126:
209:
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through which small ions can be easily transported. Interspersed between the hydrophilic channels are hydrophobic polymer backbones that provide the observed mechanical stability. Many recent studies, however, favored a phase-separated nanostructure consisting of locally-flat, or ribbon-like, hydrophilic domains based on evidence from direct-imaging studies and more comprehensive analysis of the structure and transport properties.
27:
649:
334:
866:
887:
916:
941:
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A cylindrical-water channel model was also proposed based on simulations of small-angle X-ray scattering data and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance studies. In this model, the sulfonic acid functional groups self-organize into arrays of hydrophilic water channels, each ~ 2.5 nm in diameter,
789:
by permitting hydrogen ion transport while preventing electron conduction. Solid
Polymer Electrolytes, which are made by connecting or depositing electrodes (usually noble metal) to both sides of the membrane, conduct the electrons through an energy requiring process and rejoin the hydrogen ions to
767:
diaphragms to allow for transfer of sodium ions between half cells; both technologies were developed in the latter half of the 19th century. The disadvantages of these systems is worker safety and environmental concerns associated with mercury and asbestos, economical factors also played a part, and
442:
due to permselectivity (charge-based exclusion). Nafion can be manufactured with or exchanged to alternate cation forms for different applications (e.g. lithiated for Li-ion batteries) and at different equivalent weights (EWs), alternatively considered as ion-exchange capacities (IECs), to achieve a
1018:
Normal Nafion will dehydrate (thus lose proton conductivity) when the temperature is above ~80 °C. This limitation troubles the design of fuel cells because higher temperatures are desirable for better efficiency and CO tolerance of the platinum catalyst. Silica and zirconium phosphate can be
498:
are not applicable because Nafion is insoluble, although the molecular weight has been estimated at 10–10 Da. Instead, the equivalent weight (EW) and material thickness are used to describe most commercially available membranes. The EW is the number of grams of dry Nafion per mole of sulfonic acid
409:
The chemical basis of Nafion's ion-conductive properties remain a focus of extensive research. Ion conductivity of Nafion increases with the level of hydration. Exposure of Nafion to a humidified environment or liquid water increases the amount of water molecules associated with each sulfonic acid
1009:
human-rated spacecraft uses Nafion membranes to dehumidify the cabin air. One side of the membrane is exposed to the cabin atmosphere, the other to the vacuum of space. This results in dehumidification since Nafion is permeable to water molecules but not air. This saves power and complexity since
691:
where the polymer forms two layers whose sulfonic groups attract across an aqueous layer where transport occurs. Consistency between the models include a network of ionic clusters; the models differ in the cluster geometry and distribution. Although no model has yet been determined fully correct,
771:
The figure to the right shows a chlor-alkali cell where Nafion functions as a membrane between half cells. The membrane allows sodium ions to transfer from one cell to the other with minimal electrical resistance. The membrane was also reinforced with additional membranes to prevent gas product
499:
groups when the material is in the acid form. Nafion membranes are commonly categorized in terms of their EW and thickness. For example, Nafion 117 indicates an extrusion-cast membrane with 1100 g/mol EW and 0.007 inches (7 thou) in thickness. In contrast to equivalent weight, conventional
744:
768:
in the diaphragm process chloride contamination of the hydroxide product. Nafion was the direct result of the chlor-alkali industry addressing these concerns; Nafion could tolerate the high temperatures, high electrical currents, and corrosive environment of the electrolytic cells.
728:
catalysis for the production of fine chemicals. Nafion is also often cited for theoretical potential (i.e., thus far untested) in a number of fields. With consideration of Nafion's wide functionality, only the most significant will be discussed below.
780:
Although fuel cells have been used since the 1960s as power supplies for satellites, recently they have received renewed attention for their potential to efficiently produce clean energy from hydrogen. Nafion was found effective as a membrane for
381:
synthesized in 1962 by Dr. Donald J. Connolly at the DuPont
Experimental Station in Wilmington Delaware (U.S. Patent 3,282,875). Additional work on the polymer family was performed in the late 1960s by Dr. Walther Grot of
645:, as well as the mechanical, thermal, and oxidative stability, are affected by the Nafion structure. A number of models have been proposed for the morphology of Nafion to explain its unique transport properties.
217:
641:
The morphology of Nafion membranes is a matter of continuing study to allow for greater control of its properties. Other properties such as water management, hydration stability at high temperatures,
679:
The difficulty in determining the exact structure of Nafion stems from inconsistent solubility and crystalline structure among its various derivatives. Advanced morphological models have included a
592:
The PTFE backbone interlaced with the ionic sulfonate groups gives Nafion a high chemical stability temperature (e.g. 190 °C) but a softening point in the range of 85-100 °C give it a moderate
189:
632:
The solid phase and the aqueous phase of Nafion are both permeable to gases, which is a drawback for energy conversion devices such as artificial leaves, fuel cells, and water electrolyzers.
1686:"Long-range interactions keep bacterial cells from liquid-solid interfaces: Evidence of a bacteria exclusion zone near Nafion surfaces and possible implications for bacterial attachment"
482:
of Nafion is variable due to differences in processing and solution morphology. The structure of a Nafion unit illustrates the variability of the material; for example, the most basic
676:) diameter held within a continuous fluorocarbon lattice. Narrow channels about 10 Å (1 nm) in diameter interconnect the clusters, which explains the transport properties.
426:. Upon hydration, Nafion phase-separates at nanometer length scales resulting in formation of an interconnected network of hydrophilic domains which allow movement of water and
1410:
Schalenbach, Maximilian; Hoefner, Tobias; Paciok, Paul; Carmo, Marcelo; Lueke, Wiebke; Stolten, Detlef (2015-10-28). "Gas
Permeation through Nafion. Part 1: Measurements".
1437:
Schalenbach, Maximilian; Hoeh, Michael A.; Gostick, Jeff T.; Lueke, Wiebke; Stolten, Detlef (2015-10-14). "Gas
Permeation through Nafion. Part 2: Resistor Network Model".
275:
1281:
1464:
Gierke, T. D.; Munn, G. E.; Wilson, F. C. (1981). "The morphology in nafion perfluorinated membrane products, as determined by wide- and small-angle x-ray studies".
997:
Nafion surfaces show an exclusion zone against bacteria colonization. Moreover, layer-by-layer coatings comprising Nafion show excellent antimicrobial properties.
603:
catalyst. The combination of fluorinated backbone, sulfonic acid groups, and the stabilizing effect of the polymer matrix make Nafion a very strong acid, with pK
958:
721:
1345:
846:. New applications are constantly being discovered. These processes, however, have not yet found strong commercial use. Several examples are shown below:
519:(TFE) (the monomer in Teflon) and a derivative of a perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) with sulfonyl acid fluoride. The latter reagent can be prepared by the
410:
group. The hydrophilic nature of the ionic groups attract water molecules, which begin to solvate the ionic groups and dissociate the protons from the -SO
394:. Nafion's unique ionic properties are a result of incorporating perfluorovinyl ether groups terminated with sulfonate groups onto a tetrafluoroethylene (
347:
1304:
1010:
cooling is not required (as needed with a condensing dehumidifier), and the removed water is rejected to space with no additional mechanism needed.
692:
some scientists have demonstrated that as the membrane hydrates, Nafion's morphology transforms from the cluster-channel model to a rod-like model.
1349:
1633:
751:
Chlorine and sodium/potassium hydroxide are among the most produced commodity chemicals in the world. Modern production methods produce Cl
554:
Na). This form of Nafion, referred to as the neutral or salt form, is finally converted to the acid form containing the sulfonic acid (-SO
957:
salts. Nafion maintains a structure and pH to provide a stable environment for the enzymes. Applications include catalytic oxidation of
879:
The amount of Nafion-H needed to catalyze the acylation of benzene with aroyl chloride is 10–30% less than the
Friedel-Crafts catalyst:
271:
1671:
1289:
1142:
Heitner-Wirguin, C. (1996). "Recent advances in perfluorinated ionomer membranes: structure, properties and applications".
1585:"A Critical Revision of the Nano-Morphology of Proton Conducting Ionomers and Polyelectrolytes for Fuel Cell Applications"
1534:
Allen, Frances I.; Comolli, Luis R.; Kusoglu, Ahmet; Modestino, Miguel A.; Minor, Andrew M.; Weber, Adam Z. (2015-01-20).
1809:
443:
range of cationic conductivities with trade-offs to other physicochemical properties such as water uptake and swelling.
403:
1819:
1814:
354:
342:
1829:
790:
react with oxygen and produce water. Fuel cells are expected to find strong use in the transportation industry.
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or use as polymeric binder in electrodes. By this process, Nafion can be used to generate composite films, coat
507:
capacity (IEC), which is the multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of the equivalent weight, i.e., IEC = 1000/EW.
596:, e.g. up to 100 °C, with additional challenges in all applications due to the loss of water above 100 °C.
471:: ethanesulfonyl fluoride, 2-methyl]-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy]-1,1,2,2,-tetrafluoro-, with tetrafluoroethylene
578:
The combination of the stable PTFE backbone with the acidic sulfonic groups gives Nafion its characteristics:
1799:
608:
495:
1499:
Schmidt-Rohr, K.; Chen, Q. (2007). "Parallel cylindrical water nanochannels in Nafion fuel-cell membranes".
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as well as the human body, and there is considerable research towards the production of higher sensitivity
915:
249:
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104:
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because of its excellent chemical and mechanical stability in the harsh conditions of this application.
267:
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208:
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H) groups. Nafion can be dispersed into solution by heating in aqueous alcohol at 250 °C in an
940:
121:
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782:
287:
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855:
395:
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Nafion's properties make it suitable for a broad range of applications. Nafion has found use in
390:
company. It is the first of a class of synthetic polymers with ionic properties that are called
26:
1339:
1042:
593:
231:
201:
1364:
1228:
664:, consisted of an equal distribution of sulfonate ion clusters (also described as 'inverted
283:
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8:
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629:/cm depending on temperature, hydration state, thermal history and processing conditions.
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125:
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1604:
1365:"Proton Conductivity of Nafion 117 as Measured by a Four-Electrode AC Impedance Method"
490:
groups (the z subscript). Conventional methods of determining molecular weight such as
468:
1252:
Connolly, D.J.; Longwood; Gresham, W. F. (1966). "Fluorocarbon Vinyl Ether
Polymers".
759:
using a Nafion membrane between half-cells. Before the use of Nafion, industries used
582:
It is highly conductive to cations, making it suitable for many membrane applications.
1849:
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1631:
Gelbard, Georges (2005). "Organic
Synthesis by Catalysis with Ion-Exchange Resins".
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399:
143:
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Mauritz, Kenneth A.; Moore, Robert B. (2004). "State of
Understanding of Nafion".
908:
via dihydropyran or o-trialkylsilation of alcohols, phenol, and carboxylic acids.
854:
Nafion-H gives efficient conversion whereas the alternative method, which employs
91:
1833:
1536:"Morphology of Hydrated As-Cast Nafion Revealed through Cryo Electron Tomography"
1006:
815:
642:
589:(particularly sodium) can degrade Nafion under normal temperatures and pressures.
528:
1092:
1075:
474:
tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid copolymer
459:. It has various chemical configurations and thus several chemical names in the
1727:"Layer by Layer Antimicrobial Coatings Based on Nafion, Lysozyme, and Chitosan"
1485:
1254:
827:
626:
325:
255:
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1318:(PR7). Germany: Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung: Pr7-279-Pr7-281.
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708:, electrochemical devices, chlor-alkali production, metal-ion recovery, water
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chemical reactions to increase the working temperature to above 100 °C.
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418:) group. The dissociated protons "hop" from one acid site to another through
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H, although Nafion is a weaker acid by at least three orders of magnitude.
398:) backbone. Nafion has received a considerable amount of attention as a
1800:
What Nafion
Membrane is Right for an Electrolyzer / Hydrogen Generation?
1743:
648:
463:
system. Nafion-H, for example, includes the following systematic names:
954:
831:
807:
174:
61:
1725:
Gibbons, Ella N.; Winder, Charis; Barron, Elliot; et al. (2019).
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378:
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977:. What makes Nafion especially interesting is its demonstration in
743:
515:
Nafion derivatives are first synthesized by the copolymerization of
324:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
764:
669:
665:
435:
387:
1303:
Schuster, M., Ise, M., Fuchs, A., Kreuer, K.D., Maier, J. (2005).
1040:
Church, Steven (January 6, 2006). "Del. firm installs fuel cell".
793:
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into films. Hot aqueous NaOH converts these sulfonyl fluoride (-SO
295:
986:
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containing sodium amalgam to separate sodium metal from cells or
713:
483:
391:
259:
78:
1363:
Sone, Yoshitsugu; Ekdunge, Per; Simonsson, Daniel (1996-04-01).
1305:"Proton and Water Transport in Nano-separated Polymer Membranes"
775:
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where the sulfonic groups arrange into crystal-like rods, and a
1804:
970:
950:
839:
835:
717:
427:
383:
973:, with application in ion-selective, metallized, optical, and
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where the ion-rich core is surrounded by an ion poor shell, a
241:
1409:
756:
524:
487:
460:
452:
439:
1533:
1229:"nafion membrane, chemours nafion, proton exchange membrane"
109:
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El-Kattan, Y.; McAtee, J.; Nafion-H. (2001) "Nafion-H". In
1436:
237:
1076:"New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers"
585:
It resists chemical attack. According to
Chemours, only
732:
1776:
Jason Silverman; Andrew Irby; Theodore Agerton (2020).
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1583:
Kreuer, Klaus-Dieter; Portale, Giuseppe (2013-11-20).
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806:. Studies have demonstrated catalytic properties in
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mixing and minimize back transfer of Cl and OH ions.
1785:. International Conference on Environmental Systems.
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Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
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724:, drug release, gas drying or humidification, and
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1344:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1019:incorporated into Nafion water channels through
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622:It is selectively and highly permeable to water.
90:
1664:Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis.
1634:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
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794:Superacid catalyst for fine chemical production
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1074:Kusoglu, Ahmet; Weber, Adam Z. (2017-02-08).
776:Proton exchange membrane (PEM) for fuel cells
1820:Membrane thickness on conductivity_of_Nafion
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1189:
1073:
1683:
1615:
1348:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1334:. Archived from the original on 2007-06-11.
607:~ -6. In this respect Nafion resembles the
1282:"Nafion: Physical and Chemical Properties"
1164:
969:Nafion has found use in the production of
953:within the Nafion by enlarging pores with
716:, surface treatment of metals, batteries,
124:
1752:
1742:
1701:
1551:
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992:
404:proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells
1684:Cheng, Yifan; Moraru, Carmen I. (2018).
981:. Nafion has been shown to be stable in
742:
647:
503:are usually described in terms of their
451:Nafion can be produced as both a powder
1815:Isotopic effects on Nafion conductivity
1810:Walther G. Grot: "Fluorinated Ionomers"
656:The first model for Nafion, called the
636:
422:facilitated by the water molecules and
120:
1842:
1369:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
1039:
755:and NaOH/KOH from the electrolysis of
733:Chlor-alkali production cell membrane
486:contains chain variation between the
1779:Development of the Crew Dragon ECLSS
1223:
1221:
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1067:
1065:
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550:F) groups into sulfonate groups (-SO
1439:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
1412:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
81:
13:
1014:Modified Nafion for PEM fuel cells
802:, has potential as a catalyst for
625:Its proton conductivity up to 0.2
531:to give the olefinated structure.
14:
1881:
1836: (archived 22 September 2007)
1793:
1218:
1050:
447:Nomenclature and molecular weight
369:is a brand name for a sulfonated
16:Brand name for a chemical product
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25:
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699:
570:, or repair damaged membranes.
534:The resulting product is an -SO
328:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1703:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.11.016
1690:ColloidsSurf. B: Biointerfaces
1356:
1296:
1245:
1033:
1001:Dehumidification in spacecraft
896:Catalysis of protection groups
858:, can promote polyalkylation:
510:
1:
1589:Advanced Functional Materials
1026:
949:It is possible to immobilize
850:Alkylation with alkyl halides
609:trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
573:
496:gel permeation chromatography
1286:Technical Notes and Articles
1158:10.1016/0376-7388(96)00155-X
874:
562:for subsequent casting into
7:
1805:Homepage of Walther G. Grot
1145:Journal of Membrane Science
1093:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00159
386:. Nafion is a brand of the
10:
1886:
1486:10.1002/pol.1981.180191103
964:
736:
1312:Le Journal de Physique IV
322:
301:
188:
183:
179:See Article
136:
33:
24:
1830:Nafion Totally Explained
1451:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b04157
1424:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b04155
856:Friedel-Crafts synthesis
783:proton exchange membrane
250:Precautionary statements
1666:John Wiley & Sons,
1280:Perma Pure LLC (2004).
1601:10.1002/adfm.201300376
1292:on September 28, 2013.
993:Antimicrobial surfaces
929:Nafion can catalyze a
748:
653:
438:and minimally conduct
1261:U.S. patent 3,282,875
959:adenine dinucleotides
746:
722:Donnan dialysis cells
662:cluster-network model
652:Cluster-network model
651:
594:operating temperature
643:electro-osmotic drag
637:Structure/morphology
1870:Membrane technology
1744:10.3390/nano9111563
1478:1981JPoSB..19.1687G
1445:(45): 25156–25169.
1418:(45): 25145–25155.
1381:1996JElS..143.1254S
1324:10.1051/jp4:2000756
900:Nafion-H increases
747:A chlor-alkali cell
739:Chloralkali process
517:tetrafluoroethylene
501:ion-exchange resins
371:tetrafluoroethylene
21:
749:
654:
523:of its respective
469:Chemical Abstracts
355:Infobox references
302:Related compounds
19:
1672:978-0-470-01754-8
1647:10.1021/ie0580405
1641:(23): 8468–8498.
1595:(43): 5390–5397.
1553:10.1021/mz500606h
1540:ACS Macro Letters
1472:(11): 1687–1704.
1389:10.1149/1.1836625
1204:10.1021/cr0207123
1198:(10): 4535–4586.
931:1,2-hydride shift
804:organic synthesis
363:Chemical compound
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308:Related compounds
232:Hazard statements
105:CompTox Dashboard
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1860:Polyelectrolytes
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1267:
1255:Google Patents
1244:
1233:www.nafion.com
1217:
1163:
1115:
1049:
1031:
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1025:
1015:
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966:
963:
947:
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944:
926:
923:
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920:
919:
902:reaction rates
897:
894:
893:
892:
891:
890:
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873:
872:
871:
870:
869:
851:
848:
828:esterification
795:
792:
777:
774:
752:
737:Main article:
734:
731:
701:
698:
689:sandwich model
638:
635:
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623:
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583:
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555:
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512:
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476:
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448:
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411:
362:
359:
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353:
331:
330:
326:standard state
323:
320:
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310:
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304:
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299:
298:
276:P305+P351+P338
253:
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122:DTXSID30882013
117:
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1732:
1731:Nanomaterials
1728:
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1186:
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1172:
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1159:
1155:
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1138:
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1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
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1120:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
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1077:
1070:
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1054:
1046:. p. B7.
1045:
1044:
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1032:
1024:
1022:
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998:
990:
988:
984:
983:cell cultures
980:
976:
972:
962:
960:
956:
952:
942:
938:
937:
936:
935:
934:
932:
925:Isomerization
917:
913:
912:
911:
910:
909:
907:
903:
888:
884:
883:
882:
881:
880:
867:
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860:
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857:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:isomerization
809:
805:
801:
798:Nafion, as a
791:
788:
784:
773:
769:
766:
762:
758:
745:
740:
730:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
697:
693:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
668:') with a 40
667:
663:
659:
650:
646:
644:
631:
628:
624:
621:
610:
602:
598:
595:
591:
588:
587:alkali metals
584:
581:
580:
579:
571:
569:
565:
561:
545:
541:
540:thermoplastic
538:F-containing
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
508:
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502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
470:
466:
465:
464:
462:
458:
454:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:sulfonic acid
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
376:
375:fluoropolymer
372:
368:
356:
349:
344:
327:
321:
311:
306:
305:
300:
254:
251:
247:
246:
236:
233:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
215:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
198:
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187:
182:
178:
176:
173:
172:
148:
145:
141:
140:
135:
127:
123:
119:
118:
116:
106:
102:
101:
95: monomer
93:
89:
88:
86:
80:
76:
75:
68:
67:
65:
63:
60:
59:
52:
48:
47:
45:
42:
38:
37:
32:
28:
23:
1778:
1771:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1663:
1638:
1632:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1507:(1): 75–83.
1504:
1500:
1494:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1340:cite journal
1315:
1311:
1298:
1290:the original
1285:
1253:
1247:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:
1195:
1191:
1149:
1143:
1083:
1079:
1041:
1035:
1020:
1017:
1004:
996:
968:
948:
928:
899:
878:
853:
824:ketalization
797:
779:
770:
750:
710:electrolysis
703:
700:Applications
694:
688:
684:
680:
678:
661:
657:
655:
640:
577:
533:
514:
505:ion exchange
477:
450:
408:
366:
365:
223:
190:
34:Identifiers
1375:(4): 1254.
1152:(1): 1–33.
511:Preparation
218:Signal word
137:Properties
1844:Categories
1546:(1): 1–5.
1238:2021-04-22
1027:References
975:biosensors
955:lipophilic
906:protection
832:hydrolysis
808:alkylation
787:fuel cells
706:fuel cells
574:Properties
568:electrodes
564:thin films
430:, but the
420:mechanisms
318:fumapem F
202:Pictograms
175:Molar mass
62:ChemSpider
51:66796-30-3
41:CAS Number
1696:: 16–24.
1562:2161-1653
1397:1945-7111
1332:1155-4339
1102:0009-2665
989:sensors.
875:Acylation
844:oxidation
820:acylation
800:superacid
726:superacid
685:rod model
601:superacid
560:autoclave
521:pyrolysis
457:copolymer
436:electrons
432:membranes
379:copolymer
288:P403+P233
284:P337+P313
272:P304+P340
193:labelling
1850:Plastics
1763:31689966
1712:29132042
1609:94579140
1570:35596390
1521:18066069
1212:15669162
1110:28112903
765:asbestos
666:micelles
599:It is a
544:extruded
542:that is
392:ionomers
388:Chemours
184:Hazards
1832:at the
1754:6915488
1474:Bibcode
1377:Bibcode
1021:in situ
987:glucose
971:sensors
965:Sensors
951:enzymes
761:mercury
718:sensors
714:plating
484:monomer
428:cations
348:what is
346: (
314:Flemion
312:Aciplex
224:Warning
169:
79:PubChem
20:Nafion
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1670:
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842:, and
840:ethers
836:sugars
785:(PEM)
455:and a
440:anions
384:DuPont
373:based
367:Nafion
343:verify
340:
1783:(PDF)
1605:S2CID
1308:(PDF)
757:brine
525:oxide
488:ether
467:From
461:IUPAC
453:resin
316:Dowex
161:S . C
92:61889
1759:PMID
1708:PMID
1668:ISBN
1566:PMID
1558:ISSN
1517:PMID
1393:ISSN
1350:link
1346:link
1328:ISSN
1208:PMID
1106:PMID
1098:ISSN
1005:The
838:and
611:, CF
494:and
478:The
402:for
396:PTFE
296:P501
292:P405
280:P312
268:P280
264:P271
260:P264
256:P261
242:H335
238:H319
69:none
1749:PMC
1739:doi
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1150:120
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110:EPA
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