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of the rapist is necessary (numbers unknown). When the case is known in the community, and family members do not believe the woman's account and think she had a part in the incident, they may also kill her. Some of the estimated yearly 5,000 female victims are women whose accounts are not believed. A
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While the social mechanism of stigma by association is common all over the world, honour killings occur in some regions in the Middle East and adjacent areas. In immigrant societies within western societies, girls and boys face conflicts with their families that are poorly understood; their risks may
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has contributed to the rapid modernization of the country in many aspects, traditional sexual mores have proven to be resilient. Even those families who encouraged their daughters to pursue professional careers as teachers, doctors or lawyers maintained the expectation that these women would continue
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is still regarded as a matter of honor in some areas. A girl that keeps her virginity is considered trustworthy and reliable, conditions for a successful marriage. These cultural perceptions persist in modern metropolitan areas, as well as in the more traditional areas of the rural countryside. Some
507:
woman in such a position may also commit forced suicide. In
Pakistan, acid is often thrown on the victim's face to disfigure her as an alternative to murder. but many of these cases are in fact carried out by disgruntled men whose marriage proposals were refused by the woman and/or her family.
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When, however, an individual's honour is damaged, e.g. by means of slander, libel, or their own factual moral transgression, this moral reputation is likely to be damaged, with social death as a consequence, which can also extend to family members.
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of an entire family is violated if, for example, an adult daughter is not dressed "appropriately", or if they tolerate a sexual offense without reaction. For example, a family that does not respond when their daughter is raped (or seduced) is
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is lost in the eyes of the community, following the mechanism of associative stigmatization. The entire family then risks being cast out. They have to cleanse their family's honor in order to prevent exclusion. In some areas this is done by
498:, the woman is often seen as a victim. She can often convince her family members that she was deceived by a man with false intentions. In such cases, in particular when outsiders hear about the rape incident, families consider that the
450:. The appropriate response in some areas is to kill the rapist (or seducer). This task then befalls on the men of the family, and for this reason it is often believed that namus is merely a concern of men, not of women.
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old customs continue to endure, such as requiring proof of virginity in the form of blooded sheets, or in some cases by medical examination, even though most people are aware that many virgins (about 50%) do not bleed.
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means sexual moral reputation. When people possess namus, their friends, neighbors and other community members, believe that they are sexually trustworthy and of integrity. This is a precondition for being included.
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Family members are vulnerable when one group member commits deviant behavior. If a woman or a man transgresses important moral and sexual norms (a wife, sisters, daughters, brothers, uncles), their common
1105:
Culture of Honor, Culture of Change: A Feminist
Analysis of Honor Killings in Rural Turkey, by Aysan Sev'er in Violence Against Women: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal
346:
According to researcher Robert Ermers honor means moral reputation. When individuals have a good moral reputation, people in their community are likely to include them. Thus
510:
A family's honor is not damaged by the birth of girls. Yet having many sons contributes to the status of a family. When a family learns that a new female child is expected
938:
900:
Werner
Schiffauer, "Die Gewalt der Ehre. Erklärungen zu einem deutsch-türkischen Sexualkonflikt." ("The Force of the Honour"), Suhrkamp: Frankfurt am Main, 1983.
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Brides in areas where the stained cloth is part of a ritual are often helped by (female) family members by means of chicken's blood or other means. Although
1032:
950:
986:
667:"Namus" in Sözlerin Soyağacı: Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimolojik Sözlüğü (A Family Tree of Words: A Contemporary Etymological Dictionary of Turkish)
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may occur, although these are not instances of honour killing but of frustration of not being able to keep up with societal ideals.
978:
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1107:, relates namus to "Myths about and fear of women's unchecked sexuality and men's legitimacy to curb that sexuality."
1079:
905:
641:
235:
217:
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59:
989:, the first article in her series about the rights of Muslim women in Europe, particularly Turkish women in Germany.
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is a more accurate translation than honor. This is built into the legal system, which permits reduced sentences for
137:
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109:
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is related to sexually deviant behavior and not limited to women: men who are known as rapists are also known as
1145:
94:
116:
816:
Rogers, D. and Stark, M. (1998). The hymen is not necessarily torn after sexual intercourse. BMJ, 317:414.
414:
to conduct themselves as "dedicated mothers, and modest housewives", which are important societal ideals.
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Problemfelder und
Konflikte von Kindern ausländischer Arbeitsmigranten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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character. Often literally translated as "virtue", it is now more popularly used in a strong
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Among
Pashtuns an encroachment on a family's plot of land also signifies violation of their
552:
8:
975:
465:(assertiveness). Families that do not respond to such violation are considered cowards.
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767:
Williams, K. D. (2007). "Ostracism: The Kiss of Social Death. Social and
Personality".
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In Memory of Fadime Şahindal: Thoughts on the
Struggle Against “Honour Killing”
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by their families to each other since childhood, but because of violations of
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382:, this definition is only part of current use. The official definition of
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304:) may mean "law", "custom" or "honor" and is ultimately derived from the
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433:, a unit of the tribe that has a common ancestral father (e.g. a clan).
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Morality and the regulation of social behavior. Groups as moral anchors
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murders, used mainly in newspapers), but, as Nüket Kardam has written,
51:
1101:, contains an extensive archive of news reports and photos of victims
828:"Virginity tests and artificial virginity in modern Turkish medicine"
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270:-specific context of relations within a family described in terms of
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in the
English language translation of Filiz Kardam's 2005 paper on
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has multiple words to describe related concepts of honor including
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by her family members to another person. In 2006 it was restored,
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is "the attachment of a society to moral rules". The notion of
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Honor
Related Violence. A New Social-psychological Perspective
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Honor
Related Violence: A New Social Psychological Perspective
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of their whole family has been damaged and to restore it, an
271:
1035:
National Geographic News February 12, 2002. retrieved 5-1-07
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the article contains many dead links and is poorly written.
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Demos, Vasilikie; Segal, Marcia Texler (2014-05-12).
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Turkey's Engagement with Global Women's Human Rights
457:, while in Turkey this would be considered a matter
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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494:Contrarily to what is often thought, in cases of
429:goes beyond the basic family and is common for a
378:is often understood as feminine sexual virtue or
1112:
565:(1904–1962), the modern Kurdish poet, condemned
684:
323:with different meanings. Honor is used to mean
793:Gendered Perspectives on Conflict and Violence
657:
1099:International Campaign Against Honor Killings
308:word "nómos" (νόμος), meaning "law, custom".
1033:Thousands of Women Killed for Family "Honor"
569:in his poem "Berde-nûsêk" ("A Tomb-Stone").
299:
535:tells the ill fate of two lovers, who were
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
931:
789:
319:has been translated into English from the
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609:Culture of honor (Southern United States)
236:Learn how and when to remove this message
218:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
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670:(in Turkish). Istanbul: Adam Yayınları.
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1000:Ending Violence against Women and Girls
633:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936
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949:("The Anatomy of Honour Crimes"), by
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491:be underestimated or overestimated.
461:and the need to respond a matter of
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95:adding citations to reliable sources
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25:
1075:Shahrzad Mojab and Amir Hassanpour
1016:"UN probes Turkey 'forced suicide'"
832:Women's Studies International Forum
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386:from the dictionary Foundation of
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1051:. Kennedy.byu.edu. Archived from
636:. BRILL. 1993. pp. 844–846.
41:This article has multiple issues.
777:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00004.x
173:
71:
30:
1046:"1999-2000 Annual Report Issue"
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599:Manoj–Babli honour killing case
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
976:A Matter of Honor, Your Honor?
826:Cindoglu, Dilek (March 1997).
819:
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844:10.1016/S0277-5395(96)00096-9
694:Ermers, Robert (2018-02-07).
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796:. Emerald Group Publishing.
724:Kardam, Nüket (2017-11-30).
417:In some societies, e.g., in
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16:Arabic word meaning "virtue"
7:
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193:. The specific problem is:
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928:, a sociological analysis.
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619:Bedouin systems of justice
614:Honor codes of the Bedouin
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939:Anatomie eines Ehrdelikts
604:Mesopotamian marriage law
311:
751:Ellemers, Naomi (2017).
664:Nişanyan, Sevan (2010).
1141:Honor killing in Europe
889:Pashtunwali Terminology
1022:article, May 24, 2006.
755:. New York: Routledge.
512:sex-selective abortion
21:Namus (disambiguation)
1146:Honor killing in Asia
487:, or honor killings.
282:/respectability, and
769:Psychol Compass 1(1)
528:Armenian silent film
469:Restoration of namus
200:improve this article
189:to meet Knowledge's
91:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
437:Violations of namus
401:Women's premarital
255:word describing an
1086:retrieved 5-1-07.
1082:2007-02-23 at the
981:2007-02-07 at the
966:. Routledge, 2018.
944:2015-05-18 at the
924:2008-05-26 at the
1126:Culture of Turkey
951:Werner Schiffauer
803:978-1-78350-894-5
737:978-1-138-35784-6
707:978-1-138-74919-1
677:978-975-289-636-9
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84:verification
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987:Rhea Wessel
853:11693/10807
771:: 236–247.
545:was married
543:, the girl
516:infanticide
423:Afghanistan
331:(literally
264:patriarchal
202:if you can.
147:August 2022
1115:Categories
1062:2012-09-09
872:2018-08-02
652:References
374:. Though
117:newspapers
46:improve it
862:0277-5395
584:Jineology
549:digitized
537:betrothed
526:The 1925
403:virginity
290:Etymology
276:attention
52:talk page
1080:Archived
979:Archived
942:Archived
922:Archived
573:See also
448:namussuz
411:Kemalism
396:namussuz
380:chastity
337:chastity
184:require
1006:report.
625:Sources
522:In arts
431:plarina
284:modesty
280:respect
257:ethical
186:cleanup
131:scholar
106:"Namus"
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557:French
553:dubbed
481:murder
312:Gender
296:Arabic
268:gender
253:Arabic
251:is an
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1056:(PDF)
1049:(PDF)
1004:UNFPA
1002:", a
985:, by
541:namus
532:Namus
500:namus
476:namus
463:gurur
459:şeref
455:namus
443:namus
427:namus
392:namus
384:namus
376:namus
372:şeref
364:namus
348:namus
333:namus
325:namus
317:Namus
301:ناموس
272:honor
249:Nāmūs
138:JSTOR
124:books
1018:, a
902:ISBN
858:ISSN
798:ISBN
732:ISBN
702:ISBN
672:ISBN
638:ISBN
551:and
496:rape
441:The
370:and
368:onur
358:The
294:The
110:news
1020:BBC
848:hdl
840:doi
773:doi
555:in
514:or
483:or
421:of
286:.
93:by
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881:^
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836:20
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