761:
38:
848:: the massacres in this city began immediately after the German attack, on June 22, and continued until June 28. The NKVD executed several thousand inmates in a number of provisional prisons. Among the most common methods of extermination were shooting prisoners in their cells, throwing grenades into the cells or starving them to death in the cellars. Some were simply bayoneted to death. It is estimated that over 4000 people were murdered that way, while the number of survivors is estimated at 270. A Ukrainian uprising briefly forced the NKVD to retreat, but it soon returned to kill the remaining prisoners in their cells. In the aftermath, medical students described the scene at one of the prisons:
585:
853:"From the courtyard, doors led to a large space, filled from top to bottom with corpses...Among them were many women. On the left wall, three men were crucified, barely covered by clothing from their shoulders, with severed male organs. Underneath them on the floor in half-sitting, leaning positions – two nuns with those organs in their mouths...most were stabbed in the stomach with a bayonet. Some were naked or almost naked, others in decent street clothes. One man was in a tie, mostly likely just arrested."
838:(Łuck in pre-war Poland): After the prison was hit by German bombs, Soviet authorities promised amnesty to all political prisoners to prevent escapes. As they lined up outside they were machine-gunned by Soviet tanks. They were told: "Those still alive get up." Some 370 stood up and were forced to bury the dead, after which they were murdered as well. The Nazi foreign ministry claimed 1,500 Ukrainians were killed while the SS and Nazi military intelligence claimed 4,000.
463:"It was not only the numbers of the executed", wrote historian Yury Boshyk, who was quoted by Orest Subtelny, of the murders, "but also the manner in which they died that shocked the populace. When the families of the arrested rushed to the prisons after the Soviet evacuation, they were aghast to find bodies so badly mutilated that many could not be identified. It was evident that many of the prisoners had also been tortured before death; others were killed en masse".
3423:
680:
692:
707:
1998:
792:(Czortków in pre-war Poland): in the last days of June 1941 the Soviets executed an estimated 100 to 200 prisoners held in the local prison. The remaining prisoners were evacuated further east, either by train or on foot, while hundreds died due to the inhumane conditions of transport or at the hands of guards. At the end of July 1941, 767 prisoners evacuated from Chortkiv were executed by Soviets in
743:. It is estimated that out of 13 million people living in eastern Poland, roughly half a million were jailed, and more than 90% of those were men. Thus approximately 10% of adult males were imprisoned at the time of the German offensive. Many died in prisons from torture or neglect. Methods of torture included scalding victims and cutting off their ears, noses and fingers.
865:
after the German takeover of the city. Jewish residents of the city were targeted by German soldiers, OUN members, and local citizens. In some instances, the pogroms and violence against Jewish residents was framed as justified revenge for the murders committed by the NKVD.
1198:
Rather than releasing their prisoners as they hurriedly retreated during the first week of the war, the Soviet secret police killed most of them. In the first week of the invasion, the NKVD prisoner executions totaled some 10,000 in western
Ukraine and more than 9,000 in
460:, 60,000 people were forced to evacuate on foot. The official Soviet count had more than 9,800 reportedly executed in prisons, 1,443 executed in the process of evacuation, 59 killed for attempting to escape, 23 killed by German bombs and 1,057 deaths from other causes.
1901:
Criminal evacuation of NKVD prisons and detention centers in the
Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic in June–July 1941. Materials from the scientific session on the 55th anniversary of the evacuation of NKVD prisoners deep into the USSR, Łódź, June 10,
547:(Grodno in pre-war Poland): on June 22, 1941, the NKVD executed several dozen people at the local prison. Execution of the remaining 1,700 prisoners was not possible due to the advance of the German army and hurried retreat of the NKVD executioners.
873:(Sambor in pre-war Poland): in the last days of June 1941 the Soviets executed an estimated 500 to 700 prisoners in the Sambir prison. During the latter stage of the massacre, some prisoners actively resisted, which resulted in saving their lives.
466:
Approximately two thirds of the 150,000 prisoners were murdered; most of the rest were transported into the interior of the Soviet Union, but some were abandoned in the prisons if there was no time to execute them, and others managed to escape.
2086:
1896:
Zbrodnicza ewakuacja więzień i aresztów NKWD na
Kresach Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej w czerwcu – lipcu 1941 roku. Materiały z sesji naukowej w 55. rocznicę ewakuacji więźniów NKWD w głąb ZSRR, Łódź 10 czerwca 1996
455:
were crowded with political prisoners. In occupied eastern Poland, the NKVD was given responsibility for liquidating or evacuating over 140,000 prisoners (NKVD evacuation order No. 00803). In
Ukraine and
495:
were later documented by the occupying German authorities and were used in anti-Soviet and anti-Jewish propaganda. After the war and in recent years, the authorities of
Germany, Poland, Belarus, and
2878:
519:. During the 120-kilometer march, they died en masse due to exhaustion, hunger and thirst, as well as at the hands of the guards. The last stop on the 'road of death' was the Taklinovo
2365:
984:
1480:
2049:
2217:
2182:
2178:
483:. Immediately after the start of the German invasion, the NKVD started to execute large numbers of prisoners in most of their prisons, and it evacuated the remainder in
572:
786:(Brzeżany in pre-war Poland): between June 26 and 30 June 1941 the crew of the NKVD prison executed from 174 to 300 Polish citizens. Among them were many Ukrainians.
3391:
2738:
2979:
2937:
2380:
2116:
2055:
822:(Stanisławów in pre-war Poland): Over 500 Polish prisoners (including 150 women and dozens of children) were shot by the NKVD and buried in several mass graves at
435:
527:), where on June 28, the Soviets executed almost all the prisoners. Approximately 1-2 thousand people were murdered in the evacuation of the prison in Berezwecz.
3118:
1004:
3381:
1014:
404:
2565:
309:
3452:
3396:
3376:
2850:
3386:
2470:
1009:
286:
271:
1365:
After the outbreak of the German-Soviet war, in June 1941, thousands of prisoners have been murdered in mass executions in prisons (among others in
891:(Złoczów in pre-war Poland): in the last days of June 1941 the Soviets executed all inmates at Zolochiv prison, an estimated 650 to 720 individuals.
1817:
3457:
3401:
2958:
999:
171:
on June 22, 1941, NKVD troops were supposed to evacuate political prisoners to the interior of the Soviet Union, but the hasty retreat of the
3371:
2435:
2296:
334:
329:
571:(Wołożyn in pre-war Poland). After marching on foot for two days, approximately 100 prisoners were executed by the NKVD near the village of
3462:
2861:
2141:
2137:
1509:"Informacja o śledztwach prowadzonych w OKŚZpNP w Łodzi w sprawach o zbrodnie popełnione przez funkcjonariuszy sowieckiego aparatu terroru"
524:
428:
409:
324:
319:
314:
37:
760:
515:): on the night of June 23–24 the NKVD executed at least several dozen inmates. The next day, the remaining prisoners were rushed towards
2493:
2096:
724:
175:, a lack of transportation and other supplies, and general disregard for legal procedures often led to prisoners being simply executed.
2919:
2743:
768:
295:
2503:
2475:
720:
356:
537:: in late June, the NKVD started evacuating all prisons in Minsk. Between June 24 and June 27, at least 1,000 people were killed in
3148:
2805:
2445:
2111:
2002:
366:
257:
2718:
2667:
2029:
421:
399:
2896:
2763:
2722:
2375:
2301:
2212:
2106:
1208:
862:
159:, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, across Eastern Europe, primarily in Poland, Ukraine, the
17:
1951:
Roads of death. Evacuation of Soviet prisons from the
Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic in June and July 1941
1793:
1691:
1255:
994:
2207:
2202:
2146:
1308:
226:
199:
2913:
2657:
2575:
2440:
2259:
966:
783:
2348:
3060:
2733:
2698:
2640:
1904:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu – Instytut Pamięci Narodowej.
1569:
888:
183:
1630:
747:
estimates that the NKVD shot some 9,817 imprisoned Polish citizens following the German invasion of the USSR in 1941.
3098:
2829:
1981:
1958:
1935:
1909:
1662:
1356:
1330:
1191:
1132:
1099:
1056:
812:(in pre-war Poland): between 23 and 25 June 1941, the Soviets executed an estimated 500 to 550 prisoners held in the
349:
621:(Wilno in pre-war Poland): after the German invasion, the NKVD murdered a large number of prisoners of the infamous
3447:
3103:
2620:
2101:
1081:
870:
557:(Wilejka in pre-war Poland). Remaining prisoners, over 1,000 men and women, were forcibly marched eastward towards
344:
499:
identified no fewer than 25 prisons whose prisoners were killed and a much larger number of mass execution sites.
3123:
2610:
2605:
2585:
2533:
2249:
1881:Тимофеев В. Г. Уголовно-исполнительная система России: цифры, факты и события. Учебное пособие. — Чебоксары, 1999
989:
845:
835:
809:
601:
1307:
3168:
3072:
2713:
2580:
1603:
727:
to remote areas of the USSR. Others, including a large number of Polish civilians of other ethnicities (mostly
508:
451:
surprised the NKVD, whose jails and prisons in territories annexed by the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the
361:
246:
236:
1469:
1446:
Kalbarczyk, Sławomir (2011-06-21). "Tysiąc ofiar z
Berezwecza" [One thousand victims from Berezwecz].
2693:
2590:
1654:
1019:
797:
735:), were held in provisional prisons in the region, where they awaited deportation either to NKVD prisons in
190:), with the total number reaching approximately 100,000 extrajudicial executions in the span of a few weeks.
3348:
3113:
2775:
2625:
2538:
2264:
2254:
2227:
1348:
564:
304:
1947:
Drogi śmierci. Ewakuacja więzień sowieckich z Kresów
Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej w czerwcu i lipcu 1941
1928:
Shoot the counter-revolutionary elements. The brutalization of the German-Soviet war in the summer of 1941
2795:
2450:
2222:
2197:
2173:
2081:
2022:
452:
394:
779:, under the threat of German invasion NKVD committed various mass murders of prison inmates, including:
3408:
3138:
3128:
3093:
2630:
2286:
1814:
584:
550:
2232:
645:: in June 1941, the NKVD murdered 260 political prisoners and all Lithuanian personnel in the prison.
339:
3133:
2969:
2885:
2822:
2615:
2498:
2455:
2415:
1048:
952:
948:
1508:
1223:. The Soviet areas had already sustained hundreds of thousands of executions during the 1937–1938
3343:
2947:
2836:
2703:
3426:
3335:
2430:
2316:
2015:
1091:
1924:
Rozstrzelać elementy kontrrewolucyjne. Brutalizacja wojny niemiecko-sowieckiej latem 1941 roku
3322:
2867:
2856:
2790:
2370:
2091:
1779:
1593:
1320:
1241:
1042:
648:
Lithuanian prisoners were evacuated to
Belarus and some of them were murdered, e.g., in the
3274:
3202:
3143:
3054:
3009:
2686:
2187:
2168:
879:: on October 31, the NKVD shot a number of people in the NKVD building and the city prison.
771:
prison as German troops approached are being identified by their relatives on July 10, 1941
622:
448:
168:
8:
3282:
3266:
3250:
3019:
2974:
2942:
2728:
2321:
2311:
2242:
1785:
1247:
488:
3306:
3234:
3226:
3185:
3158:
3153:
2890:
2843:
2635:
2528:
2420:
2279:
1280:
936:
457:
1410:
3353:
2984:
2785:
2708:
2425:
2269:
2192:
2163:
1977:
1954:
1931:
1905:
1789:
1687:
1658:
1599:
1565:
1451:
1326:
1251:
1187:
1177:
1128:
1095:
1052:
940:
649:
638:
530:
389:
108:
2600:
3298:
3290:
3108:
3066:
3040:
2929:
2800:
2780:
2753:
2513:
2274:
1117:
823:
628:
373:
90:
1919:
1385:
561:. During the march, an estimated 500 to 800 prisoners died at the hands of guards.
3242:
3034:
2952:
2748:
2677:
2508:
2353:
2343:
2132:
1821:
1634:
1559:
1360:
1237:
1183:
1124:
1085:
979:
829:
819:
776:
187:
82:
751:
NKVD massacre sites in pre-war Poland are now in
Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.
3366:
3358:
3163:
3088:
3004:
2964:
2523:
2518:
2460:
1675:
1173:
1146:
744:
697:
662:
231:
3441:
3258:
3218:
3014:
2907:
2902:
2758:
2681:
2647:
2410:
2405:
2291:
2038:
1455:
944:
221:
179:
160:
120:
94:
86:
3314:
3210:
3029:
2770:
2555:
2465:
2326:
1627:
1316:
1312:
858:
155:
were a series of mass executions of political prisoners carried out by the
1711:
1353:
1179:
Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust
3047:
2873:
2560:
1747:
1683:
1224:
728:
484:
276:
112:
3024:
2672:
2358:
2237:
1281:"Complete Destruction of National Groups as Groups - The Crimean Turks"
969:
officials were shot without trial in the village of Barbysh, Kuybyshev.
876:
732:
266:
164:
116:
98:
632:
2652:
2543:
2400:
2338:
1945:
Popiński, Krzysztof; Kokurin, Aleksandr; Gurjanow, Aleksandr (1995).
1370:
1212:
1200:
885:: on November 4, the NKVD shot all the prisoners in the city prisons.
512:
241:
553:: on June 24, 1941, the NKVD executed at least 28 prisoners held in
2595:
2306:
1207:. Comparable numbers of prisoners were executed in eastern Poland,
962:
789:
765:
568:
538:
492:
172:
1322:
From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia and the World, 1939-1941
679:
178:
Estimates of the death toll vary by location; nearly 9,000 in the
2331:
2156:
2151:
1220:
803:
691:
618:
593:
558:
554:
520:
516:
2007:
1287:(1958), published by the Institute for the Study of the USSR in
706:
1997:
1930:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Stowarzyszenie Kulturalne Fronda.
1288:
1216:
958:
736:
642:
544:
496:
480:
476:
985:
List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the Soviet Union
935:: In September 1941, over 150 political prisoners (among them
2550:
1651:
Katyn: Stalin's Massacre and the Seeds of Polish Resurrection
932:
882:
813:
740:
635:: up to 79 political prisoners were killed on June 24 and 25.
605:
589:
534:
281:
2050:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1595:
War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-1956
1527:
1481:
Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras
1366:
1204:
841:
793:
156:
134:
130:
47:
43:
1863:
1839:
1827:
1759:
1735:
1723:
1122:
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe.
2087:
Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War
2056:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
1824:, Natalia A. Feduschak. CDVR. 2010. Retrieved 6 feb 2017
1699:
491:, who were imprisoned and executed without a trial. The
1944:
1753:
1717:
1561:
The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands
1539:
1427:
3119:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
1005:
Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939
1851:
1373:) and during the evacuation (so-called death marches)
816:
prison. Only a few individuals survived the massacre.
2566:
Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
1144:
1113:
1111:
2851:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
1953:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo "Karta".
1502:
1500:
1498:
1285:Genocide in the USSR: Studies in Group Destruction
719:By 1941, much of the ethnically Polish population
567:: in late June, the NKVD evacuated prisoners from
27:1941 mass executions of Soviet political prisoners
1976:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Editions Spotkania.
1557:
1108:
1015:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)
1010:Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union
3439:
1076:
1074:
1036:
1034:
2959:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
1495:
1000:Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East
723:in the eastern half of Poland had already been
1172:
604:: on July 9, 1941, 193 detainees were shot in
475:The NKVD killed prisoners in many places from
2534:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
2436:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
2297:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
2023:
1411:"German Soldiers Write from the Soviet Union"
1071:
1031:
429:
1680:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
895:Soviet statistics for 78 Ukrainian prisons:
2494:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
861:, committed by the German military and the
3453:World War II massacres by the Soviet Union
2920:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
2030:
2016:
1619:
1564:. Cambridge University Press. p. 56.
1506:
1445:
1080:
436:
422:
2504:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
2476:Backwardness brings on beatings by others
1967:
1705:
1513:Biuletyn Instytut Pamięci Narodowej / IPN
1294:
1275:
1273:
961:: On 28 October 1941, 20 high ranking ex-
2446:Great Construction Projects of Communism
1777:
1236:
1040:
759:
583:
2862:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
1815:"Lviv museum recounts Soviet massacres"
1628:Golgota Wschodu (The Eastern Golgotha).
1591:
1515:(in Polish) (7 - August 2001). pp. 20ff
1462:
1315:; Manfred Zeidler; et al. (1997).
14:
3458:Extrajudicial killings in World War II
3440:
2897:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
1974:Lviv under Soviet occupation 1939–1941
1918:
1893:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1778:Nagorski, Andrew (18 September 2007).
1765:
1741:
1729:
1674:
1545:
1533:
1433:
1270:
863:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
2011:
1754:Popiński, Kokurin & Gurjanow 1995
1718:Popiński, Kokurin & Gurjanow 1995
1470:"Politinių kalinių žudynės Červenėje"
1166:
995:Mass killings under communist regimes
857:These massacres were followed by the
2980:22nd Congress of the Communist Party
2938:20th Congress of the Communist Party
2381:19th Congress of the Communist Party
2218:18th Congress of the Communist Party
2183:17th Congress of the Communist Party
1970:Lwów pod okupacją sowiecką 1939–1941
1309:Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt
832:: 1,200 prisoners were burned alive.
3463:People executed by the Soviet Union
2914:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
2138:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
685:Entrance to memorial in Piatykhatky
169:German invasion of the Soviet Union
24:
3061:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
2880:The History of the Communist Party
2699:Soviet offensive plans controversy
2664:Ideological repression in science
2208:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
1339:
1325:. Berghahn Books. pp. 47–79.
511:in Berezwecz (present-day part of
25:
3474:
3099:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
2830:Marxism and the National Question
2037:
1991:
1041:Berkhoff, Karel Cornelis (2004).
3422:
3421:
2739:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
2203:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
1996:
705:
690:
678:
200:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
36:
3124:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
2260:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
2250:Occupation of the Baltic states
1887:
1875:
1808:
1771:
1668:
1643:
1585:
1551:
1439:
1403:
1378:
990:Mass graves in the Soviet Union
902:killed inside the prisons 8,789
1230:
1138:
846:Executions in Lviv (June 1941)
509:Berezwecz-Taklinovo Death Road
410:Ukrainian language suppression
13:
1:
2965:Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
2776:1946–1947 Soviet famine
2349:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
1025:
1020:World War II crimes in Poland
798:Evacuation of Chortkiv Prison
764:Ethnic Germans murdered at a
272:Purges of the Communist Party
193:
3114:1956 Georgian demonstrations
1894:Mikoda, Janina, ed. (1997).
1625:Bolesław Paszkowski (2005),
1450:(in Polish). 144/2011: 4–5.
612:
565:Valozhyn-Tarasovo Death Road
470:
7:
3129:Stalin Monument in Budapest
2796:Night of the Murdered Poets
2714:Allegations of antisemitism
2451:Engineers of the human soul
2198:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
2174:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
973:
10:
3479:
3169:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
3139:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
2287:Soviet atomic bomb project
1558:Alexander Statiev (2010).
1354:Zbrodnie Sowickie W Polsce
1145:Никита Васильевич Петров.
755:
660:
579:
551:Vileyka-Barysaw Death Road
502:
237:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
197:
3417:
3334:
3195:
3177:
3149:Places named after Stalin
3134:Stalin Monument in Prague
3081:
2993:
2928:
2814:
2658:Repressions in Azerbaijan
2484:
2393:
2376:1950 legislative election
2302:1946 legislative election
2213:1937 legislative election
2125:
2074:
2065:
2045:
1968:Węgierski, Jerzy (1991).
1507:Gałkiewicz, Anna (2001).
926:
844:(Lwów in pre-war Poland,
656:
541:and in the death marches.
167:. After the start of the
141:
126:
104:
78:
55:
35:
2970:Soviet Nonconformist Art
2886:1936 Soviet Constitution
2539:Soviet famine of 1932–33
2499:1907 Tiflis bank robbery
2471:Transformation of nature
2456:1936 Soviet Constitution
2416:Socialism in One Country
2255:German–Soviet Axis talks
1155:(in Russian). Pseudology
1152:
1147:
1049:Harvard University Press
721:living under Soviet rule
3448:NKVD prisoner massacres
3094:Iosif Stalin locomotive
2837:Foundations of Leninism
2823:Anarchism or Socialism?
2704:Hitler Youth Conspiracy
2571:NKVD prisoner massacres
2223:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2112:Death and state funeral
2003:NKVD prisoner massacres
1153:История империи "Гулаг"
453:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
153:NKVD prisoner massacres
31:NKVD prisoner massacres
3302:(second father-in-law)
2556:Murder of Sergey Kirov
2431:Stalinist architecture
2317:Turkish Straits crisis
855:
772:
712:Katyn-Kharkiv memorial
597:
296:Ideological repression
18:NKVD prisoner massacre
3323:William Wesley Peters
2868:Falsifiers of History
2791:Rootless cosmopolitan
2097:Rule as Soviet leader
2005:at Wikimedia Commons
1655:Naval Institute Press
1311:; Gottfried Schramm;
1240:(18 September 2007).
851:
763:
587:
137:(united 20 July 1941)
3344:Stalin's house, Gori
3275:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
3203:Besarion Jughashvili
3144:Batumi Stalin Museum
3055:Nineteen Eighty-Four
2806:Censorship of images
2485:Crimes, repressions,
2188:1931 Menshevik Trial
2169:First five-year plan
1786:Simon & Schuster
1536:, p. 76, 95–98.
1248:Simon & Schuster
487:. Most of them were
449:Operation Barbarossa
405:Repressions of Poles
400:Population transfers
258:Political repression
67:– November 1941
3336:Stalin's residences
3283:Galina Dzhugashvili
3267:Svetlana Alliluyeva
3251:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
3178:Cultural depictions
3020:Anti-Stalinist left
2975:Shvernik Commission
2943:Pospelov Commission
2719:Population transfer
2694:1941 Red Army purge
2668:Suppressed research
2322:First Indochina War
2265:Great Patriotic War
2243:Moscow Peace Treaty
2107:Cult of personality
1781:The Greatest Battle
1386:"Blutige Ouvertüre"
1243:The Greatest Battle
1082:Piotrowski, Tadeusz
951:) were executed in
775:In Soviet-occupied
588:Victims of NKVD in
489:political prisoners
395:National operations
287:Punitive psychiatry
214:Economic repression
209:in the Soviet Union
32:
3307:Alexander Svanidze
3235:Konstantin Kuzakov
3227:Yakov Dzhugashvili
3186:Apocalypse: Stalin
3159:Stalin Peace Prize
3154:State Stalin Prize
2857:"Ten Blows" speech
2844:Dizzy with Success
2754:Operation "Priboi"
2734:Operation "Lentil"
2687:1937 Soviet Census
2366:Sino-Soviet Treaty
2280:Potsdam Conference
2233:Invasion of Poland
1872:, p. 134–136.
1848:, p. 128–130.
1836:, p. 111–112.
1820:2019-01-15 at the
1768:, p. 111–116.
1744:, p. 117–118.
1732:, p. 133–134.
1720:, p. 98, 102.
1633:2006-05-27 at the
1359:2006-05-21 at the
1203:, eastward toward
1087:Poland's Holocaust
1044:Harvest of Despair
953:Medvedevsky Forest
937:Christian Rakovsky
905:killed runaways 48
784:Berezhany massacre
773:
652:and near Bigosovo.
598:
458:Western Belorussia
42:Victims of Soviet
30:
3435:
3434:
3392:Kholodnaya Rechka
3089:Iosif Stalin tank
3010:Lenin's Testament
2985:Era of Stagnation
2786:Mingrelian Affair
2764:Forced settlement
2749:Operation "North"
2709:Soviet war crimes
2487:and controversies
2426:Socialist realism
2389:
2388:
2371:Tito–Stalin split
2270:Tehran Conference
2193:Spanish Civil War
2164:Chinese Civil War
2001:Media related to
1795:978-1-4165-4573-6
1756:, p. 90, 97.
1693:978-0-465-00239-9
1598:. Howells House.
1479:(in Lithuanian).
1257:978-1-4165-4573-6
941:Maria Spiridonova
889:Zolochiv massacre
806:Rutchenkovo Field
700:-Kharkiv memorial
650:Chervyen massacre
531:Chervyen massacre
446:
445:
390:De-Cossackization
382:Ethnic repression
184:in eastern Poland
149:
148:
109:Summary execution
16:(Redirected from
3470:
3425:
3424:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3310:(brother-in-law)
3303:
3299:Sergei Alliluyev
3295:
3291:Joseph Alliluyev
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3109:Pantheon, Moscow
3067:The Soviet Story
3041:Darkness at Noon
2930:De-Stalinization
2781:Leningrad Affair
2514:Decossackization
2312:1946 Iran crisis
2275:Yalta Conference
2147:Collectivization
2072:
2071:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1987:
1964:
1941:
1915:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1672:
1666:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1592:M. Laar (1992).
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1555:
1549:
1548:, p. 98–99.
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1504:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1477:Atmintinos datos
1474:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1443:
1437:
1436:, p. 84-92.
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1382:
1376:
1349:Encyklopedia PWN
1347:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1305:
1292:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1238:Nagorski, Andrew
1234:
1228:
1197:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1142:
1136:
1118:Robert Gellately
1115:
1106:
1105:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1038:
922:left alive 3,536
899:evacuated 45,569
709:
694:
682:
629:Rainiai massacre
438:
431:
424:
227:Collectivization
204:
203:
182:, 20,000–30,000
91:Byelorussian SSR
74:
72:
66:
64:
40:
33:
29:
21:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3413:
3409:Stalin's bunker
3359:Room at Kremlin
3349:Tiflis Seminary
3330:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3286:(granddaughter)
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3243:Artyom Sergeyev
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3191:
3173:
3077:
3035:True Communists
2998:
2996:
2989:
2953:Khrushchev Thaw
2924:
2891:Stalin's poetry
2810:
2678:Japhetic theory
2616:Medvedev Forest
2509:Georgian Affair
2486:
2480:
2441:Five-year plans
2385:
2354:Berlin Blockade
2344:Greek Civil War
2133:August Uprising
2121:
2102:Political views
2067:
2061:
2041:
2036:
1994:
1984:
1961:
1938:
1912:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1822:Wayback Machine
1813:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1686:, p. 194,
1676:Snyder, Timothy
1673:
1669:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:Wayback Machine
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1556:
1552:
1544:
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1463:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1392:. June 21, 2001
1384:
1383:
1379:
1361:Wayback Machine
1345:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1306:
1295:
1279:Edige Kirimal,
1278:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1235:
1231:
1194:
1184:Alfred A. Knopf
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1039:
1032:
1028:
980:Bykivnia Graves
976:
949:Dmitri Pletnyov
929:
871:Sambir massacre
830:Kharkiv tragedy
820:Ivano-Frankivsk
777:western Ukraine
758:
717:
716:
715:
714:
713:
710:
702:
701:
695:
687:
686:
683:
674:
673:
665:
659:
623:Lukiškės Prison
615:
582:
505:
473:
442:
208:
207:Mass repression
202:
196:
188:Western Ukraine
83:Occupied Poland
70:
68:
62:
60:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3164:Stalin Society
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:Stalin statues
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:Stalin Epigram
3001:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2948:Rehabilitation
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2893:
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2876:
2871:
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2826:
2818:
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2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2675:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:Wittorf affair
2521:
2519:Dekulakization
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2461:New Soviet man
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2012:
1993:
1992:External links
1990:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1965:
1959:
1942:
1936:
1920:Musiał, Bogdan
1916:
1910:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1862:
1860:, p. 116.
1850:
1838:
1826:
1807:
1794:
1788:. p. 83.
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1708:, p. 278.
1706:Węgierski 1991
1698:
1692:
1667:
1642:
1618:
1604:
1584:
1571:978-0521768337
1570:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1494:
1483:. 17 June 2011
1461:
1448:Rzeczpospolita
1438:
1426:
1415:www.calvin.edu
1402:
1377:
1338:
1331:
1293:
1269:
1256:
1250:. p. 84.
1229:
1192:
1174:Richard Rhodes
1165:
1137:
1107:
1100:
1070:
1057:
1051:. p. 14.
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
975:
972:
971:
970:
956:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:
913:
906:
903:
900:
893:
892:
886:
880:
874:
850:
849:
839:
836:Lutsk massacre
833:
827:
817:
810:Dubno massacre
807:
801:
787:
757:
754:
753:
752:
745:Timothy Snyder
711:
704:
703:
696:
689:
688:
684:
677:
676:
675:
669:
668:
667:
666:
663:Katyn massacre
658:
655:
654:
653:
646:
636:
626:
614:
611:
610:
609:
602:Tartu massacre
581:
578:
577:
576:
562:
548:
542:
528:
504:
501:
472:
469:
444:
443:
441:
440:
433:
426:
418:
415:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
384:
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379:
378:
377:
376:
371:
370:
369:
359:
354:
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347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
299:
298:
292:
291:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
261:
260:
254:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
234:
232:Dekulakization
229:
224:
216:
215:
211:
210:
195:
192:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
128:
124:
123:
106:
102:
101:
80:
76:
75:
59:June 1941
57:
53:
52:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3475:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3428:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Semyonovskoye
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3259:Vasily Stalin
3257:
3254:(second wife)
3252:
3249:
3246:(adopted son)
3244:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3219:Kato Svanidze
3217:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Ryutin Affair
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2995:Criticism and
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:Order No. 270
2906:
2904:
2903:Order No. 227
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Doctors' plot
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Nazino affair
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2723:German–Soviet
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Slavists case
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Moscow Trials
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
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2040:
2039:Joseph Stalin
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1985:
1983:83-85195-15-7
1979:
1975:
1971:
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1960:83-900676-9-2
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1937:83-88747-40-1
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1911:83-903356-6-2
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1663:1-55750-670-1
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1649:Paul, Allen.
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1193:0-375-40900-9
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1133:1-4000-4005-1
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1123:
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1103:
1101:0-7864-0371-3
1097:
1093:
1090:. Jefferson:
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1058:0-674-02078-2
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945:Olga Kameneva
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523:(present-day
522:
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485:death marches
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228:
225:
223:
222:War communism
220:
219:
218:
217:
213:
212:
206:
205:
201:
191:
189:
186:(now part of
185:
181:
180:Ukrainian SSR
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:Baltic states
158:
154:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
121:mass shooting
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
95:Baltic states
92:
88:
87:Ukrainian SSR
84:
81:
77:
58:
54:
49:
45:
39:
34:
19:
3326:(son-in-law)
3318:(son-in-law)
3315:Yuri Zhdanov
3222:(first wife)
3211:Keke Geladze
3184:
3073:Antisemitism
3065:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3030:Kremlin Plot
2957:
2895:
2879:
2866:
2771:Tax on trees
2729:Deportations
2570:
2466:Stakhanovite
2327:Eastern Bloc
2228:World War II
2181: /
2068:and politics
1995:
1973:
1969:
1950:
1946:
1927:
1923:
1900:
1895:
1888:Bibliography
1877:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1780:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1679:
1670:
1650:
1645:
1626:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1594:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1560:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1512:
1485:. Retrieved
1476:
1464:
1447:
1441:
1429:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1374:
1352:
1341:
1321:
1317:Bernd Wegner
1313:Jan T. Gross
1284:
1261:. Retrieved
1242:
1232:
1182:. New York:
1178:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1140:
1121:
1086:
1062:. Retrieved
1043:
916:
909:
894:
859:Lviv pogroms
856:
852:
774:
718:
670:
641:prison near
639:Pravieniškės
474:
465:
462:
447:
335:Christianity
177:
152:
150:
127:Participants
3082:Remembrance
3048:Animal Farm
2874:Stalin Note
2561:Great Purge
2529:Great Break
2421:Great Break
2142:(1928–1941)
2058:(1946–1953)
2052:(1922–1952)
1870:Mikoda 1997
1858:Musiał 2001
1846:Mikoda 1997
1834:Musiał 2001
1766:Mikoda 1997
1742:Musiał 2001
1730:Mikoda 1997
1684:Basic Books
1639:(in Polish)
1546:Mikoda 1997
1534:Mikoda 1997
1434:Mikoda 1997
1390:www.zeit.de
1346:(in Polish)
1225:Great Purge
1209:Byelorussia
955:near Oryol.
729:Belarusians
596:, July 1941
350:Legislation
277:Great Purge
113:mass murder
50:, June 1941
3442:Categories
3397:Lake Ritsa
3377:Uspenskoye
3294:(grandson)
3278:(grandson)
3270:(daughter)
3025:Trotskyism
2997:opposition
2673:Lysenkoism
2359:Korean War
2238:Winter War
2126:Chronology
2117:Death toll
2082:Early life
1801:2013-12-30
1611:January 3,
1605:0929590082
1577:January 3,
1420:2013-12-30
1396:2013-12-30
1263:2013-12-30
1159:2013-12-30
1064:2013-12-30
1026:References
877:Simferopol
739:or to the
733:Ukrainians
661:See also:
525:Mikalajeva
362:Censorship
267:Red Terror
247:Kazakhstan
198:See also:
194:Background
165:Bessarabia
117:politicide
99:Bessarabia
3387:New Athos
2653:Hotel Lux
2636:Vinnytsia
2591:Chortkiv
2581:Berezwecz
2576:Berezhany
2544:Holodomor
2401:Stalinism
2339:Cominform
2075:Overviews
1487:19 August
1456:0208-9130
1371:Berezwecz
1213:Lithuania
1201:Vinnytsia
1092:McFarland
959:Kuybyshev
917:illegally
671:Memorials
613:Lithuania
513:Hlybokaye
493:massacres
471:Massacres
330:1975–1987
325:1958–1964
320:1928–1941
315:1921–1928
310:1917–1921
3427:Category
3367:Kuntsevo
3214:(mother)
3206:(father)
2641:Zolochiv
2626:Valozhyn
2596:Kurapaty
2394:Concepts
2307:Cold War
1922:(2001).
1818:Archived
1678:(2010),
1657:, 1996.
1631:Archived
1519:1 August
1357:Archived
1176:(2002).
1084:(1998).
974:See also
963:Red Army
790:Chortkiv
766:Ternopil
725:deported
573:Tarasovo
569:Valozhyn
539:Chervyen
305:Religion
173:Red Army
79:Location
3402:Sukhumi
3363:Dachas
3354:Kureika
2744:Koreans
2631:Vileyka
2332:Comecon
2157:Sovkhoz
2152:Kolkhoz
2066:History
1319:(ed.).
1283:, from
1221:Estonia
1148:Глава 9
1127:, 2007
915:killed
910:legally
908:killed
804:Donetsk
756:Ukraine
633:Telšiai
619:Vilnius
608:prison.
594:Estonia
580:Estonia
559:Barysaw
555:Vileyka
521:kolkhoz
517:Vitebsk
503:Belarus
357:Science
345:Judaism
242:Ukraine
145:100,000
71:1941-11
69: (
63:1941-06
61: (
3196:Family
2621:Sambir
1980:
1957:
1934:
1908:
1792:
1690:
1665:p. 155
1661:
1602:
1568:
1454:
1329:
1289:Munich
1254:
1219:, and
1217:Latvia
1190:
1135:p. 391
1131:
1098:
1055:
947:, and
927:Russia
737:Moscow
657:Poland
643:Kaunas
545:Hrodna
497:Israel
481:Crimea
477:Poland
367:Images
142:Deaths
93:, the
3372:Sochi
3262:(son)
3238:(son)
3230:(son)
2815:Works
2606:Lutsk
2601:Katyn
2586:Dubno
2551:Gulag
1972:[
1949:[
1926:[
1899:[
1473:(PDF)
1125:Knopf
967:party
933:Oryol
883:Yalta
814:Dubno
796:(the
741:Gulag
698:Katyn
631:near
606:Tartu
590:Tartu
535:Minsk
533:near
340:Islam
282:Gulag
2611:Lviv
2179:16th
2092:Rise
1978:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1902:1996
1790:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1613:2024
1600:ISBN
1579:2024
1566:ISBN
1521:2016
1489:2018
1452:ISSN
1369:and
1367:Lviv
1327:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1205:Kiev
1188:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1053:ISBN
842:Lviv
794:Uman
731:and
163:and
157:NKVD
151:The
135:NKGB
133:and
131:NKVD
105:Type
56:Date
48:Lviv
44:NKVD
1151:.
912:123
769:GPU
479:to
374:Art
46:in
3444::
2680:,
1897:r.
1784:.
1682:,
1653:.
1511:.
1497:^
1475:.
1413:.
1388:.
1363::
1351:,
1296:^
1272:^
1246:.
1215:,
1211:,
1186:.
1120:.
1110:^
1094:.
1073:^
1047:.
1033:^
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939:,
919:55
800:).
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115:,
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97:,
89:,
85:,
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2839:"
2835:"
2832:"
2828:"
2825:"
2821:"
2725:)
2721:(
2140:/
2031:e
2024:t
2017:v
1986:.
1963:.
1940:.
1914:.
1804:.
1615:.
1581:.
1523:.
1491:.
1458:.
1423:.
1399:.
1335:.
1291:.
1266:.
1227:.
1196:.
1162:.
1104:.
1067:.
826:.
625:.
575:.
437:e
430:t
423:v
73:)
65:)
20:)
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