1195:, and giving support to structures in Indigenous towns and giving Indigenous people a level of protection against those who were not Indigenous. This can be seen in the establishment of the General Indian Court where Indigenous towns and individual Indigenous people could sue those making incursions on their land and other abuses. These protections disappeared in the national period. One scholar has characterized the early national period of Nahua people and other Indigenous people "as the beginning of a systematic policy of cultural genocide and the increasing loss of native languages." Lack of official recognition and both economic and cultural pressures meant that most Indigenous peoples in Central Mexico became more Europeanized and many became Spanish speakers.
939:
under Aztec dominion and "liberated" them, before they arrived in the Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan. There they were welcomed as guests by Motecuhzoma II, but after a while they took the ruler prisoner. When the Aztec nobility realized that their ruler had been turned into a Spanish puppet they attacked the Spaniards and chased them out of the city. The Spaniards sought refuge in Tlaxcala where they regrouped and awaited reinforcements. During the next year they cooperated with large Tlaxcaltec armies and undertook a siege campaign resulting in the final fall of Tenochtitlan. After the fall of Tenochtitlan Spanish forces now also allied with the Aztecs to incorporate all the previous Aztec provinces into the realm of
992:
1191:) was no longer used by government, although it continued to be used in daily speech. The creation of a republic in 1824 meant that Mexicans of all types were citizens rather than vassals of the crown. One important consequence for Nahua people and other Indigenous people was that documentation in the native languages generally ceased to be produced. Indigenous towns did not cease to exist nor did indigenous populations speaking their own language, but the Indigenous people were far more marginalized in the post-independence period than during the colonial era. In the colonial era the crown had a paternalistic stance toward the Indigenous people, in essence according them special rights, a
1124:
and alphabetic forms of expression were now primarily alphabetic. In the late eighteenth century, there is evidence of text being written in "Nahuatlized
Spanish", written by Nahuas who were now communicating in their own form of Spanish. Year-by-year accounts of major occurrences, a text known as an annal, no longer reference the prehispanic period. Local level documentation for individual Nahuas continued to be produced, in particular last wills and testaments, but they are much more simplified than those produced in the late sixteenth century.
1131:), that assert indigenous communities' rights to particular territory, often by recording local lore in an atemporal fashion. There is no known prehispanic precedent for this textual form and none appears before 1650. Several factors might be at work for the appearance of titles. One might be a resurgence of indigenous population after decades recovering from devastating epidemics when communities might have been less concerned with Spanish encroachment. Another might be the crown's push to regularize defective land titles via a process known as
1111:) became standard. These wills provide considerable information about individuals' residence, kin relations, and property ownership provides a window into social standing, differences between the sexes, and business practices at the local level. showing not only that literacy of some elite men in alphabetic writing in Nahuatl was a normal part of everyday life at the local level and that the notion of making a final will was expected, even for those who had little property. A number of studies in the tradition of what is now called the
1233:. Another prominent Nahua figure of this period was Prospero Cahuantzi, who served as governor of Tlaxcala from 1885-1911. Indigenous surnames were uncommon in post-colonial Mexico but prevalent in Tlaxcala due to certain protections granted by the Spanish government in return for Tlaxcallan support during the overthrow of the Aztecs. Cahuantzi was active in promoting the preservation of indigenous culture and artifacts at a time when Mexican government policy was generally that of suppression.
1669:
886:
1262:
576:
587:
721:
50:
3855:
3706:
1163:. Spanish landed estates needed a secure labor force, often a mixture of a small group of permanent laborers and part-time or seasonal laborers drawn from nearby indigenous communities. Individual Indians made arrangements with estate owners rather than labor being mobilized via the community. The indigenous communities continued to function as political entities, but there was greater fragmentation of units as dependent villages (
788:
642:. Classical Nahuatl was a lingua franca in Central Mexico before the Spanish conquest due to Aztec hegemony, and its role was not only preserved but expanded in the initial stage of colonial rule, encouraged by the Spaniards as a literary language and tool to convert diverse Mesoamerican peoples. There are many Nahuatl place names in regions where Nahuas were not the most populous group (including the names of
3684:
1058:
abandon their religious practices were severely punished or executed. The Nahua, however, often incorporated pre-Christian practices and beliefs into the
Christian religion without the authorities' noticing it. Often they kept practicing their own religion in the privacy of their homes, especially in rural areas where Spanish presence was almost completely lacking and the conversion process was slow.
1152:, and to separate indigenous communities from Spanish lands by more than 1,100 varas. Towns were to have access to water, uplands for gathering firewood, and agricultural land, as well as common lands for pasturage. Despite these mandated legal protections for Indian towns, courts continued to find in favor of Spaniards and the rules about minimum holdings for Indian towns were ignored in practice.
1199:
landowners of estates had already encroached on
Indigenous ownership in the colonial era, but now liberal ideology sought to end communal protections on ownership with its emphasis on private property. Since land was the basis for Indigenous peoples'ability to maintain a separate identity,and a sense of sovereignty, land tenure became a central issue for liberal reformers. The liberal
1092:), with officers holding standard Spanish titles. A classic study of sixteenth-century Tlaxcala, the main ally of the Spaniards in the conquest of the Mexica, shows that much of the prehispanic structure continued into the colonial period. An important set of cabildo records in Nahuatl for Tlaxcala is extant and shows how local government functioned in for nearly a century.
1081:
and syntax show no evidence of the impact of
Spanish contact. In the mid-sixteenth century, cultural change at the local level can be tracked through the production of Nahuatl alphabetic texts. The production of a wide range of written documents in Nahuatl dates from this period, including legal documents for transactions (bills of sale), minutes of indigenous town council (
1015:. In the initial stage of the colonial period, contact between Spaniards and the indigenous populations was limited. It consisted mostly in the mendicants who sought to convert the population to Catholicism, and the reorganization of the indigenous tributary system to benefit individual Spaniards. The indigenous system of smaller settlements' paying tribute and rendering
1554:, where it became extinct during the 20th century. As a result of internal migrations within the country, all Mexican states today have some isolated pockets and groups of Nahuatl speakers. The modern influx of Mexican workers and families into the United States has resulted in the establishment of a few small Nahuatl-speaking communities, particularly in
1104:) were established to support the celebrations of a particular Christian saint and functioned as burial societies for members. During this period, an expression of personal piety, the Church promoted the making of last wills and testaments, with many testators donating money to their local Church to say Masses for their souls.
1080:
There are a large number of texts by and about Nahuas in this middle period and during this period
Nahuatl absorbed a large number of loanwords from Spanish, particularly nouns for particular objects, indicating the closer contact between the European sphere and the indigenous. However, Nahuatl verbs
1057:
With the arrival of
Christian missionaries, the first priority of the colonial authorities was eradicating indigenous religious practices, something they achieved by a combination of violence and threats of violence, and patient education. Nahua were baptized with Spanish names. The Nahua who did not
1502:
speakers. This is an increase from 1.4 million people speakers total but a decrease from 190,000 monolingual speakers in 2000. The state of
Guerrero had the highest ratio of monolingual Nahuatl speakers, calculated at 24.8%, based on 2000 census figures. The proportion of monolinguals for most other
1486:
The
Mexican government does not categorize its citizens by ethnicity, but only by language. Statistical information recorded about the Nahua deals only with speakers of the Nahuatl language, although unknown numbers of people of Nahua ethnicity have abandoned the language and now speak only Spanish.
1216:
in
Morelos, which still had a significant Nahua population, was sparked by peasant resistance to the expansion of sugar estates. This was preceded in the nineteenth century by smaller Indigenous revolts against encroachment, particularly during the civil war of the Reforma, foreign intervention, and
1123:
From the mid-seventeenth century to the achievement of independence in 1821, Nahuatl shows considerable impact from the European sphere and a full range of bilingualism. Texts produced at the local level that in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were sometimes a mixture of pictorial
1033:
and noblemen continued to hold power locally and were key to mobilizing tribute and labor for encomenderos. They also continued to hold titles from the pre-conquest period. Most willing accepted baptism so that records for this period show Nahua elites with Christian given names (indicating baptism)
938:
were a Nahua group who had avoided being subjugated by the Aztecs. After being defeated in battle by the Spaniards, the Tlaxcalans entered into an alliance with Cortes that would be invaluable in the struggle against the Aztecs. The Spanish and Tlaxcaltec forces marched upon several cities that were
1041:
As the Spaniards sought to extend their political dominance into the most remote corners of Mesoamerica, the Nahua accompanied them as auxiliaries. In the early colonial period, new Nahua settlements were made in northern Mexico and far south into Central America. Nahua forces often formed the bulk
972:
in 1992. He divides the colonial history of the Nahua into three stages largely based on linguistic evidence in local-level Nahuatl sources, which he posits are an index of the degree of interaction between Spaniards and Nahuas and changes in Nahua culture. An overview of the Nahuas of colonial
1569:
64.3% of Nahuatl speakers are literate in Spanish compared with the national average of 97.5% for Spanish literacy. Male Nahuatl speakers have 9.8 years of education on average and women 10.1, compared with the 13.6 and 14.1 years that are the national averages for men and women, respectively.
1198:
In 19th-century Mexico, the so-called "Indian Question" exercised politicians and intellectuals, who viewed Indigenous people as backward, unassimilated to the Mexican nation, whose custom of communal rather than individual ownership of land was impediment to economic progress. Non-Indigenous
943:. New Spain was founded as a state under Spanish rule but where Nahua people were recognized as allies of the rulers and as such were granted privileges and a degree of independence that other indigenous peoples of the area did not enjoy. Recently historians such as Stephanie Wood and
1207:
mandated the breakup of corporate-owned property, therefore targeting Indigenous communities and the Roman Catholic Church, which also had significant holdings. This measure affected all Indigenous communities, including Nahua communities, holding land. Liberal
1099:
ceased to function to that end and in 1555 Indians were barred from ordination to the priesthood. However, in local communities, stone-built church complexes continued to be built and elaborated, with murals in mixed indigenous-Spanish forms. Confraternities
818:
From this period on the Nahua were the dominant ethnic group in the Valley of Mexico and far beyond, and migrations kept coming in from the north. After the fall of the Toltecs a period of large population movements followed and some Nahua groups such as the
947:
have argued that the Nahua did not experience the conquest as something substantially different from the sort of ethnic conflicts that they were used to, and that in fact they may have at first interpreted it as a defeat of one Nahua group by another.
1228:
of the Radicals" and an admirer of the French Revolution. Altamirano, along with other liberals, saw universal primary public education as a key way to change Mexico, promoting for upward mobility. Altamirano's chief disciple in this view was
1224:(1834–93), born in Tixtla, Guerrero who became a well respected liberal intellectual, man of letters, politician, and diplomat. Altamirano was a fierce anticlerical politician, and was known for a period as "the
681:. However, smaller populations are spread throughout the country due to recent population movements within Mexico. Within the last 50 years, Nahua populations have appeared in the United States, particularly in
3094:
3048:
1061:
The Nahua quickly took the Latin alphabetic writing as their own. Within 20 years of the arrival of the Spanish, the Nahua were composing texts in their own language. In 1536 the first university of the
736:(who speak a Nahuatl variant) in this area until the present day affirms this theory. Before the Nahuas entered Mesoamerica, they were probably living for a while in northwestern Mexico alongside the
361:
which predated both groups are often thought to have been Nahua as well. However, in the pre-Columbian period Nahuas were subdivided into many groups that did not necessarily share a common identity.
1007:
The early period saw the first stages of the establishment of churches by mendicant friars in large and important Indian towns, the assertion of crown control over New Spain by the high court (
1095:
Regarding religion, by the mid- to late 16th century, even the most zealous mendicants of the first generation doubted the capacity of Nahua men to become Christian priests so that the
1072:
was inaugurated. It was established by the Franciscans whose aim was to educate young Nahua noblemen to be Catholic priests who were trilingual: literate in Spanish, Latin and Nahuatl.
1220:
A number of Indigenous men had made a place for themselves in post-independence Mexico, the most prominent being Benito Juárez. But an important nineteenth-century figure of Nahua was
1038:. A set of censuses in alphabetic Nahuatl for the Cuernavaca region c. 1535 gives us a baseline for the impact of Spanish on Nahuatl, showing few Spanish loanwords taken into Nahuatl.
3353:. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000). Flagstaff, AZ: Center for Excellence in Education,
3075:
Put another way, more than 95% of the Nahuatl-speaking population also speak at least one other language, most usually Spanish. See corresponding tables in INEGI (2000), p. 43.
1948:
2740:
2252:
Account of Bernal Diaz from Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico. edited by Stuart Schwartz (Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2000).
3001:
2194:
960:
in Mesoamerica a new political situation ensued. The period has been extensively studied by historians, with Charles Gibson publishing a classic monograph entitled
3105:
3059:
411:
and spread out to become the dominant people in central Mexico. However, Nahuatl-speaking populations were present in smaller populations throughout Mesoamerica.
3738:
1487:
Other Nahuas, though bilingual in Nahuatl and Spanish, seek to avoid widespread anti-indigenous discrimination by declining to self-identify as Nahua in
871:
after allying with the Tepanecs and Acolhua people of Texcoco, spreading the political and linguistic influence of the Nahuas well into Central America.
2452:
Susan Kellogg, "Social Organization in Early Colonial Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco: An Ethnohistorical Study." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Rochester.
918:. The Totonacs were one of the peoples that were politically subjugated by the Aztecs and word was immediately sent to the Aztec Emperor (in Nahuatl,
1895:
1088:
Institutionally, indigenous town government shifted from the rule of the tlatoani and noblemen to the establishment of Spanish-style town councils (
3273:. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague, Vol. XIX. Copenhagen: The Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen; distributed by C.A. Reitzels Boghandel.
3344:"The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico"
1640:
analysis has also proven that the Nahua admixture in the modern Nicaraguan gene pool is much higher than expected, especially among Nicaraguan
3301:
1141:
2914:
Pablo Yanes (2008). "Diferentes y desiguales: Los indígenas urbanos en el Distrito Federal". In Rolando Cordera Campos; et al. (eds.).
3178:
1714:. Common crops include corn, wheat, beans, barley, chilli peppers, onions, tomatoes, and squash. Some Nahuas also raise sheep and cattle.
1244:. Zapata was evidently fluent in Nahuatl and would give speeches in the language to Nahua peasants in hopes of inspiring them to join his
752:
possibly as early as 400 CE. From c. 600 CE the Nahua quickly rose to power in central Mexico and expanded into areas earlier occupied by
2838:
2741:
https://online.ucpress.edu/msem/article-abstract/35/1/61/61673/The-Indigenous-Governor-of-Tlaxcala-and-Acceptable?redirectedFrom=fulltext
1831:
1491:'s decennial census. Nor does the census count as indigenous children under 5 (estimated to be 11-12% of the indigenous population). An
3731:
1805:
464:
both "something that makes an agreeble sound" and "someone who speaks well or speak one's own language"). It was used in contrast with
3508:
The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries
2285:
The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries
851:
ruled an area to the east of the valley. One of the last of the Nahua migrations to arrive in the valley settled on an island in the
1940:
3238:
1240:(1879-1919) was likely of mixed Nahua-Spanish heritage, with ancestry going back to the Nahua city of Mapaztlán, in the state of
811:
people, normally assumed to have been of Nahua ethnicity, established dominion over much of central Mexico which they ruled from
1656:, however they can also be found all over the western half of Nicaragua through their mestizo offspring. Nawat is extinct here.
728:
Archaeological, historical and linguistic evidence suggest that the Nahuas originally came from the deserts of northern Mexico (
2064:
1853:
1779:
4170:
3724:
2923:
2809:
2170:
2997:
1918:
1187:
system, which divided the population into racial categories with differential rights, was eliminated and the term "Indian" (
2081:. Volume II, Part 2. Edited by Richard E.W. Adams and Murdo J. MacLeod. New York: Cambridge University Press 2000, p. 187.
1212:, a Zapotec who became president of Mexico, was fully in support of laws to end corporate landholding. The outbreak of the
880:
3477:
2971:
1710:
Many Nahua are agriculturists. They practice various forms of cultivation including the use of horses or mules to plow or
3542:
1978:
1096:
1068:
661:
of Nicaragua. Nahua populations in Mexico are centered in the middle of the country, with most speakers in the states of
1155:
Labor arrangements between Nahuas and Spaniards were largely informal, rather than organized through the mainly defunct
3023:
2880:
622:, although other linguistic and ethnic groups lived in these areas as well. They were also present in large numbers in
1881:
3665:
3642:
3607:
3555:
3519:
3455:
3362:
3278:
3222:
1633:
305:
252:
3179:"Reconstructing the Population History of Nicaragua by Means of mtDNA, Y-Chromosome STRs, and Autosomal STR Markers"
3165:"Reconstructing the population history of Nicaragua by means of mtDNA, Y-chromosome STRs, and autosomal STR markers"
777:
594:
At the turn of the 16th century, Nahua populations occupied territories ranging across Mesoamerica as far south as
512:. Using this term for the Nahuas has generally fallen out of favor in scholarship, though it is still used for the
599:
1867:
991:
1313:
Speakers over 5 years of age in the ten states with most speakers (2000 census). Absolute and relative numbers.
4175:
3478:"The history of the Nawa language group from the earliest times to the sixteenth century: some initial results"
2009:
1495:-Conepo report indicates the Mexican indigenous population is nearly 250% greater than that reported by INEGI.
1492:
1011:) and then the establishment of the viceroyalty, and the heyday of conqueror power over the indigenous via the
926:. Going inland the Spaniards encountered and fought with Totonac forces and Nahua forces from the independent
442:, which generally means "audible, intelligible, clear" with different derivations including "language" (hence
3688:
2904:
Source: INEGI (2000). Percentages given are in comparison to the total population of the corresponding state.
1112:
1029:
who was awarded the labor and tribute of that town. In this early period, the hereditary indigenous ruler or
1597:, different sources give estimates of 6,339 and 19,800 persons of Nahua ethnicity. They are concentrated in
3747:
17:
2309:
James Lockhart, 1969, "Encomienda and Hacienda: The Evolution of the Great Estate in the Spanish Indies",
2208:
3595:
3447:
3354:
3310:
1180:
314:
2866:
2768:
1896:"Guanacaste is a practically autonomous ethnolinguistic area and different from the rest of the country"
1171:) sought full, independent status themselves. Indigenous officials were no longer necessarily noblemen.
1146:
3696:
3634:
3503:
1586:. However, some indigenous organizations claim that the real population is significantly higher. Their
1127:
Nahuas began to produce an entirely new type of text, known as "primordial titles" or simply "titles" (
965:
2839:
https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/61/1/125/149139/Zapata-of-MexicoLos-manifiestos-en-Nahuatl-de
2389:
The Tlaxcalan Actas: A Compendium of the Records of the Records of the Cabildo of Tlaxcala, 1545-1627.
3511:
1329:
1221:
3239:"Lenguas indígenas nacionales en riesgo de desaparición: Variantes lingüísticas por grado de riesgo"
3599:
1535:
800:
175:
3573:
3393:
Fowler, William R. Jr. (1985). "Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil Nicarao: A Critical Analysis".
2995:
1498:
As of 2020, Nahuatl is spoken across Mexico by an estimated 1.6 million people, including 111,797
3968:
3547:
3483:(Revised ed.). Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica. Archived from
2783:"Modern-Day Conquistadors: The Decline of Nahuatl, and the Status of Mexican Bilingual Education"
407:
peoples and migrated into central Mexico around 500 CE. The Nahua then settled in and around the
377:
1107:
For individual Nahua men and women dictating a last will and testament to a local Nahua notary (
768:
cultural area the Nahuas adopted many cultural traits including maize agriculture and urbanism,
4018:
753:
31:
4165:
4144:
3587:
3402:
3195:
1827:
1680:
171:
3150:
2996:
Enrique Serrano Carreto; Arnulfo Embriz Osorio; Patricia Fernández Ham; et al. (2002).
2223:
1801:
2941:"Una propuesta para estimar la población indígena en México a partir de los datos censales"
2692:"The Indigenous Governor of Tlaxcala and Acceptable Indigenousness in the Porfirian Regime"
2272:
The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519-1810
1618:
1204:
1042:
of the Spanish military expeditions that conquered other Mesoamerican peoples, such as the
183:
156:
894:
8:
4104:
4084:
3000:(in Spanish). Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. p. 82.
2665:
The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State 1492-1867
1649:
931:
899:
757:
187:
2091:
109:
3627:
3422:
3330:
3214:
2719:
2520:. Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007
2176:
1598:
1245:
1213:
907:
2402:
The Paradise Garden Murals of Malinalco: Utopia and Empire in Sixteenth-Century Mexico
1519:
1420:
678:
3661:
3638:
3613:
3603:
3583:
3561:
3551:
3525:
3515:
3461:
3451:
3430:
3414:
3382:
3368:
3358:
3334:
3322:
3284:
3274:
3218:
2963:
2919:
2853:
2755:
2711:
2166:
2005:
792:
733:
179:
121:
4139:
1118:
475:, "to speak unintelligibly" or "speak a foreign language". Another, related term is
4089:
4079:
4013:
3927:
3761:
3578:
3473:
3406:
3314:
3122:
2955:
2703:
2235:
1771:
1723:
1645:
1559:
1515:
1511:
603:
551:
538:
525:
497:
484:
471:
460:
449:
438:
381:
373:
365:
279:
208:
167:
93:
1209:
4134:
4049:
4003:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3841:
3821:
3537:
3136:
2491:, p. 450. Lockhart suggests that this might mark a "Stage 4" of language change.
1910:
1743:
1355:
1237:
1225:
1135:. The crown had mandated minimum land holdings for indigenous communities at 600
1047:
944:
761:
670:
408:
129:
3766:
646:
and several Mexican states), due to Aztec expansion, Spanish invasions in which
3831:
3781:
3771:
3716:
3657:
2940:
1911:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - El Salvador"
1731:
1711:
1629:
1587:
1527:
1507:
1499:
824:
812:
773:
769:
741:
658:
580:
244:
228:
224:
204:
3484:
2782:
2707:
2531:
The Life Within: Local Indigenous Society in Mexico's Toluca Valley, 1650-1800
2180:
2160:
1970:
980:
4159:
4124:
4114:
4094:
4023:
3973:
3963:
3860:
3710:
3418:
3326:
2967:
2715:
1160:
986:
915:
906:
In 1519 an expedition of Spaniards sailing from Cuba under the leadership of
781:
710:
682:
607:
3565:
3529:
3465:
3434:
3372:
3164:
2959:
2594:
Frans J. Schreyer, "Native Peoples of Central Mexico Since Independence" in
4119:
3947:
3902:
3887:
3776:
3384:
Being Indian in Hueyapan: A Study of Forced Identity in Contemporary Mexico
3288:
1753:
1583:
1368:
1230:
1043:
923:
868:
864:
852:
840:
820:
765:
729:
654:
611:
564:
513:
388:
350:
240:
220:
152:
3811:
3617:
2239:
1539:
1506:
The largest concentrations of Nahuatl speakers are found in the states of
885:
556:
97:
4129:
4074:
4008:
3998:
3978:
3912:
3892:
3791:
2598:, Richard N. Adams and Murdo MacLeod, eds. Vol. II, part 2, 2000, p. 229.
1579:
860:
744:
peoples. The first group of Nahuas to split from the main group were the
737:
732:) and migrated into central Mexico in several waves. The presence of the
686:
647:
623:
404:
338:
318:
248:
139:
113:
3922:
3816:
2723:
2691:
2654:
Schreyer, "Native Peoples of Central Mexico Since Independence", p. 243.
2079:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Mesoamerica
1668:
831:. And in central Mexico different Nahua groups based in their different
380:. About 1.5 million Nahuas speak Nahuatl and another million speak only
4054:
3907:
3296:
3266:
3151:"Pueblos Indígenas de Honduras | Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza"
2619:
Schreyer, "Native Peoples of Central Mexico Since Independence" p. 229.
2413:
Frances Karttunen, "Nahuatl Literacy" in George A. Collier et al. eds.
1802:"Pueblos Indígenas de Honduras | Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza"
1563:
1261:
1156:
1021:
1012:
996:
935:
890:
855:
and proceeded to subjugate the surrounding tribes. This group were the
836:
828:
650:
served as the main force, and the usage of Nahuatl as a lingua franca.
586:
354:
334:
264:
144:
4059:
3426:
2998:"Indicadores socioeconómicos de los pueblos indígenas de México, 2002"
1286:
Total Indigenous Speakers 3 Years & More Who Do Not Speak Spanish
4109:
4069:
3897:
2607:
Sarah Cline, "Native Peoples of Colonial Central Mexico", p. 216-217.
2337:
The Book of Tributes: Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Censuses from Morelos
1625:
1602:
940:
720:
643:
639:
627:
384:. Fewer than 1,000 native speakers of Nahuatl remain in El Salvador.
330:
322:
162:
148:
4064:
3654:
The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica
1653:
575:
49:
4099:
4033:
3917:
3882:
3444:
Speaking Mexicano: Dynamics of Syncretic Language in Central Mexico
3410:
3318:
2441:
Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: The Social History of an Aztec Town.
1641:
1594:
1523:
1446:
1433:
1342:
1063:
1000:
927:
919:
832:
745:
674:
666:
631:
615:
337:. They comprise the largest indigenous group in Mexico. They are a
326:
133:
117:
101:
3594:, 13 vols. in 12 hbk. ed.). Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City:
2916:
Pobreza, desigualdad y exclusión social en la ciudad del siglo XXI
859:
who during the next 300 years became the dominant ethnic group of
400:
4028:
3937:
3877:
3836:
3826:
3786:
1727:
1606:
1547:
1543:
1531:
1381:
1241:
1200:
1119:
Stage three (c. 1650 – 1821) Late colonial period to independence
1025:
system. Indigenous of particular towns paid tribute to a Spanish
911:
848:
844:
787:
690:
428:
396:
392:
369:
256:
200:
125:
105:
85:
3932:
3796:
3683:
3299:(1988). "Nahuatl dialectology: A survey and some suggestions".
1551:
1407:
1394:
1280:
Total Persons 3 Years & More Speaking Indigenous Languages
1051:
1016:
856:
808:
796:
780:
and the construction of monumental architecture and the use of
749:
706:
662:
635:
619:
595:
560:
509:
502:
358:
346:
342:
260:
89:
81:
76:
3095:"Perfil Sociodemografica de la Populacion Hablante de Nahuatl"
3049:"Perfil Sociodemografica de la Populacion Hablante de Nahuatl"
3942:
3806:
2350:
The Americas' first academic library Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco
2023:
2021:
1705:
1610:
1555:
1488:
1192:
1184:
957:
702:
294:
288:
3579:
Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain
3441:
3343:
2296:
Sarah Cline, "Native Peoples of Colonial Central Mexico" in
2077:
Sarah Cline, "Native Peoples of Colonial Central Mexico" in
579:
Number of Nahuatl speakers per state, according to the 2000
2596:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
2165:. Uol Insti for the Study of the Americas. pp. 21–54.
1614:
1271:
Total number of Nahuatl speakers in the 2020 Mexican Census
981:
Stage one (1519–c. 1550) Conquest and early colonial period
2387:
James Lockhart, Frances Berdan, and Arthur J.O. Anderson.
2018:
2004:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 156–157.
3572:
3341:
1722:
The languages traditionally spoken by the Nahuas are the
1637:
835:
fought for political dominance. The Xochimilca, based in
653:
The last of the southern Nahua populations today are the
531:
518:
490:
477:
465:
454:
443:
432:
421:
2667:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 659, 663
1019:
to dominant political entities was transformed into the
999:
and Spanish at the founding of the Colonial Province of
2918:(in Spanish). México: Siglo XXI Editores. p. 228.
2298:
Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
1217:
a weak state following the exit of the French in 1867.
975:
Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
387:
It is suggested that the Nahua peoples originated near
3392:
3349:. In Barbara Jane Burnaby; John Allan Reyhner (eds.).
3694:
3651:
306:
297:
291:
285:
3850:
3379:
3196:"9. Nahoas | Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza"
2559:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964, p. 285.
2499:
2497:
2465:, Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992, p. 428.
1828:"9. Nahoas | Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza"
1265:
Nahua man of Morelos ploughing a bean field by mule
282:
3626:
3405:and the American Society for Ethnohistory: 37–62.
3381:
2954:(2). MÉXICO: El Colegio de México, A.C.: 457–471.
2939:Janssen, Eric; Casas, Regina Martínez (May 2006).
2615:
2613:
1636:estimated a population of 20,000 in 2006. However
391:, in regions of the present day Mexican states of
3590:(eds., trans., notes and illus.) (translation of
3472:
2632:, New Haven: Yale University Press 1968, 224-225.
2443:Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1986.
2300:vol. II, Part II, Mesoamerica, 2000, pp. 187-222.
1174:
4157:
3746:
3624:
3592:Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España
3536:
2494:
1909:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
1868:"2 Ways Nahuatl Helped Shape Nicaraguan Spanish"
1644:. Fully indigenous Nahuas are mainly located in
1075:
3502:
2610:
2430:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center 1984.
2339:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center 1993.
1882:"Do you know the origin of the word Guanacaste"
1582:, it is estimated that there are 12,000 Nahuas/
1546:. Nahuatl was formerly spoken in the states of
1085:) records, petitions to the crown, and others.
3633:. Cambridge Languages Surveys series. London:
2391:Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1986.
1971:"Did you know Pipil is critically endangered?"
951:
874:
748:who went on to settle on the Pacific coast of
3732:
3302:International Journal of American Linguistics
3271:Five Studies Inspired by Náhuatl Verbs in -oa
2158:
544:
508:The Nahuas are also sometimes referred to as
3024:"Ethnic Identity in the 2020 Mexican Census"
2938:
2881:"Ethnic Identity in the 2020 Mexican Census"
1628:, the 2005 census counted 11,113 persons of
1526:. Significant populations are also found in
1283:% of Indigenous Speakers 3 Years & More
724:Ceramic sculpture of Nahua deity from Puebla
30:"Nahua" redirects here. For other uses, see
3295:
3265:
2913:
2365:, Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992.
2287:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992.
2274:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964.
1115:extensively use Nahuatl wills as a source.
910:arrived on the Mexican gulf coast near the
3739:
3725:
3041:
2159:Newson, Linda A.; Bonilla, Adolfo (2021).
2092:"Nahoas. Territorio indígena y gobernanza"
1726:, which include the different dialects of
764:peoples. Through their integration in the
48:
3351:Indigenous Languages across the Community
3058:. INEGI. 2000. p. 43. Archived from
2404:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1993.
2326:, Austin: University of Texas Press 1991.
2162:Las culturas indígenas y su medioambiente
1999:
1590:is endangered, but undergoing a revival.
1034:and many holding the Spanish noble title
2808:Espinosa, Felipe Ávila (23 April 2019).
2807:
2417:, pp. 395-417. New York: Academic Press.
2378:. New Haven: Yale University Press 1952.
2221:
1260:
990:
884:
786:
719:
590:Current distribution of Nahuatl variants
585:
574:
3442:Hill, Jane H.; Kenneth C. Hill (1986).
3208:
2810:"Los primeros pasos de Emiliano Zapata"
2352:, Sacramento" California State Library.
2228:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
505:) literally "Nahuatl-speaking people".
353:, as are their historical enemies, the
14:
4158:
2689:
867:their island capital. They formed the
715:
537:
524:
496:
483:
470:
459:
448:
437:
403:region. They split off from the other
27:Indigenous ethnic group in Mesoamerica
3720:
2630:Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora
2426:S.L. Cline and Miguel León-Portilla,
1981:from the original on 14 December 2019
1808:from the original on 14 December 2021
827:arrived as far south as northwestern
550:
54:Nahua children in traditional clothes
3342:Flores Farfán; José Antonio (2002).
1908:
1663:
1139:, in property that was known as the
881:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
563:, the Nahua tribe which founded the
70:Regions with significant populations
3543:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
2311:Hispanic American Historical Review
2002:An analytical dictionary of Nahuatl
1097:Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco
1069:Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco
973:Central Mexico can be found in the
847:ruled the area to the west and the
24:
3211:Human: The Definitive Visual Guide
2696:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
1941:"Nahua Peoples | Encyclopedia.com"
1782:from the original on 19 April 2015
1573:
25:
4187:
3676:
3388:. New York: Saint Martin's Press.
3004:from the original on 2 April 2015
2977:from the original on 8 March 2021
2533:. Stanford University Press 2012.
2376:Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century
1634:International Labour Organization
253:Indigenous people of the Americas
3853:
3704:
3682:
3629:The Mesoamerian Indian Languages
2149:Porter Weaver. 1993. pp. 388-412
1667:
893:soldiers leading a Spaniard to
795:" from the Nahua culture of the
317:, with Nahua minorities also in
278:
3656:(3rd ed.). San Diego, CA:
3231:
3202:
3188:
3171:
3157:
3143:
3129:
3115:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3016:
2989:
2948:Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos
2932:
2907:
2898:
2873:
2828:
2801:
2775:
2730:
2683:
2670:
2657:
2648:
2635:
2622:
2601:
2588:
2575:
2562:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2510:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2446:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2316:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2224:"The Aboriginals of Costa Rica"
2222:Peralta, De; M, Manuel (1901).
2215:
2201:
2187:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2084:
2071:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
1993:
1963:
1951:from the original on 6 May 2019
1921:from the original on 6 May 2019
1834:from the original on 6 May 2021
968:built on that work, publishing
598:. However, their core area was
414:
3652:Weaver, Muriel Porter (1993).
1933:
1902:
1888:
1874:
1860:
1846:
1820:
1794:
1764:
1538:, with smaller communities in
1311:
1175:National period (1821-present)
227:with pre-colombia influence),
13:
1:
3258:
3209:Winston, Robert, ed. (2004).
2583:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
2570:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
2557:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
2476:The Nahuas After the Conquest
2463:The Nahuas After the Conquest
2363:The Nahuas After the Conquest
2324:The Encomenderos of New Spain
2322:Robert Himmerich y Valencia,
1251:
1076:Stage two (c. 1550 – c. 1650)
970:The Nahuas After the Conquest
962:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
516:. They have also been called
4171:Indigenous peoples in Mexico
3748:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
3380:Friedlander, Judith (1975).
3084:Flores Farfán (2002), p. 229
2787:Harvard International Review
2104:Flores Farfán (2002, p.229).
570:
7:
3596:School of American Research
3448:University of Arizona Press
3355:Northern Arizona University
3311:University of Chicago Press
2690:Sumner, Jaclyn Ann (2019).
2428:The Testaments of Culhuacan
2209:"The Kingdom of this world"
2027:Kartunnen 1992, p. 157-158.
2000:Karttunen, Frances (1992).
1737:
1717:
1601:, in the municipalities of
1479:
1476:
1464:
1461:
1453:
1450:
1440:
1437:
1427:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1401:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1375:
1372:
1362:
1359:
1349:
1346:
1336:
1333:
1159:and the poorly functioning
952:Colonial period (1521–1821)
875:Conquest period (1519–1523)
774:ritual calendar of 260 days
315:Indigenous people of Mexico
10:
4192:
3635:Cambridge University Press
2400:Jeanette Favrot Peterson,
1741:
1703:
1699:
1659:
1236:The Mexican revolutionary
1167:) of the main settlement (
984:
878:
700:
696:
610:, the eastern half of the
485:[naːwaˈt͡ɬaːkat͡ɬ]
29:
4042:
3956:
3870:
3848:
3754:
3625:Suárez, Jorge A. (1983).
3512:Stanford University Press
2708:10.1525/msem.2019.35.1.61
2544:Nahuas After the Conquest
2505:Nahuas After the Conquest
2489:Nahuas After the Conquest
2415:The Inca and Aztec States
1748:
1621:. Nawat is extinct here.
1256:
1222:Ignacio Manuel Altamirano
239:
234:
219:
214:
199:
194:
74:
69:
64:
59:
47:
3755:More than 100,000 people
3600:University of Utah Press
2195:"Central American Nahua"
1758:
1536:Mexican Federal District
1503:states is less than 5%.
1179:With the achievement of
956:With the arrival of the
498:[naːwaˈt͡ɬaːkaʔ]
3871:20,000 – 100,000 people
3548:Oxford University Press
3546:. Oxford and New York:
3104:. INEGI. Archived from
2960:10.24201/edu.v21i2.1256
2348:Mathes, Michael, 1985,
2045:Kartunnen 1992, p. 145.
2036:Kartunnen 1992, p. 203.
839:ruled an area south of
657:of El Salvador and the
542:(plural) or in Spanish
532:
519:
491:
478:
466:
455:
453:"to speak clearly" and
444:
433:
422:
378:mutually unintelligible
376:, several of which are
4043:Less than 1,000 people
3574:Sahagún, Bernardino de
3137:"NAHUA – Exposiciones"
3123:"Pipil in El Salvador"
2131:Suárez (1983, p. 149).
1266:
1004:
903:
833:"Altepetl" city-states
804:
725:
614:basin, and modern-day
591:
583:
552:[mexiˈkano(s)]
545:
526:[meːˈʃiʔkat͡ɬ]
32:Nahua (disambiguation)
4176:Mesoamerican cultures
3957:1,000 – 20,000 people
3403:Duke University Press
2240:10.3406/jsa.1901.3365
2122:Kaufman (2001, p.12).
1742:Further information:
1289:Monolingual Rate (%)
1264:
994:
888:
790:
723:
589:
578:
235:Related ethnic groups
3691:at Wikimedia Commons
3588:Arthur J.O. Anderson
3357:. pp. 225–236.
2529:Caterina Pizzigoni,
2518:Testaments of Toluca
2516:Caterina Pizzigoni,
2054:Fowler (1985, p.38).
1975:Endangered Languages
1945:www.encyclopedia.com
1619:Esquipulas del Norte
1205:Constitution of 1857
1181:Mexican independence
776:and the practice of
539:[meːˈʃiʔkaʔ]
450:[ˈnaːwat(i)]
427:is derived from the
405:Uto-Aztecan speaking
2836:read.dukeupress.edu
2113:Canger (1980, p.12)
1314:
1273:
813:Tollan Xicocotitlan
807:Around 1000 CE the
782:logographic writing
770:religious practices
716:Pre-conquest period
472:[popoˈloka]
461:[ˈnaːwat͡ɬ]
357:(Tlaxcaltecs). The
44:
3490:on 19 January 2020
3215:Dorling Kindersley
3111:on 2 October 2008.
3065:on 2 October 2008.
2738:online.ucpress.edu
2643:Mexican Liberalism
1679:. You can help by
1312:
1269:
1267:
1214:Mexican Revolution
1005:
922:) of Tenochtitlan
904:
900:Lienzo de Tlaxcala
805:
726:
592:
584:
372:, consist of many
42:
4153:
4152:
3687:Media related to
3584:Charles E. Dibble
3474:Kaufman, Terrence
3401:(1). Durham, NC:
3028:Indigenous Mexico
2925:978-607-3-00043-7
2885:Indigenous Mexico
2861:Missing or empty
2763:Missing or empty
2678:The First America
2628:Charles A. Hale,
2172:978-1-908857-87-3
1697:
1696:
1484:
1483:
1310:
1309:
1203:enshrined in the
793:Atlantean figures
734:Mexicanero people
439:[ˈnaːwa-]
313:) are one of the
270:
269:
16:(Redirected from
4183:
3969:Chichimeca Jonaz
3863:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3686:
3671:
3648:
3632:
3621:
3569:
3538:Restall, Matthew
3533:
3510:. Stanford, CA:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3469:
3438:
3389:
3387:
3376:
3348:
3338:
3292:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2687:
2681:
2674:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2555:Charles Gibson,
2553:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2501:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2461:James Lockhart,
2459:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2398:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2374:Charles Gibson,
2372:
2366:
2361:James Lockhart,
2359:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2283:James Lockhart,
2281:
2275:
2270:Charles Gibson,
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1768:
1724:Nahuan languages
1692:
1689:
1671:
1664:
1330:Federal District
1315:
1274:
1268:
1150:
778:human sacrifices
604:Valley of Mexico
602:, including the
554:
548:
541:
535:
528:
522:
500:
494:
487:
481:
474:
469:
463:
458:
452:
447:
441:
436:
425:
366:Nahuan languages
309:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
110:Estado de México
60:Total population
52:
45:
41:
21:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4038:
3952:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3750:
3745:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3695:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3645:
3610:
3582:. vols. I-XII.
3558:
3522:
3504:Lockhart, James
3493:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3458:
3365:
3346:
3281:
3261:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3217:. p. 364.
3207:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2356:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2173:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:Kaufman (2001).
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2012:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1898:. 22 July 2020.
1894:
1893:
1889:
1884:. 25 July 2018.
1880:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1746:
1744:Aztec mythology
1740:
1720:
1708:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1677:needs expansion
1662:
1632:ethnicity. The
1576:
1574:Central America
1520:San Luis Potosí
1459:Rest of Mexico
1421:San Luis Potosí
1259:
1254:
1238:Emiliano Zapata
1177:
1144:
1121:
1078:
989:
983:
954:
945:Matthew Restall
883:
877:
718:
713:
699:
679:San Luis Potosí
630:, southeastern
573:
417:
409:Basin of Mexico
349:) are of Nahua
341:ethnicity. The
307:
281:
277:
223:(Predominantly
190:
166:
159:
143:
136:
130:San Luis Potosi
80:
55:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4189:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4145:Western Apache
4142:
4140:Tohono Oʼodham
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3714:
3713:
3693:
3692:
3678:
3677:External links
3675:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3658:Academic Press
3649:
3643:
3622:
3608:
3570:
3556:
3534:
3520:
3500:
3470:
3456:
3446:. Tucson, AZ:
3439:
3411:10.2307/482092
3390:
3377:
3363:
3339:
3319:10.1086/466074
3309:(1). Chicago:
3293:
3279:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3230:
3223:
3201:
3187:
3170:
3156:
3142:
3128:
3114:
3086:
3077:
3068:
3040:
3015:
2988:
2931:
2924:
2906:
2897:
2872:
2827:
2800:
2789:. 27 July 2022
2774:
2729:
2682:
2669:
2663:D.A. Brading,
2656:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2609:
2600:
2587:
2585:, pp. 285-287.
2574:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2454:
2445:
2432:
2419:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2367:
2354:
2341:
2328:
2315:
2302:
2289:
2276:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2234:(2): 125–139.
2214:
2200:
2186:
2181:j.ctv1qr6sk7.7
2171:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2083:
2070:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2017:
2010:
1992:
1962:
1932:
1901:
1887:
1873:
1859:
1845:
1819:
1793:
1776:Dictionary.com
1762:
1760:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1739:
1736:
1732:Pipil language
1719:
1716:
1712:slash-and-burn
1701:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1674:
1672:
1661:
1658:
1588:Nawat language
1575:
1572:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1369:Mexico (state)
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1176:
1173:
1120:
1117:
1077:
1074:
982:
979:
966:James Lockhart
953:
950:
924:Motecuhzoma II
879:Main article:
876:
873:
717:
714:
698:
695:
600:Central Mexico
581:Mexican census
572:
569:
488:(singular) or
416:
413:
268:
267:
237:
236:
232:
231:
229:Aztec religion
225:Roman Catholic
217:
216:
212:
211:
197:
196:
192:
191:
72:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4188:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3861:Mexico portal
3851:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3669:
3667:0-01-263999-0
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3644:0-521-22834-4
3640:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3609:0-87480-082-X
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3557:0-19-516077-0
3553:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3521:0-8047-2317-6
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3486:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3457:0-8165-0898-4
3453:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3364:0-9670554-2-3
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3280:87-7421-254-0
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3240:
3234:
3226:
3224:0-7566-0520-2
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3180:
3174:
3166:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3081:
3072:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2901:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2868:
2855:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2770:
2757:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2604:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2546:, pp. 410-11.
2545:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2338:
2335:Sarah Cline,
2332:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2261:Restall, 2003
2258:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1675:This section
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1263:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:Benito Juárez
1206:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:in 1821, the
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:repartimiento
1158:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1113:New Philology
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1017:labor service
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
995:Depiction of
993:
988:
987:Aztec codices
978:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
949:
946:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:Quiyahuiztlan
913:
909:
908:Hernán Cortés
902:
901:
896:
892:
889:Depiction of
887:
882:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
816:
814:
810:
802:
798:
794:
789:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
722:
712:
711:Aztec codices
708:
704:
694:
692:
688:
684:
683:New York City
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:Toluca Valley
605:
601:
597:
588:
582:
577:
568:
566:
562:
559:", after the
558:
553:
549:
547:
540:
536:
534:
527:
523:
521:
515:
511:
506:
504:
499:
495:
493:
486:
482:
480:
473:
468:
462:
457:
451:
446:
440:
435:
430:
426:
424:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:
302:
275:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:Nueva Segovia
173:
169:
165:
164:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
51:
46:
37:
33:
19:
4166:Nahua people
4115:Motozintleco
3888:Chontal Maya
3801:
3689:Nahua people
3653:
3628:
3591:
3577:
3576:(1950–82) .
3541:
3507:
3492:. Retrieved
3485:the original
3443:
3398:
3395:Ethnohistory
3394:
3383:
3350:
3306:
3300:
3270:
3245:. Retrieved
3233:
3213:. New York:
3210:
3204:
3190:
3173:
3159:
3145:
3131:
3117:
3106:the original
3102:inegi.gob.mx
3101:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3060:the original
3056:inegi.gob.mx
3055:
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2951:
2947:
2934:
2915:
2909:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2884:
2875:
2863:|title=
2842:. Retrieved
2835:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2816:(in Spanish)
2813:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2786:
2777:
2765:|title=
2744:. Retrieved
2737:
2732:
2702:(1): 61–87.
2699:
2695:
2685:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2659:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2448:
2440:
2439:S.L. Cline,
2435:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2203:
2189:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2001:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1944:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1914:
1904:
1890:
1876:
1862:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1775:
1766:
1754:Netotiliztli
1752:
1721:
1709:
1685:
1681:adding to it
1676:
1623:
1592:
1577:
1568:
1528:México State
1505:
1497:
1485:
1471:
1470:
1324:Percentages
1270:
1235:
1231:Justo Sierra
1219:
1197:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1008:
1006:
974:
969:
964:. Historian
961:
955:
905:
898:
869:Aztec Empire
865:Tenochtitlan
863:ruling from
853:Lake Texcoco
841:Lake Texcoco
817:
806:
772:including a
766:Mesoamerican
754:Oto-Manguean
730:Aridoamerica
727:
652:
638:and coastal
618:and most of
612:Balsas River
593:
565:Aztec Empire
543:
530:
529:(singular),
517:
514:Aztec Empire
507:
489:
479:Nāhuatlācatl
476:
420:
418:
415:Nomenclature
389:Aridoamerica
386:
363:
339:Mesoamerican
273:
271:
221:Christianity
161:
153:San Salvador
138:
137:
75:
39:Ethnic group
36:
18:Nahua people
3297:Canger, Una
3267:Canger, Una
3008:22 December
1812:14 December
1786:7 September
1580:El Salvador
1500:monolingual
1145: [
1142:fundo legal
1133:composición
1027:encomendero
997:Tlaxcaltecs
936:Tlaxcaltecs
861:Mesoamerica
687:Los Angeles
648:Tlaxcaltecs
624:El Salvador
546:Mexicano(s)
492:Nāhuatlācah
355:Tlaxcallans
319:El Salvador
265:Tlaxcallans
249:Mexicaneros
140:El Salvador
114:Mexico City
4160:Categories
4055:Chiricahua
4019:Qʼanjobʼal
3999:Mexicanero
3259:References
2542:Lockhart,
2503:Lockhart,
2487:Lockhart,
2474:Lockhart,
2011:0806124210
1704:See also:
1688:March 2024
1564:California
1534:, and the
1477:1,448,937
1297:1,651,958
1252:Demography
1157:encomienda
1022:Encomienda
1013:encomienda
985:See also:
932:Tlaxcallan
891:Tlaxcaltec
837:Xochimilco
829:Costa Rica
701:See also:
431:word-root
335:Costa Rica
172:Chinandega
145:Ahuachapan
65:2,694,189+
4110:Mezcalero
4080:Kaqchikel
4070:Ixcatecos
4014:Pima Bajo
3928:Tojolabal
3812:Purépecha
3762:Chinantec
3494:7 October
3419:0014-1801
3335:144210796
3327:0020-7071
3313:: 28–72.
2968:0186-7210
2814:Gatopardo
2716:0742-9797
2676:Brading,
2645:, p. 225.
2572:, p. 285.
2507:, p. 428.
2478:, p. 428.
2313:49:411-29
2065:"Nicarao"
1854:"Nicarao"
1626:Nicaragua
1603:Catacamas
1540:Michoacán
1277:Language
1109:escribano
1102:cofradías
1009:Audiencia
941:New Spain
758:Totonacan
644:Guatemala
640:Michoacan
628:Nicaragua
571:Geography
520:Mēxihcatl
445:nāhuat(i)
419:The name
351:ethnicity
331:Nicaragua
323:Guatemala
195:Languages
184:Matagalpa
163:Nicaragua
157:Santa Ana
149:Sonsonate
122:Chihuahua
98:Michoacán
4050:Awakatek
4024:Qʼeqchiʼ
4004:Ocuiltec
3994:Lacandon
3989:Jakaltek
3984:Guarijio
3938:Wixarika
3923:Tepehuán
3918:Popoluca
3898:Cuicatec
3822:Tlapanec
3817:Rarámuri
3598:and the
3566:51022823
3540:(2003).
3530:24283718
3506:(1996).
3476:(2001).
3466:13126530
3435:62217753
3373:95062129
3269:(1980).
3247:3 August
3033:29 March
3002:Archived
2981:22 April
2972:Archived
2890:17 April
2854:cite web
2756:cite web
2724:26771098
2581:Gibson,
2568:Gibson,
1985:19 April
1979:Archived
1949:Archived
1919:Archived
1915:Refworld
1832:Archived
1806:Archived
1780:Archived
1778:. 2012.
1738:Religion
1730:and the
1718:Language
1650:Jinotega
1642:Mestizos
1595:Honduras
1560:New York
1524:Guerrero
1512:Veracruz
1451:338,324
1447:Veracruz
1434:Tlaxcala
1425:138,523
1412:416,968
1360:221,684
1347:136,681
1343:Guerrero
1303:111,797
1294:Náhuatl
1169:cabecera
1090:cabildos
1064:Americas
1048:Zapotecs
1031:tlatoani
1003:in 1545.
1001:Tlaxcala
928:Altepetl
920:Tlatoani
914:city of
845:Tepanecs
746:Pochutec
675:Guerrero
667:Veracruz
632:Veracruz
616:Tlaxcala
557:Mexicans
533:Mēxihcah
467:popoloca
374:variants
327:Honduras
215:Religion
188:Jinotega
134:Guerrero
118:Tlaxcala
102:Veracruz
4085:Kʼicheʼ
4060:Cochimí
4034:Tepehua
4029:Tacuate
3883:Chatino
3842:Zapotec
3837:Tzotzil
3832:Tzeltal
3827:Totonac
3787:Mazatec
3782:Mazahua
3772:Huastec
3289:7276374
2844:1 April
2820:1 April
2793:2 April
2746:2 April
1772:"Nahua"
1728:Nahuatl
1700:Economy
1660:Culture
1630:Nicarao
1607:Gualaco
1599:Olancho
1584:Pipiles
1548:Jalisco
1544:Durango
1532:Morelos
1516:Hidalgo
1462:50,132
1438:23,737
1399:10,979
1386:18,656
1382:Morelos
1373:55,802
1356:Hidalgo
1334:37,450
1321:Totals
1318:Region
1242:Morelos
1201:Reforma
1165:sujetos
1129:títulos
1083:cabildo
1052:Mixtecs
958:Spanish
912:Totonac
849:Acolhua
825:Nicarao
797:Toltecs
762:Huastec
742:Huichol
697:History
691:Houston
671:Hidalgo
659:Nicarao
456:nāhuatl
429:Nahuatl
399:or the
397:Nayarit
393:Durango
382:Spanish
370:Nahuatl
359:Toltecs
257:Mestizo
245:Nicarao
209:Spanish
201:Nahuatl
126:Durango
106:Jalisco
94:Hidalgo
86:Morelos
4125:Paipai
4100:Kumiai
4095:Kiliwa
4090:Kikapú
4065:Cucapá
3974:Chocho
3964:Akatek
3933:Triqui
3878:Amuzgo
3797:Mixtec
3711:Mexico
3697:Portal
3664:
3641:
3618:276351
3616:
3606:
3564:
3554:
3528:
3518:
3464:
3454:
3433:
3427:482092
3425:
3417:
3371:
3361:
3333:
3325:
3287:
3277:
3221:
2966:
2922:
2722:
2714:
2680:p. 665
2641:Hale,
2179:
2169:
2008:
1749:Dances
1654:Sébaco
1652:, and
1552:Colima
1522:, and
1508:Puebla
1480:1.49%
1472:Total:
1465:0.10%
1454:4.90%
1441:2.47%
1428:6.02%
1415:8.21%
1408:Puebla
1402:0.32%
1395:Oaxaca
1389:1.20%
1376:0.43%
1363:9.92%
1350:4.44%
1337:0.44%
1300:22.4%
1257:Mexico
1066:, the
1050:, and
934:. The
897:from
895:Chalco
857:Mexica
843:; the
809:Toltec
750:Oaxaca
709:, and
707:Mexica
689:, and
663:Puebla
636:Colima
634:, and
620:Puebla
606:, the
596:Panama
561:Mexica
510:Aztecs
503:plural
434:nāhua-
364:Their
347:Aztecs
343:Mexica
333:, and
274:Nahuas
261:Mexica
180:Masaya
90:Puebla
82:Oaxaca
77:Mexico
43:Nahuas
4120:Opata
4105:Lipán
3948:Zoque
3943:Yaqui
3903:Huave
3807:Otomi
3802:Nahua
3767:Chʼol
3488:(PDF)
3481:(PDF)
3423:JSTOR
3347:(PDF)
3331:S2CID
3242:(PDF)
3182:(PDF)
3109:(PDF)
3098:(PDF)
3063:(PDF)
3052:(PDF)
2975:(PDF)
2944:(PDF)
2720:JSTOR
2177:JSTOR
1955:6 May
1925:6 May
1838:6 May
1759:Notes
1706:Milpa
1646:Rivas
1611:Guata
1556:Texas
1489:INEGI
1306:6.8%
1246:cause
1226:Marat
1193:fuero
1189:indio
1185:casta
1149:]
1137:varas
821:Pipil
703:Aztec
655:Pipil
423:Nahua
401:Bajío
368:, or
310:-wahz
241:Pipil
205:Nawat
168:Rivas
4135:Teko
4130:Seri
4075:Ixil
4009:Pame
3979:Chuj
3913:Mayo
3893:Cora
3792:Mixe
3777:Maya
3662:ISBN
3639:ISBN
3614:OCLC
3604:ISBN
3586:and
3562:OCLC
3552:ISBN
3526:OCLC
3516:ISBN
3496:2007
3462:OCLC
3452:ISBN
3431:OCLC
3415:ISSN
3369:OCLC
3359:ISBN
3323:ISSN
3285:OCLC
3275:ISBN
3249:2024
3219:ISBN
3035:2024
3010:2012
2983:2020
2964:ISSN
2920:ISBN
2892:2024
2867:help
2846:2024
2822:2024
2795:2024
2769:help
2748:2024
2712:ISSN
2167:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1987:2015
1957:2019
1927:2019
1840:2021
1814:2021
1788:2012
1617:and
1615:Jano
1562:and
1550:and
1542:and
1044:Maya
823:and
801:Tula
760:and
740:and
738:Cora
677:and
395:and
272:The
255:and
207:and
132:and
3908:Mam
3407:doi
3315:doi
2956:doi
2704:doi
2236:doi
1683:.
1638:DNA
1624:In
1593:In
1578:In
1493:INI
1036:don
930:of
799:at
308:NAH
4162::
3660:.
3637:.
3612:.
3602:.
3560:.
3550:.
3524:.
3514:.
3460:.
3450:.
3429:.
3421:.
3413:.
3399:32
3397:.
3367:.
3329:.
3321:.
3307:54
3305:.
3283:.
3100:.
3054:.
3026:.
2970:.
2962:.
2952:21
2950:.
2946:.
2883:.
2858::
2856:}}
2852:{{
2812:.
2785:.
2760::
2758:}}
2754:{{
2718:.
2710:.
2700:35
2698:.
2694:.
2612:^
2496:^
2230:.
2226:.
2175:.
2020:^
1977:.
1973:.
1947:.
1943:.
1917:.
1913:.
1830:.
1804:.
1774:.
1734:.
1648:,
1613:,
1609:,
1605:,
1566:.
1558:,
1530:,
1518:,
1514:,
1510:,
1248:.
1147:es
1054:.
1046:,
977:.
815:.
784:.
756:,
705:,
693:.
685:,
673:,
669:,
665:,
626:,
567:.
329:,
325:,
321:,
295:ɑː
289:ɑː
263:,
259:,
251:,
247:,
243:,
203:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
170:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
128:,
124:,
120:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
92:,
88:,
84:,
3740:e
3733:t
3726:v
3699::
3670:.
3647:.
3620:.
3568:.
3532:.
3498:.
3468:.
3437:.
3409::
3375:.
3337:.
3317::
3291:.
3251:.
3227:.
3198:.
3184:.
3167:.
3153:.
3139:.
3125:.
3037:.
3012:.
2985:.
2958::
2928:.
2894:.
2869:)
2865:(
2848:.
2824:.
2797:.
2771:)
2767:(
2750:.
2726:.
2706::
2242:.
2238::
2232:3
2211:.
2197:.
2183:.
2094:.
2067:.
2014:.
1989:.
1959:.
1929:.
1870:.
1856:.
1842:.
1816:.
1790:.
1690:)
1686:(
1100:(
803:.
791:"
555:"
501:(
345:(
301:/
298:z
292:w
286:n
283:ˈ
280:/
276:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
