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and
Likelike. In later life, Liliʻuokalani admitted that "those of Prince Leleiohoku were really in advance of those of his two sisters, although perhaps this was due to the fact that the singing-club of the regent was far superior to any that we could organize; it consisted in a large degree of the very purest and sweetest male voices to be found amongst the native Hawaiians." The name of the glee club was later used for a separate Hui Kawaihau, a business group founded by King Kalākaua and his favorites which was involved in sugar cultivation near
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507:", popularized in the early 20th century by various artists, had its beginnings in "Kāua I Ka Huahuaʻi" (We Two in the Spray), a love song penned by Leleiohoku. The only similarity between the two songs is the melody, which was lifted from Leleiohoku's original stylings. He was an accomplished musician, considered a
491:
Leleiohoku founded several royal choral societies, including the 1876 Kawaihau Glee Club composed of 15 members. They were alternately known as the
Kawaihau Serenaders. Until Leleiohoku's death at age 22 in 1877, his groups would compete with the singing troupes organized by his sisters Liliʻuokalani
385:
The king also celebrated
Hawaiian culture at his two-week 50th birthday Jubilee in 1886. The celebration began with a parade featuring the hula, and floats representing stories from native Hawaiian culture. Hula was again performed at the evening lūʻau gala celebration, continuing through the night
66:
missionaries. He was the founder of Kalākaua's
Singing Boys glee club, as well as Hui Lei Mamo glee club which featured many hula dancers. After her ascension to the throne upon her brother's death in 1891, Liliʻuokalani sent Hui Lei Mamo on a tour throughout the United States and Europe. She was the
53:
Queen Liliʻuokalani and King Kalākaua were the eldest siblings and had the most profound impact on Hawaii's culture. Both mentored numerous individuals, some of whom went on to musical careers in their own rights. Kalākaua did the most to revive
Hawaiian culture when as monarch he showcased native
654:, was a musical protégé of Liliʻuokalani and had his own King Glee Club. He was the publisher of three song books and the composer of "Kamehameha Waltz ", a tribute to his alma mater Kamehameha School for Boys. "Ke Kali Nei Au" (Waiting For Thee), is known to today's audiences as the "
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347:. Nevertheless, the hula continued to be practiced in private settings. The Royal Four siblings were raised in the Protestant Christian faith, but saw the hula as part of their cultural heritage. One of the leading critics of the Kalākaua era was Presbyterian minister
708:, formed in 1994, acknowledges the royal siblings as their patrons, stating that the Royal Four were the progenitors of the music and arts culture that Hawaii has come to be known for. In 2007, the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame released an album, titled
439:(songs) for his visitors, accompanied by the Singing Boys. They would often entertain at Healani, the King's Boathouse. Strong recalled the Singing Boys as "the best singers and performers on the ukulele and guitar in the whole islands".
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The arrival of
Christian missionaries in the early 19th century altered the cultural landscape of the kingdom. The hula was viewed by them as evil and corrupt, and it was eventually banned from public performances by Queen consort
623:, lady-in-waiting to Likelike, co-composed with Lili'uokalani the love song "Sanoe" about a secret love affair in the Hawaiian royal court. "Liko Pua Lehua" (Tender Leaves of the Lehua Flower) and other songs were co-composed by
50:. William Pitt Leleiohoku II, the youngest brother who died at age 22, was a guitar master and leader of the Kawaihau Glee Club. Youngest sister Likelike was a musician and a co-founder of the Kaohuokalani Singing Club.
564:
in 1886 as a glee club composed of eight young female native
Hawaiian hula dancers and singers. They received extensive training, and entertained at private performances for the king and his guests, as they did the day
658:", popular with the tourist trade after the lyrics were adapted for a wider audience. King's original lyrics were not that of a wedding song, but rather one of several tunes written for his Hawaiian-language opera
386:
until the dawn of the next day. Unlike the reactions to the hula performances at the coronation, very little was reported in the media about the
Jubilee hulas. Kalākaua's reign is generally regarded as the first
464:
We used to go out of evenings with a new song the Prince had composed and make the rounds. First on King
Kalakaua at Iolani Palace; then to Washington Place to serenade Princess Liliuokalani, and even as far as
701:'s museum curator John Troutman, music composed by the Na Lani ʻEhā, "became wildly popular" during their lifetimes, published in the media of its day, and performed by numerous groups throughout the kingdom.
519:
The group founded by Liliʻuokalani and
Likelike was known as the "Hui Himeni Kaohuokalani", usually translated as the Kaohuokalani Singing Club or Kaohuokalani Singing Association. One member of the group was
647:. She was a soprano soloist who, after the queen's death, accompanied herself on the ukulele, appearing on radio shows and on stage. Tribe gained a reputation as "the soprano with the million dollar smile".
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bearers to stand watch over her body, and sing her compositions. Mossman's glee club lasted for 28 years. She later formed the Ka`ahumanu Choral Group of older women, with whom she toured the world.
573:. Upon the king's death in 1891, Liliʻuokalani retained the glee club, and sponsored them on an extended tour through the United States and Europe. In 1908, Kapahu married future Honolulu mayor
390:, for both his influence on Hawaii's music, and for other contributions he made to reinvigorate Hawaiian culture. His actions inspired the reawakening of Hawaiian pride and nationalism.
82:, formed in 1994, acknowledges the royal siblings as their patrons, recognizing their roles as the progenitors of Hawaii's music and arts culture that the world identifies with today.
477:, half sister of the Fourth and Fifth Kamehamehas, in the "wee small hours of the morning". Happy days those were; the days when "Wine, Women and Song" were the rule of the day.
378:". The hula that was choreographed for the coronation blended the traditional style with the more modern steps, with a printed program provided to the public. Legislator
628:
1298:
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1918:
1895:
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Mossman (1979). "Bina Nieper Mossman: Transcript of interview conducted Sept. 29, 1971 in Hawaii". Honolulu: Watumull Foundation Oral History Project.
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269:
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46:(1854–1877). All four were composers, known for their patronage and enrichment of Hawaii's musical culture and history. All four of them organized
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2751:(2004). "The Merrie Monarch: Genealogy, cosmology, mele, and performance art as resistance". In Joseph, Gilbert M.; Rosenberg, Emily S. (eds.).
2814:
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712:, featuring renditions of the works of the four royal composers performed by Ku'uipo Kumukahi and the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame Serenaders.
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guests. "Dandy" was an apt name for Ioane, who specially tailored his own clothing in a style that led one newspaper to call him "Honolulu's
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was singing on the streets with her glee club in 1914, when Liliʻuokalani took them under her tutelage. At the former queen's residence of
325:
1952:
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Hawaii and a Revolution: The Personal Experiences of a Correspondent in the Sandwich Islands During the Crisis of 1893 and Subsequently
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By Royal Command: The Official Life and Personal Reminiscences of Colonel Curtis Piehu Iaukea at the Court of Hawaii's Rulers
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627:, Likelike and Lili'uokalani when Kamakau was a member of their glee club. Kamakau was a lady-in-waiting to Liliʻuokalani.
248:
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The siblings' aggregate body of musical compositions in the Hawaiian language numbers in the hundreds. According to the
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in 1872. Just as Na Lani ʻEhā nurtured local talent, so Berger mentored the four royal siblings. He wrote the music for
419:
King's Singing Boys). It was a minstrel troupe composed of native Hawaiian male musicians. According to Hawaii resident
3259:
1865:
924:
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631:, a protégé and lady-in-waiting to Lili'uokalani, first caught the attention of the future queen while singing in the
536:(dirges) for the funeral of Princess Likelike in 1887, including songs by Liliʻuokalani, Kamakau and Eliza Wood Holt.
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1971:
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Many of the courtly retainers or ladies-in-waiting to Likelike and Lili'uokalani were composers in their own rights.
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62:. Prior to his actions, those two mainstays of Hawaiian culture had been pushed into the shadows for decades by the
3264:
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616:, and wrote the music to many of her songs. Berger became a historian for traditional Hawaiian music of his day.
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most prolific songwriter of the siblings, and both she and Kalākaua collaborated with Royal Hawaiian bandmaster
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450:, noted: "Their contribution was a song in Hawaiian, written for the occasion, in which the missionaries and
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3218:"Huapala – Hawaiian Music and Hula Archives. Design by Eric S. Reppun. Compiled by Kaiulani Kanoa-Martin"
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mentioned attending a performance by Kalākaua's Singing Boys. Krout, who was in Hawaii shortly after the
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It was ultimately Kalākaua who dropped the pretense and showcased large public hula performances and the
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227:(Henri Berger wrote the music). The last reigning king of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Helped restore the
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Iaukea, Curtis Piehu; Watson, Lorna Kahilipuaokalani Iaukea (1988). Schweizer, Niklaus R. (ed.).
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and friends visited the king at his boathouse. The star performer in the group was 14-year-old
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473:" on Emma Street, where the Prince made his residence with his Mother by adoption, Princess
355:" into his sermons. He took particular offense at Liliʻuokalani's adherence to her culture.
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The Singing Boys remained active after Kalākaua's 1891 death. In 1893, American journalist
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8:
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The Rights of My People: Liliuokalani's Enduring Battle with the United States, 1893–1917
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The collective name predates the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame's acknowledgement in 1994.
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1224:"'Dandy' Ioane Was A Porter – He Made His Own Fine Raiment – Blossomed In Royalty Days"
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in these organizational names is the Hawaiian word for a social or community group.
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1289:. Vol. 5, no. 7. Honolulu: The Hawaiian Music Foundation. pp. 1–9.
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or gods. They were considered sacred individuals, who governed with divine power
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160:, although it was not about the royal siblings. During the 1958 celebration of
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starred in the lead of Prince Kauikalu, with Rose Tribe as Queen Kamaka, and
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choir led by Lili'uokalani. She accompanied the queen during imprisonment at
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2145:. Translated by W. H. Coney and Solomon Meheula. Honolulu: Bergstrom Music.
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at his coronation and birthday jubilee celebrations, kickstarting the first
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Topolinski, John Renken Kahaʻi (1981). "Nancy Sumner, Hawaiian Courtlady".
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2544:
2453:
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was handmaiden and musical protégée to Liliʻuokalani and traveled with her
601:
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588:(1844–1929), conductor of Germany's military band, was loaned to Hawaii by
585:
362:(chants). During the king's 1883 coronation, local chanter and hula master
296:
262:
224:
134:
68:
2995:
Kīkā Kila: How the Hawaiian Steel Guitar Changed the Sound of Modern Music
2841:"Musical Diggings – The Sumner Family, A Legacy of Family Mele and Chants"
751:
2136:
612:, a position he held for 43 years. He formed a close collaboration with
411:, and "Kalākaua's Singing Boys", his own personally headed choir, c. 1889
3167:
Collection of Songs Composed By Her Royal Highness Princess Liliuokalani
853:
597:
204:
31:
2896:"New History of the Origins and Development of the ʻUkulele, 1838–1915"
2752:
2589:
2445:
2301:
The Queen and I: A Story of Dispossessions and Reconnections in Hawaiʻi
663:
640:
469:, the Waikiki residence of Princess Likelike. Reaching home again at "
415:
The choral group formed by the king was named Kalākaua's Singing Boys (
371:
161:
47:
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2171:
2401:"Ariki, The First-Born: An Analysis of a Polynesian Chieftain Title"
1724:
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who co-composed songs with the two royal sisters, but later died of
172:
was featured, honoring the composition of the four royal composers.
508:
351:, who often incorporated his revulsion of the "bestialities of the
280:
39:
3183:
Liliuokalani; Gillett, Dorothy K.; Smith, Barbara Barnard (1999).
2993:
2947:
2754:
Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism
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149:, which was derived from the spiritual energy of their ancestors.
125:
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525:
432:
1955:. Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame. February 29, 2012. Archived from
1663:. Vol. 12, no. 341. Honolulu: Oahu Publications, Inc.
834:
2106:
Hawaiian Music in Motion: Mariners, Missionaries, and Minstrels
1579:
686:
370:
Dandy Ioane, danced with hula girls, before an estimated 5,000
74:
The Royal Four's aggregate body of musical compositions in the
2190:
Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780–1900, Volume 4: 1881–1900
1403:
1391:
1357:
1355:
1192:
2024:
The Betrayal of Liliuokalani: Last Queen of Hawaii, 1838–1917
1504:
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filed a lawsuit against the printer on grounds of obscenity.
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in the kingdom, the highest-ranking aliʻi were worshiped as
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139:
55:
1783:"Queen Liliʻuokalani Leaves Tomorrow For Visit to Volcano"
1439:
877:
2158:
Dole, Charles S. (October 15, 1929). "The Hui Kawaihau".
1987:
1985:
1611:
1609:
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608:" (Hawaii's Own). Kalākaua appointed him as head of the
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1997:
1569:
1567:
1492:
1254:
1242:
604:. The song later became Hawaii's anthem and state song "
129:(chiefs or royals) class were poetically referred to as
2621:
Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian
1456:
1454:
1367:
2681:
Turning Tide: The Ebb and Flow of Hawaiian Nationality
1982:
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3119:
Hawaiian Music and Musicians: An Encyclopedic History
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Taylor, Clarice B. (1954). Holt, Lisa Ululani (ed.).
2470:. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
2193:. Vol. 4. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1633:
1564:
865:
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Princess of the Hawaiian Kingdom, mother of Princess
156:
was the name of an early 20th-century composition by
2710:
How "Natives" Think: About Captain Cook, For Example
2467:
The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty
2343:
Hawaiian Music and Musicians: An Illustrated History
2272:
Aloha America: Hula Circuits Through the U.S. Empire
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1451:
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1283:"Hawaiian Renaissance Grips, Changes Island History"
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939:
719:
1933:
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3151:. Philadelphia: Popular Music Publishing Company.
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2868:(3). Honolulu: The Hawaiian Music Foundation: 3–8.
2851:(2). Honolulu: The Hawaiian Music Foundation: 2–6.
2834:(1). Honolulu: The Hawaiian Music Foundation: 3–8.
2506:
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1552:
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2824:"Musical Diggings – Na Mele Ohana (Family Songs)"
321:Prince and Heir Apparent of the Hawaiian Kingdom.
219:Lyricist for the national anthem and state song "
3226:
2881:. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 50–58.
2839:Topolinski, John Renken Kahaʻi (February 1976).
2509:Kalaupapa: A Collective Memory (Ka Hokuwelowelo)
2909:. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 1–32.
2822:Topolinski, John Renken Kahaʻi (January 1976).
2411:(181). Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.
2166:. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 8–15.
786:List of compositions and works by Leleiohoku II
580:
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270:List of compositions and works by Liliʻuokalani
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2618:Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986).
2558:Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani
2944:
2893:
2856:Topolinski, John Renken Kahaʻi (March 1976).
1650:
1648:
1409:
1397:
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639:. Honolulu mayor John H. Wilson was her son.
552:) with other members of Queen Liliuokalani's
3163:
2551:
2227:
1510:
1445:
835:"About Us: Patron of Hawaiian Music Culture"
514:
326:List of compositions and works by Leleiohoku
2855:
2838:
2821:
2617:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1546:
859:
133:or "Heavenly Ones". Prior to the advent of
3116:Kanahele, George S.; Berger, John (2012).
2998:. The University of North Carolina Press.
2872:
2460:
1972:"Contributions of royal family recognized"
1757:
1721:Huapala – Hawaiian Music and Hula Archives
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1198:
965:. Honolulu. November 2, 1958. p. 108.
917:Huapala – Hawaiian Music and Hula Archives
781:List of compositions and works by Likelike
398:
299:. Composer and sponsor of musical events.
2677:
2160:Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society
2027:. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Company.
2003:
1963:
1829:The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com
1036:. Mel Bay Publications, Inc. p. 41.
829:
827:
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650:One of Hawaii's most renowned composers,
265:" and hundreds of other songs and chants.
3170:. San Francisco: Pacific Music Company.
3066:
2991:
2953:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
2713:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2624:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
2513:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
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1970:Scott, Marjorie J. (September 8, 1995).
1892:Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com
1806:Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com
1787:Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com
1534:
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1164:. November 12, 1881. p. 2, col. 2.
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883:
543:
532:. The organization composed a number of
402:
2813:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2706:
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1939:
871:
3227:
3032:
2858:"Musical Diggings – The Sumner Family"
2779:
2735:from the original on November 19, 2018
2373:Johnny Wilson: First Hawaiian Democrat
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2256:from the original on February 16, 2017
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2123:from the original on February 23, 2020
2090:from the original on December 21, 2019
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1667:from the original on September 7, 2015
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1328:. Vol. 17, no. 6. Honolulu.
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945:
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3020:from the original on February 2, 2020
2747:
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2535:from the original on October 26, 2016
2433:
2326:from the original on January 29, 2020
2275:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
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1320:Williams, Ronald Jr. (January 2015).
1260:
1248:
1210:
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841:from the original on October 22, 2017
457:
190:
187:
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3270:Musicians from the Kingdom of Hawaii
3145:Liliuokalani; Lange, Arthur (1913).
2646:from the original on January 1, 2015
2440:. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
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2945:Tranquada, Jim; King, John (2012).
2894:Tranquada, Jim; King, John (2003).
2663:. New York, NY: Algora Publishing.
2504:
1921:from the original on March 18, 2017
1862:"Ke Kali Nei Au (Waiting For Thee)"
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1168:from the original on April 28, 2019
975:
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13:
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3095:from the original on July 17, 2014
2975:from the original on March 5, 2017
2678:Schweizer, Niklaus Rudolf (1999).
2304:. University of California Press.
1911:"HMHFM Honorees – Charles E. King"
1898:from the original on June 18, 2018
1835:from the original on June 19, 2018
1825:"Rose Tribe "Million Dollar Smile"
1812:from the original on June 18, 2018
980:. Heinemann-Raintree. p. 14.
662:. At its premiere on May 4, 1925,
14:
3281:
3210:
2757:. Durham: Duke University Press.
1655:Berger, John (December 7, 2007).
1478:The Pacific Commercial Advertiser
1162:The Pacific Commercial Advertiser
1034:Four Centuries of Women Composers
115:means "heaven" or "royal", while
2215:from the original on May 1, 2016
2109:. University of Illinois Press.
1846:
1322:"The Other Hawaiian Renaissance"
750:
736:
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681:, they were trained in Hawaiian
431:, Kalākaua would often play the
311:
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2903:The Hawaiian Journal of History
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1953:"HMHFM Honorees – Bina Mossman"
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1831:. October 12, 1925. p. 2.
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407:King Kalākaua, Scottish writer
175:
54:Hawaiian music and traditional
2347:. University Press of Hawaii.
2187:Forbes, David W., ed. (2003).
1281:Kanahele, George (July 1979).
969:
951:
862:, pp. xiii, 38, 193, 544.
621:Elizabeth Keawepoʻoʻole Sumner
85:
78:numbers in the hundreds. The
30:, refers to the siblings King
1:
3070:Kalakaua: Hawaiʻi's Last King
1888:"Opera Will Be Given Tonight"
1802:"Opera Will Be Given Tonight"
815:
776:Bibliography of Liliʻuokalani
2505:Law, Anwei Skinsnes (2012).
2339:Kanahele, George S. (1979).
1591:, pp. 199–211, 242–243.
581:Mentorship and collaborators
338:Revival of the Hawaiian hula
331:
301:
275:
237:
7:
3148:Aloha Oe – Farewell To Thee
2875:Hawaiian Journal of History
2659:Proto, Neil Thomas (2009).
2561:. Boston: Lee and Shepard.
2434:Krout, Mary Hannah (1898).
2399:Koskinen, Aarne A. (1960).
2103:Carr, James Revell (2014).
1894:. May 4, 1925. p. 17.
1808:. May 4, 1925. p. 17.
1691:Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame
1158:"The Rev. Sereno E. Bishop"
715:
706:Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame
673:Entertainer and songwriter
223:" (Hawaii's Own), honoring
109:is a plural form of "the",
80:Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame
10:
3286:
3067:Zambucka, Kristin (2002).
2992:Troutman, John W. (2016).
2786:. Honolulu. Archived from
2707:Sahlins, Marshall (1996).
2298:Iaukea, Sydney L. (2011).
2065:Kalakaua: Renaissance King
257:Last reigning monarch of
164:, a historical pageant on
44:William Pitt Leleiohoku II
3260:Native Hawaiian musicians
2684:. Berne, NY: Peter Lang.
2462:Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson
2062:Allen, Helena G. (1995).
2021:Allen, Helena G. (1982).
1410:Tranquada & King 2012
1398:Tranquada & King 2003
1362:Tranquada & King 2003
692:
515:Kaohuokalani Singing Club
486:Kawaihau Glee Club member
448:overthrow of the monarchy
305:
279:
241:
203:
196:
193:
2269:Imada, Adria L. (2012).
1446:Iaukea & Watson 1988
791:
771:Bibliography of Kalākaua
3265:Native Hawaiian writers
3255:National anthem writers
3187:. Honolulu: Hui Hānai.
2949:The ʻUkulele: A History
2234:. Honolulu: Hui Hanai.
1978:. Honolulu. p. 17.
1976:The Honolulu Advertiser
1547:Pukui & Elbert 1986
1228:The Honolulu Advertiser
976:Goh, Geok Yian (2005).
963:The Honolulu Advertiser
860:Pukui & Elbert 1986
699:Smithsonian Institution
629:Eveline Townsend Wilson
528:at the leper colony of
399:Kalākaua's Singing Boys
380:William Richards Castle
235:is named in his honor.
233:Merrie Monarch Festival
42:(1851–1887) and Prince
2605:Cite journal requires
1661:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
1110:. HMHF. Archived from
1072:. HMHF. Archived from
997:. HMHF. Archived from
600:'s lyrical tribute to
567:Robert Louis Stevenson
557:
479:
452:Provisional Government
429:Robert Louis Stevenson
421:Isobel Osbourne Strong
412:
409:Robert Louis Stevenson
38:(1838–1917), Princess
3250:Musicians from Hawaii
3164:Liliuokalani (1884).
2142:Famous Hawaiian Songs
1959:on February 29, 2012.
1474:"Kawaihau Serenaders"
959:"Aloha Week On Kauai"
656:Hawaiian Wedding Song
560:Kalākaua created the
547:
462:
454:were soundly rated."
406:
3235:Hawaiian songwriters
3185:The Queen's Songbook
2790:on December 8, 2016.
2370:Krauss, Bob (1994).
1915:www.digitaldna.co.jp
1697:on February 29, 2012
1201:, pp. 259, 264.
1032:Smith, Gail (2003).
1001:on February 29, 2012
660:The Prince of Hawaii
592:during the reign of
427:and stepdaughter of
425:Joseph Dwight Strong
388:Hawaiian Renaissance
121:traditional Hawaiian
64:Protestant Christian
60:Hawaiian Renaissance
3044:. Riverhead Books.
2932:on October 20, 2022
2492:on January 20, 2015
1501:, pp. 142–143.
1376:, pp. 174–175.
1340:on February 2, 2017
1263:, pp. 112–120.
1251:, pp. 108–112.
1135:, pp. 224–225.
1114:on January 27, 2010
1097:, pp. 225–227.
1059:, pp. 227–232.
1022:, pp. 200–203.
886:, pp. 110–111.
610:Royal Hawaiian Band
556:Singing Girls, 1894
181:
34:(1836–1891), Queen
2783:The Fabulous Holts
1301:on August 24, 2018
1275:, pp. 63–65;
1230:. January 20, 1927
558:
505:Hawaiian War Chant
458:Kawaihau Glee Club
413:
180:
3240:House of Kalākaua
3194:978-0-9616738-7-1
3129:978-1-56647-967-7
3080:978-0-931897-04-7
3051:978-1-101-48645-0
3040:Unfamiliar Fishes
3005:978-1-4696-2794-6
2960:978-0-8248-3544-6
2720:978-0-226-73369-2
2691:978-3-906762-00-5
2670:978-0-87586-720-5
2631:978-0-8248-0703-0
2568:978-0-548-22265-2
2520:978-0-8248-6580-1
2477:978-0-87022-433-1
2418:978-951-41-0003-1
2405:FF Communications
2383:978-0-8248-1577-6
2354:978-0-8248-0578-4
2311:978-0-520-95030-6
2282:978-0-8223-9516-4
2241:978-0-9616738-6-4
2200:978-0-8248-2636-9
2116:978-0-252-09652-5
2075:978-1-56647-059-9
2034:978-0-87062-144-4
1618:, pp. 29–30.
1511:Liliuokalani 1898
1412:, pp. 47–50.
1400:, pp. 14–16.
1388:, pp. 41–42.
1076:on March 12, 2012
1070:"MIriam Likelike"
1043:978-0-7866-6870-0
987:978-1-4034-4645-9
921:Mary Kawena Pukui
766:House of Kalākaua
633:Kawaiahaʻo Church
444:Mary Hannah Krout
423:, wife of artist
335:
334:
103:Hawaiian language
99:The Heavenly Four
76:Hawaiian language
28:The Heavenly Four
3277:
3221:
3206:
3179:
3160:
3141:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3063:
3043:
3029:
3027:
3025:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2952:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2925:. Archived from
2900:
2890:
2869:
2852:
2835:
2818:
2811:
2805:
2804:|newspaper=
2801:
2799:
2791:
2776:
2749:Silva, Noenoe K.
2744:
2742:
2740:
2703:
2674:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2614:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2580:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2512:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2488:. Archived from
2457:
2430:
2395:
2366:
2346:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2294:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2183:
2154:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1907:
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1884:
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1840:
1821:
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1817:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1779:
1773:
1772:, pp. 7–11.
1767:
1761:
1760:, pp. 50–58
1756:, pp. 3–6;
1754:Topolinski 1976c
1752:, pp. 2–4;
1750:Topolinski 1976b
1748:, pp. 5–6;
1746:Topolinski 1976a
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1727:on June 24, 2013
1723:. Archived from
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1693:. Archived from
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1513:, p. 52–53.
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1470:
1464:
1463:, pp. 8–15.
1458:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1336:. Archived from
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1297:. Archived from
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
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1154:
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1130:
1124:
1123:
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1008:
1006:
991:
973:
967:
966:
955:
949:
943:
937:
936:
934:
932:
919:. Translated by
909:Kealakaʻi, Mekia
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
850:
848:
846:
831:
809:
802:
760:
755:
754:
746:
741:
740:
739:
732:
730:Biography portal
727:
726:
725:
679:Washington Place
670:as King Kalani.
590:Kaiser Wilhelm I
487:
483:Curtis P. Iaukea
475:Ruth Keelikolani
394:Royal glee clubs
349:Sereno E. Bishop
315:
289:
259:Hawaiian Kingdom
251:
213:
199:
182:
179:
22:, translated as
3285:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3213:
3195:
3130:
3112:
3110:Further reading
3107:
3098:
3096:
3081:
3052:
3023:
3021:
3006:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2898:
2812:
2803:
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2793:
2792:
2765:
2738:
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2721:
2692:
2671:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2606:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2569:
2538:
2536:
2521:
2495:
2493:
2478:
2419:
2384:
2355:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2283:
2259:
2257:
2242:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2126:
2124:
2117:
2093:
2091:
2076:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1968:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1909:
1901:
1899:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1864:. huapala.org.
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1758:Topolinski 1981
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1715:
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1685:
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1472:
1471:
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1420:
1416:
1408:
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1353:
1343:
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1318:
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1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1199:Kuykendall 1967
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1108:"Leleiohoku II"
1106:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1030:
1026:
1018:
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1004:
1002:
993:
988:
978:Uniquely Hawaii
974:
970:
957:
956:
952:
944:
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930:
928:
906:
902:
894:
890:
882:
878:
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844:
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832:
823:
818:
813:
812:
803:
799:
794:
758:Monarchy portal
756:
749:
742:
737:
735:
728:
723:
721:
718:
695:
652:Charles E. King
583:
550:standing center
542:
517:
511:on the guitar.
489:
485:
481:
460:
401:
396:
340:
322:
266:
178:
158:Mekia Kealakaʻi
88:
24:The Four Royals
17:
12:
11:
5:
3283:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3211:External links
3209:
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2615:
2607:|journal=
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2017:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:, p. 361.
2004:Schweizer 1999
1996:
1981:
1962:
1944:
1932:
1879:
1853:
1774:
1762:
1738:
1708:
1687:"Henri Berger"
1678:
1644:
1642:, p. 357.
1632:
1620:
1605:
1593:
1578:
1576:, p. 249.
1563:
1561:, p. 200.
1551:
1539:
1527:
1525:, p. 162.
1515:
1503:
1491:
1480:. May 26, 1877
1465:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1424:, p. 142.
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1351:
1312:
1279:, p. 84;
1265:
1253:
1241:
1215:
1213:, p. 150.
1203:
1191:
1179:
1149:
1147:, p. 110.
1137:
1125:
1099:
1087:
1061:
1049:
1042:
1024:
1012:
986:
968:
950:
948:, p. 292.
938:
900:
888:
876:
874:, p. 128.
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733:
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694:
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668:Joseph Kamakau
637:ʻIolani Palace
625:Kapoli Kamakau
606:Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī
582:
579:
575:John H. Wilson
541:
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522:Kapoli Kamakau
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221:Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī
217:
214:
207:
201:
200:
195:
192:
189:
186:
177:
174:
119:is "four". In
95:The Royal Four
93:translates as
87:
84:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3282:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
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3035:
3034:Vowell, Sarah
3031:
3019:
3015:
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3007:
3001:
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2970:
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2862:Haʻilono Mele
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:Haʻilono Mele
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2828:Haʻilono Mele
2825:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2764:0-8223-8622-4
2760:
2756:
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2746:
2734:
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2722:
2716:
2712:
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3097:. Retrieved
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2014:Bibliography
1999:
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1965:
1957:the original
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1940:Mossman 1979
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913:"Nalaniʻehā"
903:
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867:
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805:
800:
710:Na Lani ʻEhā
709:
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675:Bina Mossman
672:
659:
649:
618:
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586:Henri Berger
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416:
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318:(1854–1877)
292:(1851–1887)
267:
261:. Composed "
254:(1838–1917)
225:Kamehameha I
216:(1836–1891)
191:Birth–Death
176:Na Lani ʻEhā
170:Na Lani ʻEhā
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154:Na Lani ʻEhā
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135:Christianity
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2590:10524/48627
1872:October 28,
1770:Krauss 1994
1640:Krauss 1994
1601:Taylor 1954
1574:Forbes 2003
1434:Iaukea 2011
1277:Vowell 2011
946:Krauss 1994
845:October 15,
571:Kini Kapahu
496:in eastern
86:Terminology
3229:Categories
2729:1016115445
2640:1005492788
2446:B0011VJARG
1628:Imada 2012
1616:Imada 2012
1499:Allen 1982
1422:Krout 1898
1295:no99033299
1261:Silva 2004
1249:Silva 2004
1211:Allen 1995
1187:Proto 2009
995:"Kalakaua"
896:Cunha 1914
816:References
664:Ray Kinney
641:Rose Tribe
503:The song "
345:Ka'ahumanu
324:See also:
268:See also:
162:Aloha Week
48:glee clubs
3138:808415079
3089:123305738
3060:646111859
3024:March 30,
3014:939963156
2979:March 31,
2969:767806914
2936:March 31,
2915:10524/382
2887:10524/285
2806:ignored (
2796:cite book
2773:191222123
2539:March 31,
2529:830023588
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2363:903648649
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2320:860626992
2291:806017785
2260:March 30,
2209:123279964
2180:528831753
2172:10524/978
2127:March 30,
2094:March 30,
2053:March 30,
1925:March 31,
1701:March 31,
1523:Carr 2014
1461:Dole 1929
1374:Carr 2014
1334:262477335
1326:Hana Hou!
1145:Carr 2014
1118:April 23,
1080:April 23,
1005:April 23,
804:The word
530:Kalaupapa
353:hula hula
297:Ka'iulani
263:Aloha 'Oe
101:. In the
3203:42648468
3176:68697922
3157:10315333
3099:April 5,
3093:Archived
3036:(2011).
3018:Archived
2973:Archived
2923:60626541
2739:April 2,
2733:Archived
2700:41445703
2650:April 2,
2644:Archived
2555:(1898).
2533:Archived
2496:April 3,
2464:(1967).
2392:30398759
2324:Archived
2254:Archived
2250:16006083
2213:Archived
2151:13403547
2139:(1914).
2121:Archived
2088:Archived
2084:35083815
2047:Archived
1919:Archived
1902:June 18,
1896:Archived
1866:Archived
1839:June 17,
1833:Archived
1816:April 2,
1810:Archived
1793:April 2,
1671:April 1,
1665:Archived
1589:Law 2012
1559:Law 2012
1484:April 5,
1234:April 4,
1172:April 3,
1166:Archived
931:April 1,
925:Archived
839:Archived
716:See also
598:Kalākaua
509:virtuoso
471:Kaakopua
281:Likelike
205:Kalākaua
40:Likelike
32:Kalākaua
3220:. 1997.
2577:2387226
2454:2012741
2219:May 26,
2043:9576325
1731:July 5,
1717:"Sanoe"
683:diction
645:retinue
534:kanikau
526:leprosy
467:Ainahau
433:ukulele
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231:. The
198:Ref(s)
194:Notes
188:Image
2930:(PDF)
2899:(PDF)
2409:LXXIV
792:Notes
498:Kauai
372:lūʻau
185:Name
166:Kauai
126:aliʻi
3245:Hula
3199:OCLC
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3101:2020
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