689:
666:
51:
1300:
1356:. This was the first antibiotic that was isolated in pure and crystalline form. But the discovery was forgotten. It was rediscovered by two American scientists C.L. Alsberg and O.M. Black in 1912, and given the name mycophenolic acid. The compound was eventually demonstrated to have antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, and antipsoriasis activities. Although it is not commercialised as antibiotic due to its adverse effects, its modified compound (ester derivative) is an approved
42:
5398:
1395:. He conceived an idea that if a molecule that could block the enzyme is discovered, then, it would become an immunosuppressive drug that could be used for autoimmune diseases and in organ transplantation. In 1981 he decided to go for drug discovery and approached several pharmaceutical companies, which turned him down one by one as he had no primary knowledge of drug research. However,
1399:
liked his plans and asked him to join the company with his wife. He became vice president for the research. In one of their experiments the
Allisons used an antibacterial compound, mycophenolate mofetil, which was abandoned in clinical use due to its adverse effects. They discovered that the compound
1001:
bolus therapy, a regimen with risk of bone marrow suppression, infertility, and malignancy. Further work addressing maintenance therapy demonstrated mycophenolate superior to cyclophosphamide, again in terms of response and side-effects. Walsh proposed that mycophenolate should be considered as a
1400:
had immunosuppressive activity. They synthesised a chemical variant for increased activity and reduced adverse effects. They subsequently demonstrated that it was useful in organ transplantation in experimental rats. After successful clinical trials, the compound was approved for use in
1195:
purine synthesis. In contrast, many other cell types use both pathways, and some cells, such as terminally differentiated neurons, depend completely on purine nucleotide salvage. Thus, use of mycophenolic acid leads to a relatively selective inhibition of
1723:"CellCept- mycophenolate mofetil tablet, film coated CellCept- mycophenolate mofetil capsule CellCept- mycophenolate mofetil hydrochloride injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution CellCept- mycophenolate mofetil powder, for suspension"
2411:
Remuzzi G, Lesti M, Gotti E, Ganeva M, Dimitrov BD, Ene-Iordache B, et al. (2004). "Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for prevention of acute rejection in renal transplantation (MYSS): a randomised trial".
1038:
nature of the drug. Mycophenolate sodium is also commonly associated with fatigue, headache, cough and/or breathing issues. Intravenous (IV) administration of mycophenolate mofetil is also commonly associated with
945:
rejection in children over 2 years; whereas mycophenolate sodium is indicated for the prevention of kidney transplant rejection in adults. Mycophenolate sodium has also been used for the prevention of rejection in
1610:
912:
in 1893. It was rediscovered in 1945 and 1968. It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1995 following the discovery of its immunosuppressive properties in the 1990s. It is available as a
1352:.) In 1893 he found that the fungus had antibacterial activity. In 1896 he isolated crystals of the compound, which he successfully demonstrated as the active antibacterial compound against the
3480:
Bechstein WO, Suzuki Y, Kawamura T, Jaffee B, Allison A, Hullett DA, et al. (1992). "Low-dose combination therapy of DUP-785 and RS-61443 prolongs cardiac allograft survival in rats".
1074:
occur: melanoma, lymphoma, other malignancies having an occurrences of 1 in 20 to 1 in 200, depending on the type, with neoplasia in the skin being the most common site. Several cases of
1014:
it has higher incidence of diarrhea, and no difference in risk of any of the other side effects in transplant patients. Mycophenolic acid is 15 times more expensive than azathioprine.
3595:
2747:
Anderson HA, Bracewell JM, Fraser AR, Jones D, Robertson GW, Russell JD (December 1988). "5-Hydroxymaltol and mycophenolic acid, secondary metabolites from
Penicillium echinulatum".
1495:
might have benefits in people with multiple sclerosis. However the evidence is insufficient to determine the effects as an add‐on therapy for interferon beta-1a in people with RRMS.
307:
2605:
2553:
2523:
1117:
Mycophenolic acid is associated with miscarriage and congenital malformations when used during pregnancy, and should be avoided whenever possible by women trying to get pregnant.
1834:
2774:
Fulton B, Markham A (February 1996). "Mycophenolate mofetil. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy in renal transplantation".
1730:
3564:
Taylor DO, Ensley RD, Olsen SL, Dunn D, Renlund DG (1994). "Mycophenolate mofetil (RS-61443): preclinical, clinical, and three-year experience in heart transplantation".
2364:"Mycophenolate mofetil decreases acute rejection and may improve graft survival in renal transplant recipients when compared with azathioprine: a systematic review"
1602:
262:
1481:
752:
2463:
810:
3281:
Nelson PH, Eugui E, Wang CC, Allison AC (February 1990). "Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of some side-chain variants of mycophenolic acid".
2575:
1101:
associated nephropathy. In addition the FDA is investigating 16 people that developed a rare neurological disease while taking the drug. This is a
3644:
1580:
3437:
Allison AC, Eugui EM (December 1993). "Immunosuppressive and other effects of mycophenolic acid and an ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil".
5428:
2272:"Comparative effectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
156:
3622:
3591:
5265:
5123:
3966:
766:
2601:
2545:
2515:
1981:
1424:. The salt mycophenolate sodium has also been introduced. Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) is an alternative MPA formulation.
5275:
4961:
4402:
2204:
2027:
1379:, Allison investigated the biochemical causes of immune deficiency in children. He discovered the metabolic pathway involving an enzyme,
1792:
1520:
2081:
1172:
1106:
882:
1376:
4882:
1823:
207:
1939:
1752:
1722:
1700:
1670:
1640:
5423:
3034:
2649:
2198:
2117:
2057:
2021:
1975:
1556:
817:
17:
3040:
5443:
1408:
on 3 May 1995, and was sold under the brand name CellCept. It was approved for use in the
European Union in February 1996.
1125:
Among the most common effects of this drug is increased blood cholesterol levels. Other changes in blood chemistry such as
2909:
2138:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials and cohort studies of mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis"
1436:
1380:
1239:
990:
along with a number of other medications. Specifically it has also be used for psoriasis not treatable by other methods.
894:
3367:
Allison AC, Eugui EM (February 1996). "Purine metabolism and immunosuppressive effects of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)".
2682:
794:
InChI=1S/C17H20O6/c1-9(5-7-13(18)19)4-6-11-15(20)14-12(8-23-17(14)21)10(2)16(11)22-3/h4,20H,5-8H2,1-3H3,(H,18,19)/b9-4+
877:
Common side effects include nausea, infections, and diarrhea. Other serious side effects include an increased risk of
5468:
4825:
4195:
2519:
1405:
786:
3959:
1455:
1360:
in kidney, heart, and liver transplantations, and is marketed under the brands CellCept (mycophenolate mofetil by
5234:
439:
292:
188:
3119:
Bentley R (October 2000). "Mycophenolic Acid: a one hundred year odyssey from antibiotic to immunosuppressant".
3394:
Allison AC, Eugui EM (1993). "The design and development of an immunosuppressive drug, mycophenolate mofetil".
2455:
514:
2107:
4031:
3230:
Allison AC, Kowalski WJ, Muller CD, Eugui EM (November 1993). "Mechanisms of action of mycophenolic acid".
2549:
1440:
1082:
684:
565:
5438:
5433:
4140:
3952:
2579:
645:
917:. In 2020, it was the 313th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 900
5388:
4010:
2323:"Mycophenolate mofetil for induction therapy of lupus nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1348:
1224:
143:
3652:
634:
5418:
4688:
3944:
1875:
1786:
1572:
1264:. Other cells recover purines via a separate salvage pathway and are thus able to escape the effect.
890:
1267:
Mycophenolate is potent and can, in many contexts, be used in place of the older anti-proliferative
1002:
first-line induction therapy for treatment of lupus nephritis in people without kidney dysfunction.
941:. Mycophenolate mofetil is indicated for the prevention of organ transplant rejection in adults and
5068:
2674:
1372:
1218:
987:
661:
134:
3618:
2493:
1158:
5448:
5063:
2456:"CellCept, Myfortic (mycophenolate) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more"
1435:
Mycophenolate mofetil is beginning to be used in the management of auto-immune disorders such as
1271:. It is usually used as part of a three-compound regimen of immunosuppressants, also including a
1230:
1180:
1086:
244:
120:
2628:
5453:
4868:
4294:
3975:
1965:
1870:
1401:
1357:
1171:
from free nucleotides. Mycophenolic acid is a potent, reversible, non-competitive inhibitor of
1056:
942:
614:
451:)-6-(4-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-4-methylhex-4-enoic acid
386:
2231:"Rediscovering mycophenolic acid: a review of its mechanism, side effects, and potential uses"
2188:
2011:
971:
5055:
2698:
Fu R, Ceballos-Picot I, Torres RJ, Larovere LE, Yamada Y, Nguyen KV, et al. (May 2014).
2007:
1781:
1512:
1492:
1392:
1247:
1184:
1168:
1075:
1023:
997:
has demonstrated more frequent complete response and less frequent complications compared to
951:
947:
863:
505:
2860:
Dooley MA, Jayne D, Ginzler EM, Isenberg D, Olsen NJ, Wofsy D, et al. (November 2011).
2666:
2073:
554:
3325:
3239:
3195:
Allison AC (May 2000). "Immunosuppressive drugs: the first 50 years and a glance forward".
3075:
2700:"Genotype-phenotype correlations in neurogenetics: Lesch-Nyhan disease as a model disorder"
955:
938:
835:
574:
469:
406:
3766:"Mycophenolic acid inhibits dengue virus infection by preventing replication of viral RNA"
8:
5463:
4276:
3848:"Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus"
3316:
Eugui EM, Allison AC (June 1993). "Immunosuppressive activity of mycophenolate mofetil".
2667:
1551:(in German) (62nd ed.). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. pp. 1484–95.
1384:
1365:
1138:
967:
460:
251:
3925:
3898:
3329:
3243:
3079:
1633:"CellCept 1g/5ml powder for oral suspension - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
688:
665:
5225:
4326:
3874:
3847:
3705:
3592:"Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) Under Review for CellCept and Myfortic"
3523:
Kawamura T, Hullett DA, Suzuki Y, Bechstein WO, Allison AM, Sollinger HW (April 1993).
3505:
3462:
3450:
3419:
3349:
3337:
3263:
3251:
3177:
3096:
3063:
3062:
Regueira TB, Kildegaard KR, Hansen BG, Mortensen UH, Hertweck C, Nielsen J (May 2011).
3005:
2962:
2901:
2842:
2799:
2724:
2699:
2437:
2393:
2298:
2271:
2164:
2137:
1896:
1448:
1353:
1164:
1067:
975:
914:
847:
843:
218:
3208:
3172:
3155:
2993:
2760:
2425:
2247:
2230:
1884:
5230:
5220:
3979:
3930:
3879:
3828:
3787:
3746:
3697:
3573:
3546:
3541:
3524:
3509:
3497:
3454:
3411:
3376:
3341:
3298:
3255:
3212:
3136:
3101:
3030:
2997:
2954:
2893:
2834:
2830:
2791:
2787:
2729:
2678:
2645:
2429:
2385:
2344:
2303:
2252:
2194:
2169:
2113:
2053:
2017:
1971:
1931:
1888:
1692:
1662:
1632:
1552:
1467:
1361:
1252:
855:
831:
344:
331:
319:
180:
166:
3725:"Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus with mycophenolate mofetil"
3423:
3267:
3181:
3009:
2905:
2803:
2441:
2397:
1900:
1861:
D'Cruz DP, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR (February 2007). "Systemic lupus erythematosus".
5458:
5026:
4929:
4592:
4488:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3869:
3859:
3818:
3777:
3736:
3709:
3687:
3536:
3489:
3446:
3403:
3353:
3333:
3290:
3247:
3204:
3167:
3128:
3091:
3083:
2989:
2966:
2944:
2883:
2873:
2846:
2826:
2783:
2756:
2719:
2711:
2421:
2375:
2334:
2293:
2283:
2242:
2159:
2149:
1880:
1388:
1339:
1040:
1035:
998:
935:
909:
859:
839:
701:
494:
366:
275:
68:
50:
3645:"CellCept registry data demonstrated superior long-term organ transplant outcomes"
3466:
3064:"Molecular basis for mycophenolic acid biosynthesis in Penicillium brevicompactum"
1299:
33:
5402:
5325:
5210:
3024:
1421:
1197:
1063:
994:
396:
374:
2380:
2363:
2321:
Walsh M, James M, Jayne D, Tonelli M, Manns BJ, Hemmelgarn BR (September 2007).
1693:"Cellcept 500mg Film-Coated Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
5215:
5083:
4731:
4565:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4164:
4001:
3864:
3846:
Chan JF, Chan KH, Kao RY, To KK, Zheng BJ, Li CP, et al. (December 2013).
3741:
3724:
3723:
Mimouni D, Anhalt GJ, Cummins DL, Kouba DJ, Thorne JE, Nousari HC (June 2003).
3525:"Enhancement of allograft survival by combination RS-61443 and DUP-785 therapy"
1323:
1126:
3493:
2862:"Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis"
2861:
2288:
5412:
5365:
5295:
5205:
5112:
4898:
4598:
4520:
4472:
4452:
4310:
4226:
4077:
4043:
2888:
1284:
1026:(≥ 1% of people) include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, joint pain; infections,
677:
5375:
5335:
5320:
5315:
5031:
4981:
4976:
4956:
4836:
4831:
4694:
4679:
4627:
4603:
4550:
4427:
4417:
4236:
4153:
4148:
4106:
4059:
4016:
3983:
3934:
3883:
3832:
3807:"Inhibition of dengue virus replication by mycophenolic acid and ribavirin"
3791:
3782:
3765:
3750:
3701:
3501:
3216:
3140:
3105:
2958:
2897:
2817:
Ransom JT (December 1995). "Mechanism of action of mycophenolate mofetil".
2733:
2715:
2433:
2389:
2348:
2307:
2173:
1892:
1459:
1268:
1134:
1130:
1011:
979:
270:
3823:
3806:
3577:
3550:
3458:
3415:
3380:
3345:
3302:
3259:
3001:
2878:
2838:
2795:
2256:
1454:
It is also being used as a long-term therapy for maintaining remission of
5370:
5310:
5300:
5290:
5190:
5180:
5170:
5165:
5130:
5041:
5036:
5011:
5001:
4991:
4966:
4951:
4946:
4904:
4874:
4860:
4855:
4841:
4784:
4742:
4737:
4723:
4718:
4704:
4684:
4637:
4613:
4571:
4555:
4526:
4510:
4478:
4462:
4457:
4432:
4382:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4351:
4341:
4246:
4158:
4116:
4101:
4095:
4091:
4038:
3087:
2339:
2322:
2229:
Kitchin JE, Pomeranz MK, Pak G, Washenik K, Shupack JL (September 1997).
1444:
1316:
1276:
1272:
1261:
1048:
966:
Mycophenolate is increasingly utilized as a steroid sparing treatment in
898:
255:
174:
3805:
Takhampunya R, Ubol S, Houng HS, Cameron CE, Padmanabhan R (July 2006).
3294:
1330:
values of 5.6 for the morpholino moiety and 8.5 for the phenolic group.
534:
5360:
5355:
5340:
5280:
5270:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5195:
5185:
5175:
5140:
5118:
5104:
5016:
5006:
4996:
4986:
4971:
4914:
4909:
4888:
4803:
4798:
4756:
4750:
4651:
4608:
4504:
4494:
4447:
4437:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4377:
4336:
4321:
4316:
4300:
4241:
4221:
4170:
4130:
4111:
4053:
3407:
2949:
2932:
1485:
1312:
1288:
1280:
1188:
1059:
1044:
1027:
728:
545:
3974:
3692:
3675:
3132:
5350:
5345:
5330:
5305:
5260:
5240:
5200:
5135:
5099:
5021:
4817:
4770:
4699:
4665:
4632:
4442:
4422:
4331:
4231:
4071:
2673:(2nd rev. and extended ed.). Basel: Birkhèauser Verlag. p.
1663:"Cellcept 250mg Capsules - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
1463:
1154:
1150:
1071:
1052:
983:
902:
480:
419:
160:
866:. It can be given by mouth or by injection into a vein. It comes as
5285:
5160:
4849:
4357:
4267:
4203:
4125:
2154:
1476:
1102:
1098:
1090:
594:
525:
202:
41:
3899:"Mycophenolate mofetil for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis"
751:
4778:
3061:
1420:
mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, trade name CellCept) to improve oral
1417:
1304:
1205:
1201:
3619:"New Agent to Prevent Kidney Transplant Rejection Now Available"
5093:
4924:
1603:"Pharmacor mycophenolate, mycocell, alcept (Pharmacor Pty Ltd)"
1471:
1396:
1375:
and his wife Elsie M. Eugui. In the 1970s while working at the
1257:
1243:
1238:
to the active moiety mycophenolic acid. It reversibly inhibits
1094:
1031:
893:. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. It works by blocking
886:
878:
625:
3522:
2697:
1338:
Mycophenolic acid was discovered by
Italian medical scientist
4792:
4645:
3479:
2052:(76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 826–827.
1319:
1235:
851:
742:
605:
2746:
650:
4764:
4712:
4673:
4659:
4213:
4087:
3804:
1089:, such as activation of latent viral infections, including
1085:(FDA) issued an alert that people are at increased risk of
585:
83:
77:
3229:
2859:
2362:
Knight SR, Russell NK, Barcena L, Morris PJ (March 2009).
2361:
2228:
1427:
MMF and EC-MPS appear to be equal in benefits and safety.
1383:, which is responsible for undesirable immune response in
1342:. Gosio collected a fungus from spoiled corn and named it
98:
4621:
3722:
3026:
Natural
Products: Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Medicine
1860:
1480:. It has also shown promising antiviral activity against
1327:
104:
89:
2644:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2014. p. 625.
2270:
Singh JA, Hossain A, Kotb A, Wells GA (September 2016).
1047:. Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of people) include
2410:
1513:"Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) Use During Pregnancy"
3763:
3280:
2937:
International
Journal of Clinical Practice. Supplement
2485:
2327:
Clinical
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
2320:
908:
Mycophenolic acid was initially discovered by
Italian
5386:
3563:
2269:
1458:, though thus far, studies have found it inferior to
1371:
Cellcept was developed by a South
African geneticist
107:
95:
86:
80:
71:
2980:
Lipsky JJ (November 1996). "Mycophenolate mofetil".
1963:
101:
3764:Diamond MS, Zachariah M, Harris E (December 2002).
3673:
2602:"MedWatch Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products"
513:
92:
74:
1505:
133:MPA, Mycophenolate sodium, Mycophenolate mofetil (
2005:
1745:
5410:
3897:Xiao Y, Huang J, Luo H, Wang J (February 2014).
3896:
2933:"Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium: an update"
1833:. Roche Products Pty Limited. 13 December 2012.
1776:
1774:
970:and similar immune-mediated disorders including
493:
2749:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
2074:"Mycophenolate Mofetil - Drug Usage Statistics"
1542:
1540:
1538:
1260:synthesis used in the proliferation of B and T
468:
2930:
2664:
2578:. newsinferno.com. 18 May 2008. Archived from
2546:"CellCept (mycophenolate mofetil) August 2009"
2516:"CellCept (mycophenolate mofetil) August 2009"
2235:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1326:. Mycophenolate mofetil is reported to have a
1234:. Mycophenolate mofetil is metabolised in the
3960:
3845:
3566:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
2773:
2016:. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 236.
1771:
1187:(IMP). IMPDH inhibition particularly affects
1109:; it attacks the brain and is usually fatal.
1005:
978:, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, small vessel
3436:
3393:
3366:
3315:
2924:
2224:
2222:
1753:"Myhibbin- mycophenolate mofetil suspension"
1535:
1216:Mycophenolate can be derived from the fungi
934:Mycophenolate is used for the prevention of
206:
3903:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3022:
2973:
2810:
2112:. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook.
1932:"Mycophenolate Monograph for Professionals"
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
358:In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
3967:
3953:
3651:. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Archived from
3318:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3232:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3029:. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. p. 14.
2135:
2101:
2099:
2001:
1999:
1964:Schiff ER, Maddrey WC, Sorrell MF (2011).
1959:
1957:
1565:
1322:of mycophenolic acid; the ester masks the
1307:form of mycophenolic acid used in medicine
1107:progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
883:progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
774:O=C1OCc2c1c(O)c(c(OC)c2C)C\C=C(/C)CCC(=O)O
687:
664:
553:
3924:
3914:
3873:
3863:
3822:
3781:
3740:
3691:
3540:
3171:
3095:
2948:
2887:
2877:
2723:
2379:
2338:
2297:
2287:
2246:
2219:
2163:
2153:
1970:. John Wiley & Sons. p. PT3219.
1874:
573:
2131:
2129:
2050:British national formulary : BNF 76
1907:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1466:has been found to stop infection by and
1364:) and Myfortic (mycophenolate sodium by
1298:
3674:van Gelder T, Hesselink DA (May 2015).
3194:
3118:
2931:Zhang W, Ding C, Zheng S (April 2014).
2096:
1996:
1954:
1246:that controls the rate of synthesis of
993:Its increasing application in treating
660:
533:
179:
14:
5411:
3667:
3616:
3068:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2979:
2816:
2767:
2186:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1703:from the original on 25 September 2020
1673:from the original on 25 September 2020
1643:from the original on 25 September 2020
1607:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
1191:since they rely almost exclusively on
1173:inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase
1144:
678:
350:
325:
3948:
3594:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
3153:
2665:Parnham FP, Nijkamp MJ, eds. (2005).
2627:
2314:
2126:
2105:
2042:
1849:
1546:
1462:. A combination of mycophenolate and
1451:(PV) with success for some patients.
961:
633:
613:
338:
197:
165:
147:
5429:Drugs developed by Hoffmann-La Roche
3396:Springer Seminars in Immunopathology
3147:
2608:from the original on 19 October 2010
2576:"FDA Issues Second CellCept Warning"
1733:from the original on 24 October 2020
1523:from the original on 28 October 2019
1175:(IMPDH), an enzyme essential to the
854:. Specifically it is used following
274:
125:Cellcept, Myfortic, Myhibbin, others
3584:
2866:The New England Journal of Medicine
2642:Pharmacology North American Edition
2556:from the original on 21 August 2009
2526:from the original on 21 August 2009
1807:
1583:from the original on 8 January 2023
1437:idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
1416:It was initially introduced as the
1381:inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
1240:inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
1149:Purines (including the nucleosides
929:
895:inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
593:
484:
24:
3598:from the original on 8 August 2014
3451:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1993.tb00652.x
3338:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb35881.x
3252:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb17143.x
3043:from the original on 29 April 2023
2496:from the original on 27 April 2021
2466:from the original on 30 April 2021
2207:from the original on 29 April 2023
2030:from the original on 29 April 2023
1984:from the original on 29 April 2023
1942:from the original on 21 April 2020
1613:from the original on 18 March 2023
1573:"CellCept (mycophenolate mofetil)"
1034:reflect the immunosuppressive and
1017:
958:in children older than two years.
25:
5480:
3625:from the original on 27 July 2014
2912:from the original on 8 March 2022
2550:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2520:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2187:Harber M (2014). Harber M (ed.).
1795:from the original on 6 April 2020
1484:, especially in combination with
1447:(systemic sclerosis or SSc), and
1406:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1097:infections, cytomegalovirus, and
301:
229:
138:
5396:
3542:10.1097/00007890-199304000-00001
2831:10.1097/00007691-199512000-00023
2788:10.2165/00003495-199651020-00007
2669:Principles of immunopharmacology
2142:Arthritis Research & Therapy
2084:from the original on 8 July 2020
2013:Advances in Applied Microbiology
1837:from the original on 8 July 2020
1456:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
1078:(PRCA) have also been reported.
712:
67:
49:
40:
3890:
3839:
3811:The Journal of General Virology
3798:
3757:
3716:
3637:
3610:
3557:
3516:
3473:
3430:
3387:
3360:
3309:
3274:
3223:
3188:
3112:
3055:
3016:
2853:
2740:
2691:
2658:
2634:
2620:
2594:
2568:
2538:
2508:
2478:
2448:
2404:
2355:
2263:
2180:
2066:
1211:
924:
799:Key:HPNSFSBZBAHARI-RUDMXATFSA-N
3916:10.1002/14651858.CD010242.pub2
3535:(4): 691–4, discussion 694–5.
3283:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1967:Schiff's Diseases of the Liver
1715:
1685:
1655:
1625:
1595:
1577:Australian Product Information
1491:Preliminary data suggest that
1120:
1066:(CMV) infection. More rarely,
718:
706:
314:
13:
1:
3209:10.1016/S0162-3109(00)00186-7
3173:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60635-8
2994:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10310-X
2761:10.1016/S0007-1536(88)80040-8
2626:Drugs.com: Mycophenolic acid
2486:"Homepage - BNF Publications"
2426:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16808-6
2248:10.1016/S0190-9622(97)70147-6
2109:Australian Medicines Handbook
1885:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60279-7
1498:
1346:. (The species is now called
1311:Mycophenolate mofetil is the
1283:) and a glucocorticoid (e.g.
5424:Drugs developed by Genentech
4032:dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
1441:systemic lupus erythematosus
1294:
1157:) can either be synthesized
1112:
1083:Food and Drug Administration
897:(IMPDH), which is needed by
832:immunosuppressant medication
27:Immunosuppressant medication
7:
5444:Drugs developed by Novartis
4011:purine synthesis inhibitors
3023:Zhang L, Demain AL (2005).
2819:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
2381:10.1097/TP.0b013e3181952623
1430:
10:
5485:
3865:10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.029
3742:10.1001/archderm.139.6.739
3617:Donlon DM (15 June 1995).
3156:"Anthony Clifford Allison"
2136:Moore RA, Derry S (2006).
1333:
1181:guanosine-5'-monophosphate
1006:Comparison to other agents
696:Chemical and physical data
142:), Mycophenolate mofetil (
5153:
5081:
5054:
4939:
4582:
4284:
4275:
4266:
4259:
4212:
4196:IL-1 receptor antagonists
4194:
4185:
4139:
4070:
4000:
3991:
3676:"Mycophenolate revisited"
3494:10.1111/tri.1992.5.s1.482
2289:10.1186/s13643-016-0328-z
2193:. Springer. p. 449.
1787:European Medicines Agency
1303:Mycophenolate mofetil, a
891:gastrointestinal bleeding
807:
782:
762:
740:
727:
700:
695:
676:
644:
624:
604:
584:
564:
544:
524:
504:
479:
459:
435:
430:
418:
405:
395:
385:
373:
365:
291:
286:
261:
243:
217:
187:
173:
155:
129:
119:
62:
57:
48:
39:
5469:South African inventions
5069:Anti-lymphocyte globulin
3852:The Journal of Infection
3680:Transplant International
3482:Transplant International
3369:Clinical Transplantation
1411:
1377:Medical Research Council
1219:Penicillium stoloniferum
1185:inosine-5'-monophosphate
1087:opportunistic infections
988:retroperitoneal fibrosis
921:thousand prescriptions.
5064:Anti-thymocyte globulin
3976:Immunosuppressive drugs
3729:Archives of Dermatology
3621:. Stanford University.
2006:Laskin AI, Bennett JW,
4869:Interleukin-6 receptor
4295:Complement component 5
3783:10.1006/viro.2002.1685
2460:reference.medscape.com
1831:TGA eBusiness Services
1358:immunosuppressant drug
1308:
1057:gastrointestinal tract
1024:adverse drug reactions
986:. It is also used for
943:kidney transplantation
3824:10.1099/vir.0.81655-0
3439:Immunological Reviews
2879:10.1056/NEJMoa1014460
2604:. fda.gov. May 2008.
2106:Rossi S, ed. (2006).
1791:. 17 September 2018.
1547:Jasek W, ed. (2007).
1493:mycophenolate mofetil
1393:organ transplantation
1302:
1248:guanine monophosphate
1137:, and an increase in
1076:pure red cell aplasia
872:mycophenolate mofetil
864:liver transplantation
844:autoimmune conditions
840:organ transplantation
208:Mycophenolate mofetil
18:Mycophenolate mofetil
3088:10.1128/AEM.03015-10
2716:10.1093/brain/awt202
2340:10.2215/CJN.01200307
2190:Practical nephrology
1639:. 27 February 2020.
1609:. 11 November 2022.
1579:. 30 November 2021.
868:mycophenolate sodium
3488:(Suppl 1): S482-3.
3330:1993NYASA.685..309E
3295:10.1021/jm00164a057
3244:1993NYASA.696...63A
3080:2011ApEnM..77.3035R
2582:on 24 February 2013
1519:. 24 January 2020.
1385:autoimmune diseases
1344:Penicillium glaucum
1145:Mechanism of action
1139:blood urea nitrogen
1105:infection known as
968:autoimmune diseases
334:(Prescription only)
310:(Prescription only)
36:
5439:Italian inventions
5434:Immunosuppressants
5226:Diroximel fumarate
4899:IL-2 receptor/CD25
4327:Certolizumab pegol
3980:Immunosuppressants
3408:10.1007/bf00192309
3197:Immunopharmacology
2950:10.1111/ijcp.12399
2710:(Pt 5): 1282–303.
2552:. 14 August 2009.
2522:. 14 August 2009.
2276:Systematic Reviews
1449:pemphigus vulgaris
1309:
1165:ribose 5-phosphate
1068:pulmonary fibrosis
1062:, and/or invasive
976:pemphigus vulgaris
962:Autoimmune disease
915:generic medication
32:
5384:
5383:
5231:Efgartigimod alfa
5221:Dimethyl fumarate
5149:
5148:
5077:
5076:
5050:
5049:
4255:
4254:
4181:
4180:
4022:Mycophenolic acid
3817:(Pt 7): 1947–52.
3693:10.1111/tri.12554
3375:(1 Pt 2): 77–84.
3133:10.1021/cr990097b
3036:978-1-59259-976-9
2889:20.500.12648/8250
2651:978-1-4511-9177-6
2241:(3 Pt 1): 445–9.
2200:978-1-4471-5547-8
2119:978-0-9757919-2-9
2059:978-0-85711-338-2
2023:978-0-12-002648-7
1977:978-1-119-95048-6
1558:978-3-85200-181-4
1402:kidney transplant
1387:, as well as for
1354:anthrax bacterium
1349:P. brevicompactum
1225:P. brevicompactum
1141:(BUN) can occur.
828:Mycophenolic acid
825:
824:
753:Interactive image
646:CompTox Dashboard
354:
342:
329:
317:
305:
233:
200:
150:
141:
34:Mycophenolic acid
16:(Redirected from
5476:
5419:Carboxylic acids
5401:
5400:
5399:
5392:
5027:Telimomab aritox
4930:Zolimomab aritox
4751:CD62L/L-selectin
4489:Immunoglobulin E
4282:
4281:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4263:
4192:
4191:
3998:
3997:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3918:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3867:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3695:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3154:Watts G (2014).
3151:
3145:
3144:
3121:Chemical Reviews
3116:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2988:(9038): 1357–9.
2977:
2971:
2970:
2952:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2891:
2881:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2672:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2420:(9433): 503–12.
2408:
2402:
2401:
2383:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1928:
1905:
1904:
1878:
1876:10.1.1.1008.5428
1869:(9561): 587–96.
1858:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1828:
1820:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1669:. 17 June 2020.
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1544:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1509:
1389:immune rejection
1340:Bartolomeo Gosio
1041:thrombophlebitis
1036:myelosuppressive
999:cyclophosphamide
972:Behçet's disease
956:lung transplants
936:organ transplant
930:Organ transplant
920:
910:Bartolomeo Gosio
834:used to prevent
821:
820:
813:
755:
735:
720:
714:
708:
691:
680:
669:
668:
654:
652:
637:
617:
597:
577:
557:
537:
517:
497:
487:
486:
472:
410:
352:
349:
340:
337:
327:
324:
316:
313:
303:
300:
278:
231:
228:
210:
199:
196:
183:
169:
149:
146:
140:
137:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
53:
44:
37:
35:
31:
21:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5397:
5395:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5326:Rozanolixizumab
5211:Deucravacitinib
5145:
5073:
5046:
4935:
4584:
4578:
4286:
4251:
4208:
4187:
4177:
4135:
4075:
4066:
4002:Antimetabolites
3993:
3987:
3973:
3943:
3942:
3909:(2): CD010242.
3895:
3891:
3844:
3840:
3803:
3799:
3762:
3758:
3721:
3717:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3655:on 26 July 2014
3643:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3562:
3558:
3529:Transplantation
3521:
3517:
3478:
3474:
3435:
3431:
3392:
3388:
3365:
3361:
3314:
3310:
3279:
3275:
3228:
3224:
3193:
3189:
3152:
3148:
3127:(10): 3801–26.
3117:
3113:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3021:
3017:
2978:
2974:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2872:(20): 1886–95.
2858:
2854:
2815:
2811:
2772:
2768:
2745:
2741:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2409:
2405:
2368:Transplantation
2360:
2356:
2319:
2315:
2268:
2264:
2227:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2185:
2181:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2104:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2004:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1978:
1962:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1908:
1859:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1782:"CellCept EPAR"
1780:
1779:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1545:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1433:
1422:bioavailability
1414:
1373:Anthony Allison
1336:
1297:
1214:
1198:DNA replication
1167:or they can be
1147:
1123:
1115:
1064:cytomegalovirus
1020:
1018:Adverse effects
1008:
995:lupus nephritis
964:
932:
927:
918:
848:Crohn's disease
816:
814:
811:(what is this?)
808:
803:
800:
795:
790:
789:
778:
775:
770:
769:
758:
733:
723:
717:
711:
672:
648:
640:
620:
600:
580:
560:
540:
520:
500:
483:
475:
455:
452:
443:
442:
425:
408:
387:Protein binding
380:
375:Bioavailability
367:Pharmacokinetic
361:
282:
246:
239:
220:
213:
70:
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5482:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5449:Isobenzofurans
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5406:
5405:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5235:+hyaluronidase
5228:
5223:
5218:
5216:Deuruxolitinib
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5089:
5087:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4689:+hyaluronidase
4682:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4290:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4165:PDE4 inhibitor
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4083:
4081:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3940:
3889:
3838:
3797:
3756:
3715:
3666:
3636:
3609:
3583:
3556:
3515:
3472:
3429:
3386:
3359:
3308:
3273:
3222:
3203:(2–3): 63–83.
3187:
3166:(9925): 1290.
3146:
3111:
3074:(9): 3035–43.
3054:
3035:
3015:
2972:
2923:
2852:
2809:
2766:
2755:(4): 649–651.
2739:
2690:
2684:978-3764358044
2683:
2657:
2650:
2633:
2619:
2593:
2567:
2537:
2507:
2477:
2447:
2403:
2354:
2313:
2262:
2218:
2199:
2179:
2155:10.1186/ar2093
2125:
2118:
2095:
2065:
2058:
2041:
2022:
1995:
1976:
1953:
1906:
1848:
1806:
1770:
1744:
1714:
1684:
1654:
1624:
1594:
1564:
1557:
1534:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1432:
1429:
1413:
1410:
1335:
1332:
1324:carboxyl group
1296:
1293:
1231:P. echinulatum
1213:
1210:
1146:
1143:
1127:hypomagnesemia
1122:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1019:
1016:
1010:Compared with
1007:
1004:
963:
960:
931:
928:
926:
923:
823:
822:
805:
804:
802:
801:
798:
796:
793:
785:
784:
783:
780:
779:
777:
776:
773:
765:
764:
763:
760:
759:
757:
756:
748:
746:
738:
737:
731:
725:
724:
721:
715:
709:
704:
698:
697:
693:
692:
682:
674:
673:
671:
670:
657:
655:
642:
641:
639:
638:
630:
628:
622:
621:
619:
618:
610:
608:
602:
601:
599:
598:
590:
588:
582:
581:
579:
578:
570:
568:
562:
561:
559:
558:
550:
548:
542:
541:
539:
538:
530:
528:
522:
521:
519:
518:
510:
508:
502:
501:
499:
498:
490:
488:
477:
476:
474:
473:
465:
463:
457:
456:
454:
453:
446:
438:
437:
436:
433:
432:
428:
427:
422:
416:
415:
414:17.9±6.5 hours
412:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
377:
371:
370:
363:
362:
360:
359:
356:
347:
335:
322:
311:
297:
295:
289:
288:
284:
283:
281:
280:
267:
265:
259:
258:
249:
247:administration
241:
240:
238:
237:
235:
225:
223:
215:
214:
212:
211:
193:
191:
185:
184:
177:
171:
170:
163:
153:
152:
131:
127:
126:
123:
117:
116:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5481:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:Phenol ethers
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5404:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:Tildrakizumab
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5296:Pegcetacoplan
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Darvadstrocel
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5113:TNF inhibitor
5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5080:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4779:CD147/Basigin
4776:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:Muromonab-CD3
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4473:Interleukin 5
4470:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Tildrakizumab
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:(noncellular)
4283:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4260:Extracellular
4258:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:Ridaforolimus
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4186:Intracellular
4184:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4044:Teriflunomide
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3992:Intracellular
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3858:(6): 606–16.
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3776:(2): 211–21.
3775:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3735:(6): 739–42.
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3686:(5): 508–15.
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3572:(4): 571–82.
3571:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:(4): 353–80.
3401:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:(1): 309–29.
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:(2): 278–98.
2781:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2374:(6): 785–94.
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2333:(5): 968–75.
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2002:
2000:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1549:Austria-Codex
1543:
1541:
1539:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
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1285:dexamethasone
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841:
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388:
384:
381:94% (mofetil)
379:72% (sodium),
378:
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372:
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355: Rx-only
348:
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164:
162:
158:
154:
145:
136:
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128:
124:
122:
118:
112:
65:
63:Pronunciation
61:
58:Clinical data
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
5376:Upadacitinib
5336:Satralizumab
5321:Ritlecitinib
5316:Risankizumab
5111:
5092:
5032:Teprotumumab
4982:Inebilizumab
4977:Fontolizumab
4957:Atorolimumab
4925:T-lymphocyte
4923:
4897:
4881:
4867:
4848:
4837:Lerdelimumab
4832:Bertilimumab
4824:
4812:
4791:
4777:
4763:
4749:
4730:
4711:
4695:Pascolizumab
4680:Obinutuzumab
4672:
4658:
4644:
4628:Clenoliximab
4620:
4604:Otelixizumab
4591:
4564:
4551:Lebrikizumab
4535:
4519:
4503:
4487:
4471:
4428:Satralizumab
4418:Risankizumab
4350:
4309:
4293:
4285:Serum target
4237:Temsirolimus
4163:
4154:Pomalidomide
4149:Lenalidomide
4107:Pimecrolimus
4086:
4060:Methotrexate
4052:
4030:
4021:
4017:Azathioprine
4009:
3994:(initiation)
3906:
3902:
3892:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3732:
3728:
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3679:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3653:the original
3648:
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3612:
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3586:
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3289:(2): 833–8.
3286:
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3238:(1): 63–87.
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3045:. Retrieved
3025:
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2940:
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2869:
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2641:
2636:
2629:Side Effects
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:the original
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2489:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2459:
2450:
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2413:
2406:
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2357:
2330:
2326:
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2238:
2234:
2211:23 September
2209:. Retrieved
2189:
2182:
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2141:
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2086:. Retrieved
2077:
2068:
2049:
2044:
2034:23 September
2032:. Retrieved
2012:
1988:23 September
1986:. Retrieved
1966:
1944:. Retrieved
1935:
1866:
1862:
1839:. Retrieved
1830:
1797:. Retrieved
1785:
1761:. Retrieved
1759:. 7 May 2024
1756:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1696:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1666:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1636:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1576:
1567:
1548:
1525:. Retrieved
1516:
1507:
1490:
1475:
1460:azathioprine
1453:
1434:
1426:
1415:
1370:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1310:
1269:azathioprine
1266:
1251:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1212:Pharmacology
1192:
1176:
1159:
1148:
1135:hyperkalemia
1131:hypocalcemia
1124:
1116:
1080:
1021:
1012:azathioprine
1009:
992:
980:vasculitides
965:
933:
925:Medical uses
907:
876:
871:
867:
827:
826:
815:
809:
615:CHEBI:168396
448:
424:Urine (93%),
407:Elimination
293:Legal status
287:Legal status
189:License data
29:
5371:Tofacitinib
5311:Ravulizumab
5301:Pirfenidone
5291:Peficitinib
5191:Canakinumab
5181:Briakinumab
5171:Bimekizumab
5166:Baricitinib
5131:Aflibercept
5042:Vepalimomab
5037:Vapaliximab
5012:Rovelizumab
5002:Pexelizumab
4992:Morolimumab
4967:Cedelizumab
4952:Anifrolumab
4947:Alemtuzumab
4905:Basiliximab
4875:Tocilizumab
4861:Vedolizumab
4856:Natalizumab
4842:Metelimumab
4785:Gavilimomab
4743:Toralizumab
4738:Teneliximab
4724:Lumiliximab
4719:Gomiliximab
4705:Ublituximab
4685:Ocrelizumab
4638:Zanolimumab
4614:Visilizumab
4572:Secukinumab
4556:Ustekinumab
4527:Elsilimomab
4511:Faralimomab
4479:Mepolizumab
4463:Ustekinumab
4458:Tocilizumab
4433:Secukinumab
4383:Canakinumab
4373:Briakinumab
4368:Bimekizumab
4363:Basiliximab
4352:Interleukin
4342:Nerelimomab
4247:Zotarolimus
4188:(reception)
4159:Thalidomide
4117:Voclosporin
4102:Ciclosporin
4096:Calcineurin
4092:Cyclophilin
4039:Leflunomide
4035:inhibitors
3445:(1): 5–28.
2916:25 November
2490:www.bnf.org
2148:(6): R182.
1841:25 February
1468:replication
1445:scleroderma
1277:ciclosporin
1275:inhibitor (
1273:calcineurin
1262:lymphocytes
1256:pathway of
1189:lymphocytes
1183:(GMP) from
1121:Blood tests
1070:or various
1049:esophagitis
899:lymphocytes
736: g·mol
685:100.041.912
431:Identifiers
426:faeces (6%)
256:intravenous
175:MedlinePlus
130:Other names
121:Trade names
5464:Phthalides
5413:Categories
5361:Sutimlimab
5356:Spesolimab
5341:Siltuximab
5281:Olokizumab
5271:Ixekizumab
5266:Itacitinib
5256:Guselkumab
5251:Fingolimod
5246:Filgotinib
5196:Crovalimab
5186:Brodalumab
5176:Blisibimod
5141:Rilonacept
5124:Opinercept
5119:Etanercept
5105:Belatacept
5056:Polyclonal
5017:Siplizumab
5007:Reslizumab
4997:Ofatumumab
4987:Maslimomab
4972:Emapalumab
4915:Inolimomab
4910:Daclizumab
4889:Odulimomab
4804:Ruplizumab
4799:Frexalimab
4757:Aselizumab
4652:Efalizumab
4609:Teplizumab
4505:Interferon
4495:Omalizumab
4448:Spesolimab
4438:Siltuximab
4413:Rilonacept
4408:Olokizumab
4398:Ixekizumab
4393:Guselkumab
4388:Daclizumab
4378:Brodalumab
4337:Infliximab
4322:Afelimomab
4317:Adalimumab
4301:Eculizumab
4277:Monoclonal
4268:Antibodies
4242:Umirolimus
4222:Everolimus
4171:Apremilast
4131:Gusperimus
4112:Tacrolimus
4080:inhibitors
4072:Macrolides
4054:antifolate
3160:The Lancet
2612:26 October
2586:26 October
2500:9 November
2470:9 November
2282:(1): 155.
1946:28 October
1824:"CellCept"
1737:23 October
1707:22 October
1677:22 October
1647:22 October
1499:References
1486:interferon
1313:morpholino
1289:prednisone
1281:tacrolimus
1060:hemorrhage
1045:thrombosis
1028:leukopenia
838:following
741:3D model (
729:Molar mass
575:HU9DX48N0T
546:ChemSpider
506:IUPHAR/BPS
470:24280-93-1
461:CAS Number
440:IUPAC name
397:Metabolism
5351:Sirukumab
5346:Siponimod
5331:Sarilumab
5306:Ponesimod
5276:Netakimab
5261:Iptacopan
5241:Etrasimod
5201:Danicopan
5136:Alefacept
5100:Abatacept
5022:Talizumab
4962:Begelomab
4818:Belimumab
4771:Galiximab
4700:Rituximab
4666:Erlizumab
4633:Keliximab
4443:Sirukumab
4423:Sarilumab
4403:Netakimab
4332:Golimumab
4232:Sirolimus
3649:Roche.com
3510:222199749
3047:16 August
2560:21 August
2530:21 August
2088:7 October
1936:Drugs.com
1871:CiteSeerX
1587:8 January
1517:Drugs.com
1464:ribavirin
1315:
1295:Chemistry
1155:adenosine
1151:guanosine
1113:Pregnancy
1081:The U.S.
1072:neoplasia
1053:gastritis
984:psoriasis
939:rejection
903:guanosine
836:rejection
635:ChEMBL866
420:Excretion
409:half-life
245:Routes of
219:Pregnancy
167:Monograph
161:Drugs.com
5403:Medicine
5286:Ozanimod
5161:Avacopan
5154:Unsorted
4940:Unsorted
4850:Integrin
4583:Cellular
4358:Anakinra
4204:Anakinra
4126:Abetimus
3978: /
3935:24505016
3926:10875409
3884:24096239
3833:16760396
3792:12504563
3770:Virology
3751:12810504
3702:25758949
3623:Archived
3596:Archived
3502:14621853
3424:26433174
3268:34520788
3217:10878284
3182:54281245
3141:11749328
3106:21398490
3041:Archived
3010:36837474
2959:24673712
2910:Archived
2906:27689350
2898:22087680
2804:46954073
2734:23975452
2606:Archived
2554:Archived
2524:Archived
2494:Archived
2464:Archived
2442:22033113
2434:15302193
2398:33596652
2390:19300178
2349:17702723
2308:27619512
2205:Archived
2174:17163990
2082:Archived
2078:ClinCalc
2028:Archived
2010:(2001).
1982:Archived
1940:Archived
1901:28468112
1893:17307106
1835:Archived
1793:Archived
1757:DailyMed
1731:Archived
1727:DailyMed
1701:Archived
1671:Archived
1641:Archived
1617:29 April
1611:Archived
1581:Archived
1521:Archived
1477:in vitro
1431:Research
1366:Novartis
1169:salvaged
1099:BK virus
1093:, other
1091:shingles
901:to make
846:such as
818:(verify)
526:DrugBank
263:ATC code
252:By mouth
221:category
203:DailyMed
5459:Phenols
5082:-cept (
3875:7112612
3710:1673466
3659:23 July
3629:23 July
3602:23 July
3578:7947873
3551:8475537
3459:7907572
3416:8322167
3381:8680053
3354:9028169
3346:8363235
3326:Bibcode
3303:1967654
3260:7906496
3240:Bibcode
3097:3126426
3076:Bibcode
3002:8918281
2967:2630344
2847:6439393
2839:8588241
2796:8808168
2725:3999711
2299:5020478
2257:9308561
2165:1794528
2008:Gadd GM
1799:6 April
1763:16 June
1527:6 April
1443:(SLE),
1439:(ITP),
1418:prodrug
1404:by the
1334:History
1305:prodrug
1253:de novo
1250:in the
1206:B cells
1202:T cells
1193:de novo
1177:de novo
1160:de novo
1022:Common
734:320.341
702:Formula
535:DB01024
481:PubChem
318::
279:)
273: (
271:L04AA06
234: D
205::
181:a601081
5389:Portal
5094:CTLA-4
5084:Fusion
4585:target
4566:IL-17A
4543:, and
4076:other
3933:
3923:
3882:
3872:
3831:
3790:
3749:
3708:
3700:
3576:
3549:
3508:
3500:
3467:711727
3465:
3457:
3422:
3414:
3379:
3352:
3344:
3301:
3266:
3258:
3215:
3180:
3139:
3104:
3094:
3033:
3008:
3000:
2982:Lancet
2965:
2957:
2904:
2896:
2845:
2837:
2802:
2794:
2732:
2722:
2681:
2648:
2440:
2432:
2414:Lancet
2396:
2388:
2347:
2306:
2296:
2255:
2197:
2172:
2162:
2116:
2056:
2020:
1974:
1899:
1891:
1873:
1863:Lancet
1555:
1474:virus
1472:dengue
1397:Syntex
1258:purine
1244:enzyme
1242:, the
1163:using
1095:herpes
1032:anemia
982:, and
919:
889:, and
887:anemia
879:cancer
862:, and
856:kidney
830:is an
767:SMILES
626:ChEMBL
595:D05096
555:393865
495:446541
391:82–97%
345:℞-only
343:
330:
320:℞-only
306:
201:
115:
4883:LFA-1
4793:CD154
4646:CD11a
4545:IL-23
4541:IL-13
4537:IL-12
4141:IMiDs
3706:S2CID
3506:S2CID
3463:S2CID
3420:S2CID
3350:S2CID
3264:S2CID
3178:S2CID
3006:S2CID
2963:S2CID
2902:S2CID
2843:S2CID
2800:S2CID
2776:Drugs
2704:Brain
2438:S2CID
2394:S2CID
1897:S2CID
1827:(PDF)
1789:(EMA)
1697:(emc)
1667:(emc)
1637:(emc)
1412:Names
1362:Roche
1320:ester
1317:ethyl
1236:liver
1103:viral
1030:, or
954:, or
952:heart
948:liver
860:heart
852:lupus
787:InChI
743:JSmol
606:ChEBI
401:Liver
4813:BLyS
4765:CD80
4732:CD40
4713:CD23
4674:CD20
4660:CD18
4521:IL-6
4214:mTOR
4088:FKBP
4078:IL-2
3931:PMID
3907:2014
3880:PMID
3829:PMID
3788:PMID
3747:PMID
3698:PMID
3661:2014
3631:2014
3604:2014
3574:PMID
3547:PMID
3498:PMID
3455:PMID
3412:PMID
3377:PMID
3342:PMID
3299:PMID
3256:PMID
3213:PMID
3137:PMID
3102:PMID
3049:2019
3031:ISBN
2998:PMID
2955:PMID
2918:2021
2894:PMID
2835:PMID
2792:PMID
2730:PMID
2679:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2614:2010
2588:2010
2562:2009
2532:2009
2502:2014
2472:2014
2430:PMID
2386:PMID
2345:PMID
2304:PMID
2253:PMID
2213:2020
2195:ISBN
2170:PMID
2114:ISBN
2090:2022
2054:ISBN
2036:2020
2018:ISBN
1990:2020
1972:ISBN
1948:2019
1889:PMID
1843:2014
1801:2020
1765:2024
1739:2020
1709:2020
1679:2020
1649:2020
1619:2023
1589:2023
1553:ISBN
1529:2020
1482:MERS
1228:and
1204:and
1153:and
1043:and
870:and
850:and
586:KEGG
566:UNII
515:6832
369:data
157:AHFS
144:USAN
4826:CAT
4622:CD4
4593:CD3
4311:TNF
3984:L04
3921:PMC
3911:doi
3870:PMC
3860:doi
3819:doi
3778:doi
3774:304
3737:doi
3733:139
3688:doi
3537:doi
3490:doi
3447:doi
3443:136
3404:doi
3334:doi
3322:685
3291:doi
3248:doi
3236:696
3205:doi
3168:doi
3164:383
3129:doi
3125:100
3092:PMC
3084:doi
2990:doi
2986:348
2945:doi
2884:hdl
2874:doi
2870:365
2827:doi
2784:doi
2757:doi
2720:PMC
2712:doi
2708:137
2675:453
2422:doi
2418:364
2376:doi
2335:doi
2294:PMC
2284:doi
2243:doi
2160:PMC
2150:doi
1881:doi
1867:369
1470:of
1391:in
1368:).
1328:pKa
1291:).
1287:or
1279:or
1200:in
651:EPA
485:CID
332:POM
276:WHO
135:AAN
5415::
4539:,
3929:.
3919:.
3905:.
3901:.
3878:.
3868:.
3856:67
3854:.
3850:.
3827:.
3815:87
3813:.
3809:.
3786:.
3772:.
3768:.
3745:.
3731:.
3727:.
3704:.
3696:.
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3682:.
3678:.
3647:.
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3568:.
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3533:55
3531:.
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3504:.
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3461:.
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3371:.
3348:.
3340:.
3332:.
3320:.
3297:.
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3262:.
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