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247:, centers for adult education and community empowerment. The resulting school in Monteagle, Tennessee was based on a concept originating in Denmark: "that an oppressed people collectively hold strategies for liberation that are lost to its individuals . . . The Highlander School had been a haven for the South's handful of functional radicals during the thirties and the essential alma mater for the leaders of the CIO's fledgling southern organizing drives." (McWhorter) The school was created to educate and empower adults for social change.
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neither of them had the required education. After that, they worked several odd jobs, one of which was working in factories as sharecroppers. Myles’ parents were good, peace-loving people who tried to raise their kids as respectful, affectionate and devoted people. They grew up in poverty, but never thought of themselves as lower class. Elsie Falls Horton helped to organize classes for less fortunate people, and tried to have them become more educated people of the community (Brooks 405).
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The term “communist” was applied to Horton's teachings and the
Highlander School because of the school's philosophy of bringing whites and blacks together, in violation of segregation laws. The school advocated for the working class and the poor and the school's teachings focused on heightening
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member and his mother served as a respected and socially active community member. Before the birth of their children, Elsie and Perry Horton worked as educators. When standards for being an educator changed (they now required at least one year of high school), they both lost their jobs because
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Horton sought to continue his education. He left home at the young age of fifteen to attend high school and supported himself through working in a sawmill and then a box factory. Horton learned the value of hard work through working these jobs. He attended many colleges, including
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Today the
Highlander focuses on the social consequences related to environmental problems. Horton was also heavily influenced by his religious background. He believed in a society where there was justice for all. He attended the radical Union Theological Seminary and joined the
262:. From them, he learned that a free discussion of problems, without indoctrination to any preconceived ideas, generated vitality and brought out ideas from within the group. He wanted blacks and whites to meet and improve their lives. Horton envisioned a place for liberals and
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activism. Rosa Parks was heavily influenced by Myles Horton and the
Highlander School. Just prior to her famous refusal to give up her seat on a bus, Parks visited the Highlander School where she found the “courage to feel we were alone.”(Highlander School 1).
294:, Lucy Massie Phenix and Veronica Selver prominently featured Horton and the Highlander School. Horton also inspired the founding of the Myles Horton Organization at the University of Tennessee in 1986. The group organized numerous protests and events in the
277:. Adults at the school were allowed to leave coins when they took beer out of the refrigerator at the school. The school was convicted and shut down. Horton immediately applied for a new charter and reopened the school (Highlander School 2).
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During his teenage years, Horton experienced union organization by holding jobs at a sawmill and as a packer at factories. As a teenager, he demonstrated his activism by holding a strike for higher wages at the tomato factory. Horton attended
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in 1935. Zilphia Horton was a constant collaborator with Horton until her death in 1956. Zilphia and Myles Horton had two children. In 1962, Myles Horton married Aimee Isgrig. In
January 1990, Myles Horton died at the age of 84 (Ayers 1091).
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in
Tennessee in 1924 and continued his work with local unions. After college, Horton went to work as a state Student YMCA secretary. In 1929, Horton became familiar with social gospel philosophy while studying in New York City at the
355:, Horton learned about the Danish folk high schools. Inspired after his visit to these schools, Horton helped established his own education center, Highlander Folk School, in Monteagle, Tennessee in 1932. He later married
449:"James L. Bevel, the Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement," a 1984 paper by Randall L. Kryn published with a 1988 addendum in Prof. David Garrow's "We Shall Overcome Volume II" (Carlson Publishing Co., 1989)
632:, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside-out
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to a poor family. He had two brothers, Daniel and Demas, and one sister, Elsie Pearl. He grew up near
Savannah, Tennessee. His parents were Elsie Falls Horton and Perry Horton (Hale 1).
615:, Ginger Group Productions, 1988; PBS Home Video 174, 58 min. Myles Horton discusses Highlander's role, through his wife Zilphia Horton's music program, in promoting the song "
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Horton's quest to create and maintain the
Highlander School was opposed by Southern law enforcement. In 1959, the school was accused of violating
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radicals to come together. He applied this concept to the
Highlander School in order to create an atmosphere for social change (Ayers 1091).
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470:. Ed. James W. Guthrie. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. New York: Macmillan Reference USA,2002. 1089–1091. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Web.15, May 2014.
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called Horton "The Father of the Civil Rights
Movement"). Horton taught and heavily influenced most of the era's leaders. They included
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588:. Edited by C. David Lisman and Irene E. Harvey. Washington, D.C.: American Association for Higher Education, 2000, pp. 69–90.
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of New
Orleans, Horton founded the Highlander Folk School (now Highlander Research and Education Center) in
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in his native Tennessee in 1932. He remained its director until 1973, traveling with it to reorganize in
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Education in Black and White : Myles Horton and the Highlander Center's Vision for Social Justice.
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Education in Black and White : Myles Horton and the Highlander Center's Vision for Social Justice.
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Portrait of Myles Horton, founder of Highlander Folk School. Photographer Unknown. WHS Image ID 52275
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in West Tennessee, Horton's social and political views were strongly influenced by theologian
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484:. 11th Ed. Detroit: Gale 2011. 401–473. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15, May 2014.
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Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Struggle of the Civil Rights Revolution
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667:(GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC, accessed June 7, 2021.
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His parents were former school teachers and Presbyterians. His father was a
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The Associated Press. "Highlander School Proves Ideas Can’t Be Padlocked".
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We Make the Road by Walking: Conversations on Education and Social Change.
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Myles Horton, Highlander Folk School, and the Wilder Coal Strike of 1932
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Beyond the Tower: Concepts and Models for Service-Learning in Philosophy
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Wallace, John. "Use of a Philosopher: Socrates and Myles Horton." In:
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Ayers, Bill, and Therese Quinn. "Horton, Myles (1905–1990)."
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Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
2629:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
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Video of recollections of his great uncle, Myles Horton
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21.3 (1991): 26. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 16, May 2014.
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African American founding fathers of the United States
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Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
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John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
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439:. New York: Teachers College Press, 1998. p. 1.
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Horton was influenced early on by his work with poor
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Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
537:
Oakland California: University of California Press.
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Oakland California: University of California Press.
423:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996.
236:after the state of Tennessee shut it down in 1961.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
338:and the Union Theological Seminary (Brooks 407).
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1459:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
556:. 1990; New York: Teachers College Press, 1998.
407:Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander
1449:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1382:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1273:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
651:Bill Moyers' 2 hour interview with Myles Horton
550:Horton, Myles, With Judith & Herbert Kohl.
2928:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
574:Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.
309:
298:area, including demonstrations to counter the
2836:List of lynching victims in the United States
1174:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
686:
395:. New York: Touchstone, 2001. p. 91–95.
3162:Activists for African-American civil rights
1303:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
498:: 9, August 1992: A31. Print. 14, May 2014.
480:Ed. Christopher A. Brooks. "Civil Rights",
409:. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, 1975.
1352:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
693:
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2908:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2943:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
983:University of Georgia desegregation riot
203:
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2857:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
2594:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
2589:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
665:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
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2771:African-American women in the movement
1223:White House Conference on Civil Rights
1054:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
473:Braden, Anne. “Doing the Impossible.”
220:in New York City. Along with educator
1212:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
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239:Horton and West had both traveled to
200:, John B. Thompson, and many others.
2980:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1444:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1392:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1338:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
815:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
740:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
489:American Educational History Journal
148:– January 19, 1990) was an American
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1387:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1323:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
993:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
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405:Adams, Frank, with Horton, Myles.
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2831:African-American churches attacked
1397:Montgomery Improvement Association
1372:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1357:Council of Federated Organizations
1328:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1086:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
1044:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
850:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
754:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
630:SNCC Digital Gateway: Myles Horton
544:
192:, and others who would create the
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2903:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
2776:Jews in the civil rights movement
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452:Rahimi, S. (2002). Myles Horton.
314:Myles Horton was born in 1905 in
3152:People from Monteagle, Tennessee
3097:Civil rights movement portal
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2938:Freedom Riders National Monument
2680:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1192:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1151:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
1038:Second Emancipation Proclamation
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3147:People from Savannah, Tennessee
3127:20th-century American educators
2965:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
2953:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1429:National Council of Negro Women
1367:Deacons for Defense and Justice
553:The Long Haul: An Autobiography
523:The Long Haul: An Autobiography
436:The Long Haul: An Autobiography
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216:, under whom he studied at the
34:needs additional citations for
845:Mansfield school desegregation
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421:Highlander: No Ordinary School
380:Cumberland Presbyterian Church
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3132:American Christian socialists
2975:National Voting Rights Museum
2918:Civil Rights Movement Archive
2717:Lynching in the United States
2604:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
1059:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1032:University of Chicago sit-ins
799:Davis v. Prince Edward County
160:, famous for its role in the
3142:Cumberland University alumni
2970:National Civil Rights Museum
2826:March on Washington Movement
2811:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1280:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
482:The African American Almanac
370:List of civil rights leaders
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2614:"This Little Light of Mine"
1362:Dallas County Voters League
1308:Atlanta Negro Voters League
1071:Letter from Birmingham Jail
778:Brown v. Board of Education
644:, by writer/actor/director
462:10.1080/1367886022000016910
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310:Personal life and education
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2948:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
2816:Holt Street Baptist Church
2786:16th Street Baptist Church
1770:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1414:Nashville Student Movement
1344:An Appeal for Human Rights
349:Union Theological Seminary
288:In their 1985 documentary
218:Union Theological Seminary
194:Nashville Student Movement
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1474:Wednesdays in Mississippi
1469:United Auto Workers (UAW)
1454:Southern Regional Council
1424:Northern Student Movement
1333:Committee for Freedom Now
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1240:Memphis sanitation strike
1206:Voting Rights Act of 1965
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468:Encyclopedia of Education
137:Myles Horton in the 1930s
1313:Atlanta Student Movement
1262:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1187:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1168:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1066:1963 Birmingham campaign
959:Civil Rights Act of 1960
883:Civil Rights Act of 1957
533:Preskill Stephen. 2021.
509:
501:Preskill Stephen. 2021.
156:, and co-founder of the
3157:Presbyterian socialists
2865:Voter Education Project
2619:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2280:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1715:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1141:Chester school protests
1136:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1098:Detroit Walk to Freedom
840:Tallahassee bus boycott
761:Baton Rouge bus boycott
661:Pacifica Radio Archives
598:Smith, Angela (2003). "
224:and Methodist minister
3137:American Presbyterians
3078:Movement photographers
2320:Bernice Johnson Reagon
2040:Martin Luther King Sr.
2035:Martin Luther King Jr.
1605:William Holmes Borders
1377:Highlander Folk School
1267:Poor People's Campaign
1120:St. Augustine movement
970:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
893:Katz Drug Store sit-in
864:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
826:Montgomery bus boycott
375:Highlander Folk School
296:Chattanooga, Tennessee
283:Social Gospel Movement
208:A poor white man from
170:Martin Luther King Jr.
158:Highlander Folk School
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2913:Civil Rights Memorial
2801:Bethel Baptist Church
2450:Charles Kenzie Steele
1895:Audrey Faye Hendricks
1800:Myrlie Evers-Williams
1780:Patricia Stephens Due
1750:Abraham Lincoln Davis
1685:Colia Lafayette Clark
1439:Operation Breadbasket
1434:National Urban League
1181:Katzenbach v. McClung
1049:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
702:Civil rights movement
353:University of Chicago
344:Cumberland University
336:University of Chicago
332:Cumberland University
204:Highlander co-founder
162:Civil Rights Movement
136:
126:
2958:other King memorials
2933:Freedom Rides Museum
2870:1960s counterculture
2821:Edmund Pettus Bridge
2500:Walter Francis White
2405:Alexander D. Shimkin
919:New Year's Day March
888:Ministers' Manifesto
735:Executive Order 9981
43:improve this article
2696:Mary McLeod Bethune
2657:Sermon on the Mount
2624:"We Shall Overcome"
2205:William Lewis Moore
1985:Frank Minis Johnson
1960:Richie Jean Jackson
1915:Donald L. Hollowell
1720:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
1525:Gwendolyn Armstrong
1520:William G. Anderson
1500:Victoria Gray Adams
1464:The Freedom Singers
1318:Black Panther Party
1103:March on Washington
1016:Garner v. Louisiana
977:Boynton v. Virginia
456:, 14 (3), 343–348.
357:Zilphia Mae Johnson
316:Savannah, Tennessee
226:James A. Dombrowski
178:Montgomery, Alabama
3013:Michael Eric Dyson
2898:In popular culture
2781:Fifth Circuit Four
2765:Loving v. Virginia
2758:Hernandez v. Texas
2737:Buchanan v. Warley
2729:Separate but equal
2723:Plessy v. Ferguson
2686:Frederick Douglass
2520:Robert F. Williams
2430:Kelly Miller Smith
2410:Fred Shuttlesworth
2335:Frederick D. Reese
2315:George Raymond Jr.
2305:A. Philip Randolph
2285:Fay Bellamy Powell
2200:Queen Mother Moore
2085:Z. Alexander Looby
2030:Coretta Scott King
1975:Barbara Rose Johns
1955:Jimmie Lee Jackson
1880:William E. Harbour
1660:Stokely Carmichael
1575:Randolph Blackwell
1245:King assassination
1234:Loving v. Virginia
1218:March Against Fear
1198:How Long, Not Long
1076:Children's Crusade
1027:Cambridge movement
964:Ax Handle Saturday
929:Greensboro sit-ins
856:Give Us the Ballot
566:Horton, Myles and
391:McWhorter, Diane.
142:Myles Falls Horton
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2881:Eyes on the Prize
2796:A.G. Gaston Motel
2791:Kelly Ingram Park
2751:Sweatt v. Painter
2435:Mary Louise Smith
2395:Cleveland Sellers
2380:Michael Schwerner
2345:Gloria Richardson
2125:Thurgood Marshall
2045:Bernard Lafayette
1775:John Wesley Dobbs
1289:
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1008:Birmingham attack
988:Rock Hill sit-ins
939:Sibley Commission
934:Nashville sit-ins
806:Gebhart v. Belton
792:Briggs v. Elliott
785:Bolling v. Sharpe
746:Sweatt v. Painter
646:Robert Ben Garant
617:We Shall Overcome
613:We Shall Overcome
496:Salt Lake Tribune
323:Workers’ Alliance
190:Bernard Lafayette
164:(Movement leader
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3058:Charles M. Payne
3043:Steven F. Lawson
3033:David Halberstam
3003:Clayborne Carson
2744:Hocutt v. Wilson
2691:W. E. B. Du Bois
2540:Sammy Younge Jr.
2525:Q. V. Williamson
2490:Wyatt Tee Walker
2355:Bernice Robinson
2300:Lincoln Ragsdale
2290:Rodney N. Powell
2185:Douglas E. Moore
2060:Sanford R. Leigh
1995:J. Charles Jones
1870:Fannie Lou Hamer
1785:Joseph Ellwanger
1745:Jonathan Daniels
1735:Claudette Colvin
1725:Annie Lee Cooper
1710:Kathleen Cleaver
1705:Eldridge Cleaver
1680:Shirley Chisholm
1570:Gloria Blackwell
1161:workers' murders
1108:"I Have a Dream"
1003:Anniston bombing
954:Greenville Eight
869:Little Rock Nine
832:Browder v. Gayle
720:
719:
695:
688:
681:
672:
671:
638:
607:Video references
538:
531:
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520:
260:Ozone, Tennessee
214:Reinhold Niebuhr
180:, bus in 1955),
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3053:Diane McWhorter
3038:Vincent Harding
3023:Adam Fairclough
2990:
2984:
2886:
2841:Freedom Schools
2700:
2633:
2581:
2575:
2566:Omaha, Nebraska
2554:
2470:Hartman Turnbow
2460:Dorothy Tillman
2420:Glenn E. Smiley
2400:Charles Sherrod
2360:Jo Ann Robinson
2235:Charles Neblett
2225:Elijah Muhammad
2190:Harriette Moore
2150:Floyd McKissick
2135:Franklin McCain
2070:Stanley Levison
1935:T. R. M. Howard
1885:Vincent Harding
1815:Walter Fauntroy
1700:Xernona Clayton
1650:John H. Calhoun
1635:Aurelia Browder
1625:Stanley Branche
1620:Raylawni Branch
1600:Joseph E. Boone
1585:Ezell Blair Jr.
1580:Unita Blackwell
1555:Harry Belafonte
1495:Ralph Abernathy
1483:
1419:Nation of Islam
1295:
1285:
1124:
1081:Birmingham riot
1022:Albany Movement
944:Atlanta sit-ins
924:Sit-in movement
907:
903:Biloxi wade-ins
875:Cooper v. Aaron
765:
711:
705:
699:
636:
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609:
547:
545:Further reading
542:
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433:Horton, Myles.
419:Glen, John M.
388:
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291:You Got to Move
256:mountain people
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2375:Bernie Sanders
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2350:David Richmond
2347:
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2340:Walter Reuther
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2240:Huey P. Newton
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2195:Harry T. Moore
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1990:Clarence Jones
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2712:Jim Crow laws
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2609:"Oh, Freedom"
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2015:Clyde Kennard
2013:
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2005:Vernon Jordan
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2000:Matthew Jones
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144:(July 9, 1905
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
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3088:
3028:David Garrow
3008:John Dittmer
2879:
2806:Brown Chapel
2763:
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2749:
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2735:
2721:
2678:
2530:Andrew Young
2485:A. T. Walden
2480:C. T. Vivian
2440:Maxine Smith
2275:Homer Plessy
2255:James Orange
2210:Irene Morgan
2165:William Ming
2145:Ralph McGill
2080:Viola Liuzzo
2065:Jim Letherer
2050:James Lawson
1980:Vernon Johns
1970:Esau Jenkins
1925:Myles Horton
1924:
1875:Fred Hampton
1865:Prathia Hall
1855:Dick Gregory
1825:Marie Foster
1820:James Forman
1810:James Farmer
1795:Medgar Evers
1755:Angela Davis
1690:Ramsey Clark
1670:James Chaney
1665:Johnnie Carr
1645:Ralph Bunche
1640:H. Rap Brown
1630:Ruby Bridges
1590:Joanne Bland
1565:Claude Black
1545:Marion Barry
1515:Muhammad Ali
1342:
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659:1964-03-20,
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568:Paulo Freire
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454:Peace Review
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386:Bibliography
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304:South Africa
300:Ku Klux Klan
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273:and selling
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245:folk schools
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3122:1990 deaths
3117:1905 births
3048:Doug McAdam
3018:Chuck Fager
2645:Nonviolence
2550:James Zwerg
2545:Bob Zellner
2505:Roy Wilkins
2455:Hank Thomas
2390:Pete Seeger
2385:Bobby Seale
2250:Jack O'Dell
2245:Edgar Nixon
2175:Amzie Moore
2170:Jack Minnis
2110:Mae Mallory
2095:Clara Luper
2055:Bernard Lee
1945:Cecil Ivory
1940:Ruby Hurley
1910:Oliver Hill
1905:Aaron Henry
1805:Chuck Fager
1765:Dave Dennis
1655:Guy Carawan
1595:Julian Bond
1560:James Bevel
1550:Daisy Bates
821:Emmett Till
704:(1954–1968)
271:segregation
186:James Bevel
166:James Bevel
3111:Categories
2991:historians
2672:Satyagraha
2638:Influences
2330:James Reeb
2265:James Peck
2260:Rosa Parks
2230:Diane Nash
2100:Danny Lyon
2075:John Lewis
2020:A. D. King
1920:James Hood
1535:Ella Baker
1505:Zev Aelony
182:John Lewis
174:Rosa Parks
69:newspapers
2650:Padayatra
2599:"Kumbaya"
2559:By region
2215:Bob Moses
2120:Bob Mants
2105:Malcolm X
2025:C.B. King
1845:Fred Gray
1488:Activists
1129:1964–1968
912:1960–1963
770:1954–1959
234:Knoxville
230:Monteagle
154:socialist
2580:Movement
2010:Tom Kahn
1294:Activist
714:timeline
364:See also
264:Southern
222:Don West
210:Savannah
150:educator
99:May 2020
2705:Related
2295:Al Raby
1250:funeral
1113:Big Six
642:YouTube
275:alcohol
241:Denmark
83:scholar
2891:Legacy
2667:Ahimsa
1296:groups
757:(1950)
749:(1950)
710:Events
592:
578:
560:
443:
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399:
146:
85:
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71:
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2989:Noted
2582:songs
1402:NAACP
1255:riots
510:Notes
90:JSTOR
76:books
590:ISBN
576:ISBN
558:ISBN
441:ISBN
425:ISBN
411:ISBN
397:ISBN
62:news
640:on
570:.
458:doi
258:in
45:by
3113::
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306:.
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
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39:.
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