277:
The same books are presented in a different order in the Jewish Tanakh and the
Christian Old Testament. The Torah/Pentateuch comes first in both. The Tanakh places the prophets next, then the historical material. The Christian Old Testament inverts this order, since the prophets are seen as
109:– A genre of rabbinic literature from the same time period as the Mishnah and Tosefta that no longer exists. The only quotes still extant from this literature are found as quotes within the Mishnah and Tosefta.
274:
Jews regard the Old
Testament part of the Christian Bible as scriptural, but not the New Testament. Christians generally regard both the Old Testament and the New Testament as scriptural.
250:
There are also a number of other early
Christian writings some individual Christians regard as scripture, but which are not generally regarded as such by the churches. These include the
103:– A set of teachings that in many ways are similar to the Mishnah. It may be an early commentary on the Mishnah, or it may be an independent attempt to codify the oral law.
677:
243:. They are not accepted as canonical by the Jews (although some ancient Jews appear to have accepted them) and by most of the Protestants, who consider them to be
281:
Up to the first century CE, the books of the Tanakh were separate scrolls and their order was unimportant. The question of order arose with the invention of the
362:
1294:
1176:
1253:
1161:
1156:
65:, God revealed a series of instructions on how to interpret and apply the Torah. The additional instructions were known as the
1171:
332:
862:
148:(held to by some Protestants as well) is based on the prevailing first century Greek translation of the Jewish Bible, the
968:
1289:
963:
824:
1373:
931:
58:, an acronym from the initial Hebrew letters of these three words; and as the Mikra, meaning "that which is read".
1049:
926:
777:
355:
1309:
255:
1299:
1263:
1258:
1342:
772:
348:
946:
1064:
978:
957:
951:
1363:
973:
941:
936:
672:
633:
263:
115:– A genre of rabbinic literature that is an elaboration of, and commentary on, Biblical narrative.
1279:
1151:
1008:
869:
609:
1135:
1018:
1003:
993:
585:
240:
1368:
1084:
1023:
1013:
921:
228:
89:– An analysis of the laws and meaning of the Bible, containing information from the oral law.
1284:
1204:
916:
829:
739:
505:
392:
217:, also known as the Apocalypse, is a book of prophecy usually interpreted as regarding the
200:
8:
1226:
1191:
988:
667:
450:
420:
69:. By the second century CE Jewish sages began writing down interpretations of the Bible;
1118:
1033:
839:
834:
796:
719:
682:
662:
592:
299:
251:
214:
1319:
1128:
1123:
896:
806:
749:
570:
560:
410:
328:
232:
181:
73:
consider these writings to embody the "oral law." These writings take several forms:
1304:
1199:
1181:
1113:
1101:
1059:
998:
983:
874:
762:
555:
500:
480:
460:
323:
259:
137:
55:
1096:
1074:
1028:
575:
535:
510:
440:
415:
400:
1332:
1314:
1248:
911:
906:
901:
857:
658:
653:
648:
628:
604:
565:
515:
495:
465:
445:
430:
425:
405:
371:
294:
193:
189:
185:
145:
27:
61:
Judaism has traditionally held that, along with the Torah, referred to as the
1357:
1079:
888:
757:
623:
550:
545:
540:
520:
490:
388:
236:
218:
171:
164:
133:
129:
70:
1337:
1237:
1166:
1068:
530:
525:
485:
455:
435:
383:
285:. The order of the books is bound up with early Jewish-Christian polemics.
156:
39:
30:. Several terms refer to the same material, although sometimes rearranged.
24:
1220:
816:
734:
729:
643:
638:
470:
1054:
1209:
318:
149:
66:
724:
340:
244:
1231:
801:
788:
767:
714:
709:
207:
1243:
1108:
112:
106:
100:
86:
81:
51:
20:
1214:
1091:
475:
177:
92:
77:
47:
227:
Christians disagree on the contents of the Old
Testament. The
19:
This article distinguishes the various terms used to describe
375:
282:
239:
recognize an additional set of Jewish writings, known as the
125:
43:
54:(the "Writings"). The Hebrew Bible is also known as the
210:
are letters to the various early
Christian communities.
95:– Rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah
203:
recounts the early history of the
Christian movement.
167:, largely the same as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible.
1355:
356:
146:Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Old Testament
363:
349:
140:is largely identical to what Jews call
1356:
370:
344:
80:– An authoritative commentary on the
50:(the books of the Prophets), and the
1295:Other books referenced in the Bible
1254:New Testament manuscript categories
13:
825:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
278:prefiguring the coming of Christ.
14:
1385:
1310:Biblical and Quranic narratives
256:Gospel according to the Hebrews
119:
46:(the five books of Moses), the
312:
269:
1:
305:
7:
288:
10:
1390:
1290:English Bible translations
678:Song of the Three Children
33:
1328:
1272:
1190:
1144:
1042:
887:
850:
815:
786:
748:
693:
600:
584:
382:
327:, London 1996, pp.16–18.
16:Judeo-Christian scripture
1374:Christianity and Judaism
264:Gospel of Mary Magdalene
138:Protestant Old Testament
1152:Intertestamental period
159:consists of two parts:
1136:Apocalyptic literature
773:Paralipomena of Baruch
241:deuterocanonical books
1300:Additional Scriptures
1264:New Testament uncials
155:The Bible as used by
1285:Bible version debate
1259:New Testament papyri
1205:Samaritan Pentateuch
830:Testament of Abraham
768:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
201:Acts of the Apostles
124:For Christians, the
1227:Muratorian fragment
1162:New Testament canon
1157:Old Testament canon
1050:Chapters and verses
668:Additions to Daniel
634:Additions to Esther
176:The four canonical
840:Testament of Jacob
835:Testament of Isaac
720:Prayer of Manasseh
683:Bel and the Dragon
663:Letter of Jeremiah
300:Books of the Bible
252:apocryphal gospels
235:Churches and some
215:Book of Revelation
1351:
1350:
1320:Textual criticism
883:
882:
807:Psalms of Solomon
750:Orthodox Tewahedo
333:978-0-679-74368-2
1381:
1200:Dead Sea Scrolls
1182:Dating the Bible
1060:Historical books
697:Eastern Orthodox
610:Eastern Orthodox
598:
597:
591:
365:
358:
351:
342:
341:
335:
324:God: A Biography
316:
260:Gospel of Thomas
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1364:Christian texts
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1324:
1268:
1186:
1177:Christian canon
1140:
1075:Prophetic books
1038:
969:2 Thessalonians
964:1 Thessalonians
879:
846:
811:
782:
744:
703:
689:
617:
589:
588:
580:
391:
387:
378:
369:
339:
338:
317:
313:
308:
291:
272:
229:Catholic Church
122:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1315:Synod of Hippo
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:Masoretic Text
1246:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1085:Minor prophets
1082:
1080:Major prophets
1072:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
893:
891:
885:
884:
881:
880:
878:
877:
872:
867:
866:
865:
858:Pseudepigrapha
854:
852:
851:Classification
848:
847:
845:
844:
843:
842:
837:
832:
821:
819:
813:
812:
810:
809:
804:
799:
797:Psalms 152–155
793:
791:
784:
783:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
754:
752:
746:
745:
743:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
706:
704:
702:
701:
698:
694:
691:
690:
688:
687:
686:
685:
680:
675:
665:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
620:
618:
616:
615:
612:
607:
601:
595:
582:
581:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
451:1–2 Chronicles
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
397:
395:
380:
379:
368:
367:
360:
353:
345:
337:
336:
310:
309:
307:
304:
303:
302:
297:
295:Biblical canon
290:
287:
271:
268:
254:, such as the
225:
224:
223:
222:
211:
204:
197:
168:
128:refers to the
121:
118:
117:
116:
110:
104:
98:
97:
96:
90:
71:Orthodox Jews
42:comprises the
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1386:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
959:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
932:2 Corinthians
930:
928:
927:1 Corinthians
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
892:
890:
889:New Testament
886:
876:
873:
871:
870:New Testament
868:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
855:
853:
849:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
823:
822:
820:
818:
814:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
792:
790:
785:
779:
778:Broader canon
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
753:
751:
747:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
705:
699:
696:
695:
692:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
664:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
619:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
599:
596:
594:
587:
583:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
491:Song of Songs
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
396:
394:
390:
389:Old Testament
385:
381:
377:
373:
366:
361:
359:
354:
352:
347:
346:
343:
334:
330:
326:
325:
320:
315:
311:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
286:
284:
279:
275:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
220:
219:Second Coming
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:
173:
172:New Testament
169:
166:
165:Old Testament
162:
161:
160:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:New Testament
131:
130:Old Testament
127:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
83:
79:
76:
75:
74:
72:
68:
64:
63:Written Torah
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
31:
29:
26:
22:
1369:Jewish texts
1238:Vetus Latina
1236:
1219:
1172:Jewish canon
1167:Antilegomena
1069:Poetic Books
1065:Wisdom books
1043:Subdivisions
956:
661: /
586:Deuterocanon
506:Lamentations
486:Ecclesiastes
393:(protocanon)
384:Hebrew Bible
322:
314:
280:
276:
273:
249:
226:
157:Christianity
154:
141:
123:
120:Christianity
62:
60:
40:Hebrew Bible
37:
18:
1343:WikiProject
1221:Diatessaron
1192:Manuscripts
1145:Development
947:Philippians
817:Beta Israel
735:4 Maccabees
730:3 Maccabees
644:2 Maccabees
639:1 Maccabees
421:Deuteronomy
319:Miles, Jack
270:Differences
237:Protestants
1358:Categories
1280:Authorship
1210:Septuagint
1055:Pentateuch
1034:Revelation
958:Laodiceans
952:Colossians
441:1–2 Samuel
306:References
245:apocryphal
150:Septuagint
67:Oral Torah
1119:Johannine
979:2 Timothy
974:1 Timothy
942:Ephesians
937:Galatians
725:Psalm 151
593:apocrypha
571:Zechariah
561:Zephaniah
446:1–2 Kings
411:Leviticus
221:of Jesus.
142:the Bible
28:scripture
25:Christian
1333:Category
1232:Peshitta
1129:Catholic
1124:Pastoral
1109:Epistles
1102:Synoptic
989:Philemon
802:2 Baruch
789:Peshitta
763:Jubilees
715:2 Esdras
710:1 Esdras
605:Catholic
556:Habakkuk
501:Jeremiah
481:Proverbs
461:Nehemiah
289:See also
262:and the
233:Orthodox
208:Epistles
132:and the
1305:Studies
1273:Related
1244:Vulgate
1114:Pauline
1092:Gospels
1009:2 Peter
1004:1 Peter
994:Hebrews
897:Matthew
787:Syriac
673:Susanna
576:Malachi
536:Obadiah
511:Ezekiel
416:Numbers
401:Genesis
374:of the
182:Matthew
178:Gospels
113:Midrash
107:Braitot
101:Tosefta
87:Mishnah
82:Mishnah
52:Ketuvim
34:Judaism
1338:Portal
1215:Targum
1024:3 John
1019:2 John
1014:1 John
922:Romans
875:Jewish
700:Others
659:Baruch
654:Sirach
649:Wisdom
629:Judith
614:Others
566:Haggai
516:Daniel
496:Isaiah
476:Psalms
466:Esther
431:Judges
426:Joshua
406:Exodus
331:
258:, the
231:, the
144:; the
136:. The
93:Gemara
78:Talmud
56:Tanakh
48:Neviim
21:Jewish
999:James
984:Titus
758:Enoch
624:Tobit
551:Nahum
546:Micah
541:Jonah
521:Hosea
376:Bible
372:Books
283:codex
126:Bible
44:Torah
1097:List
1029:Jude
917:Acts
912:John
907:Luke
902:Mark
863:list
740:Odes
531:Amos
526:Joel
456:Ezra
436:Ruth
329:ISBN
213:The
206:The
199:The
194:John
190:Luke
186:Mark
170:The
163:The
38:The
23:and
590:and
471:Job
180:. (
1360::
321::
266:.
247:.
192:,
188:,
184:,
152:.
1071:)
1067:(
386:/
364:e
357:t
350:v
196:)
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