100:
43:
300:
supplemented private aid societies more than the converse of this being true. In 1890, 112,000 American residents lived in private charitable institutions, while only 73,000 resided in public almshouses. Towards the latter part of the nineteenth century, public aid was reduced as it was seen as contributing to sloth and dependency while private aid was judiciously provided with greater checks for reform and recovery. Writing in 1890,
465:. to carry out social, intellectual, educational, charitable, benevolent, moral, fraternal, patriotic or religious purposes. "Fraternals" provide members with life insurance and other financial protection benefits in accordance with state law and use the earnings to fund member-supported community activities. Fraternals are chartered by state law and have been exempt from income tax under
348:
early twentieth century of state social welfare programs, and industrial, health and welfare regulation, the influence and membership of benefit societies have declined in importance, but remains significant. Nevertheless, in many countries, for example in Europe, mutual benefit societies continue to provide statutory and supplementary healthcare coverage.
319:"To become a gildsman,..it was necessary to pay certain initiation fees,..(and to take) an oath of fealty to the fraternity, swearing to observe its laws, to uphold its privileges, not to divulge its counsels, to obey its officers, and not to aid any non-gildsman under cover of the newly-acquired 'freedom.'" (C Gross,
521:
Section 1. FRATERNAL BENEFIT SOCIETIES. Any incorporated society, order or supreme lodge, without capital stock, including one exempted under the provisions of
Section 38(a)(2) of this Article whether incorporated or not, conducted solely for the benefit of its members and their beneficiaries and not
577:
In the 21st century, fraternal benefit societies remain active in the United States. In addition to the mutual benefits provided to members, many fraternal benefit societies engage in charitable and volunteer efforts of lodge members in the broader community. There are more than 80 fraternal benefit
365:
Oaths, secret signs and knowledge, and regalia were historically an important part of many benefit societies, but declined in use in most benefit societies during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Conversely, signs and ceremony have become the mainstay of fraternal societies that no
299:
in the United States until the early 20th
Century. Early societies not only shared material resources, but often advanced social values related to self-reliance and moral character. Many fraternal organizations were first organized as mutual aid societies when government at the state and local level
564:
A fraternal benefit society is operating under a lodge system if it has a supreme governing body and subordinate lodges into which members are elected, initiated or admitted in accordance with its laws. A society has a representative form of government if its supreme governing body is an assembly
560:
As indicated in this case, a fraternal benefit society is required to have a "common bond" among its members. Further, a society is required to specify in its laws the eligibility standards for membership, as well as classes of membership, the process of admission, and the rights and privileges of
554:
Many of these associations make a practice of assisting their sick and disabled members, and of extending substantial aid to the families of deceased members. Their work is at the same time of a beneficial and fraternal character, because they aim to improve the condition of a class of persons who
549:
A fraternal-beneficial society would be one whose members have adopted the same, or a very similar calling, avocation, or profession, or who are working in union to accomplish some worthy object, and who for that reason have banded themselves together as an association or society to aid and assist
374:
Many of the features of benefit organizations today have been assimilated into organizations that rely on the corporate and political structures of our time. Insurance companies, religious charities, credit unions and democratic governments now perform many of the same functions that were once the
343:
Historically, benefit societies have emphasised the importance of social discipline, in conforming to the rules of the organisation and society, and acting in a morally uplifting and ethical manner. Conviviality and benevolence are important principles. Fraternal societies differed from public and
347:
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries benefit societies in the form of friendly societies and trade unions were essential in providing social assistance for sickness and unemployment, and improving social conditions for a large part of the working population. With the introduction in the
167:
Benefit societies may be organized around a shared ethnic background, religion, occupation, geographical region or other basis. Benefits may include financial security or assistance for education, unemployment, birth of a baby, sickness and medical expenses, retirement and funerals. Often benefit
568:
Fraternal benefit societies provide insurance benefits to their members including life insurance and endowments, annuities, disability, hospital, medical and nursing benefits, and such other benefits authorized for life insurers that are not inconsistent with the general fraternal laws.
493:, founded by John J. Upchurch in 1868. "The Order of Knights of Pythias is a great international fraternity which was founded in Washington, DC, February 19, 1864, by Justus H. Rathbone..." The Knights had an "Endowment Rank" which included life, health and disability insurance.
550:
one another, and to promote the common cause. The term "fraternal" can properly be applied to such an association, for the reason that the pursuit of a common object, calling, or profession usually has a tendency to create a brotherly feeling among those who are thus engaged.
489:. Many fraternal benefit societies were founded to serve the needs of immigrants and other under-served groups who shared common bonds of religion, ethnicity, gender, occupation or shared values. The first modern American fraternal benefit society was the
501:“the American fraternal system had its beginning as a result of the fraternal desire of men to cooperate for their mutual welfare and happiness, and that the benefit plan they introduced followed an innate prompting to protect their dependents.”
522:
for profit, operated on a lodge system with ritualistic form of work, having a representative form of government, and which provides benefits in accordance with this
Article, is hereby declared to be a fraternal benefit society.
163:
which are now viewed as being primarily social. The modern legal system essentially requires all such organizations of appreciable size to incorporate as one of these forms or another to continue to exist on an ongoing basis.
327:
This charter shows the importance of 'brotherhood', and the principles of discipline, conviviality and benevolence. The structure of fraternity in the guild forms the basis for orders such as
Freemasonry and other
921:
378:
New technologies have provided yet more new opportunities for humanity to support itself through mutual aid. Recent authors have described the networked affiliations that produce
304:, commenting on the extent of private charity, says: "New York is, I firmly believe, the most charitable city in the world. Nowhere is there so eager a readiness to help ..."
461:
are not-for-profit membership organizations that have a representative form of government and are organized through a lodge system, commonly represented in the societies of
685:
144:, benefit, for instance insurance for relief from sundry difficulties. Such organizations may be formally organized with charters and established customs, or may arise
695:
386:
rotating credit associations organized within communities or workplaces were widespread through the early twentieth century and continue in our time.
1981:
340:. Joining such an organisation a member gained the 'freedom' of the craft, and the exclusive benefits that the organisation could confer on members.
700:
587:
168:
societies provide a social or educational framework for members and their families to support each other and contribute to the wider community.
1996:
1261:
925:
1138:
1241:
578:
societies operating in the United States and Canada today, with over 9 million members and with $ 380 billion of life insurance in force.
1991:
1367:
1071:
1054:
1037:
1020:
971:
2001:
390:
in the United States is a leading example of shared credit and labor pooled to help low-income people afford adequate housing.
344:
private hierarchical aid organizations by employing an "ethical principle of reciprocity." This removed the stigma of charity.
1986:
755:
877:
405:
mutual aid associations have been seen organized among strangers facing shared challenges in such disparate settings as the
1256:
258:
1202:
1397:
1172:
1129:
17:
1326:
1108:
783:
410:
86:
64:
57:
1392:
397:
reactions, formal benefit societies of our time often lend aid to others outside their immediate membership, while
1971:
1362:
1352:
490:
354:
posited early in the 20th century that mutual aid affiliations predate human culture and are as much a factor in
1976:
855:
615:
610:
599:
401:
benefit associations form among neighbors or refugees, generally lasting only as long as the emergency exists.
2194:
1154:
434:
565:
composed of delegates elected directly by members or intermediate assemblies, or a board similarly elected.
2134:
1382:
1283:
723:
516:
The Model
Fraternal Code which has been adopted in some form by most states defines fraternals as follows:
281:
1951:
1648:
1594:
1433:
1268:
31:
1599:
1463:
1357:
655:
635:
604:
257:
Examples of benefit societies can be found throughout history, including among secret societies of the
99:
1678:
1567:
1377:
1278:
640:
141:
908:
2051:
1803:
1708:
1673:
1653:
1321:
1273:
896:
Statistics of
Fraternal Benefit Societies, 117th Edition (2011); American Fraternal Alliance, p. iv
418:
51:
2172:
1854:
1643:
1511:
1458:
1316:
1306:
1195:
957:
690:
630:
594:
538:
is considered to be the leading judicial pronouncement of what constitutes a fraternal society.
359:
265:
and among
African-Americans during the post-revolutionary years, such as those who organized the
1119:
555:
are engaged in a common pursuit, and to unite them by a stronger bond of sympathy and interest.
159:, trace their origins back to benefit societies, as can many modern fraternal organizations and
1946:
1579:
1407:
414:
204:
68:
1961:
1847:
1776:
1631:
1516:
1478:
1148:
1139:
From Mutual Aid to
Welfare State: How Fraternal Societies Fought Poverty and Taught Character
670:
660:
137:
2070:
2013:
1636:
1616:
1443:
1331:
1251:
645:
387:
266:
8:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2104:
1966:
1926:
1688:
1658:
1526:
1387:
1311:
1301:
625:
478:
152:
151:
Many major financial institutions existing today, particularly some insurance companies,
132:
1584:
1121:
From Mutual Aid to the
Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967
951:
2165:
2077:
1956:
1881:
1698:
1663:
1574:
1531:
1501:
1473:
1468:
1438:
1412:
1236:
1188:
743:
650:
620:
482:
406:
2026:
1896:
1788:
1752:
1742:
1703:
1693:
1621:
1611:
1541:
1168:
1125:
779:
751:
426:
292:
masters, who gave these men permission to purchase their freedom in the early 1780s.
1006:
991:
2139:
2094:
2039:
2031:
2021:
1798:
1722:
1562:
1536:
1521:
1428:
1246:
1228:
824:
333:
277:
200:
192:
180:
126:
838:
2151:
2114:
1891:
1886:
1866:
1825:
1820:
1767:
1762:
1626:
1606:
1483:
1448:
881:
718:
351:
329:
208:
160:
120:
839:"IRS Rule 1.501(c)(8)-1, Operating Under the Lodge System, Lodge System Defined"
2057:
1906:
1589:
1453:
1347:
1293:
1115:
665:
430:
296:
289:
196:
176:
104:
2188:
1860:
1781:
1729:
1668:
1506:
1372:
1160:
1144:
680:
462:
438:
375:
purview of ethnically- or culturally-affiliated mutual benefit associations.
312:
856:"501(c)(8) Fraternal Beneficiary Societies and Domestic Fraternal Societies"
2109:
1921:
1916:
1876:
1837:
771:
273:
188:
184:
156:
2144:
2099:
1772:
1557:
675:
422:
379:
337:
212:
172:
2043:
2035:
1911:
1832:
1793:
1737:
713:
301:
216:
276:
organization, the Free
African Society was established in 1787 by two
2085:
1901:
1871:
1842:
1211:
466:
355:
285:
220:
1809:
394:
230:
members having equivalent opportunity for a say in the organization
1747:
1683:
750:(Volume 1 ed.). Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's. p. 179.
825:"Mutual aid societies Dialog from the H-Asia list, October 1995"
1402:
315:
benefit societies. A guild charter document from 1200 states:
2062:
486:
477:
Fraternal Benefit Societies trace their lineage back through
308:
262:
103:
Pin button issued by "The Knights and Ladies of Security" of
1180:
1090:
Economic and Societal Impacts of Fraternal Benefit Societies
776:
A Life of One's Own: Individual Rights and the Welfare State
686:
International Order of Twelve Knights and Daughters of Tabor
581:
1757:
383:
878:"Historical Background and Development of Social Security"
1149:
The Voluntary City: Choice, Community, and Civil Society
1004:
696:
The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry
284:, Absalom Jones and Richard Allen. These two men were
148:
to meet unique needs of a particular time and place.
956:. Rochester, N.Y. : Fraternal monitor. p.
836:
496:
As Walter Bayse wrote in his history of fraternals:
236:
aid going to those in need (strong helping the weak)
748:Freedom on my Mind: a History of African Americans
1087:
992:"National Union v. Marlow 374 F. 775, 778 (1896)"
2186:
701:Order of United Commercial Travelers of America
588:List of North American fraternal benefit orders
252:
233:members having potentially equivalent benefits
1196:
858:. Internal Revenue Service. February 23, 2011
770:
953:History and operation of fraternal insurance
949:
369:
527:
226:A benefit society can be characterized by
1203:
1189:
469:of the United States Tax Code since 1909.
582:Select past and present benefit societies
242:educating others about a group's interest
239:a collection fund for payment of benefits
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Organization formed to provide mutual aid
986:
984:
945:
943:
409:in New York in 1969, during the Beijing
98:
50:This article includes a list of general
1007:"Fraternal Beneficiary Society Defined"
1005:Internal Revenue Service (1997-09-24).
511:
14:
2187:
1159:
1124:, University of North Carolina Press,
1081:
799:
417:of 1992, and work of the organization
413:, for neighborhood defense during the
267:Free African Society of Philadedelphia
171:Examples of benefit societies include
1184:
1155:"Mutual Aid Society on a Grand Scale"
1114:
981:
940:
812:
742:
366:longer focus as much on mutual aid.
36:
911:- History at Phoenix Masonic Museum
441:each year around age old models of
136:is a society, an organization or a
24:
1242:Accidental death and dismemberment
1165:The Tragedy of American Compassion
1072:"Modern Fraternal Code Section 16"
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2206:
1109:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
1055:"Modern Fraternal Code Section 3"
1038:"Modern Fraternal Code Section 2"
1021:"Modern Fraternal Code Section 6"
870:
411:Tiananmen square protests of 1989
407:Woodstock Music and Arts Festival
1368:Directors and officers liability
1143:Beito, David T.; Gordon, Peter;
448:
41:
1064:
1047:
1030:
1013:
998:
964:
937:- The Order, Knights of Pythias
914:
909:Ancient Order of United Workmen
902:
572:
491:Ancient Order of United Workmen
295:Mutual aid was a foundation of
888:
848:
830:
818:
805:
792:
778:. Cato Institute. p. 37.
764:
736:
616:Gleaner Life Insurance Society
611:Independent Order of Foresters
600:Canadian Fraternal Association
245:preserving cultural traditions
13:
1:
1210:
1100:
311:were an early basis for many
2135:Savings and loan association
724:Health care sharing ministry
506:
253:History of benefit societies
7:
1568:Insurance-linked securities
707:
485:and eventually to medieval
455:fraternal benefit societies
32:Fraternity (disambiguation)
10:
2211:
1257:Total permanent disability
1088:Phillip L. Swagel (2010).
837:Internal Revenue Service.
656:Royal Neighbors of America
636:Mosaic Templars of America
605:Free African Union Society
585:
472:
29:
2160:
2012:
1997:Health insurance coverage
1937:
1721:
1550:
1492:
1421:
1340:
1292:
1262:Business overhead expense
1227:
1218:
641:Modern Woodmen of America
370:Current benefit societies
207:built upon the models of
116:fraternal benefit society
1398:Protection and indemnity
1153:Barber, Benjamin (2002)
1106:Kropotkin, Peter (1902)
729:
543:National Union v. Marlow
536:National Union v. Marlow
529:National Union v. Marlow
433:organizes gatherings in
419:Common Ground Collective
1855:Explanation of benefits
1327:Variable universal life
1137:Beito, David T. (2000)
691:Order of Chosen Friends
631:Knights of Peter Claver
607:, Newport, Rhode Island
595:Catholic Financial Life
534:The court's opinion in
360:survival of the fittest
205:fraternal organizations
121:fraternal benefit order
71:more precise citations.
1992:Health insurance costs
1393:Professional liability
972:"Model Fratneral Code"
557:
545:374 F. 775, 778 (1896)
524:
503:
380:collaborative projects
107:
1848:Out-of-pocket expense
1709:Workers' compensation
1363:Collateral protection
1353:Business interruption
950:Walter Bayse (1919).
671:Vasa Order of America
661:Umberto Primo Society
547:
519:
499:
272:Philadelphia's first
221:coworking communities
138:voluntary association
102:
2195:Mutual organizations
2071:Corpus Juris Civilis
646:Woodmen of the World
512:Model Fraternal Code
388:Habitat for Humanity
153:mutual savings banks
30:For other uses, see
2130:Rochdale Principles
2125:Mutual savings bank
2120:Mutual organization
2105:Cooperative banking
2022:Mesopotamian banker
1302:Longevity insurance
1145:Tabarrok, Alexander
827:, Hartford-hwp.com.
744:White, Deborah Gray
626:Knights of Columbus
453:Benefit societies,
223:, and many others.
1882:Insurable interest
1383:Payment protection
1284:Payment protection
1167:, Crossway Books,
651:Thrivent Financial
621:Knights of Pythias
483:friendly societies
334:friendly societies
201:hometown societies
181:friendly societies
140:formed to provide
133:mutual aid society
108:
18:Mutual aid society
2182:
2181:
2027:Code of Hammurabi
2002:Vehicle insurance
1897:Replacement value
1789:Actual cash value
1753:Adverse selection
1743:Actuarial science
1717:
1716:
1649:Kidnap and ransom
1622:Extended warranty
1269:Income protection
922:"About the Order"
757:978-0-312-64883-1
467:Section 501(c)(8)
427:Hurricane Katrina
415:Los Angeles Riots
321:The Gild Merchant
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
2202:
2140:Social insurance
2095:Friendly society
1987:Health insurance
1815:Short rate table
1563:Catastrophe bond
1464:Lenders mortgage
1225:
1224:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1134:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1002:
996:
995:
988:
979:
978:
976:
968:
962:
961:
947:
938:
936:
934:
933:
924:. Archived from
918:
912:
906:
900:
899:
892:
886:
885:
880:. Archived from
874:
868:
867:
865:
863:
852:
846:
845:
843:
834:
828:
822:
816:
809:
803:
796:
790:
789:
768:
762:
761:
740:
479:mutual societies
435:National Forests
421:which formed in
330:fraternal orders
278:African American
248:mutual deference
209:fraternal orders
193:self-help groups
177:burial societies
161:fraternal orders
127:friendly society
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2156:
2152:Insurance cycle
2115:Fraternal order
2008:
1939:
1933:
1892:Proximate cause
1887:Insurance fraud
1867:General average
1826:Claims adjuster
1768:Risk management
1763:Risk assessment
1727:
1724:
1713:
1679:Prize indemnity
1546:
1494:
1488:
1417:
1378:Over-redemption
1336:
1288:
1279:National health
1220:
1214:
1209:
1175:
1132:
1116:Beito, David T.
1103:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1003:
999:
990:
989:
982:
974:
970:
969:
965:
948:
941:
931:
929:
920:
919:
915:
907:
903:
894:
893:
889:
876:
875:
871:
861:
859:
854:
853:
849:
841:
835:
831:
823:
819:
810:
806:
797:
793:
786:
769:
765:
758:
741:
737:
732:
719:Fraternal order
710:
705:
590:
584:
575:
558:
546:
532:
525:
514:
509:
504:
475:
451:
372:
352:Peter Kropotkin
255:
112:benefit society
93:
82:
76:
73:
63:Please help to
62:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2173:List of topics
2169:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2058:Burial society
2048:
2047:
2046:
2040:§235–238; §240
2032:§100–105; §126
2024:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Climate change
1974:
1972:United Kingdom
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1917:Underinsurance
1914:
1909:
1907:Self-insurance
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1674:Political risk
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1654:Legal expenses
1651:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1434:Builder's risk
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:Business owner
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:Universal life
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1274:Long-term care
1271:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1174:978-0891078630
1173:
1161:Olasky, Marvin
1157:
1151:
1141:
1135:
1131:978-0807825310
1130:
1112:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1080:
1063:
1046:
1029:
1012:
997:
980:
963:
939:
913:
901:
887:
884:on 2016-01-02.
869:
847:
829:
817:
804:
802:, p. 100)
791:
784:
763:
756:
734:
733:
731:
728:
727:
726:
721:
716:
709:
706:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
666:Sons of Norway
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
597:
591:
583:
580:
574:
571:
541:
540:
531:
526:
518:
513:
510:
508:
505:
498:
474:
471:
450:
447:
431:Rainbow Family
371:
368:
325:
324:
297:social welfare
288:converts from
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
197:landsmanshaftn
105:Topeka, Kansas
95:
94:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2207:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:United States
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1861:Force majeure
1858:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1782:Value of life
1780:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Interest rate
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:Inland marine
1510:
1508:
1507:GAP insurance
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:Communication
1491:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Unitised fund
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Mortgage life
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1091:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1001:
993:
987:
985:
973:
967:
959:
955:
954:
946:
944:
928:on 2016-02-03
927:
923:
917:
910:
905:
897:
891:
883:
879:
873:
857:
851:
840:
833:
826:
821:
814:
808:
801:
795:
787:
785:1-882577-70-1
781:
777:
773:
772:Kelley, David
767:
759:
753:
749:
745:
739:
735:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
681:Teachers Life
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
579:
570:
566:
562:
556:
553:
544:
539:
537:
530:
523:
517:
502:
497:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
470:
468:
464:
463:North America
460:
456:
449:North America
446:
444:
440:
439:United States
436:
432:
429:in 2005. The
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
382:. In modern
381:
376:
367:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
339:
335:
331:
322:
318:
317:
316:
314:
310:
305:
303:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:credit unions
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
165:
162:
158:
157:credit unions
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:
129:
128:
123:
122:
117:
113:
106:
101:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2171:
2164:
2110:Credit union
2090:
2076:
2069:
2050:
1922:Underwriting
1877:Insurability
1859:
1838:Co-insurance
1808:
1804:Cancellation
1595:Catastrophic
1580:Climate risk
1408:Trade credit
1164:
1147:eds. (2002)
1120:
1107:
1092:. p. 5.
1089:
1083:
1066:
1049:
1032:
1015:
1000:
966:
952:
930:. Retrieved
926:the original
916:
904:
895:
890:
882:the original
872:
860:. Retrieved
850:
844:. p. 6.
832:
820:
815:, p. 3)
807:
794:
775:
766:
747:
738:
576:
573:21st century
567:
563:
559:
551:
548:
542:
535:
533:
528:
520:
515:
500:
495:
476:
459:"fraternals"
458:
454:
452:
445:mutual aid.
442:
402:
398:
392:
377:
373:
364:
350:
346:
342:
338:trade unions
326:
320:
306:
294:
271:
259:Tang Dynasty
256:
225:
211:such as the
199:, immigrant
185:cooperatives
173:trade unions
170:
166:
150:
145:
131:
125:
119:
115:
111:
109:
83:
74:
55:
2145:Trade union
2100:Cooperative
1773:Uncertainty
1632:Index-based
1600:Multi-peril
1558:Reinsurance
1517:Public auto
1422:Residential
800:Olasky 1994
676:Odd Fellows
423:New Orleans
362:" concept.
358:as is the "
336:and modern
290:evangelical
69:introducing
1940:by country
1938:Insurance
1912:Total loss
1833:Deductible
1794:Cash value
1738:Act of God
1723:Insurance
1637:Parametric
1617:Expatriate
1493:Transport/
1459:Landlords'
1444:Earthquake
1332:Whole life
1252:Disability
1101:References
932:2016-01-30
813:Beito 2000
714:Fraternity
586:See also:
302:Jacob Riis
217:Oddfellows
213:Freemasons
142:mutual aid
52:references
2086:Syndicate
2052:Collegium
1947:Australia
1902:Risk pool
1872:Indemnity
1843:Copayment
1777:Knightian
1689:Terrorism
1659:Liability
1527:Satellite
1388:Pollution
1312:Term life
1221:insurance
1219:Types of
1212:Insurance
862:March 18,
561:members.
507:Structure
356:evolution
323:, (1927))
307:Medieval
286:Methodist
77:July 2010
2189:Category
2166:Category
2044:§275–277
1962:Pakistan
1810:Pro rata
1699:War risk
1664:No-fault
1575:Casualty
1532:Shipping
1502:Aviation
1479:Renters'
1474:Property
1469:Mortgage
1439:Contents
1413:Umbrella
1373:Fidelity
1341:Business
1237:Accident
1163:(1994),
1118:(2000),
774:(1998).
746:(2013).
708:See also
395:disaster
393:In post-
215:and the
2091:Benefit
2078:Digesta
2014:History
1748:Actuary
1704:Weather
1694:Tuition
1684:Takaful
1612:Deposit
1542:Vehicle
473:History
437:of the
313:Western
280:former
219:, some
65:improve
1967:Serbia
1927:Profit
1799:Broker
1725:policy
1537:Travel
1522:Marine
1429:Boiler
1403:Surety
1247:Dental
1229:Health
1171:
1128:
782:
754:
487:guilds
443:ad hoc
425:after
403:Ad hoc
399:ad hoc
309:guilds
282:slaves
155:, and
146:ad hoc
54:, but
2063:Guild
1957:India
1952:China
1821:Claim
1627:Group
1607:Cyber
1585:Crime
1551:Other
1484:Title
1449:Flood
1075:(PDF)
1058:(PDF)
1041:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
975:(PDF)
842:(PDF)
730:Notes
274:black
263:China
130:, or
2036:§234
1758:Risk
1728:and
1590:Crop
1454:Home
1348:Bond
1294:Life
1169:ISBN
1126:ISBN
864:2013
780:ISBN
752:ISBN
384:Asia
1730:law
1669:Pet
552:***
457:or
261:in
2191::
2042:;
2038:;
2034:;
983:^
958:39
942:^
481:,
332:,
269:.
203:,
195:,
191:,
187:,
183:,
179:,
175:,
124:,
118:,
114:,
110:A
2093:/
1775:/
1204:e
1197:t
1190:v
1077:.
1060:.
1043:.
1026:.
1009:.
994:.
977:.
960:.
935:.
898:.
866:.
811:(
798:(
788:.
760:.
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
