1127:, stated that the government was prepared to "sacrifice a million martyrs" (over a tenth of Syria's population at that time) in order to stamp out "the nation's enemies". On 7 July 1980, the government passed a law making membership in the Brotherhood punishable by death. Typically, however, the administration practiced indiscriminate, collective punishment: in August, the army executed 80 residents of a block of flats in response to an attack on soldiers stationed in Aleppo. In April 1981, the army executed about 400 of Hama's inhabitants, chosen among male loyalists over the age of 14. This was as a retribution after a failed terrorist attack on an Alawite village near
704:
41:
233:
2596:
306:
290:
2600:
1135:
2728:
899:, but failed to make a significant mark on the protests against the government. The Syrian uprising's core population of protesters came from a younger generation which had come of age in a Syria without significant Muslim Brotherhood presence. However, among the expatriated opposition, the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood has come to be seen by some as the "dominant group" or "dominant force" in the opposition during the
714:
1108:
Terrorist attacks then became a daily occurrence, particularly in Aleppo and other northern cities. The government tended to ascribe these attacks to the
Brotherhood, but as the armed resistance gained widespread popular support and more loosely defined armed groups appeared, especially in poor neighborhoods, it became difficult to determine the extent of the Brotherhood's involvement.
1155:, rapidly taking control of the city; the military responded by bombing Hama (whose population was about 250,000) throughout the rest of the month, killing between 10,000 and 30,000 people. The tragedy of the Hama Massacre marked the defeat of the Brotherhood, and the militant Islamic movement in general, as a political force in Syria.
1282:– as well as the West – that they "have no intention of dominating a future Syrian political system" and have "played down" their "growing influence" in the Syrian opposition. The Syrian MB has assured outsiders that it is "going to great lengths to ensure" that its donated weapons "don't fall into the hands of extremists".
1192:, "said the Muslim Brotherhood wants a peaceful change of government in Damascus and the establishment of a 'civil, democratic state', not an Islamic republic." According to Bayanouni, the Syrian government admits having detained 30,000 people, giving a fair representation of the Brotherhood's strength.
1224:
which started in March 2011 began as a secular and nonviolent youth-led movement. Protesters, mostly formerly apolitical
Syrians in their twenties and thirties, came together on a local, grassroots basis and had affiliations to older political ideologies, calling instead for the release of prisoners
1107:
on cadets at the Aleppo
Artillery School, officially killing 83. Around this time, professor Yusef al-Yusef was assassinated in Aleppo. The Syrian government responded by sentencing to death about 15 prisoners, already accused of being Iraqi agents, for belonging to the Islamic resistance movement.
936:
were growing more violent and militant than the mainline
Brotherhood. In Syria, the entire organization was effected, as the internally divided leadership failed to contain the radicalization to the splinter groups. Even though the leadership publicly disavowed the radical elements, they were unable
1184:
law, as well as for Sunni uprisings against
Alawites. Al-Turk and others in the secular opposition are inclined to take this evolution seriously, as a sign of the Brotherhood's greater political maturity, and believe that the Brotherhood would now be willing to participate in a democratic system of
1142:
During a 50-day moratorium on the application of the 7 July law, over a thousand Muslim
Brothers surrendered to the authorities, hoping to escape the death penalty; information published about them in the official press may give some insight into the composition of the Brotherhood's membership at
1291:
newspaper in mid-2012, while the
Brotherhood did come to dominate the Syrian National Council, a body formed outside Syria, the Brotherhood appears to be more popular among exiles than in the uprising population inside Syria. "Activists from various parts of Syria have told me that, prior to the
1240:
In 2012, Brotherhood activists created the
Commission for Civilian Protection (CCP). The CCP is considered to be a front for the Brotherhood, tasked with helping armed units inside Syria connect with each other and with sponsors abroad. Its website lists numerous affiliated factions, distributed
1119:
In the days leading to 8 March 1980 (the seventeenth anniversary of the Ba'thist coup), nearly all Syrian cities were paralysed by strikes and protests, which developed into pitched battles with security forces. Many organisations, both religious and secular, were involved, including the Syrian
1120:
Muslim
Brotherhood. The government responded with overwhelming military force, sending in tens of thousands of troops, supported by tanks and helicopters. In and around Aleppo, hundreds of demonstrators were killed, and eight thousand were arrested. By April, the uprising had been crushed.
1058:
Syrian
Islamists – from the majority faith – did not have representation in the government. From the start, Islamic political groups, of which the Brotherhood was the most prominent, represented the strongest opposition to the government. The outlawing of Brotherhood in 1964 resulted in its
1207:
an "uninvited guest" and said "If you want me to be effective and active, I have to have a relationship with all parties. Hamas is Muslim Brotherhood, but we have to deal with the reality of their presence", comparing Hamas to the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood which was crushed by his father
1262:
reported in August 2012 that the Muslim Brotherhood had established its own militia not affiliated to the FSA inside Syria, called "Armed Men of the Muslim Brotherhood", with presence in Damascus and other places like Homs or Idlib. Durou al-Thawra Commission
927:
Once the second most important branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Syrian Ikhwan had two wings – the relatively moderate Damascus wing and the militant Aleppo wing. Becoming more revolutionary and radical in the 1960s and 1970s, they aimed to overthrow the
1712:
Neo-Sufism assumed the basis of a secondary Athari tendency that we find in the thought of Hasan al-Banna and the Muslim Brotherhood... Neo-Sufism... was a major influence on the thought of Hasan al-Banna and the development of the Muslim Brotherhood..
1167:, who initially signalled greater openness to political debate. In May 2001, encouraged by a new political climate, the Muslim Brotherhood published a statement in London rejecting political violence, and calling for a modern, democratic state. Many
1150:
In August, September and November 1981, the Brotherhood carried out three car-bomb attacks against government and military targets in Damascus, killing hundreds of people, according to the official press. On 2 February 1982, the Brotherhood led a
944:
and Muhammad al-Mubarak al-Tayyib, who were friends and colleagues of the founder of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, Hassan al-Banna. In the first years of Syrian independence the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was part of the legal opposition, and in the
1178:, a secular opposition leader, considers it "the most credible" Syrian opposition group. The Brotherhood has continued to advocate a democratic political system; it has abandoned its calls for violent resistance and for the application of
1041:
However, it was not until the 1960s that the Syrian Brotherhood came to play a major role in politics, as part of a broad-based resistance movement, which developed into armed struggle, against the secular government. After the secular
1022:), which were to become the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was founded in the 1930s (according to lexicorient.com) or in 1945, a year before independence from France, (according to journalist
892:, the Committees of Civil Society, the Kurdish Democratic Front, and the Movement of the Future, and calling for "peaceful, gradual," reform "founded on accord, and based on dialogue and recognition of the other".
2640:
1299:
The Syrian Brotherhood harshly condemned Iranian political intervention in Bahrain. This condemnation was formulated "politely," without any obvious insulting references to Shi'a. However, the effort failed.
1233:, the main opposition umbrella outside Syria, but created a network of alliances with other SNC members, and created a controlling influence on the council's relief committee. Since the formation of the
2438:
Mohja Kahf, The Syrian Revolution Then and Now: A Young Nonviolent Movement and the Ensuing Armed Struggle," Special Report from Friends for a Non-Violent World, St. Paul, Minnesota, 28 February 2013
1115:
We reject all forms of despotism, out of respect for the very principles of Islam, and we don't demand the fall of Pharaoh so that another one can take his place. Religion is not imposed by force....
982:
in Syria in the 1980 (under Emergency Law 49) and the Brotherhood was crushed, though it retained a network of support in the country, of unknown strength, and had external headquarters in London and
1083:
sparked renewed agitation in Syria, and assassinations began to target members of the Syrian government and prominent Alawites; the Muslim Brotherhood later claimed responsibility for most of these.
3183:
2442:
2072:
2037:
912:
1769:
AL-SALAFIYYA. .. In Damascus, many Jordanian students were influenced by the Muslim Brotherhood's Shaykh Mustapha al-Siba'i and 'Isam al-'Attar, both with a long history in al-Salafiyya.
1171:, including Muslim Brothers, were pardoned and released. However, this reform was short-lived; in the same year, the few political freedoms that had been granted were abruptly revoked.
1237:
in November, 2012, the Syrian National Council has taken a backseat to the Coalition, which is recognized as the external political body of oppositionists "leading" the revolution.
1234:
889:
209:
1163:
Having suppressed all opposition, Hafez al-Assad released some imprisoned members of the Brotherhood in the mid-1990s. After his death in 2000, Assad was succeeded by his son,
1795:
1557:
866:. The Muslim Brotherhood played a major role in dissent against the secular Ba'ath Party during the period 1976–1982, and membership in the Brotherhood in Syria became a
2648:
1050:, the new administration drastically restricted political freedoms, and concentrated power in the hands of the military and awarded prominent positions to the country's
3148:
1035:
1296:(Muslim and Christian), Kurds, and tribal groups "have been outside" the Brotherhood's influence "in the past", and Hassan believes will remain so in the future.
1249:. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood is believed to control, through funding, one-fourth to one-third of the disparate armed rebel brigades known collectively as the
881:, when thousands of armed insurgents and civilians were killed by the military the Brotherhood was effectively broken as an active political force inside Syria.
506:
2494:
1071:, an Alawite, seized power; in 1973 violent demonstrations broke out again in response to a proposed constitution that did not require the president to be a
971:, adding a religious element to its conflict with the Brotherhood). This conflict developed into an armed struggle in the late 1970s that climaxed in the
679:
628:
511:
2713:
1346:
1225:
of conscience, guarantees of democratic freedoms, and the fall of the Assad government. In August, 2011, expatriated Syrian oppositionists formed the
990:
platform, calling for the establishment of a pluralistic, democratic political system. For many years the leader of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was
2745:
2537:
2439:
2079:
2044:
604:
329:
174:
1516:
1492:
1328:
1267:) created in 2012 with assistance from the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood allegedly consisting of some 43 fighting units most of them in Idlib or Hama.
53:
1429:
839:, the Muslim Brotherhood of Syria was seen as one of several important political parties in the 1950s. When Syria unified with Egypt to form the
937:
to contain the radicalization of the group because were mostly in exile due to the brutality and violent repression of the Syrian government.
2895:
2691:
3006:
1221:
444:
3117:
2567:
1440:
752:
3188:
2750:
2104:
2015:
1602:
1015:
600:
3193:
2870:
2812:
1619:
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across Homs, Damascus, Idlib, and elsewhere; however, most of these groups are small and generally self-identify as members of the
2519:
2823:
593:
2414:
2706:
1312:
725:
1705:
855:. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was banned by the government of the Syrian Arab Republic starting after the 1963 coup by the
666:
476:
3073:
1521:
1196:
648:
644:
344:
339:
334:
3198:
3168:
3158:
3043:
2976:
2880:
2850:
2800:
1962:
1030:. By 1954, the Syrian association led by Mustafa al-Siba'i offered assistance to its Egyptian sister organisation, which
3153:
3068:
2915:
2865:
2764:
2737:
2722:
946:
896:
586:
580:
570:
565:
560:
260:
3203:
2699:
1762:
1734:
1645:
1511:
1264:
548:
543:
538:
3173:
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3063:
2961:
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400:
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http://www.fnvw.org/vertical/Sites/%7B8182BD6D-7C3B-4C35-B7F8-F4FD486C7CBD%7D/uploads/Syria_Special_Report-web.pdf
1932:
Middle East Watch. Syria Unmasked: The Suppression of Human Rights by the Assad Regime. New Haven: Yale UP, 1991
1292:
uprising last year, the country had almost zero Brotherhood presence." "At least 70%" of Syria's population – non-
2890:
2758:
1246:
745:
1229:
to seek international support for the uprising. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood officially held five seats in the
3143:
3048:
3001:
2900:
1920:
413:
2721:
2122:
1349:– member of the Brotherhood's leadership and sits on the Syrian National Council's foreign affairs committee.
1174:
Although its leadership is in exile, the Brotherhood continues to enjoy considerable sympathy among Syrians.
895:
The Muslim Brotherhood was considered the main opposition group in Syria to the government on the eve of the
888:
of 2005, a statement of unity by Syrian opposition including the Arab nationalist National Democratic Rally,
843:, the disbanding of the Muslim Brotherhood as a political party was a condition of union, one complicated by
438:
2956:
360:
130:
2545:
1828:
3178:
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2905:
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991:
852:
684:
371:
1988:
3163:
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878:
738:
621:
3099:
3058:
2951:
1682:
3053:
2986:
2356:
1481:
1451:
1399:
1358:
1189:
1143:
that time. Most of those who gave themselves up were students under twenty-five years of age, from
2229:
2971:
2855:
2788:
1859:
1338:
1334:
1316:
1230:
1226:
1047:
396:
384:
205:
63:
2981:
2946:
2941:
2831:
1270:
At the same time Brotherhood leaders have been reaching out to reassure leaders in neighboring
1060:
964:-based resistance movement that opposed the secular Ba'ath Party, (since 1971 dominated by the
779:
656:
164:
2468:
2936:
2920:
2498:
1023:
496:
489:
471:
349:
322:
2622:
2388:
1755:
Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran and Turkey
2996:
1377:
1212:. He then allegedly claimed Hamas would disappear if peace was brought to the Middle East.
1027:
941:
885:
840:
671:
81:
8:
2860:
1258:
418:
160:
2175:
1138:
Photograph showing destruction in the al-Kilani district of Hama following the massacre.
2249:
1884:
1876:
1670:
1651:
1370:
Supreme guides or General leaders (G.L.) of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria have been:
1168:
1152:
1076:
1031:
979:
972:
874:
867:
844:
796:
524:
501:
464:
367:
265:
219:
186:
139:
2538:"The Non-State Militant Landscape in Syria – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point"
3122:
2842:
2253:
2098:
1916:
1888:
1803:
1758:
1730:
1701:
1655:
1641:
1410:
280:
255:
2641:"جماعة الإخوان المسلمين "سورية" :-: إحتلال روسي سوف يدفعه الشعب السوري بالجهاد"
2241:
1868:
1633:
1625:
1250:
1242:
900:
689:
448:
40:
3112:
2446:
1580:
1200:
1164:
1124:
1043:
1003:
957:
863:
770:
703:
661:
377:
232:
155:
2415:"Syria's Assad seems to suggest backing for Hamas negotiable, leaked cables say"
1855:"The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria, 1945—1958: Founding, Social Origins, Ideology"
3022:
2966:
2472:
1388:
1352:
1209:
1068:
1064:
718:
406:
389:
178:
1966:
3137:
2176:"Syria Muslim Brotherhood Issues Post-Assad State-for-All Commitment Charter"
1807:
1175:
1147:
and other large cities; others were schoolteachers, professors or engineers.
804:
634:
1287:
968:
960:
to power, it was banned. The Brotherhood played a major role in the mainly
929:
911:
836:
135:
48:
2663:"الإخوان: جهاد "الدفع" في مواجهة الروس "فرض عين" اخبار سورية – زمان الوصل"
1629:
2662:
1134:
1055:
1018:
there, returned home and founded associations called "Muhammad's Youth" (
954:
933:
860:
816:
790:
708:
310:
305:
143:
1880:
1854:
1796:"Syria's Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt"
1637:
1026:
and the Brotherhood itself). The Brotherhood states its founder was Dr.
932:
government that controlled Syria. In Egypt, splinter groups inspired by
289:
950:
915:
Shaykh Muhammad al-Hamid (1328 AH / 1910 C.E - 1389 AH / 1969 C.E), an
856:
832:
828:
820:
191:
150:
2568:"Syrians are torn between a despotic regime and a stagnant opposition"
987:
884:
The Muslim Brotherhood in exile was among the 250 signatories of the
824:
195:
2245:
1872:
2492:
2357:"We would share power, says exiled leader of Syrian Islamist group"
1144:
1080:
793:
169:
146:
109:
1279:
1235:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
1051:
965:
210:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
3184:
National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
2230:"The Syrian Muslim Brothers and the Syrian-Iranian Relationship"
940:
The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was founded in the mid-1940s by
1271:
1180:
1072:
983:
808:
245:
2727:
2683:
1992:
1729:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 7.
1725:
Sageman, Marc (2004). "Chapter 1: The Origins of the Jihad".
1304:
1293:
1204:
1011:
1007:
961:
916:
848:
800:
121:
116:
1308:
1303:
The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood issued a statement declaring
1275:
1128:
920:
986:. In recent years it has renounced violence and adopted a
2623:"جماعة اخوان سوريا تستنفر المسلمين لرد "العدوان" الروسي""
2016:"How the Muslim Brotherhood Hijacked Syria's Revolution"
1343:
Mohammad Hatem al-Tabshi – current head of Shura Council
1913:
Dreams and Shadows : the Future of the Middle East
1748:
1746:
1311:'ayn) upon all who are able to carry weapons after the
1188:
In a January 2006 interview, the Brotherhood's leader,
1103:
On 16 June 1979, the Muslim Brotherhood carried out an
1010:
as young Syrians, who had graduated from university in
2520:"Report on relative strength of armed rebels in Syria"
1940:
1938:
1757:. Folkestone, Kent: The Scarecrow Press. p. 259.
1063:
spread throughout Syria's major cities, especially in
2597:"استنكار للتصريحات الإيرانية تجاه أشقائنا في البحرين"
2495:"Muslim Brotherhood establishes militia inside Syria"
2493:
Ruth Sherlock & Richard Spencer (3 August 2013).
1067:, and were crushed by the military. In 1971, General
975:
of 1982, when thousands were killed by the military.
799:
organization. Its objective is the transformation of
1743:
784:
2120:
1935:
1907:
1905:
1059:radicalisation. In 1964 and 1965, strikes and mass
923:
and major early leader of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
2591:
2589:
1852:
949:it won ten seats. After the 1963 coup brought the
811:law through a gradual legal and political process.
2163:Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the Middle East
1700:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 62, 65.
1575:
1573:
16:A branch of the Sunni Islamist Muslim Brotherhood
3149:Anti-government factions of the Syrian civil war
3135:
2149:The Muslim Brotherhood: From Opposition to Power
2123:"Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes"
1902:
1517:Category:Muslim Brotherhood of Syria politicians
1376:Founder & first General leader (1945–1961):
1215:
1123:A newspaper article by the president's brother,
1111:In November 1979, a Brotherhood leaflet stated:
2586:
1956:
1954:
1621:The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria by Dara Conduit
1601:Banned after the coup that brought the Secular
1491:12th G.L. & current leader (2014–present):
1220:Unlike the MB-led insurgency of 1976–1982, the
1613:
1611:
1570:
1086:
994:, who lives as a political refugee in London.
978:Membership in the Syrian Brotherhood became a
2896:Movement for Justice and Development in Syria
2707:
1718:
746:
2389:"Assad: Iran won't attack Israel with nukes"
1960:
1951:
1829:"More Divisions Among the Syrian Opposition"
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1752:
1695:
1495:
1484:
1473:
1462:
1454:
1443:
1432:
1421:
1413:
1402:
1391:
1380:
1222:civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War
28:
2067:
2065:
1608:
1099:Terrorism in Syria § Islamist uprising
1002:Towards the end of the 1930s, the ideas of
629:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates
2714:
2700:
2412:
2116:
2114:
753:
739:
231:
39:
2524:Syrian Revolution Commentary and Analysis
2168:
1774:
2386:
2354:
2221:
2062:
1319:'s call of the operation as a Holy War.
1133:
910:
879:Islamist insurgency in Syria (1979–1982)
2824:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
2227:
2111:
1848:
1846:
1724:
1617:
1337:– deputy leader, vice president of the
594:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
3136:
3007:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
2871:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
2155:
2103:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1605:to power, but remained active in Syria
1313:Russian military intervention in Syria
1285:According to Hassan Hassan writing in
2695:
1461:9th G.L. (1991–1996): Hassan Howeidi
1420:5th G.L. (1981–1985): Hassan Howeidi
3074:Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party
2466:
2146:
2013:
1843:
1522:Belligerents in the Syrian civil war
3044:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
2881:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
2801:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party
1793:
1496:
1485:
1474:
1463:
1455:
1444:
1433:
1422:
1414:
1403:
1392:
1381:
774:
29:
13:
3069:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria
2916:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria
2866:Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement
2355:McCarthy, Rory (26 January 2006).
2121:Khaled Yacoub Oweis (6 May 2012).
1961:Tore Kjeilen (20 September 2000).
1853:Teitelbaum, Joshua (Spring 2011).
1527:
1365:
14:
3215:
3189:Organizations established in 1945
2677:
1965:. Lexicorient.com. Archived from
1698:Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam
1581:"The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria"
1512:List of Islamic political parties
1265:Shields of the Revolution Council
877:of 1982 in the wake of the wider
3194:Organizations of the Arab Spring
3090:Assyrian Democratic Organization
2876:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
2783:Syrian Communist Party (Unified)
2777:Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)
2726:
1991:. Annidaa-sy.org. Archived from
1322:
1158:
835:in Syria. Founded at the end of
712:
702:
304:
288:
2977:Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party
2891:Democratic Arab Socialist Union
2759:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
2655:
2647:. 10 April 2015. Archived from
2633:
2615:
2560:
2530:
2512:
2486:
2460:
2451:
2432:
2406:
2380:
2367:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2228:Talhamy, Yvette (Autumn 2009).
2212:
2203:
2194:
2140:
2030:
2007:
1981:
1926:
1536:The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
1247:Syrian Islamic Liberation Front
890:the Kurdish Democratic Alliance
786:al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn fī Sūrīya
311:Member State of the Arab League
2413:Meris Lutz (2 December 2010).
2165:, Penguin Press, 2008, p. 241.
1915:, Penguin Press, 2008, p.241.
1821:
1696:R. Halverson, Jeffrey (2010).
1689:
1595:
1550:
1355:– former member, died in 2016
1075:. Syria's intervention in the
1:
2467:Lund, Aron (5 October 2012).
1727:UNDERSTANDING TERROR NETWORKS
1583:. Carnegie Middle East Center
1566:(in Arabic). 9 November 2014.
1543:
1538:. Cambridge University Press.
1216:2011–present Syrian civil war
120:(After the Rebels victory in
85:Muhammad al-Mubarak al-Tayyib
2957:League of Nationalist Action
1831:. Stratfor. 27 February 2012
1753:S. Moussalli, Ahmad (1999).
1331:– current Brotherhood leader
947:1961 parliamentary elections
789:) is a Syrian branch of the
477:Supreme Constitutional Court
7:
3028:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
2992:Socialist Cooperation Party
2807:Social Democratic Unionists
2795:Arab Democratic Union Party
2746:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
1505:
1471:Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
1361:– former Brotherhood leader
1307:against Russia obligatory (
1087:1976–82 Islamist insurgency
1079:in 1976 on the side of the
992:Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
853:Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood
815:The party strongly opposes
785:
767:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
685:Status of the Golan Heights
601:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
10:
3220:
3199:Political parties in Syria
3169:Islamist uprising in Syria
3159:Islamic terrorism in Syria
2765:Arab Socialist Union Party
2738:National Progressive Front
2723:Political parties in Syria
1989:"النداء – موقع إعلان دمشق"
1153:major insurrection in Hama
1096:
1093:Islamist uprising in Syria
1090:
997:
906:
587:National Progressive Front
246:http://www.ikhwansyria.com
3154:Islamic political parties
3118:List of political parties
3108:
3100:Assyrian Democratic Party
3082:
3059:Kurdish Supreme Committee
3036:
3015:
2929:
2851:Democratic People's Party
2841:
2822:
2736:
775:الإخوان المسلمون في سوريا
251:
244:
239:
230:
225:
216:International affiliation
215:
201:
185:
129:
105:
97:
89:
77:
70:Head of the Shura Council
69:
59:
47:
38:
30:الإخوان المسلمون في سوريا
26:Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
23:
3204:Syrian opposition groups
3054:Kurdish National Council
2987:Arab Liberation Movement
2771:Socialist Unionist Party
2667:اخبار سورية – زمان الوصل
2629:. اربيل. 4 October 2015.
1794:Sly, Liz (12 May 2012).
1558:
1482:Mohammad Riad al-Shaqfeh
1452:Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda
1400:Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda
1359:Mohammad Riad al-Shaqfeh
1190:Ali Sadreddine Bayanouni
1014:and participated in the
73:Mohammad Hatem al-Tabshi
3174:Modern history of Syria
3064:Kurdish Future Movement
3016:Banned Islamist parties
2911:Kurdish Future Movement
2856:Syrian Turkmen Assembly
2813:Arab Socialist Movement
2789:National Covenant Party
2234:The Middle East Journal
1860:The Middle East Journal
1480:11th G.L. (2010–2014):
1475:علي صدر الدين البيانوني
1469:10th G.L. (1996–2010):
1339:Syrian National Council
1335:Mohammad Farouk Tayfour
1317:Russian Orthodox Church
1231:Syrian National Council
1227:Syrian National Council
1034:was then subjecting to
680:UN resolutions on Syria
206:Syrian National Council
187:Political position
64:Mohammad Farouk Tayfour
3049:Democratic Union Party
3002:Communist Labour Party
2982:Syrian Communist Party
2901:Democratic Union Party
1963:"Looklex encyclopedia"
1618:Conduit, Dara (2019).
1450:8th G.L. (1986–1991):
1439:7th G.L. (1985–1986):
1428:6th G.L. (1985–1985):
1409:4th G.L. (1976–1981):
1398:3rd G.L. (1973–1976):
1387:2nd G.L. (1961–1973):
1315:. They reiterated the
1197:leaked American cables
1139:
1117:
924:
657:Syrian nationality law
645:Diplomatic missions of
507:Subdistricts (Nahiyas)
330:Preamble and Chapter 1
165:Religious conservatism
3144:20th century in Syria
2921:Reform Party of Syria
2751:pan-Arab organization
1630:10.1017/9781108758321
1486:محمد رياض خالد الشقفة
1137:
1113:
1097:Further information:
914:
472:High Judicial Council
414:Deputy Prime Minister
2997:Arab Communist Party
2972:Arab Ba'ath Movement
2906:National Youth Party
2526:. 24 September 2013.
2209:Carré, 131–135, 156.
1534:Dara Conduit. 2019.
1048:coup of 8 March 1963
1032:Gamal 'Abd al-Nasser
886:Damascus Declaration
841:United Arab Republic
202:National affiliation
2962:Arab National Party
2861:Syrian Turkmen Bloc
2832:People's Will Party
2445:13 May 2013 at the
2018:. Foreignpolicy.com
1603:Syrian Ba'ath Party
1382:مُصطَفى السِّبَاعِي
1259:The Daily Telegraph
1199:, Syrian President
1169:political prisoners
903:as of spring 2012.
419:Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
161:Social conservatism
3179:Muslim Brotherhood
3095:Syriac Union Party
2886:Syriac Union Party
2651:on 5 October 2015.
2603:on 31 January 2016
2375:Dreams and Shadows
2147:Pargeter, Alison.
1995:on 5 December 2013
1946:Dreams and Shadows
1456:عبد الفتاح أبو غدة
1404:عبد الفتاح أبو غدة
1140:
1077:Lebanese civil war
1016:Muslim Brotherhood
925:
845:Gamal Abdel Nasser
797:Muslim Brotherhood
719:History portal
220:Muslim Brotherhood
140:Syrian nationalism
3164:Islamism in Syria
3131:
3130:
3123:Politics of Syria
2967:Arab Ba'ath Party
2669:. 4 October 2015.
2548:on 7 October 2013
2419:Los Angeles Times
2014:Rothkopf, David.
1707:978-0-230-10279-8
1411:Adnan Saad al-Din
1378:Mustafa al-Siba'i
1203:allegedly called
1036:severe repression
1028:Mustafa al-Siba'i
942:Mustafa al-Siba'i
783:
763:
762:
667:Visa requirements
622:Foreign relations
581:Political parties
531:Recent elections
439:People's Assembly
281:Politics of Syria
274:
273:
261:Political parties
256:Politics of Syria
82:Mustafa al-Siba'i
3211:
3083:Assyrian parties
2731:
2730:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2671:
2670:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2599:. Archived from
2593:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2574:. 23 August 2012
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2544:. Archived from
2534:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2464:
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2449:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
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2410:
2404:
2403:
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2384:
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2371:
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2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2298:
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2289:
2283:
2280:
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2265:
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2262:
2260:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2078:. Archived from
2077:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2043:. Archived from
2042:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1969:on 13 April 2014
1958:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1791:
1772:
1771:
1750:
1741:
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1722:
1716:
1715:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1666:
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1662:
1615:
1606:
1599:
1593:
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1577:
1568:
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1477:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1347:Molham al-Droubi
1251:Free Syrian Army
1243:Free Syrian Army
901:Syrian civil war
788:
778:
776:
755:
748:
741:
717:
716:
715:
707:
706:
690:Syrian civil war
589:
451:
449:Hammouda Sabbagh
313:
309:
308:
292:
276:
275:
235:
125:
114:
43:
32:
31:
21:
20:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3113:Portal:Politics
3104:
3078:
3037:Kurdish parties
3032:
3011:
2930:Defunct parties
2925:
2837:
2818:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2686:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2639:
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2634:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2577:
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2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2469:"Holy Warriors"
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:Wayback Machine
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:Carré, 148–151.
2299:
2295:
2291:Carré, 141–146.
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2246:10.3751/63.4.12
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2161:Wright, Robin,
2160:
2156:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2119:
2112:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2073:"Archived copy"
2071:
2070:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1911:Wright, Robin,
1910:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1873:10.3751/65.2.12
1851:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1800:Washington Post
1792:
1775:
1765:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1723:
1719:
1708:
1694:
1690:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1648:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1530:
1528:Further reading
1508:
1415:عدنان سعد الدين
1368:
1366:General leaders
1325:
1218:
1201:Bashar al Assad
1165:Bashar al-Assad
1161:
1125:Rifaat al-Assad
1101:
1095:
1089:
1020:Shabab Muhammad
1004:Hassan al-Banna
1000:
980:capital offence
917:Islamic scholar
909:
868:capital offence
847:'s conflict in
812:
759:
730:
726:Other countries
713:
711:
709:Asia portal
701:
695:
694:
676:
653:
641:
624:
614:
613:
608:
596:
585:
575:
559:Parliamentary:
553:
527:
517:
516:
492:
482:
481:
467:
457:
456:
443:
434:
426:
425:
378:Bashar al-Assad
363:
353:
352:
325:
315:
303:
302:
283:
270:
208:
181:
177:
172:
167:
163:
159:
158:(some elements)
154:
153:(some elements)
149:
142:
138:
119:
115:
112:
84:
34:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3023:Hizb ut-Tahrir
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:People's Party
2949:
2947:National Union
2944:
2942:National Party
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
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2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
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2780:
2774:
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2762:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2678:External links
2676:
2673:
2672:
2654:
2632:
2614:
2585:
2559:
2529:
2511:
2485:
2473:Foreign Policy
2459:
2450:
2431:
2405:
2387:Roee Nahmias.
2379:
2366:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2273:Carré , 135-7.
2266:
2240:(4): 561–580.
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2182:. 7 April 2012
2167:
2154:
2139:
2110:
2085:on 13 May 2013
2061:
2050:on 13 May 2013
2029:
2006:
1980:
1950:
1934:
1925:
1901:
1867:(2): 213–233.
1842:
1820:
1773:
1763:
1742:
1735:
1717:
1706:
1688:
1679:|website=
1646:
1607:
1594:
1569:
1559:محمد حكمت وليد
1548:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:محمد حكمت وليد
1493:Mohammad Walid
1489:
1478:
1467:
1459:
1448:
1437:
1426:
1418:
1407:
1396:
1389:Issam al-Attar
1385:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1353:Muhammad Surur
1350:
1344:
1341:
1332:
1329:Mohammad Walid
1324:
1321:
1256:Despite that,
1217:
1214:
1210:Hafez al Assad
1160:
1157:
1091:Main article:
1088:
1085:
1069:Hafez al-Assad
1061:demonstrations
999:
996:
908:
905:
873:Following the
761:
760:
758:
757:
750:
743:
735:
732:
731:
729:
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697:
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693:
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687:
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675:
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669:
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537:Presidential:
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407:Hussein Arnous
397:Prime Minister
394:
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390:Najah al-Attar
385:Vice President
382:
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179:Anti-communism
133:
127:
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99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
54:Mohammad Walid
51:
45:
44:
36:
35:
25:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3216:
3205:
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3177:
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3119:
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2985:
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2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:National Bloc
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
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2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
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2854:
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2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2843:Unrepresented
2840:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
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2778:
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2735:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2685:
2684:Official Site
2682:
2681:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2602:
2598:
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2590:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2500:
2499:The Telegraph
2496:
2489:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2457:source needed
2454:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2377:, 2008, p.246
2376:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2151:. Saqi Books.
2150:
2143:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2100:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2017:
2010:
1994:
1990:
1984:
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60:Deputy leader
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2393:ynetnews.com
2392:
2382:
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2361:The Guardian
2360:
2350:
2341:
2336:ICG, 4, 7–8.
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2323:
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2278:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2237:
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1967:the original
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1638:11343/297515
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1369:
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1284:
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1102:
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1024:Robin Wright
1019:
1001:
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969:Assad family
958:Ba'ath Party
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926:
894:
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872:
864:Ba'ath Party
837:World War II
814:
807:governed by
766:
764:
700:
497:Governorates
490:Subdivisions
350:Human rights
323:Constitution
301:
136:Pan-Islamism
113:(Historical)
106:Headquarters
18:
2687:(in Arabic)
2645:إخوان سورية
2578:17 December
2504:26 December
2478:26 December
2424:12 December
2398:12 December
2345:ICG, 15, 17
2318:Carré, 159.
2309:Carré, 151.
2282:Carré, 139.
2038:"pp. 12-14"
2022:18 December
1999:18 December
1445:أديب الجاجي
1393:عصام العطار
955:pan-Arabist
934:Sayyid Qutb
861:pan-Arabist
817:Pan-Arabism
672:Visa policy
433:Legislature
3138:Categories
2607:25 January
1921:1594201110
1564:Al-Jazeera
1544:References
1054:minority.
951:secularist
857:secularist
833:secularism
829:liberalism
821:capitalism
633:Minister:
226:Party flag
192:Right-wing
151:Neo-Sufism
2254:144219075
2218:ICG, 3–4.
2186:5 January
2180:Ikhwanweb
2132:5 January
1973:25 August
1944:Wright,
1889:143746726
1835:4 January
1813:5 January
1808:0190-8286
1681:ignored (
1671:cite book
1656:201528149
1464:حسن هويدي
1441:Adib Gaja
1423:حسن هويدي
1081:Maronites
1046:military
1044:Ba'athist
988:reformist
930:Ba'athist
870:in 1980.
851:with the
825:communism
780:romanized
525:Elections
502:Districts
465:Judiciary
368:President
361:Executive
345:Chapter 4
340:Chapter 3
335:Chapter 2
266:Elections
196:far-right
2542:usma.edu
2443:Archived
2373:Wright,
2099:cite web
2089:29 April
2054:29 April
1894:15 April
1881:23012146
1506:See also
1145:Damascus
1006:reached
803:into an
794:Islamist
662:Passport
649:in Syria
512:Villages
170:Assadism
156:Salafism
147:Islamism
131:Ideology
110:Damascus
78:Founders
2552:25 July
2327:ICG, 4.
2259:29 July
2127:Reuters
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1587:29 July
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1253:(FSA).
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240:Website
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1073:Muslim
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809:Sharia
771:Arabic
98:Banned
49:Leader
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1877:JSTOR
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168:Anti-
144:Sunni
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1975:2012
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1896:2021
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