388:
842:
830:
29:
577:
2625:
1545:, 2000. Documentary video on Russian rocket engine development of the NK-33 and its predecessors for the N1 rocket. (NK-33 story starts at 24:15–26:00 (program shuttered in 1974); the 1990s resurgence and eventual sale of the remaining engines from storage starts at 27:25; first use on a US rocket launch in May 2000.)
637:
prevented this, Orbital sued ULA, alleging anti-trust violations. Aerojet offered to work with
Kuznetsov to restart production of new NK-33 engines, to assure Orbital of an ongoing supply. However, manufacturing defects in the engine's liquid-oxygen turbopump and design flaws in the hydraulic balance
498:
considered a feasible direction because of resources they assumed the design would require to make work. One of the controversies in the
Kremlin over supplying the engine to the US was that the design of the engine was similar to Russian ICBM engine design. The NK-33's design was used in the later
484:
When the N-1 program was shut down, all work on the project was ordered destroyed. A bureaucrat instead took the engines, worth millions of dollars each, and stored them in a warehouse. Word of the engines eventually spread to the US. Nearly 30 years after they were built, rocket engineers were led
439:
engines achieve a higher ratio. The NK-43 is similar to the NK-33, but is designed for an upper stage, not a first stage. It has a longer nozzle, optimized for operation at altitude, where there is little to no ambient air pressure. This gives it a higher thrust and specific impulse, but makes it
458:
derivatives, but these engines have no direct connection to the NK-33 except for the oxygen-rich staged combustion cycle technology, the kerosene/RP-1 fuel, and in case of the RD-191 and its variants like the RD-193 and the RD-181, the single combustion chamber instead of the multiple chambers in
497:
flows through the pre-burner and into the main chamber in this design. The extremely hot oxygen-rich mixture made the engine dangerous: it was known to melt 3-inch (76 mm) thick castings "like candle wax. Oxidizer-rich staged combustion had been considered by
American engineers, but was not
472:
The N-1 launcher originally used NK-15 engines for its first stage and a high-altitude modification (NK-15V) in its second stage. After four consecutive launch failures and no successes, the project was cancelled. While other aspects of the vehicle were being modified or redesigned, Kuznetsov
413:
The problem is that hot high-pressure oxygen must flow throughout the engine. If the surfaces contacting this oxygen were bare metal, they would corrode too quickly. The problem was solved using an inert enamel coating on all metal surfaces in contact with the hot oxygen.
606:
third stage. The NK-33s were imported from Russia to the United States, modified, and re-designated as
Aerojet AJ26s. This involved removing some electrical harnessing, adding U.S. electronics, qualifying it for U.S. propellants, and modifying the steering system.
841:
564:. The plan called for demonstration flights between 2008 and 2010. RpK would have received up to $ 207 million if they met all NASA milestones, but on 7 September 2007, NASA issued a default letter, warning that it would terminate the COTS agreement with
1245:
693:. The NK-33A intended for the Soyuz-2-1v was successfully hot-fired on 15 January 2013, following a series of cold-fire and systems tests of the fully assembled Soyuz-1 in 2011–2012. The NK-33 powered rocket was finally designated
701:, with the four boosters of the first stage omitted. A version of the Soyuz rocket with four boosters powered by NK-33 engines (with one engine per booster) has not been built, which results in a reduced payload compared to the
617:
light-to-medium-lift launcher. The
Antares rocket was successfully launched from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on 21 April 2013. This marked the first successful launch of the NK-33 heritage engines built in early 1970s.
680:
launch vehicle family was retrofitted with the NK-33 engine – using the lower weight and greater efficiency to increase payload; the simpler design and use of surplus hardware might actually reduce cost.
642:. As announced on 5 November 2014, Orbital decided to drop the AJ-26 first stage from the Antares and source an alternative engine. On 17 December 2014, Orbital Sciences announced that it would use the
989:
1249:
829:
1338:
1361:
682:
2973:
355:
for the first stage engines, which is a modified RD-191, but shares some properties like a single combustion chamber unlike the two combustion chambers used in the
2762:
1323:
518:
General for $ 1.1 million each, shipping them to the company facility in
Sacramento CA. During the engine test in Sacramento, the engine hit its specifications.
2963:
493:
The NK-33 oxygen-rich closed-cycle technology works by sending the auxiliary engines' exhaust into the main combustion chamber. The fully heated liquid O
514:
About 60 engines survived in the "Forest of
Engines", as described by engineers on a trip to the warehouse. In the mid-1990s, Russia sold 36 engines to
625:
contract. Beyond that, it had a stockpile of 23 1960s- and 1970s-era engines. Kuznetsov no longer manufactures the engines, so
Orbital sought to buy
649:
on second-generation
Antares launch vehicles and had contracted directly with NPO Energomash for up to 60 RD-181 engines. Two engines are used on the
2953:
2757:
661:
1346:
485:
to the warehouse. One of the engines was later taken to the US, and the precise specification of the engine was demonstrated on a test stand.
1548:
787:: NK-33 modified by Aerojet Rocketdyne. Planned to be used on the Kistler K-1, but the project was cancelled and the engine was never flown.
473:
improved his contributions into the NK-33 and NK-43 respectively. The 2nd-generation vehicle was to be called the N-1F. By this point the
1432:
2948:
557:
1133:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2366:
1580:
1162:
1082:
935:
U.S. Air Force-NASA Technology
Demonstrator Engine for Future Launch Vehicles Successfully Fired During Initial Full Duration Test
1369:
855:(left) and John C. Stennis Space Center Director Patrick Scheuermann view a test firing of the first Aerojet AJ26 flight engine.
351:
rocket series, although those engines are rebranded the AJ-26 and the newer Antares 200 and Antares 200+ rocket series uses the
1052:
1384:
993:
1611:
867:
1201:
1542:
1296:
1107:
973:
2877:
1407:
432:
387:
407:
339:
Moon rocket, which was an upgraded version of the N1. The NK-33A rocket engine is now used on the first stage of the
2968:
1156:"MODIFICATION AND VERIFICATION TESTING OF A RUSSIAN NK-33 ROCKET ENGINE FOR REUSABLE AND RESTARTABLE APPLICATIONS"
406:(LOX) to cool the bearings. The United States had not investigated oxygen-rich combustion technologies until the
2276:
1223:
697:, with its maiden flight having taken place on 28 December 2013. One NK-33 engine replaces the Soyuz's central
556:
rocket around three NK-33s and an NK-43. On 18 August 2006, NASA announced that RpK had been chosen to develop
320:
1558:
2958:
2907:
1573:
1278:
1271:
934:
909:
622:
611:
589:
38:
561:
767:): Improved version of NK-15V optimized for vacuum operation, used on the N1F second stage, never flown.
2897:
2231:
1950:
1912:
1517:
1039:
History Channel, interviews with Aerojet and Kuznetsov engineers about the history of staged combustion
28:
664:
is proposing an "Aurora-L.SK" launch vehicle, which would use an NK-33 to power the first stage and a
502:
engine, which had twice the size of the NK-33. The RD-180 engines were used (as of 2016) to power the
2196:
2191:
1134:"Space Propulsion | Development of U.S. Closed-loop Kerolox Engine Stuck in 2nd Gear - SpaceNews.com"
2292:
1621:
399:
140:
2186:
2633:
1859:
1852:
1712:
1566:
396:
316:
164:
66:
2717:
2586:
2356:
2346:
2037:
2019:
1436:
650:
634:
418:
343:
launch vehicle. When the supply of the NK-33 engines are exhausted, Russia will supply the new
218:
2258:
2902:
2852:
2772:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2596:
2371:
2321:
2259:
1707:
817:: Uprated NK-33 with gimbal mechanism. Planned to be used on the future Soyuz-2.3 core stage.
686:
677:
603:
2777:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2281:
1593:
443:
The predecessors of NK-33 and NK-43 are the earlier NK-15 and NK-15V engines respectively.
1926:
1919:
8:
2882:
2702:
2402:
2272:
1957:
1597:
565:
549:
2697:
1155:
1074:
774:
1205:
793:: NK-33 modified by Aerojet Rocketdyne with additional gimbal mechanism. Used on the
596:
1056:
2827:
2807:
1187:
794:
702:
639:
614:
592:
581:
478:
348:
332:
250:
239:
835:
An Aerojet AJ26 rocket engine being delivered to the John C. Stennis Space Center.
621:
Aerojet agreed to recondition sufficient NK-33s to serve Orbital's 16-flight NASA
2226:
1644:
977:
947:
1473:
1458:
506:
rocket. This company also acquired a license for the production of new engines.
2201:
2181:
2176:
2171:
1795:
1632:
1600:
1588:
1300:
852:
643:
630:
576:
422:
1534:
1111:
1011:
970:
395:
The NK-33 series engines are high-pressure, regeneratively cooled oxygen-rich
2942:
2206:
1990:
1906:
1832:
1651:
1589:
436:
403:
312:
150:
76:
685:
uses the NK-33 as the first-stage engine of the lightweight version of the
595:
light-to-medium-lift launcher had two modified NK-33 in the first stage, a
553:
1553:
887:
2296:
2263:
778:
754:
730:
638:
assembly and thrust bearings were proposed as two possible causes of the
610:
In 2010 stockpiled NK-33 engines were successfully tested for use by the
410:
project in the early 2000s. The Soviets, however, perfected this method.
336:
106:
101:
2922:* Different versions of the engine use different propellant combinations
2712:
2351:
1324:"Antares Rocket Launch Is A Success, In Test Of Orbital Supply Vehicle"
1219:
808:
723:
694:
690:
340:
111:
2687:
2682:
2331:
1231:
599:
474:
335:
and low structural mass. They were intended for the ill-fated Soviet
174:
1495:
440:
longer and heavier. It has a thrust-to-weight ratio of about 120:1.
319:. The NK designation is derived from the initials of chief designer
2792:
2787:
2707:
2692:
2677:
2381:
2085:
1227:
229:
1339:"Orbital Sues ULA, Seeks RD-180 Engines, $ 515 Million in Damages"
2887:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2127:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2049:
1938:
1825:
1770:
1764:
1248:(Press release). Aviation Week. 10 September 2007. Archived from
521:
515:
503:
34:
1408:"Antares Upgrade Will Use RD-181s In Direct Buy From Energomash"
568:
in 30 days because RpK had not met several contract milestones.
379:
rocket engines used on all of the variants of the Soyuz rocket.
2842:
2576:
2571:
2540:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2468:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2391:
2341:
2216:
2160:
2153:
2137:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2030:
2024:
2014:
1890:
1883:
1722:
1673:
781:, but the project was cancelled and the engine was never flown.
743:): Optimized for vacuum operation, used on the N1 second stage.
713:
During the years there have been many versions of this engine:
698:
665:
646:
626:
499:
477:
was long lost, and the Soviet space program was looking to the
455:
451:
447:
429:
425:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
1202:"NASA Selects Crew and Cargo Transportation to Orbit Partners"
2892:
2832:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2607:
2601:
2545:
2534:
2524:
2474:
2326:
2316:
2268:
2236:
2221:
2211:
2070:
2060:
2008:
2002:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1845:
1810:
1805:
1782:
1759:
1727:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1668:
1663:
1554:
NK-33 specifications & key components design (in Russian)
718:
481:
as its heavy launcher. No N-1F ever reached the launch pad.
124:
359:
of the Atlas V and the four combustion chambers used in the
347:
rocket engine. It used to be the first stage engines of the
315:
designed and built in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the
2529:
2519:
2311:
2147:
1986:
1901:
1800:
1789:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1702:
1290:
1288:
848:
584:
being rolled out for testing, showing the two NK-33 engines
328:
154:
33:
The Russian NK-33 was modified and renamed the AJ26-58 by
2822:
2817:
2812:
2802:
1376:
324:
1285:
1068:
1066:
1110:. Mark Wade (Encyclopedia Astronautica). Archived from
1005:
1003:
1385:"Two Antares failure probes produce different results"
1362:"Orbital Frustrated By Lack Of Antares Engine Options"
1063:
1000:
1982:
1297:"Aerojet confirms Russian engine is ready for duty"
952:. National Academic Press. January 2013. p. 29
1075:"Taurus 2 main engine passes gimbal steering test"
363:of the Energia and Zenit rocket families, and the
2974:Rocket engines using the staged combustion cycle
2940:
1148:
421:of any Earth-launchable rocket engine; only the
949:Reusable Booster System: Review and Assessment
524:has modified and renamed the updated NK-33 to
331:rocket engines when it was built, with a high
1574:
1353:
1321:
1047:
1045:
602:-based second stage and an optional solid or
509:
37:. This AJ26-58 is shown on the test stand at
910:"Orbital ATK ready for Antares' second life"
656:
488:
1498:(in Russian). Samara Today. 15 January 2013
1224:"SpaceX, Rocketplane win spaceship contest"
1102:
1100:
446:The oxygen-rich technology lives on in the
2964:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
1581:
1567:
1399:
1359:
1218:
1204:. SpaceRef. 18 August 2006. Archived from
1188:"NASA selects crew, cargo launch partners"
1042:
558:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
402:engines. The turbopumps require subcooled
27:
1336:
2954:Rocket engines using kerosene propellant
1097:
1012:"The Engines That Came in from the Cold"
575:
391:Simplified diagram of NK33 rocket engine
386:
323:. The NK-33 was among the most powerful
1535:The Engines That Came In From The Cold!
1406:Morring, Frank Jr. (16 December 2014).
1405:
1126:
1009:
888:"LRE NC-33 (11D111) and NC-43 (11D112)"
417:The NK-33 engine has among the highest
2941:
93:
1562:
1433:"S.P.Korolev RSC Energia - LAUNCHERS"
1382:
1294:
1072:
1055:. Aerojet. April 2011. Archived from
994:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
982:
753:): Improved version of NK-15 for the
1612:Comparison of orbital rocket engines
1085:from the original on 29 October 2013
868:Comparison of orbital rocket engines
1543:Channel Four Television Corporation
1518:"Kosmonavtika - par Nicolas Pillet"
1461:. Russian Space Web. November 2010.
1161:. Aerojet and N.D. Kuznetsov SSTC.
1073:Clark, Stephen (19 December 2010).
13:
2949:Rocket engines of the Soviet Union
1383:Clark, Stephen (1 November 2015).
1366:Aviation Week and Space Technology
1190:. Spaceflight Now. 18 August 2006.
14:
2985:
1528:
1459:"The Soyuz 1 (Soyuz 2-1v) Rocket"
1299:. Spaceflight Now. Archived from
1168:from the original on 9 March 2019
1018:. London. Ideal World Productions
807:): Refurbished NK-33 used on the
459:previous Russian rocket engines.
408:Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator
2623:
1295:Clark, Stephen (15 March 2010).
1246:"RpK's COTS Contract Terminated"
840:
828:
548:Kistler Aerospace, later called
1510:
1488:
1471:
1465:
1451:
1425:
1330:
1322:Bill Chappell (21 April 2013).
1315:
1264:
1238:
1212:
1194:
1180:
990:The Soviet Manned Lunar Program
234:14.83 MPa (2,151 psi)
1496:"NK-33 Engine Test Successful"
1030:
964:
940:
928:
902:
880:
543:
277:2 m (6 ft 7 in)
201:1,510 kN (340,000 lb
189:1,680 kN (380,000 lb
1:
2408:RD-0202 to 0206, 0208 to 0213
1010:Clifton, Dan (1 March 2001).
873:
671:
285:1,240 kg (2,730 lb)
777:. Planned to be used on the
623:Commercial Resupply Services
39:John C. Stennis Space Center
7:
1360:Amy Butler (24 June 2013).
997:. Accessed: 4 October 2011.
861:
729:): Initial version for the
708:
653:of the Antares 100-series.
640:2014 Antares launch failure
588:The initial version of the
562:International Space Station
256:297 s (2.91 km/s)
245:331 s (3.25 km/s)
10:
2990:
1337:Dan Leone (24 June 2013).
821:
571:
510:Sale of engines to Aerojet
462:
2918:
2632:
2621:
2561:
2251:
1973:
1821:
1640:
1631:
1620:
1607:
1435:. Energia. Archived from
757:first stage, never flown.
657:Current and proposed uses
489:Combustion-chamber design
454:, and recently developed
382:
294:
289:
281:
273:
265:
260:
249:
238:
227:
217:
209:
197:
185:
180:
170:
160:
146:
139:
135:AJ26-58, AJ26-59, AJ26-62
131:
120:
91:
83:
72:
62:
54:
46:
26:
2969:Antares (rocket family)
2453:RD-250 to 252, 261, 262
1081:. Tonbridge, Kent, UK.
1053:"Space Lift Propulsion"
976:28 October 2007 at the
971:Astronautix NK-43 entry
676:In the early 2010s the
397:staged combustion cycle
317:Kuznetsov Design Bureau
269:3.7 m (12 ft)
67:Kuznetsov Design Bureau
1549:NK-33's specifications
703:Soyuz-2 launch vehicle
668:for the second stage.
635:United Launch Alliance
585:
552:(RpK), designed their
467:
419:thrust-to-weight ratio
392:
219:Thrust-to-weight ratio
2929:are under development
2317:YF-20, 21, 22, 24, 25
2096:RD-107, 108, 117, 118
579:
390:
2959:Soviet lunar program
1474:"The Soyuz-1 rocket"
773:: NK-33 modified by
87:1st/2nd-stage engine
16:Soviet rocket engine
2418:RD-0216, 0217, 0235
2081:RD-0107, 0108, 0110
1476:. Russian Space Web
1372:on 29 October 2013.
1349:on 30 October 2013.
1234:on 4 November 2013.
687:Soyuz rocket family
566:Rocketplane Kistler
550:Rocketplane Kistler
400:bipropellant rocket
23:
1222:(18 August 2006).
1059:on 14 August 2011.
988:Lindroos, Marcus.
795:Antares 100-series
775:Aerojet Rocketdyne
586:
393:
141:Liquid-fuel engine
21:
2936:
2935:
2878:Space Shuttle SRB
2619:
2618:
2557:
2556:
2247:
2246:
1969:
1968:
1387:. Spaceflight Now
1303:on 13 August 2013
916:. 21 January 2016
856:
633:'s contract with
629:engines. Because
321:Nikolay Kuznetsov
301:
300:
198:Thrust, sea-level
165:Staged combustion
79:(Mashinostroitel)
47:Country of origin
2981:
2627:
2626:
2463:RD-263, 268, 273
2394:along other LREs
2256:
2255:
2116:RD-191, 151, 181
1980:
1979:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1368:. Archived from
1357:
1351:
1350:
1345:. Archived from
1334:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1230:. Archived from
1216:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1007:
998:
986:
980:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
944:
938:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
884:
847:
844:
832:
612:Orbital Sciences
590:Orbital Sciences
333:specific impulse
251:Specific impulse
240:Specific impulse
95:
31:
24:
20:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2914:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2553:
2443:RD-0255 to 0257
2438:RD-0243 to 0245
2300:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2267:
2243:
1984:
1975:
1965:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1648:
1642:
1623:
1616:
1603:
1601:launch vehicles
1587:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1358:
1354:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1293:
1286:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1217:
1213:
1208:on 26 May 2012.
1200:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1114:on 25 June 2002
1106:
1105:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1079:Spaceflight Now
1071:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1001:
987:
983:
978:Wayback Machine
969:
965:
955:
953:
946:
945:
941:
933:
929:
919:
917:
914:NASASpaceflight
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1529:External links
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1472:Zak, Anatoly.
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1439:on 27 May 2008
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582:Antares rocket
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75:
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68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
36:
30:
25:
19:
2926:
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2388:North Korea
2159:
2152:
2120:
2065:
2048:
2036:
2029:
2007:
1956:
1949:
1937:
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1918:
1911:
1889:
1882:
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1858:
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1769:
1747:
1690:
1683:
1594:solid motors
1538:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1467:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1378:
1370:the original
1365:
1355:
1347:the original
1342:
1332:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1266:
1256:10 September
1254:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1240:
1232:the original
1214:
1206:the original
1196:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1150:
1140:17 September
1138:. Retrieved
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:the original
1087:. Retrieved
1078:
1057:the original
1036:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1015:
992:
984:
966:
954:. Retrieved
948:
942:
930:
918:. Retrieved
913:
904:
892:. Retrieved
890:(in Russian)
882:
814:
811:first stage.
804:
803:(GRAU index
800:
797:first stage.
790:
784:
770:
764:
763:(GRAU index
760:
750:
749:(GRAU index
746:
740:
739:(GRAU index
736:
733:first stage.
726:
717:
712:
675:
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620:
609:
587:
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525:
520:
513:
492:
483:
471:
445:
442:
416:
412:
394:
308:
304:
302:
73:Manufacturer
50:Soviet Union
18:
2925:Engines in
2572:RD-109, 119
2510:RD-864, 869
2495:RD-854, 861
2458:RD-253, 275
2106:RD-170, 171
1417:28 December
779:Kistler K-1
662:RSC Energia
651:first stage
544:Kistler K-1
448:RD-170/-171
349:Antares 100
253:, sea-level
181:Performance
121:Predecessor
102:Antares 100
92:Associated
84:Application
2943:Categories
2312:YF-1, 2, 3
2260:Hypergolic
2232:Rutherford
1951:Prometheus
1913:Archimedes
1443:15 January
1391:1 November
1343:Space News
1220:Alan Boyle
1037:Cosmodrome
874:References
809:Soyuz-2.1v
724:GRAU index
695:Soyuz-2-1v
691:Soyuz-2-1v
672:Soyuz-2-1v
666:Blok DM-SL
604:hypergolic
341:Soyuz-2-1v
295:References
290:References
261:Dimensions
147:Propellant
112:Soyuz 2.1v
2853:Castor 30
2733:Zefiro 40
2728:Zefiro 23
2669:SpaB-140C
2066:NK-33, 44
1976:cryogenic
1822:Methalox
1641:Hydrolox
1633:Cryogenic
1272:"Antares"
1172:17 August
1089:3 January
1022:3 January
1016:Channel 4
600:Castor 30
475:Moon race
433:Merlin 1D
175:Turbopump
132:Successor
2868:Orbus-21
2723:Zefiro 9
2486:Ukraine
2264:Aerozine
2252:Storable
2144:Ukraine
2086:RD-0110R
1983:Kerolox
1307:18 March
1228:NBC News
1163:Archived
1118:25 March
1083:Archived
974:Archived
920:18 March
862:See also
709:Versions
560:for the
530:AJ-26-59
282:Dry mass
274:Diameter
242:, vacuum
230:pressure
228:Chamber
127:, NK-15V
63:Designer
2927:italics
2888:Star 48
2883:Star 37
2863:Orbus-6
2784:Israel
2718:Waxwing
2674:Europe
2666:SpaB-65
2568:Russia
2433:RD-0237
2428:RD-0236
2399:Russia
2378:Israel
2338:Europe
2182:Kestrel
2128:S1.5400
2091:RD-0124
2057:Russia
2050:SCE-200
1946:Europe
1939:RD-0169
1934:Russia
1860:Longyun
1853:Lingyun
1771:RD-0146
1765:RD-0120
1756:Russia
1713:Vulcain
1699:Europe
1622:Liquid
1598:orbital
1539:Equinox
1502:3 March
1480:7 March
1279:Orbital
1108:"NK-33"
956:23 July
894:1 April
822:Gallery
815:NK-33-1
791:AJ26-62
785:AJ26-59
771:AJ26-58
615:Antares
593:Antares
572:Antares
538:AJ26-60
534:AJ26-62
526:AJ26-58
522:Aerojet
516:Aerojet
504:Atlas V
479:Energia
463:History
213:50–105%
35:Aerojet
2843:AJ-60A
2808:KM-V2b
2799:Japan
2773:Salman
2739:India
2713:Topaze
2678:Mage 1
2643:China
2634:Solid
2541:TR-201
2505:RD-856
2500:RD-855
2490:RD-843
2480:S5.98M
2469:RD-270
2363:India
2357:Viking
2347:Astris
2342:Aestus
2332:YF-50D
2308:China
2217:RS-27A
2207:Merlin
2197:LR-105
2161:RD-810
2154:RD-801
2138:TEPREL
2134:Spain
2122:RD-193
2111:RD-180
2101:RD-120
2045:India
2038:Welkin
2031:YF-130
2025:YF-115
2020:YF-102
2015:YF-100
1999:China
1927:Aeon R
1920:Aeon 1
1907:Raptor
1891:YF-215
1884:YF-209
1877:TQ-15A
1841:China
1734:Japan
1723:CE-7.5
1719:India
1674:YF-75D
1660:China
1326:. NPR.
801:NK-33A
765:11D112
751:11D111
737:NK-15V
699:RD-108
689:, the
647:RD-181
627:RD-180
500:RD-180
456:RD-191
452:RD-180
437:Raptor
430:SpaceX
426:RD-253
383:Design
377:RD-118
375:, and
373:RD-117
369:RD-108
365:RD-107
361:RD-170
357:RD-180
353:RD-181
345:RD-193
266:Length
2908:X-254
2903:X-248
2893:UA120
2873:Orion
2848:Algol
2833:SRB-A
2828:M-34c
2803:KM-V1
2793:RSA-3
2769:Iran
2662:FG-47
2657:FG-46
2652:FG-36
2647:FG-02
2608:XLR81
2602:RS-88
2597:Curie
2587:Gamma
2562:Other
2546:XLR81
2535:RS-88
2530:LR-91
2525:LR-87
2475:S5.92
2403:17D61
2372:Vikas
2352:Vexin
2327:YF-40
2322:YF-23
2295:, or
2275:, or
2269:UH 25
2237:XLR50
2222:RS-56
2212:RS-27
2192:LR-89
2187:LR-79
2071:RD-58
2061:NK-15
2009:TH-12
2003:TH-11
1974:Semi-
1871:TQ-12
1866:TQ-11
1846:BF-20
1811:RS-68
1806:RS-25
1783:BE-3U
1728:CE-20
1708:Vinci
1692:YF-90
1685:YF-79
1679:YF-77
1669:YF-75
1664:YF-73
1275:(PDF)
1166:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
805:14D15
761:NK-43
747:NK-33
741:11D52
727:11D51
719:NK-15
678:Soyuz
597:solid
309:NK-43
305:NK-33
171:Pumps
161:Cycle
125:NK-15
58:1970s
22:NK-33
2898:SRMU
2823:M-34
2818:M-24
2813:M-14
2788:LK-1
2778:Rafe
2763:S200
2758:S139
2708:P230
2703:P120
2636:fuel
2520:AJ10
2382:LK-4
2277:UDMH
2227:S-3D
2148:RD-8
1987:RP-1
1958:M-10
1902:BE-4
1801:RL10
1790:BE-7
1749:LE-9
1743:LE-7
1738:LE-5
1703:HM7B
1624:fuel
1596:for
1592:and
1504:2013
1482:2010
1445:2008
1419:2014
1393:2015
1309:2010
1258:2007
1174:2020
1142:2016
1120:2006
1091:2014
1024:2014
958:2024
922:2016
896:2015
849:NASA
532:and
329:RP-1
311:are
307:and
303:The
155:RP-1
55:Date
2858:GEM
2753:S12
2698:P80
2693:PAP
2688:P-6
2683:P-4
2583:UK
2367:PS4
2297:HNO
2293:MON
2273:MMH
2177:H-1
2172:F-1
1991:LOX
1833:LOX
1796:J-2
1652:LOX
755:N1F
580:An
554:K-1
468:N-1
337:N1F
325:LOX
223:137
151:LOX
2945::
2748:S9
2743:S7
2291:,
2280:/
2271:,
2266:,
1989:/
1831:/
1826:CH
1650:/
1645:LH
1541:,
1537:,
1410:.
1364:.
1341:.
1287:^
1277:.
1226:.
1099:^
1077:.
1065:^
1044:^
1014:.
1002:^
912:.
731:N1
705:.
540:.
528:,
428:,
371:,
367:,
153:/
107:N1
94:LV
2610:*
2604:*
2548:*
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2302:)
2299:3
2288:4
2286:O
2284:2
2282:N
2262:(
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1985:(
1835:)
1828:4
1824:(
1654:)
1647:2
1643:(
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1575:t
1568:v
1520:.
1506:.
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1260:.
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