid in treatment, which has been shown to relieve sexual dysfunction even in patients without depression.
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has been associated with social anhedonia within the general population. Tomppo identified a specific DISC1
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Anhedonia is common in people who are dependent upon any one or more of a wide variety of drugs, including
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Anhedonia occurs in roughly 70% of people with a major depressive disorder. Anhedonia is a core symptom of
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Verbal and
Nonverbal Expressions as Indicators of Social and Emotional Functioning among Social Anhedonics
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Sexual anhedonia in males is also known as 'ejaculatory anhedonia'. This condition means that a male will
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3241:"Sex differences in epigenetic mechanisms may underlie risk and resilience for mental health disorders"
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1062:"Reconceptualizing anhedonia: novel perspectives on balancing the pleasure networks in the human brain"
22:
2603:"Social anhedonia and schizotypy in a community sample: the Maryland longitudinal study of schizotypy"
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774:(OFC) and dorsolateral (dl) PFC, are critically involved in the experience of pleasure and the
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320:. Although anhedonia becomes less severe over time, it is a significant predictor of relapse.
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Lack of close friends and intimate relationships, and decreased quality of those relationships
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3407:"Association of variants in DISC1 with psychosis-related traits in a large population cohort"
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1272:"Measuring anhedonia: impaired ability to pursue, experience, and learn about reward"
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1147:"Measuring anhedonia: impaired ability to pursue, experience, and learn about reward"
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This trait is currently seen as a central characteristic, as well as a predictor, of
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669:
664:
Primary relevance in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders
600:
467:
148:
135:
3672:
3468:
4240:
4081:
4045:
3940:
3899:
3816:
3778:
2829:
2301:
Cohen AS, Emmerson LC, Mann MC, Forbes CB, Blanchard JJ (June 2010).
2286:
836:
826:
673:
640:
455:
388:
370:
3373:
2601:
Blanchard JJ, Collins LM, Aghevli M, Leung WW, Cohen AS (May 2011).
176:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
3933:
3879:
718:
Revised Social Anhedonia Scale – Chapman Psychosis Proneness Scales
607:
572:
487:
366:
317:
249:
226:
222:
165:
152:
1957:
1114:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
3871:
3149:"Sex differences in Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales--a meta-analysis"
961:"The neurobiology of anhedonia and other reward-related deficits"
778:
perception of rewards. With regards to neurotransmitter systems,
775:
721:
No Close Friends Subscale – Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire
309:
3697:
1774:
1609:"Efficacy of Ketamine in bipolar depression: focus on anhedonia"
1110:
434:
antidepressants or having used SSRI antidepressants in the past.
2693:"Anhedonia in schizophrenia: a review of assessment strategies"
2178:
The encyclopedia of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
1059:
749:
606:
Recent research suggests that social anhedonia may represent a
395:
180:
3783:
3404:
2510:
2463:
859:
Rizvi SJ, Pizzagalli DA, Sproule BA, Kennedy SH (June 2016).
858:
745:
175:
2600:
1874:
1528:
861:"Assessing anhedonia in depression: Potentials and pitfalls"
591:
to describe a core symptom of schizophrenia. In particular,
554:
3068:
2842:
2806:
Meehl PE (1962). "Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia".
783:
431:
362:
356:
102:
99:
93:
84:
1688:
1119:
126, 202, 259, 350, 569, 582, 598, 603, 793, 800, 806, 842
918:
714:
which each contain subscales related to social anhedonia:
2132:
1739:
1689:
Gray M, Zillioux J, Khourdaji I, Smith RP (August 2018).
1637:
1574:
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
75:
2228:"Physical anhedonia in the acute phase of schizophrenia"
437:
Use (or previous use) of antidopaminergic neuroleptics (
3540:
2300:
1870:
1868:
1571:
710:
There are several self-report psychometric measures of
3453:
3064:
3062:
2982:
2428:
2387:
726:
Oxford–Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences
522:
Decreased ability to experience interpersonal pleasure
410:
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), also called
3498:
Wolf DH (August 2006). "Anhedonia in schizophrenia".
3146:
1836:
1440:
528:
Decreased capacity for social contact and interaction
111:
96:
78:
72:
3662:
3328:
3030:
2890:
2888:
2843:
Kwapil TR, Barrantes-Vidal N, Silvia PJ (May 2008).
1865:
1691:"Contemporary management of ejaculatory dysfunction"
1488:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1060:
Rømer Thomsen K, Whybrow PC, Kringelbach ML (2015).
349:
Anhedonia is also reported to appear in people with
90:
3059:
2894:
2739:
2690:
2562:
2352:
2049:
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
1953:
1951:
1485:
155:, particularly from previously enjoyable activities
87:
81:
2191:Meehl PE (October 1989). "Schizotaxia revisited".
611:risk marker for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
193:While anhedonia was originally defined in 1896 by
2885:
1371:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 44.
958:
323:
4268:
1948:
1195:
1140:
1138:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
2691:Horan WP, Kring AM, Blanchard JJ (April 2006).
2652:
2097:
3026:
3024:
3022:
2781:
2779:
2348:
2346:
1055:
1053:
923:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 3.
490:. Additionally, social anhedonia differs from
299:
3713:
2381:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1908:
1906:
1809:
1320:
1135:
941:
805:
760:
705:
668:Social anhedonia is a core characteristic of
454:Patients may be prescribed sustained-release
3198:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum
2686:
2684:
2388:Blanchard JJ, Mueser KT, Bellack AS (1998).
1912:
1007:
271:
3355:
3238:
3019:
2776:
2343:
2042:
1050:
1001:
854:
852:
3720:
3706:
3147:Miettunen J, Jääskeläinen E (March 2010).
2648:
2646:
1986:
1903:
1443:Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
1391:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
41:
3625:
3615:
3566:
3430:
3381:
3305:
3264:
3195:
3172:
3106:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
2951:
2897:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
2868:
2819:
2716:
2681:
2626:
2405:
2326:
2253:
2243:
1960:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
1716:
1706:
1665:
1655:
1417:
1297:
1287:
1221:
1172:
1162:
1111:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
1087:
1077:
1033:
984:
921:Anhedonia : a comprehensive handbook
884:
623:Anhedonia is present in several forms of
555:Background and early clinical observation
1358:
959:Der-Avakian A, Markou A (January 2012).
849:
391:with no accompanying sense of pleasure.
357:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
3842:Depression in childhood and adolescence
2643:
1269:
1144:
901:
4292:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
4269:
3331:Personality and Individual Differences
1997:
1913:Silvia PJ, Kwapil TR (December 2011).
1644:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
1531:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1014:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
865:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
332:
3701:
3653:Anhedonia – Bipolar Disorder Symptoms
3287:
2937:
2805:
2407:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033336
2190:
2038:
2036:
1244:
1008:Treadway MT, Zald DH (January 2011).
731:
516:
344:
3497:
3356:Brandon NJ, Sawa A (November 2011).
2276:
2205:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810100077015
2175:
1839:Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy
1364:
1066:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
3885:Depression (differential diagnoses)
1695:Translational Andrology and Urology
786:and endocannabinoid systems in the
461:
401:Sexual anhedonia may be caused by:
376:
13:
4297:Disorders of diminished motivation
3423:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.524
2787:The Revised Social Anhedonia Scale
2033:
1789:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1999.tb01497.x
1104:
832:Disorders of diminished motivation
753:important intermediate phenotype (
696:
329:high comorbidity with depression.
164:is a diverse array of deficits in
14:
4308:
4209:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
3974:Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale
3727:
3646:
3239:Jessen HM, Auger AP (July 2011).
1323:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
724:Introverted Anhedonia Subscale –
646:
361:Anhedonia may be associated with
3457:Early Intervention in Psychiatry
3210:10.1111/j.0065-1591.2000.0ap25.x
2909:10.1097/00005053-200111000-00004
2135:European Neuropsychopharmacology
1934:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00702.x
1754:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00630.x
1586:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11110332
1398:European Neuropsychopharmacology
1270:Thomsen KR (17 September 2015).
583:and later used by psychiatrists
507:schizophrenia spectrum disorders
283:
68:
3583:
3534:
3491:
3447:
3398:
3349:
3322:
3281:
3232:
3189:
3140:
3097:
2976:
2931:
2836:
2799:
2733:
2556:
2547:
2457:
2422:
2294:
2270:
2219:
2184:
2169:
2147:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.004
2126:
2091:
1830:
1803:
1768:
1733:
1682:
1631:
1600:
1565:
1543:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.019
1522:
1479:
1434:
1410:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.06.007
1392:Kring AM, Barch DM (May 2014).
1385:
1349:
1314:
1263:
1026:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006
877:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.004
476:
337:Anhedonia occurs frequently in
231:anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
203:post-traumatic stress disorders
3411:Archives of General Psychiatry
3071:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
3033:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2940:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2754:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.06.002
2655:Journal of Clinical Psychology
2565:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2431:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2355:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2319:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.07.018
2193:Archives of General Psychiatry
2100:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2007:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1877:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1742:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
1238:
1189:
618:
509:. It is also widely linked to
324:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
2479:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00232-7
2061:10.1080/15374416.2018.1514611
1777:Pharmacology & Toxicology
1335:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00428-2
842:
633:
615:patients with schizophrenia.
266:
217:as a whole, particularly the
188:
4184:Dialectical behavior therapy
4179:Cognitive behavioral therapy
3999:Rating scales for depression
3362:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
3343:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00132-c
3118:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318162aa79
2997:10.1016/j.schres.2005.04.021
2525:10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.044
2232:Annals of General Psychiatry
2043:Gadow KD, Garman HD (2020).
1810:Martin-Du Pan R (1978). "".
738:disrupted in schizophrenia 1
687:
239:ventral tegmental area (VTA)
7:
3994:Mood Disorder Questionnaire
3822:Seasonal affective disorder
3083:10.1037/0021-843x.103.2.171
2962:10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.418
2577:10.1037/0021-843x.110.3.363
2443:10.1037/0021-843x.103.4.719
2367:10.1037/0021-843x.114.1.170
2019:10.1037/0021-843x.107.4.558
1998:Kwapil TR (November 1998).
820:
525:Social withdrawal/isolation
300:Substance-related disorders
10:
4313:
3984:General Behavior Inventory
3500:Current Psychiatry Reports
3045:10.1037/0021-843x.85.4.374
2180:. New York: Facts on File.
2112:10.1037/0021-843x.94.3.384
1972:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.2.127
1889:10.1037/0021-843x.109.1.87
1202:Brain Imaging and Behavior
977:10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.005
809:
806:Specific musical anhedonia
761:Neurobiological correlates
706:Assessing social anhedonia
563:is derived from the Greek
465:
416:Low levels of the hormone
380:
219:orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
169:(liking), and deficits in
151:and ability to experience
23:Anhedonia (disambiguation)
20:
16:Inability to feel pleasure
4277:Major depressive disorder
4221:
4189:Electroconvulsive therapy
4166:
4115:
4066:
4021:
4012:
3964:
3870:
3850:
3812:Major depressive disorder
3802:
3744:
3735:
3666:
3617:10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.068
3512:10.1007/s11920-006-0069-0
2808:The American Psychologist
1851:10.1080/00926238708403896
1214:10.1007/s11682-015-9457-6
796:major depressive disorder
629:autism spectrum disorder.
537:Decreased positive affect
278:major depressive disorder
272:Major depressive disorder
208:
141:
129:
60:
49:
40:
35:
4004:Young Mania Rating Scale
3979:Child Mania Rating Scale
3858:Schizoaffective disorder
3837:Major depressive episode
1500:10.1177/0004867413508455
1289:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01409
1164:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01409
1079:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00049
288:Anhedonia is one of the
4131:Atypical antipsychotics
3890:Emotional dysregulation
3307:10.1093/schbul/17.4.555
1708:10.21037/tau.2018.06.20
1276:Frontiers in Psychology
1151:Frontiers in Psychology
965:Trends in Neurosciences
784:gamma-Aminobutyric acid
412:inhibited sexual desire
4194:Involuntary commitment
3956:Reduced affect display
3832:Melancholic depression
3658:No Pleasure, No Reward
3547:Schizophrenia Bulletin
3294:Schizophrenia Bulletin
3153:Schizophrenia Bulletin
2985:Schizophrenia Research
2849:Schizophrenia Bulletin
2697:Schizophrenia Bulletin
2607:Schizophrenia Bulletin
2513:Schizophrenia Research
2467:Schizophrenia Research
2394:Schizophrenia Bulletin
1922:Journal of Personality
643:compared to controls.
534:Poor social adjustment
171:reinforcement learning
3789:Mixed affective state
3559:10.1093/schbul/sbn068
3257:10.4161/epi.6.7.16517
3165:10.1093/schbul/sbn075
2861:10.1093/schbul/sbm098
2709:10.1093/schbul/sbj009
2619:10.1093/schbul/sbp107
2245:10.1186/1744-859X-5-1
1455:10.1007/7854_2015_376
770:(PFC), including the
581:Théodule-Armand Ribot
550:State-related anxiety
243:brain's reward system
195:Théodule-Armand Ribot
4251:Kay Redfield Jamison
4236:Frederick K. Goodwin
4056:Valproate semisodium
3946:Psychotic depression
2792:10 June 2016 at the
2141:(Suppl 3): S505–10.
1619:(Suppl 3): 554–560.
1613:Psychiatria Danubina
772:orbitofrontal cortex
472:Emotional detachment
21:For other uses, see
4174:Clinical psychology
3989:Hypomania Checklist
3827:Atypical depression
3608:2014CBio...24..699M
2742:Psychiatry Research
2307:Psychiatry Research
1657:10.2147/NDT.S170645
1145:Thomsen KR (2015).
406:Hyperprolactinaemia
339:Parkinson's disease
333:Parkinson's disease
55:Tadeusz Pruszkowski
4167:Non-pharmaceutical
2796:. Unpublished test
2667:10.1002/jclp.20577
732:Genetic components
585:Paul Eugen Bleuler
517:Signs and symptoms
426:Multiple sclerosis
422:Spinal cord injury
351:bipolar depression
345:Bipolar depression
255:The conditions of
4264:
4263:
4217:
4216:
4141:Lithium carbonate
4087:Dextroamphetamine
3905:Suicidal ideation
3866:
3865:
3695:
3694:
3469:10.1111/eip.12327
1464:978-3-319-26933-7
1378:978-0-7817-7452-9
1256:978-94-017-8590-7
1128:978-0-89042-554-1
930:978-94-017-8590-7
812:Musical anhedonia
788:nucleus accumbens
768:prefrontal cortex
398:process as well.
365:. Impairments of
290:negative symptoms
261:negative symptoms
215:prefrontal cortex
159:
158:
30:Medical condition
4304:
4156:Lithium toxicity
4118:mood stabilizers
4068:Sympathomimetics
4051:Sodium valproate
4019:
4018:
3746:Bipolar disorder
3742:
3741:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3664:
3663:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3288:Raine A (1991).
3285:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3028:
3017:
3016:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2955:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2830:10.1037/h0041029
2823:
2803:
2797:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2277:Mann MC (2006).
2274:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2247:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2004:
1995:
1984:
1983:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1635:
1629:
1628:
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1598:
1597:
1569:
1563:
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1526:
1520:
1519:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1365:Tomb DA (2007).
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1291:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1108:
1102:
1101:
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1037:
1005:
999:
998:
988:
956:
939:
938:
916:
899:
898:
888:
856:
792:ventral pallidum
567:, "without" and
498:and exaggerated
462:Social anhedonia
447:Physical illness
383:Sexual anhedonia
377:Sexual anhedonia
247:neurotransmitter
245:, involving the
118:
114:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
45:
33:
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4307:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4213:
4162:
4151:Lithium sulfate
4146:Lithium citrate
4111:
4102:Methylphenidate
4071:
4062:
4023:Anticonvulsants
4008:
3960:
3951:Racing thoughts
3862:
3846:
3798:
3731:
3726:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3675:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3596:Current Biology
3588:
3584:
3539:
3535:
3496:
3492:
3452:
3448:
3403:
3399:
3374:10.1038/nrn3120
3354:
3350:
3327:
3323:
3286:
3282:
3237:
3233:
3194:
3190:
3145:
3141:
3102:
3098:
3067:
3060:
3029:
3020:
2991:(2–3): 309–22.
2981:
2977:
2953:10.1.1.334.7113
2936:
2932:
2893:
2886:
2841:
2837:
2821:10.1.1.462.2509
2804:
2800:
2794:Wayback Machine
2784:
2777:
2748:(1–3): 147–56.
2738:
2734:
2689:
2682:
2651:
2644:
2599:
2592:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2519:(1–3): 132–41.
2509:
2502:
2473:(2–3): 269–83.
2462:
2458:
2427:
2423:
2386:
2382:
2351:
2344:
2299:
2295:
2275:
2271:
2224:
2220:
2189:
2185:
2176:Noll R (1959).
2174:
2170:
2131:
2127:
2096:
2092:
2041:
2034:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1956:
1949:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1873:
1866:
1835:
1831:
1808:
1804:
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1769:
1738:
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1687:
1683:
1636:
1632:
1605:
1601:
1570:
1566:
1527:
1523:
1484:
1480:
1465:
1439:
1435:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1319:
1315:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1194:
1190:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1109:
1105:
1058:
1051:
1006:
1002:
957:
942:
931:
917:
902:
857:
850:
845:
823:
814:
808:
763:
734:
708:
699:
697:Sex differences
690:
666:
654:RDoC initiative
649:
636:
625:psychopathology
621:
557:
519:
511:autism spectrum
500:negative affect
496:positive affect
479:
474:
464:
439:anti-psychotics
385:
379:
359:
347:
335:
326:
302:
286:
274:
269:
257:akinetic mutism
211:
191:
125:
116:
112:
71:
67:
31:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4310:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4282:Mood disorders
4279:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4231:Emil Kraepelin
4227:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4133:
4128:
4126:Antipsychotics
4122:
4120:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3923:Sleep disorder
3919:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:Classification
3661:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3647:External links
3645:
3642:
3641:
3602:(6): 699–704.
3582:
3533:
3490:
3446:
3397:
3368:(12): 707–22.
3348:
3321:
3280:
3231:
3188:
3139:
3096:
3058:
3018:
2975:
2930:
2903:(11): 750–56.
2884:
2835:
2814:(12): 827–38.
2798:
2775:
2732:
2680:
2661:(7): 695–708.
2642:
2613:(3): 587–602.
2590:
2555:
2546:
2500:
2456:
2421:
2380:
2342:
2293:
2269:
2218:
2199:(10): 935–44.
2183:
2168:
2125:
2090:
2055:(2): 239–250.
2032:
1985:
1947:
1928:(6): 1315–32.
1902:
1864:
1829:
1818:(2): 285–313.
1802:
1767:
1732:
1701:(4): 686–702.
1681:
1630:
1599:
1564:
1521:
1478:
1463:
1433:
1384:
1377:
1357:
1348:
1313:
1262:
1255:
1237:
1188:
1134:
1127:
1103:
1049:
1000:
940:
929:
900:
847:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
834:
829:
822:
819:
810:Main article:
807:
804:
762:
759:
733:
730:
729:
728:
722:
719:
707:
704:
698:
695:
689:
686:
665:
662:
648:
647:Social anxiety
645:
635:
632:
620:
617:
597:proprioception
589:Emil Kraepelin
556:
553:
552:
551:
548:
546:Depressed mood
543:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
518:
515:
492:social anxiety
478:
475:
463:
460:
449:
448:
445:
442:
435:
428:
423:
420:
414:
408:
381:Main article:
378:
375:
358:
355:
346:
343:
334:
331:
325:
322:
301:
298:
285:
282:
273:
270:
268:
265:
210:
207:
190:
187:
157:
156:
145:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
124:
123:
64:
62:
58:
57:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4309:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:Karl Leonhard
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4204:Psychotherapy
4202:
4200:
4199:Light therapy
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Oxcarbazepine
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:Carbamazepine
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Hallucination
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:Comorbidities
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3794:Rapid cycling
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3729:Mood disorder
3723:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3553:(5): 835–47.
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3506:(4): 322–28.
3505:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3463:(3): 362–71.
3462:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3417:(2): 134–41.
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3300:(4): 555–64.
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:(7): 857–61.
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3204:(401): 3–38.
3203:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3159:(2): 347–58.
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:(2): 161–65.
3111:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3077:(2): 171–83.
3076:
3072:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3039:(4): 374–82.
3038:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2946:(3): 418–27.
2945:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2855:(3): 444–57.
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:(2): 259–73.
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:(3): 363–71.
2570:
2566:
2559:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:(4): 719–28.
2436:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2400:(3): 413–24.
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:(1): 170–75.
2360:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:(3): 384–96.
2105:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:(4): 558–65.
2012:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:(2): 127–49.
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1845:(4): 239–52.
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:(1): 227–33.
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1650:: 2379–2387.
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:(4): 444–51.
1579:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:(5): 725–36.
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:(2): 647–54.
1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:(3): 920–39.
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:(3): 537–55.
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
996:
992:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
937:
936:respectively.
932:
926:
922:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
896:
892:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
853:
848:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
818:
813:
803:
801:
800:schizophrenia
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
758:
756:
755:endophenotype
751:
747:
743:
739:
727:
723:
720:
717:
716:
715:
713:
703:
694:
685:
681:
679:
678:schizophrenia
675:
671:
661:
659:
658:schizophrenia
655:
644:
642:
631:
630:
626:
616:
612:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
514:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
473:
469:
459:
457:
452:
446:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
427:
424:
421:
419:
415:
413:
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
399:
397:
392:
390:
384:
374:
372:
368:
364:
354:
352:
342:
340:
330:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
297:
295:
294:schizophrenia
291:
284:Schizophrenia
281:
279:
264:
262:
258:
253:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
206:
204:
199:
196:
186:
184:
183:
178:
177:
172:
167:
163:
154:
150:
146:
144:
140:
137:
134:
132:
128:
121:
120:
107:
66:
65:
63:
61:Pronunciation
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
34:
28:
24:
19:
4256:Mogens Schou
4092:Escitalopram
3921:
3894:
3679:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3074:
3070:
3036:
3032:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2900:
2896:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2700:
2696:
2658:
2654:
2610:
2606:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2549:
2516:
2512:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2358:
2354:
2313:(1): 79–83.
2310:
2306:
2296:
2278:
2272:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2052:
2048:
2010:
2006:
1963:
1959:
1925:
1921:
1883:(1): 87–95.
1880:
1876:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1783:(6): 292–5.
1780:
1776:
1770:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1494:(1): 36–51.
1491:
1487:
1481:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1367:
1360:
1351:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1249:. Springer.
1246:
1240:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1154:
1150:
1113:
1106:
1069:
1065:
1017:
1013:
1003:
971:(1): 68–77.
968:
964:
934:
920:
868:
864:
815:
764:
741:
737:
735:
709:
700:
691:
682:
667:
650:
637:
622:
613:
605:
568:
564:
560:
558:
504:
484:introversion
480:
453:
450:
418:testosterone
400:
393:
386:
371:serotonergic
367:dopaminergic
360:
348:
336:
327:
314:cannabinoids
303:
287:
275:
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235:hypothalamus
212:
200:
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174:
161:
160:
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4075:and similar
4036:Lamotrigine
3929:Hypersomnia
3769:Bipolar NOS
3764:Cyclothymia
3627:2445/181297
3245:Epigenetics
1537:: 189–204.
627:as well as
619:Comorbidity
593:Sandor Rado
577:John Haslam
541:Flat affect
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4271:Categories
4107:Sertraline
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3917:Mood swing
3804:Depression
3759:Bipolar II
2281:(Thesis).
1449:: 411–49.
1368:Psychiatry
843:References
798:(MDD) and
712:schizotypy
670:schizotypy
634:Depression
601:schizotypy
513:disorder.
477:Definition
468:Asociality
466:See also:
267:Occurrence
189:Definition
149:motivation
136:Psychiatry
4241:John Cade
4082:Bupropion
4046:Valproate
4014:Treatment
3966:Diagnosis
3941:Psychosis
3900:Dysphoria
3895:Anhedonia
3817:Dysthymia
3779:Hypomania
3774:Childhood
3754:Bipolar I
3226:221392122
2948:CiteSeerX
2816:CiteSeerX
2287:1903/3594
2069:1537-4424
871:: 21–35.
837:Dysthymia
827:Avolition
688:Treatment
674:psychosis
641:dysthymia
561:anhedonia
559:The term
456:bupropion
389:ejaculate
173:. In the
162:Anhedonia
131:Specialty
36:Anhedonia
4287:Pleasure
3934:Insomnia
3880:Delusion
3872:Symptoms
3737:Spectrum
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3577:18591195
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2925:41424766
2917:11758658
2879:17768308
2790:Archived
2770:19360803
2762:17109970
2727:16221997
2675:19388058
2637:19850669
2585:11502079
2533:16730428
2495:30892673
2487:11120438
2375:15709824
2337:20452676
2264:16417645
2163:31970160
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2085:53248671
2077:30412420
1942:21480908
1897:10740939
1797:10401732
1762:18173768
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1625:31488790
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1098:25814941
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821:See also
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318:nicotine
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153:pleasure
147:Reduced
143:Symptoms
4223:History
4136:Lithium
3686:D059445
3604:Bibcode
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3383:3954824
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1089:4356228
1035:3005986
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310:opioids
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2081:S2CID
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