Muskox - Knowledge

1678: 1638:. Male and female muskoxen have separate age-based hierarchies, with mature oxen being dominant over juveniles. Dominant oxen tend to get access to the best resources and will displace subordinates from patches of grass during the winter. Muskox bulls assert their dominance in many different ways. One is a "rush and butt", in which a dominant bull rushes a subordinate from the side with its horns, and will warn the subordinate so it can have a chance to get away. Bulls will also roar, swing their heads, and paw the ground. Dominant bulls sometimes treat subordinate bulls like cows. A dominant bull will tap a subordinate with its foreleg, something they do to cows during mating. Dominant bulls will also mock copulate subordinates and sniff their genitals. A subordinate bull can change his status by charging a dominant bull. 1067: 1029:, with females measuring 135 to 200 cm (4 ft 5 in to 6 ft 7 in) in length, and the larger males 200 to 250 cm (6 ft 7 in to 8 ft 2 in). The small tail, often concealed under a layer of fur, measures only 10 cm (3.9 in) long. Adults, on average, weigh 285 kg (628 lb), but can range from 180 to 410 kg (400 to 900 lb). The thick coat and large head suggest a larger animal than the muskox truly is; the bison, to which the muskox is often compared, can weigh up to twice as much. However, heavy zoo-kept specimens have weighed up to 650 kg (1,430 lb). Their coat, a mix of black, gray and brown, includes long 1210: 1314: 1015: 129: 1657:

bellowing loudly, and then display their horns. The bulls then back up about 20 m (66 ft), lower their heads, and charge into each other, and will keep doing so until one bull gives up. Subordinate and elderly bulls will leave the herds to form bachelor groups or become solitary. However, when danger is present, the outside bulls can return to the herd for protection. Dominant bulls will prevent cows from leaving their harems. During mating, a bull will tap an estrous cow with his foreleg to calm her down and make her more receptive to his advances. The herds reassemble when summer ends.

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adults defending their young. When nets and ropes proved useless, he and his crew herded family groups into open water, where calves were successfully separated from the adults. Once airfreighted to Montreal and trucked to Vermont, the young animals habituated to the temperate conditions. Although the calves thrived and grew to adulthood, parasite and disease resistance problems impaired the overall success of the effort. The surviving herd was eventually moved to a farm in

3048: 646: 1222: 153: 8297: 175: 1581:, and mosses. When food is abundant, they prefer succulent and nutritious grasses in an area. Willows are the most commonly eaten plants in the winter. Muskoxen require a high threshold of fat reserves in order to conceive, which reflects their conservative breeding strategy. Winter ranges typically have shallow snow to reduce the energy costs of digging through snow to reach forage. The primary predators of muskoxen are 1642: 1665:, and calves can keep up with the herd within just a few hours after birth. The calves are welcomed into the herd and nursed for the first two months. After that, a calf then begins eating vegetation and nurses only occasionally. Cows communicate with their calves through braying. The calf's bond with its mother weakens after two years. 1661:

to let them get enough food to nurse their offspring. Cows have an eight- to nine-month gestation period, with calving occurring from April to June. Cows do not calve every year. When winters are severe, cows will not go into estrus and thus not calve the next year. When calving, cows stay in the herd for protection. Muskox are

623:. While the takin and muskox were once considered possibly closely related, the takin lacks common ovibovine features, such as the muskox's specialized horn morphology, and genetic analysis shows that their lineages actually separated early in caprine evolution. Instead, the muskox's closest living relatives appear to be the 1668:

Muskoxen have a distinctive defensive behavior: when the herd is threatened, the adults will face outward to form a stationary ring or semicircle around the calves. The bulls are usually the front line for defense against predators, with the cows and juveniles gathering close to them. Bulls determine

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The mating (or "rutting") season of the muskoxen begins in late June or early July. During this time, dominant bulls will fight others out of the herds and establish harems of usually six or seven cows and their offspring. Fighting bulls will first rub their preorbital glands against their legs while

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In Greenland, there are no major threats. However, populations are often small in size and scattered; this makes them vulnerable to local fluctuations in climate. Most populations are within national parks, where they are protected from hunting. Muskoxen occur in four of Greenland's protected areas,

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Historically, this species declined because of overhunting, but populations have recovered following enforcement of hunting regulations. Management in the late 1900s was mostly conservative hunting quotas to foster recovery and recolonization from the historic declines. The current world population

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While the bulls are more aggressive during the rutting season and lead their groups, the females take charge during gestation. Pregnant females are aggressive and decide what distance the herd travels in a day and where they will bed for the night. The herds move more often when cows are lactating,

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The Norwegian population on Dovrefjell is managed over an area of 340 km (130 sq mi) and in the summer of 2012 consisted of approximately 300 animals. Since 1999, the population has mostly been increasing, but it suffered a measles outbreak in the summer of 2004 that killed 29. Some

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industry showed early success with the training of Inuit knitters and marketing, but it soon became clear that the Quebec government had never intended that the muskoxen be domestic, but had used INAR to capture muskoxen to provide a wild population for hunting. Government officials demanded that

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There have been at least two domestication endeavours. In the 1950s, an American researcher and adventurer was able to capture muskox calves in Northern Canada for relocation to a property he prepared in Vermont. One condition imposed by the Canadian government was that he was not allowed to kill

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to Greenland. By contrast, the current genetic makeup of the species is more homogenous. Climate fluctuation may have affected this shift in genetic diversity: research indicates colder periods in Earth's history are correlated with more diversity, and warmer periods with more homogeneity. Muskox

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mammals, meaning they have the ability to shut off thermal regulation in some parts of their body, like their lower limbs. Maintaining the lower limbs at a cooler temperature than the rest of their body helps reduce the loss of body heat from their extremities. Muskox display the unique

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that is three times less temperature sensitive than human hemoglobin. This temperature insensitivity allows the muskox's hemoglobin to have a heightened oxygen affinity in an extremely cold environment and continue to diffuse high amounts of oxygen into its cold tissues.

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Although the muskox belongs to the dry Arctic grassland, it seems to do well on Dovrefjell. However, the pastures are marginal, with little grass available in winter (the muskox eats only plants, not lichen as reindeer do), and over time,

1553:. Between 1983 and 1986, the released animals increased from 148 to 290, at a rate of 25% per year, and by 2003, an estimated 1,400 muskoxen were in Quebec. Additionally, 112 adults and 25 calves were counted in the nearby 1384:, when they were hunted and exterminated. In 1947 and later, new animals were released. A small group of muskoxen from Dovrefjell migrated across the national border to Sweden in 1971 and established themselves in 1236:

population was wiped out in the late 19th or early 20th century. Their depletion has been attributed to excessive hunting, but an adverse change in climate may have contributed. However, muskoxen have since been

1490:. Once established, these populations have been, in turn, used as sources for further reintroductions in Siberia between 1996 and 2010. One of the last of these actions was the release of six animals within the 944:

between 200,000 and 90,000 years ago, having previously occupied Alaska (at the time united to Siberia and isolated periodically from the rest of North America by the union of the Laurentide and

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INAR leave Quebec and the farm be closed. Subsequently, 54 animals from the farm were released in three places in northern Quebec between 1973 and 1983, and the remaining were ceded to local

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Muskoxen live in herds of 12–24 in the winter and 8–20 in the summer when dominant bulls expel other males from the herd. They do not hold territories, but they do mark their trails with

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in 1925–26. They were muskoxen caught by Norwegian seal-hunting boats in Greenland. The animals colonized the island, but eventually died out there. An attempt to introduce the muskox to

1486:. By 2019 the population on Wrangel Island was about 1100, and the Taymyr Peninsula, about 11,000–14,000. A few muskoxen herds migrated from the Taymyr Peninsula far to the south to the 2284:

Markova, A.K.; Puzachenko, A.Yu.; van Kolfschoten, T.; Kosintsev, P.A.; Kuznetsova, T.V.; Tikhonov, A.N.; Bachura, O.P.; Ponomarev, D.V.; van der Plicht, J.; Kuitems, M. (August 2015).

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Jork Meyer, "Sex ratio in muskox skulls (Ovibos moschatus) found at East Greenland" (Geschlechterverhältnis bei Schädeln des Moschusochsen (Ovibos moschatus) in Ostgrönland)

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area. Human predation around Qaanaaq may have restricted muskoxen from moving down the west coast, and instead kept them confined to the northeastern fringes of the island.

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Muskoxen are not known to be aggressive. Fatal attacks are extremely rare, but humans who have come close and behaved aggressively have occasionally been attacked.

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Raufuss, I., & von Koenigswald, W. (1999). New remains of Pleistocene Ovibos moschatus from Germany and its geographic and stratigraphic occurrence in Europe.

539:. They were formerly present in Eurasia, with their youngest natural records in the region dating to around 2,700 years ago, with reintroduced populations in the 1585:, which may account for up to half of all mortality for the species. Other occasional predators, likely mainly predators of calves or infirm adults, can include 1573:

During the summer, muskoxen live in wet areas, such as river valleys, moving to higher elevations in the winter to avoid deep snow. Muskoxen will eat grasses,

3037:"II МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ, VII ВСЕРОССИЙСКАЯ НАУЧНО-ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ "СОСТОЯНИЕ СРЕДЫ ОБИТАНИЯ И ФАУНА ОХОТНИЧЬИХ ЖИВОТНЫХ РОССИИ И СОПРЕДЕЛЬНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ"" 2031:. Geographische Geschichte des Menschen, und der allgemein verbreiteten vierfüssigen Thiere. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Weygandschen Buchhandlung. pp. 86–88. 1847: 3132: 2725:

Plasteeva, N. A., Gasilin, V. V., Devjashin, M. M., & Kosintsev, P. A. (2020). Holocene Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates in Northern Eurasia.

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The preorbital gland secretion of muskoxen has a "light, sweetish, ethereal" odor. Analysis of preorbital gland secretion extract showed the presence of

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found two fossil muskox vertebrae. This led to the idea of introducing muskoxen to Norway from Greenland. The first release in the world was made on

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environment late in its evolutionary history. Muskox ancestors with sheep-like high-positioned horns (horn cores being mostly over the plane of the

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Range map: blue indicates areas where muskox reintroduction has been attempted in the 20th century; red indicates the previous established range.

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and covered in tundra during cold periods, but Pleistocene muskoxen are also rarely recorded in more benign and wooded areas to the south like

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and the western shrubland, respectively. Though they were always less common than other Ice Age megafauna, muskox abundance peaked during the

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names "mâthi-môs" and "mâthi-mostos" translate to "ugly moose" and "ugly bison", respectively. In historic times, muskoxen primarily lived in

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period, muskoxen were much more widespread. Fossil evidence shows that they lived across the Siberian and North American Arctic, from the

1646: 1318: 3663: 2919: 2838: 2286:"Changes in the Eurasian distribution of the musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) and the extinct bison (Bison priscus) during the last 50 ka BP" 633:, nowadays common in many countries of central and east Asia. The vague similarity between takin and muskox is therefore an example of 3622: 2920:"University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives – Fingers and needles: Alaskan co-op turns cashmere-soft musk ox wool into hard cash" 1442: 1051:, is highly prized for its softness, length, and insulation value. Prices for yarn range between $ 1.5 and $ 3/g ($ 40 and $ 80/oz). 716:

was larger yet more lightly built than modern muskoxen, resembling a giant sheep with massive horns, and preferred hilly grasslands.

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The modern muskox is the last member of a line of ovibovines that first evolved in temperate regions of Asia and adapted to a cold

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Wilkinson, P. F.; Shank, C. C. (1976). "Rutting-fight Mortality among Musk Oxen on Banks Island, Northwest Territories, Canada".

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almost one million years ago and was common in the region through the Pleistocene. By the Mindel, muskoxen had also reached the

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On 22 July 1964, a 73-year-old man was killed in a muskox attack in Norway. The animal was later killed by local authorities.

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Fossil DNA evidence suggests that muskoxen were not only more geographically widespread during the Pleistocene, but also more

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Aulagnier, S. et al. (2008) Guide des mammifères d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et de Moyen-Orient. Delachaux et Niestlé, Paris

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during colder periods) between 250,000 and 150,000 years ago. After migrating south during one of the warmer periods of the

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was a lowland dweller which disappeared fairly early, displaced by more advanced ungulates, such as the "giant muskox"

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Freeman, M. (1971). "Population Characteristics of Musk-Oxen in the Jones Sound Region of the Northwest Territories".

8198: 2376: 2342: 1843: 8763: 2131: 3023:"Where in Russia Can You See a Muskox? Overview of the habits and maintenance of muskoxen at the beginning of 2019" 1376:. In 1940, the herd numbered 50, but in the 1970s, the whole herd disappeared. In September 1932, polar researcher 8906: 1939: 666:, rather than below them as in modern muskoxen) first left the temperate forests for the developing grasslands of 8776: 3558: 3022: 2679: 1286: 1254: 182: 1066: 9085: 3708: 3655: 3140: 1034: 9080: 9012: 8888: 4114: 2567: 1232:

In modern times, muskoxen were restricted to the Arctic areas of Northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska. The

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in northern Siberia, did not disappear from the region due to climate change, but because of human hunting.

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populations survived into the Holocene in Siberia, with their youngest records in the region being from the

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depression is expected in such a small population which originated from only a few introduced animals.

3517:"Behavioral Responses of Musk Ox to Simulation of Cargo Slinging by Helicopter, Northwest Territories" 3480:

Jingfors, K. (1982). "Seasonal Activity Budgets and Movements of a Reintroduced Alaskan Muskox Herd".

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in one region during a period of isolation and expanded later, replacing the remaining populations of

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Gray, D. R. (1986). "Standing his ground: How the muskox survives the rigours of an Arctic winter".

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by the Institute for Northern Agricultural Research (INAR) and brought to a farm in Old Fort Chimo

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Brix, O.; Bårdgard, A.; Mathisen, S.; Tyler, N.; Nuutinen, M.; Condo, S. G.; Giardina, B. (1990).

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Flood, P. F.; Abrams, S. R.; Muir, G. D.; Rowell, J. E. (August 1989). "Odor of the muskox".

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in 1925–26 and 1929, but this population died out in the 1970s. They were also introduced in

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The odor of dominant rutting males is described as "strong" and "rank". It derives from the

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conducted another experiment, importing 10 muskoxen to Dovrefjell. This herd survived until

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of muskoxen is estimated at between 80,000 and 125,000, with an estimated 47,000 living on

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inhabited open woodland areas of North America during the late Pleistocene, from Alaska to

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Brix, O.; Bårdgard, A.; Mathisen, S.; el Sherbini, S.; Condò, S. G.; Giardina, B. (1989).

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https://canadashistory.partica.online/canadas-history/the-beaver-summer-1964/flipbook/42/

1055: 1025:. Muskoxen stand 1.1 to 1.5 m (3 ft 7 in to 4 ft 11 in) high at 983: 803: 460: 142: 3683: 3600: 2756: 2628: 2593: 2458: 2301: 2199: 8490: 8137: 8128: 7500: 7440: 7422: 7404: 7350: 7323: 7314: 6938: 6920: 6854: 6547: 6273: 5750: 5741: 5460: 4894: 4362: 4174: 4156: 4035: 3497: 3459: 3365: 3327: 3227: 2768: 2640: 2313: 2219: 2102: 1558: 1523: 1096: 754: 705: 701: 440: 359: 192: 117: 3361: 682:. Later migration waves of Asian ungulates that included high-horned muskoxen reached 8927: 8719: 8586: 8434: 8308: 8271: 8226: 7770: 7761: 7449: 7377: 7305: 7136: 7118: 6971: 5921: 5316: 5307: 5159: 5061: 4840: 4807: 4750: 4620: 4147: 4008: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3219: 3211: 2772: 2644: 2372: 2338: 2317: 2242: 2211: 2155: 2145: 1894: 1413: 1294: 1274: 994: 949: 867: 791: 500:, it is noted for its thick coat and for the strong odor emitted by males during the 3388:

Reinhardt, V. (2005). "Courtship behavior among musk-ox males kept in confinement".

3369: 3331: 3231: 3192:"Oxygen transport in the blood of arctic mammals: adaptation to local heterothermia" 2998: 2237:

Houston, Clarence Stuart; Houston, Stuart; Ball, Tim; Houston, Mary (October 2003).

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the defensive formation during rutting, while the cows decide the rest of the year.

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and live to the present day. The muskox is thought to have been able to survive the

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Owen-Smith, N. (1977). "On Territoriality in Ungulates and an Evolutionary Model".

3258: 3247:"Arctic life adaptation--II. The function of musk ox (Ovibos muschatos) hemoglobin" 3203: 3167: 2760: 2632: 2444: 2305: 2223: 2203: 2094: 1968: 1912: 1635: 1531: 1491: 1487: 1475: 1373: 1338: 1182: 1003: 509: 1538:, northern Quebec, for domestication to provide a local cottage industry based on 8914: 8361: 8251: 7894: 7885: 7833: 7824: 7605: 6462: 6453: 5930: 5526: 4578: 4488: 4326: 4138: 4017: 3990: 3981: 3667: 2879: 2554: 2547: 2366: 2309: 2268: 1753: 1527: 1250: 528: 8893: 8854: 3689: 2863: 2261: 8771: 8758: 8675: 8606: 8409: 8356: 8256: 8236: 8094: 8032: 7662: 7653: 7178: 7127: 7048: 7039: 6980: 6818: 6520: 6342: 6333: 5888: 5855: 5837: 5325: 5135: 5010: 4849: 3837: 3809: 1997: 1749:. The saturated γ-lactone series has an odor similar to that of the secretion. 1627: 1519: 1479: 1302: 1246: 1238: 1163: 1022: 998: 964: 818: 593: 346: 3740: 2764: 2636: 2501:"Muskox Suffered Loss Of Genetic Diversity at Pleistocene/Holocene Transition" 1776: 1143:

II glaciation 20,000 years ago and declined afterwards, especially during the

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that almost reach the ground. Rare "white muskoxen" have been spotted in the

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animals are also occasionally killed as a result of train collisions on the

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Today's muskoxen are descended from others believed to have migrated from

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replaced it in the tundra-steppe to the north, immediately south of the

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has several muskoxen farms specifically aimed at wool harvesting. The

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was a highly adaptable animal apparently associated with cold tundra (

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9,000 years ago. In Asia, muskox persisted until just 615-555 BCE in

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in 2005, having arrived there by their own means from the mainland.

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Wilkinson, Paul F. (1974). "The history of musk-ox domestication".

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34,000 years ago, but the existence of other ice-free areas in the

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being most abundant), and probably the monounsaturated γ-lactone C

1630:, Alaskan muskoxen in the 1930s, shown here in defensive formation 1099:

to North America between 200,000 and 90,000 years ago. During the

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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

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Enthält ein vollständiges Verzeichnis aller bekannten Quadrupeden

1464: 1198: 1112: 1058:(37 mph). Their life expectancy is between 12 and 20 years. 1026: 937: 926: 902: 679: 675: 556: 536: 493: 259: 103: 78: 1140: 778:

one million years ago and disappeared half a million years ago.

8737: 8683: 8530: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8419: 7999: 7568: 7473: 7296: 7286: 6902: 6414: 6254: 6236: 6227: 6113: 6035: 5436: 5427: 5362: 5353: 5343: 5265: 4798: 4611: 4461: 3797: 3785: 3735:

Burges Smith diary concerning Nunivak Island Musk Ox Expedition

3244: 2397: 2395: 2262:

Animal Life in Greenland – an introduction by the tourist board

1862: 1650: 1540: 1474:, animals imported from Banks and Nunivak were released in the 1471: 1346: 1334: 1233: 1155: 1104: 1047: 1038: 914: 771: 709: 683: 659: 592:

in the family Bovidae. It is therefore more closely related to

564: 560: 544: 497: 239: 219: 8213: 3688: 3661:

Alex Trebek and John Teal's Reintroduction of Muskox to Alaska

3651: 2971: 2739:

Bennike, Ole; Andreasen, Claus (2005). "New dates of musk-ox (

1526:

are suitable for them. In 1967, 14 animals were captured near

8474: 8429: 8023: 7981: 7556: 7226: 7217: 6511: 6438: 6429: 6360: 6089: 6044: 5903: 5828: 5708: 5699: 5210: 5201: 4693: 4684: 3893: 3884: 2423:

Wildlife Management Advisory Council (North Slope) fact sheet

2144:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 707. 1423: 1262: 1159: 1088: 879: 775: 726: 624: 617: 609: 552: 3347: 2392: 8439: 7169: 6499: 6387: 6369: 6026: 5879: 5283: 5150: 4966: 4240: 4201: 2955: 2839:"Muskox, (Ovibos moschatus) US Fish & Wildlife Service" 2486: 2335:

Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife

1973:

Bulletin des Sciences Par la Société Philomathique de Paris

1623: 1042: 597: 505: 6637: 3571:"Alaska officer killed in muskox attack outside his house" 733:(1.8 million years to 240,000 years ago), soon after 8424: 7779: 6378: 6324: 5256: 4638: 3716: 3189: 3006: 2236: 1641: 1550: 1478:

in 1974 and 1975, and some from Nunivak were released in

1368:

also failed. Seventeen animals were released in 1929 by

856:-like genera were named in America in the 19th century, 700:, crossed to North America over an early version of the 616:

members of the caprines, along with the similarly sized

483: 471: 5629: 1892: 1817:

On 13 December 2022, a court services officer with the

1337:

in 1932 but were hunted to extinction there during the

1204: 640: 601: 454: 6172: 3133:"Pleistocene Park Underway: Home for Reborn Mammoths?" 1861:

Muskoxen are being domesticated for the production of

3514: 2183: 1672: 1522:, although the ecological conditions in the northern 921:, where they coexisted with temperate ungulates like 9096:

Taxa named by Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann

3298:

Muskoxen in Canada a biological and taxonomic review

2790:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Archived from 1858:. In these areas, muskoxen receive full protection. 1565:, though no herds have been observed in the region. 1544:, a fine natural fiber. The animals thrived and the 1305:, where it has been successful since the mid-1950s. 1095:. The ancestors of today's muskoxen came across the 729:

to Siberia, and crossed to North America during the

1618: 1498:in 2010, where a team of Russian scientists led by 725:, inhabited Eurasia in the early Pleistocene, from 3075:"Reintroduction of Musk Ox on the Northern Russia" 2548:Muskox videos, photos and facts – Ovibos moschatus 1513: 909:. Both Germany and Britain were just south of the 882:and maybe even Mexico, but was most common in the 741:, which survived in America until the Pleistocene- 3383: 3381: 3379: 3343: 3341: 2457:Smithsonian Institution. North American Mammals: 1437:In addition to the population on Dovrefjell, the 802:area in eastern Siberia in association with many 516:name "umingmak" translates to "the bearded one". 508:odor has the effect of attracting females during 9027: 3475: 3473: 2785: 2738: 2403:"KGS--Guidebook 5--Wisconsinan Mammalian Faunas" 1760:via urine. Analysis of extract of washes of the 1518:Ancient muskox remains have never been found in 1021:Both male and female muskoxen have long, curved 813:, in the Kolyma itself and elsewhere, including 477: 3770: 3437: 3435: 3433: 2694:. alaskabeadstore.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-23. 1396:. The population is divided into flocks in the 3376: 3338: 3309: 3005:, edited by N.G Dmitriev and L.K Ernst. Rome: 2271:. Greenland-guide.gl. Retrieved on 2011-09-15. 1502:aims to prove that muskoxen, along with other 1253:living. Other reintroduced populations are in 1173:, the muskox gradually moved north across the 1006:, dating to around 2,700 years ago (~700 BC). 694:. The first well known muskox, the "shrub-ox" 8199: 3756: 3652:Robert G. White Large Animal Research Station 3599:. Alaska.edu. 12 October 1963. Archived from 3470: 3387: 3292: 3290: 3288: 2864:https://www.fws.org/refuge/arctic/muskox.html 2608: 2490:, posted 10 Mar. 2010. Accessed 18 Jan. 2013. 2073: 2016: 1966: 1308: 3479: 3430: 3413: 3411: 3153: 2241:. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 241. 2239:Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay 975:in North America to survive the Pleistocene/ 612:: "sheep-ox"). It is one of the two largest 3508: 3441: 3417: 3029: 3017: 3015: 2570:. Thelon.com. 6 August 2010. Archived from 2451: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2230: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 1918:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T29684A9526203.en 1054:A muskox can reach speeds of up to 60 1009: 704:two million years ago and prospered in the 423:, in Latin "musky sheep-ox"), also spelled 8214:Game animals and shooting in North America 8206: 8192: 3845: 3763: 3749: 3559:Norwegian man killed in 1964 muskox attack 3285: 2022: 1932: 1579:(above lichens are excluded from the menu) 1388:, whereby a Swedish herd was established. 345: 173: 151: 127: 8080: 5552: 3532: 3408: 3251:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 3171: 2786:Smith, T.; Coady, J.; Kacyon, R. (2008). 2779: 2719: 2614: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2329: 2327: 1916: 1482:in 1975. Both locations are north of the 1352:In 1913, workers building a railway over 971:, the muskox was one of a few species of 588:(or subfamily Caprinae) of the subfamily 7961: 5351: 3676:Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildtierforschung 3012: 2972:"Musk Ox Farm-Gently Hand-Combed Qiviut" 2568:"Search for the Legendary White Musk-ox" 2347: 2166: 2048: 1995: 1676: 1640: 1622: 1312: 1220: 1208: 1065: 1013: 644: 4252: 3823: 2586: 2418: 2416: 1758:distributed over the fur of the abdomen 1697:, a series of straight-chain saturated 1647:Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park 1426:, where there are lush grass pastures. 1422:. In the summer they move down towards 1319:Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park 1243:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 14: 9028: 3970: 2976:Musk Ox Farm-Gently Hand-Combed Qiviut 2833: 2831: 2466: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2324: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1828: 770:1.5 million years ago, colonized 567:, where a small population now lives. 8622: 8621: 8187: 8079: 7948: 7947: 7553: 6636: 6171: 5628: 5090: 4236: 3822: 3744: 3719:– Dovrefjell Narional Park Board 2018 3185: 3183: 2743:) remains from northwest Greenland". 2515: 2368:Muskoxen and Their Hunters: A History 2279: 2277: 2126: 1777:straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons 9056:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 9013:5C7A9B0D-C6BA-470B-9A8E-FAB2F450B828 8777:e450a8fc-7557-4db4-aa48-51b667b88eb6 5388: 3154:Brazil, J.; Chubbs, Tony E. (2007). 3003:Animal Genetic Resources of the USSR 2997:Zabrodin, V.A., and G.D. Yakushkin. 2956:National Geographic Society (1960). 2596:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game 2413: 2364: 1259:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve 1205:Recent native range in North America 641:Fossil history and extinct relatives 504:, from which its name derives. This 136:in Dovrefjell National park, Norway 9036:IUCN Red List least concern species 4237: 3196:Journal of Comparative Physiology B 2828: 2428: 2120: 1904:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1893:Gunn, A.; Forchhammer, M. (2016) . 1875: 1806: 1169:Following the disappearance of the 575: 24: 8295: 7554: 5091: 3180: 2682:.uaf.edu. Retrieved on 2012-08-23. 2557:. ARKive. Retrieved on 2012-08-23. 2493: 2274: 1673:Components of glandular secretions 1325:The species was reintroduced from 1215:Cape Krusenstern National Monument 584:(or tribe Ovibovini) in the tribe 559:, and an introduced population in 396:(Zimmermann, 1780) Kowarzik, 1911 25: 9112: 3645: 3072: 2692:Muskox Wool – Qiviut (Kiv-ee-oot) 1848:Arnangarnup Qoorua Nature Reserve 1844:Northeast Greenland National Park 1467:around 1930 but did not survive. 1291:Gates of the Arctic National Park 1185:at about 350 AD, during the late 990:) away from prehistoric peoples. 719:A genus with intermediate horns, 604:; it is placed in its own genus, 3691:The New Student's Reference Work 3625:. Pc.gc.ca. 2005. Archived from 3515:Miller, F. L.; Gunn, A. (1980). 2529:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu 2371:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1619:Social behavior and reproduction 1561:adults are sometimes spotted in 870:species, the "woodland muskox", 196: 46: 4115:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 3723:The Papers of Frank H. Atkinson 3615: 3589: 3563: 3552: 3541: 3312:The Quarterly Review of Biology 3303: 3238: 3147: 3125: 3097: 3066: 2991: 2982: 2964: 2949: 2938: 2912: 2894: 2868: 2857: 2806: 2732: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2651: 2560: 2541: 2503:. Science Daily. 6 October 2005 2333:Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), 2255: 1842:with indigenous populations in 1514:Introductions in eastern Canada 1287:Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge 1255:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1103:, modern muskox thrived in the 4904:Central American red brocket ( 3717:"The Dovrefjell Musk Ox Trail" 3709:New International Encyclopedia 3656:University of Alaska Fairbanks 3482:Journal of Wildlife Management 3444:Journal of Wildlife Management 2035: 1989: 1960: 1846:and introduced populations in 1074:skull from prehistoric Siberia 1035:Queen Maud Gulf Bird Sanctuary 809:that would later coexist with 766:was present in Europe and the 580:The muskox is in the subtribe 13: 1: 3362:10.1016/S0003-3472(76)80004-8 2958:Wild Animals of North America 2680:Large Animal Research Station 1967:de Blainville, M. H. (1816). 1868: 1600: 1506:that survived into the early 1078: 825:. It is debated, however, if 690:during the first half of the 563:, part of which emigrated to 9091:Mammals of the United States 5611:Large subfamily listed below 5599:Large subfamily listed below 5587:Large subfamily listed below 3737:at Dartmouth College Library 3731:at Dartmouth College Library 3725:at Dartmouth College Library 3263:10.1016/0305-0491(89)90023-0 3047:(in Russian). Archived from 2310:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.020 1821:was killed by a muskox near 1459:Muskoxen were introduced to 1271:wildlife conservation center 1197:cultures in the present-day 1135:lived in the forests of the 570: 484: 472: 7: 4106:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 4097:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 2816:. Nps.gov. 28 December 2010 2659:"The Qiviut Fiber and Yarn" 2187:Journal of Chemical Ecology 2023:Zimmermann, E.A.W. (1780). 1245:introduced the muskox onto 1175:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 986:by finding ice-free areas ( 958:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 790:) faunas alike. During the 654:skeleton (missing its ribs) 455: 10: 9117: 9041:NatureServe secure species 3729:The Papers of John J. Teal 3300:. Ottawa: Queen's Printer. 1856:Maniitsoq Caribou Reserves 1568: 1309:Reintroductions in Eurasia 1123:, while distant relatives 829:was directly ancestral to 786:) and temperate woodland ( 478: 464: 9066:Mammals described in 1780 8969: 8630: 8554: 8483: 8380: 8307: 8293: 8219: 8154: 8126: 8102: 8093: 8089: 8075: 8042:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 8033:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 8021: 7970: 7957: 7943: 7907: 7883: 7859: 7850: 7732: 7699: 7675: 7642: 7618: 7597:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 7576: 7567: 7563: 7549: 7513: 7471: 7294: 7285: 7239: 7215: 7191: 7149: 7098: 7074: 7065: 7037: 7013: 7006: 6960: 6900: 6876: 6789: 6738: 6714: 6690: 6666: 6657: 6653: 6632: 6587: 6488: 6479: 6451: 6427: 6322: 6262: 6253: 6225: 6201: 6192: 6188: 6167: 6126: 6102: 6024: 6000: 5976: 5952: 5901: 5877: 5826: 5721: 5697: 5673: 5649: 5645: 5624: 5604: 5592: 5580: 5543: 5506: 5482: 5449: 5425: 5416: 5379: 5342: 5296: 5236: 5227: 5199: 5148: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5086: 5032: 4998: 4964: 4940: 4916: 4886:Amazonian brown brocket ( 4820: 4787: 4763: 4730: 4706: 4682: 4673: 4609: 4558: 4534: 4501: 4450: 4417: 4393: 4261: 4248: 4232: 4219:Large family listed below 4212: 4207:Large family listed below 4200: 4184:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 4127: 4085: 4061: 4052: 3961: 3906: 3882: 3873: 3836: 3832: 3818: 3780: 3521:Canadian Field-Naturalist 3160:Canadian Field-Naturalist 2902:"Yukon Wildlife Preserve" 2841:. Fws.gov. Archived from 2765:10.1017/S0032247404004127 2637:10.1017/S0032247400031302 1775:, along with a series of 1764:revealed the presence of 1610:characteristic of having 960:at the time is disputed. 678:and the rest of northern 444: 365: 358: 353: 344: 325: 318: 193:Scientific classification 191: 171: 149: 140: 135: 126: 34: 6283:Domestic water buffalo ( 4648:Central Asian red deer ( 4273:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 2999:"Chapter 10: Musk-Oxen." 2814:"The Incredible Journey" 2290:Quaternary International 1693:(which is nonvolatile), 1577:, woody plants, lichens 1061: 1010:Physical characteristics 7161:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 6948:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 5053:Yucatan brown brocket ( 4282:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 4166:Philippine mouse-deer ( 3173:10.22621/cfn.v121i1.398 3079:Large Herbivore Network 2365:Lent, Peter C. (1999). 1683:Bolshoy Begichev Island 8420:Cougar (mountain lion) 8301: 7871:White-lipped peccary ( 7807:Philippine warty pig ( 7432:Yellow-backed duiker ( 7396:Black-fronted duiker ( 7369:White-bellied duiker ( 6990:Przewalski's gazelle ( 6213:Four-horned antelope ( 5011:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 4570:Visayan spotted deer ( 4429:European fallow deer ( 4372:Northern red muntjac ( 4318:Southern red muntjac ( 3402:10.1002/zoo.1430040311 3137:nationalgeographic.com 2441:"Hinterland Who's Who" 2138:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 2074:Lent, Peter C (1988). 1803:being most abundant). 1686: 1653: 1631: 1322: 1297:'s wildlife preserve. 1229: 1225:Muskox family in east 1218: 1137:Southern United States 1075: 1018: 946:Cordilleran Ice Sheets 911:Scandinavian ice sheet 884:Southern United States 655: 9086:Mammals of the Arctic 8941:Paleobiology Database 8299: 8051:Wild Bactrian camel ( 7753:Bornean bearded pig ( 7744:Palawan bearded pig ( 7333:White-legged duiker ( 6759:Red-fronted gazelle ( 4438:Persian fallow deer ( 4354:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 4027:Himalayan musk deer ( 3936:Reticulated giraffe ( 3296:Tener, J. S. (1965). 3112:Rhino Resource Center 2461:Antilocapra americana 2006:Zoologischer Anzeiger 1996:Kowarzik, K. (1911). 1911:: e.T29684A86066477. 1819:Alaska State Troopers 1680: 1644: 1626: 1504:Pleistocene megafauna 1316: 1283:Northwest Territories 1279:Aulavik National Park 1267:Ivvavik National Park 1224: 1212: 1111:, in what is now the 1069: 1017: 973:Pleistocene megafauna 872:Bootherium bombifrons 648: 533:Northwest Territories 404:Hamilton-Smith, 1827 9081:Mammals of Greenland 8772:Fauna Europaea (new) 8272:Snipe (common snipe) 8252:Ring-necked pheasant 8138:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 7798:Oliver's warty pig ( 7423:Red-flanked duiker ( 6828:Erlanger's gazelle ( 6548:Harnessed bushbuck ( 6274:Wild water buffalo ( 5751:East Caucasian tur ( 5742:West Caucasian tur ( 4895:Little red brocket ( 4363:Truong Son muntjac ( 4175:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 4157:Greater mouse-deer ( 4036:Siberian musk deer ( 3666:3 March 2016 at the 2906:www.yukonwildlife.ca 2132:"Order Artiodactyla" 2043:Geologie en Mijnbouw 1998:"Das Tränenbein von 1494:project area in the 1441:had some animals on 1439:University of Tromsø 1331:Dovre mountain range 1171:Laurentide Ice Sheet 1109:Laurentide Ice Sheet 950:Illinoian glaciation 892:Laurentian ice sheet 635:convergent evolution 9046:Arctic land animals 8267:Sharp-tailed grouse 8237:Hungarian partridge 7771:Celebes warty pig ( 7762:Visayan warty pig ( 7378:Red forest duiker ( 7110:Günther's dik-dik ( 6972:Mongolian gazelle ( 6777:Heuglin's gazelle ( 6768:Thomson's gazelle ( 5922:Long-tailed goral ( 5317:Mountain reedbuck ( 5308:Southern reedbuck ( 5160:East African oryx ( 5062:White-tailed deer ( 4841:Small red brocket ( 4808:South Andean deer ( 4751:Siberian roe deer ( 4742:European roe deer ( 4579:Philippine sambar ( 4546:Père David's deer ( 4148:Lesser mouse-deer ( 4009:Kashmir musk deer ( 3678:29 (2004): 187–192. 3629:on 22 December 2017 3085:on 5 September 2015 2757:2005PoRec..41..125B 2715:on 29 October 2013. 2629:1974PoRec..17...13W 2337:. DK Adult (2005), 2302:2015QuInt.378...99M 2200:1989JCEco..15.2207F 1829:Conservation status 1249:in 1935 to support 995:genetically diverse 984:last glacial period 837:have proposed that 798:was present in the 794:500,000 years ago, 762:"). The low-horned 758:(literally "before 143:Conservation status 8491:American alligator 8302: 7919:Collared peccary ( 7789:Flores warty pig ( 7630:Giant forest hog ( 7492:Maxwell's duiker ( 7414:Ruwenzori duiker ( 7360:Jentink's duiker ( 7269:Sharpe's grysbok ( 7025:Tibetan antelope ( 6930:Bright's gazelle ( 6864:Goitered gazelle ( 6837:Mountain gazelle ( 6810:Cuvier's gazelle ( 6750:Mongalla gazelle ( 6138:Pyrenean chamois ( 5564:Tibetan antelope ( 5518:Black wildebeest ( 4345:Reeves's muntjac ( 4309:Sumatran muntjac ( 4300:Gongshan muntjac ( 4073:Water chevrotain ( 4000:Alpine musk deer ( 3927:Southern giraffe ( 3918:Northern giraffe ( 3577:. 14 December 2022 3548:Musk Ox Versus Man 3208:10.1007/BF00691710 3054:on 9 December 2018 3045:www.ohotcontrol.ru 2553:2012-08-25 at the 2267:2012-04-27 at the 2208:10.1007/bf01014110 1940:"Ovibos moschatus" 1687: 1654: 1632: 1524:Labrador Peninsula 1323: 1230: 1219: 1097:Bering Land Bridge 1076: 1019: 868:sexually dimorphic 706:American southwest 702:Bering Land Bridge 656: 549:Canadian territory 118:Middle Pleistocene 27:Arctic land mammal 9076:Mammals of Europe 9071:Mammals of Canada 9023: 9022: 8928:Open Tree of Life 8624:Taxon identifiers 8615: 8614: 8587:Waterfowl hunting 8435:White-tailed deer 8300:Waterfowl hunters 8181: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8150: 8149: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8063: 8062: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7895:Chacoan peccary ( 7846: 7845: 7834:Javan warty pig ( 7825:Timor warty pig ( 7632:H. meinertzhageni 7606:Togian babirusa ( 7545: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7501:Walter's duiker ( 7441:Abbott's duiker ( 7405:Ogilby's duiker ( 7351:Harvey's duiker ( 7315:Brooke's duiker ( 7281: 7280: 7061: 7060: 7002: 7001: 6939:Peter's gazelle ( 6921:Grant's gazelle ( 6855:Speke's gazelle ( 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6505: 6475: 6474: 6463:African buffalo ( 6294:B. depressicornis 6249: 6248: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6158: 5931:Himalayan goral ( 5753:C. cylindricornis 5620: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5576: 5575: 5539: 5538: 5527:Blue wildebeest ( 5461:Common tsessebe ( 5412: 5411: 5375: 5374: 5338: 5337: 5250:K. ellipsiprymnus 5223: 5222: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5022:P. mephistophiles 4978:P. mephistophiles 4669: 4668: 4365:M. truongsonensis 4327:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 4228: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4196: 4195: 4139:Java mouse-deer ( 4048: 4047: 4018:Black musk deer ( 3991:Dwarf musk deer ( 3982:Anhui musk deer ( 3957: 3956: 3920:G. camelopardalis 3869: 3868: 2794:on 1 October 2009 2729:, 47(8), 981-995. 2447:on 25 April 2013. 2248:978-0-7735-2285-5 2151:978-0-8018-8221-0 2087:Mammalian Species 2045:, 78(3), 383-394. 2025:"Der Muskusochse" 1636:preorbital glands 1295:Whitehorse, Yukon 792:Mindel glaciation 674:, expanding into 470: 453: 411: 410: 405: 397: 393:Bosovis moschatus 389: 388:Zimmermann, 1780 376: 311:O. moschatus 300: 186: 166: 121: 16:(Redirected from 9108: 9016: 9015: 9003: 9002: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8962: 8961: 8949: 8948: 8936: 8935: 8923: 8922: 8910: 8909: 8897: 8896: 8894:NHMSYS0000377046 8884: 8883: 8871: 8870: 8858: 8857: 8845: 8844: 8832: 8831: 8819: 8818: 8806: 8805: 8793: 8792: 8780: 8779: 8767: 8766: 8754: 8753: 8741: 8740: 8728: 8727: 8715: 8714: 8702: 8701: 8692: 8691: 8689:ovibos-moschatus 8679: 8678: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8662:Ovibos moschatus 8651: 8650: 8649: 8632:Ovibos moschatus 8619: 8618: 8567:Big-game hunting 8352:Northern pintail 8208: 8201: 8194: 8185: 8184: 8100: 8099: 8091: 8090: 8077: 8076: 7968: 7967: 7959: 7958: 7945: 7944: 7857: 7856: 7663:Common warthog ( 7654:Desert warthog ( 7574: 7573: 7565: 7564: 7551: 7550: 7450:Weyns's duiker ( 7324:Peters' duiker ( 7306:Aders's duiker ( 7292: 7291: 7179:Royal antelope ( 7137:Salt's dik-dik ( 7128:Silver dik-dik ( 7119:Kirk's dik-dik ( 7072: 7071: 7049:Saiga antelope ( 7011: 7010: 6950:N. soemmerringii 6819:Dorcas gazelle ( 6664: 6663: 6655: 6654: 6648: 6634: 6633: 6521:Mountain nyala ( 6504: 6503: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6441:P. nghetinhensis 6343:European bison ( 6334:American bison ( 6260: 6259: 6199: 6198: 6190: 6189: 6183: 6169: 6168: 6045:Domestic sheep ( 5889:Himalayan tahr ( 5856:Mainland serow ( 5838:Japanese serow ( 5647: 5646: 5640: 5626: 5625: 5550: 5549: 5423: 5422: 5386: 5385: 5349: 5348: 5326:Bohor reedbuck ( 5234: 5233: 5213:A. nasomaculatus 5136:Sable antelope ( 5113: 5112: 5104: 5103: 5097: 5088: 5087: 4850:Merida brocket ( 4680: 4679: 4621:Thorold's deer ( 4473:A. calamianensis 4356:M. rooseveltorum 4302:M. gongshanensis 4259: 4258: 4250: 4249: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4059: 4058: 3968: 3967: 3947:G. tippelskirchi 3880: 3879: 3843: 3842: 3834: 3833: 3820: 3819: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3713: 3705: 3697: 3695: 3686: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3567: 3561: 3556: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534:10.5962/p.347034 3512: 3506: 3505: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3439: 3428: 3427: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3385: 3374: 3373: 3350:Animal Behaviour 3345: 3336: 3335: 3307: 3301: 3294: 3283: 3282: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3139:. Archived from 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3109: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3081:. Archived from 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3042: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3010: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2947: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2922:. Archived from 2916: 2910: 2909: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2878:. Archived from 2876:"Musk Ox – AWCC" 2872: 2866: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2835: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2741:Ovibos moschatus 2736: 2730: 2727:Biology Bulletin 2723: 2717: 2716: 2711:. Archived from 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2564: 2558: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2525:Ovibos moschatus 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2497: 2491: 2475: 2464: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2443:. Archived from 2437: 2426: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2362: 2345: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2281: 2272: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2194:(8): 2207–2217. 2181: 2164: 2163: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2109:. Archived from 2084: 2078:Ovibos moschatus 2071: 2046: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2000:Ovibos moschatus 1993: 1987: 1986: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1897:Ovibos moschatus 1890: 1807:Danger to humans 1532:Ellesmere Island 1492:Pleistocene Park 1488:Putorana Plateau 1476:Taymyr Peninsula 1451: 1417: 1406: 1374:West Spitsbergen 1339:Second World War 1183:Ellesmere Island 1152:extinction event 1072:Ovibos moschatus 1004:Taymyr Peninsula 980:extinction event 746:extinction event 576:Extant relatives 496:. Native to the 487: 481: 480: 475: 469:romanized: 468: 466: 458: 448: 446: 420:Ovibos moschatus 403: 401:Ovibos pallantis 395: 387: 374: 349: 331: 329:Ovibos moschatus 295: 201: 200: 180: 177: 176: 160: 155: 154: 131: 116: 115: 45: 38:Temporal range: 32: 31: 21: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9061:Holarctic fauna 9026: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9011: 9006: 8998: 8993: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8965: 8957: 8952: 8944: 8939: 8931: 8926: 8918: 8915:Observation.org 8913: 8905: 8900: 8892: 8887: 8879: 8874: 8866: 8861: 8853: 8848: 8840: 8835: 8827: 8822: 8814: 8809: 8801: 8796: 8788: 8783: 8775: 8770: 8762: 8757: 8749: 8744: 8736: 8731: 8723: 8718: 8710: 8705: 8697: 8695: 8687: 8682: 8674: 8669: 8660: 8659: 8654: 8645: 8644: 8639: 8626: 8616: 8611: 8550: 8479: 8410:Bison (buffalo) 8376: 8303: 8291: 8242:Prairie chicken 8215: 8212: 8182: 8169: 8146: 8122: 8085: 8059: 8017: 7953: 7927: 7903: 7879: 7842: 7809:S. philippensis 7746:S. ahoenobarbus 7728: 7720:Red river hog ( 7695: 7671: 7638: 7614: 7588:Buru babirusa ( 7559: 7533: 7525:Common duiker ( 7509: 7467: 7277: 7235: 7211: 7187: 7145: 7094: 7057: 7033: 6998: 6983:P. picticaudata 6956: 6896: 6872: 6866:G. subgutturosa 6785: 6734: 6710: 6686: 6649: 6638: 6616: 6583: 6575:Cape bushbuck ( 6568:T. strepsiceros 6497: 6496: 6494: 6471: 6447: 6423: 6318: 6310:Mountain anoa ( 6245: 6239:B. tragocamelus 6221: 6215:T. quadricornis 6184: 6173: 6155: 6122: 6098: 6054:Bighorn sheep ( 6020: 5996: 5972: 5964:Mountain goat ( 5948: 5940:Chinese goral ( 5897: 5873: 5858:C. sumatraensis 5822: 5805:Siberian ibex ( 5769:Domestic goat ( 5717: 5693: 5669: 5661:Barbary sheep ( 5641: 5630: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5572: 5535: 5502: 5478: 5445: 5408: 5371: 5334: 5292: 5219: 5195: 5169:Scimitar oryx ( 5144: 5127:Roan antelope ( 5098: 5092: 5070: 5028: 5020:Northern pudu ( 4994: 4986:Southern pudu ( 4976:Northern pudu ( 4960: 4936: 4912: 4877:Pygmy brocket ( 4859:Dwarf brocket ( 4816: 4783: 4759: 4726: 4702: 4665: 4605: 4554: 4530: 4497: 4471:Calamian deer ( 4446: 4440:D. mesopotamica 4413: 4389: 4383:M. vuquangensis 4381:Giant muntjac ( 4291:Fea's muntjac ( 4244: 4238: 4220: 4208: 4192: 4123: 4081: 4044: 4002:M. chrysogaster 3953: 3945:Masai giraffe ( 3902: 3865: 3828: 3814: 3776: 3769: 3703:"Musk Ox" 3700: 3684:"Musk-Ox" 3681: 3668:Wayback Machine 3648: 3643: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3542: 3513: 3509: 3494:10.2307/3808645 3478: 3471: 3456:10.2307/3799877 3440: 3431: 3416: 3409: 3386: 3377: 3346: 3339: 3308: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3243: 3239: 3188: 3181: 3152: 3148: 3143:on 21 May 2005. 3131: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3013: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2926:on 3 March 2016 2918: 2917: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2882:on 6 March 2021 2874: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2845:on 4 March 2016 2837: 2836: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2784: 2780: 2737: 2733: 2724: 2720: 2709:moskussafari.no 2703: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2574:on 17 July 2011 2566: 2565: 2561: 2555:Wayback Machine 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2477:Switek, Brian. 2476: 2467: 2456: 2452: 2439: 2438: 2429: 2421: 2414: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2363: 2348: 2332: 2325: 2282: 2275: 2269:Wayback Machine 2260: 2256: 2249: 2235: 2231: 2182: 2167: 2152: 2125: 2121: 2116:on 20 May 2013. 2113: 2099:10.2307/3504280 2082: 2072: 2049: 2040: 2036: 2021: 2017: 1994: 1990: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1891: 1876: 1871: 1831: 1809: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1754:preputial gland 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1675: 1621: 1603: 1571: 1516: 1445: 1411: 1400: 1311: 1241:to Alaska. The 1207: 1081: 1064: 1012: 963:Along with the 643: 578: 573: 529:Canadian Arctic 340: 333: 327: 314: 294: 195: 187: 178: 174: 167: 156: 152: 145: 122: 114: 113: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 40: 39: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9114: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9017: 9004: 8991: 8975: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8950: 8937: 8924: 8911: 8898: 8885: 8872: 8859: 8846: 8833: 8820: 8807: 8794: 8781: 8768: 8759:Fauna Europaea 8755: 8742: 8729: 8716: 8703: 8693: 8680: 8667: 8652: 8636: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8607:Upland hunting 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8386: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8227:Bobwhite quail 8223: 8221: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8188: 8179: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8160: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8140:C. liberiensis 8134: 8132: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8114:Hippopotamus ( 8110: 8108: 8097: 8095:Hippopotamidae 8087: 8086: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8048: 8044:C. dromedarius 8039: 8029: 8027: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8006: 7997: 7988: 7978: 7976: 7965: 7955: 7954: 7941: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7867: 7865: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7831: 7827:S. timoriensis 7822: 7813: 7804: 7795: 7786: 7780:Domestic pig ( 7777: 7768: 7759: 7750: 7740: 7738: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7717: 7707: 7705: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7683: 7681: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7660: 7656:P. aethiopicus 7650: 7648: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7626: 7624: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7608:B. togeanensis 7603: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7571: 7561: 7560: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7521: 7519: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7498: 7489: 7479: 7477: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7459:Zebra duiker ( 7456: 7447: 7438: 7434:C. silvicultor 7429: 7420: 7411: 7402: 7393: 7387:Black duiker ( 7384: 7375: 7371:C. leucogaster 7366: 7357: 7348: 7339: 7330: 7321: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7266: 7260:Cape grysbok ( 7257: 7247: 7245: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7203:Klipspringer ( 7199: 7197: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7176: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7134: 7130:M. piacentinii 7125: 7116: 7106: 7104: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7008: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6992:P. przewalskii 6987: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6945: 6936: 6927: 6918: 6912:Dama gazelle ( 6908: 6906: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6861: 6852: 6846:Rhim gazelle ( 6843: 6834: 6825: 6816: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6774: 6765: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6722: 6720: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6704:A. marsupialis 6698: 6696: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6661: 6651: 6650: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6608:Common eland ( 6605: 6595: 6593: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6572: 6566:Greater kudu ( 6563: 6554: 6545: 6536: 6527: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6435: 6433: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6412: 6403: 6394: 6385: 6379:Domestic yak ( 6376: 6367: 6358: 6349: 6340: 6330: 6328: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6307: 6303:B. mindorensis 6298: 6292:Lowland anoa ( 6289: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6233: 6231: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6209: 6207: 6196: 6186: 6185: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6087: 6078: 6069: 6060: 6051: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6012:Nilgiri tahr ( 6008: 6006: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5937: 5928: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5865:Taiwan serow ( 5862: 5853: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5796:Iberian ibex ( 5793: 5784: 5775: 5766: 5757: 5748: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5685:Arabian tahr ( 5681: 5679: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5643: 5642: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5490: 5488: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5323: 5319:R. fulvorufula 5314: 5304: 5302: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5187:Arabian oryx ( 5184: 5175: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5110: 5100: 5099: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5064:O. virginianus 5059: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5017: 5007: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4983: 4972: 4970: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4930:O. bezoarticus 4924: 4922: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4870:M. gouazoubira 4868:Gray brocket ( 4865: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4623:C. albirostris 4617: 4615: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4407:E. cephalophus 4401: 4399: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4336:Leaf muntjac ( 4333: 4329:M. puhoatensis 4324: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4256: 4246: 4245: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4186:T. williamsoni 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4038:M. moschiferus 4033: 4029:M. leucogaster 4024: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3993:M. berezovskii 3988: 3978: 3976: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3840: 3838:Antilocapridae 3830: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3810:Laurasiatheria 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3768: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3698: 3679: 3670: 3658: 3647: 3646:External links 3644: 3641: 3640: 3614: 3603:on 27 May 2010 3588: 3562: 3551: 3540: 3507: 3488:(1): 344–359. 3469: 3450:(1): 103–108. 3429: 3407: 3396:(3): 295–300. 3375: 3356:(4): 756–758. 3337: 3324:10.1086/409720 3302: 3284: 3257:(1): 135–138. 3237: 3202:(6): 655–660. 3179: 3146: 3124: 3096: 3073:Sipko, Taras. 3065: 3028: 3011: 2990: 2981: 2963: 2960:. p. 105. 2948: 2937: 2911: 2893: 2867: 2856: 2827: 2805: 2778: 2751:(2): 125–129. 2731: 2718: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2650: 2623:(106): 13–22. 2607: 2585: 2559: 2540: 2514: 2492: 2465: 2450: 2427: 2412: 2391: 2377: 2346: 2323: 2273: 2254: 2247: 2229: 2165: 2150: 2119: 2047: 2034: 2015: 1988: 1959: 1931: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1830: 1827: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701:ranging from C 1674: 1671: 1628:Nunivak Island 1620: 1617: 1602: 1599: 1575:arctic willows 1570: 1567: 1520:eastern Canada 1515: 1512: 1480:Wrangel Island 1310: 1307: 1303:Palmer, Alaska 1247:Nunivak Island 1206: 1203: 1177:, arriving in 1164:Sakha Republic 1080: 1077: 1063: 1060: 1011: 1008: 999:Ural Mountains 819:woolly mammoth 642: 639: 577: 574: 572: 569: 541:American state 492:of the family 409: 408: 407: 406: 398: 390: 378: 377: 375:Kowarzik, 1911 363: 362: 356: 355: 351: 350: 342: 341: 334: 323: 322: 316: 315: 308: 306: 302: 301: 287: 283: 282: 277: 273: 272: 267: 263: 262: 257: 253: 252: 247: 243: 242: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 189: 188: 172: 169: 168: 150: 147: 146: 141: 138: 137: 133: 132: 124: 123: 109: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9113: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9014: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8996: 8992: 8987: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8971:Bos moschatus 8968: 8960: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8694: 8690: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8642: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8620: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8572:Bison hunting 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8546:Snowshoe hare 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8521:Gray squirrel 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8445:Mountain goat 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8390:Bighorn sheep 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8337:Greater scaup 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8298: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8277:Spruce grouse 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8262:Ruffed grouse 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8247:Mourning dove 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8209: 8204: 8202: 8197: 8195: 8190: 8189: 8186: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8143: 8141: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8119: 8117: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8074: 8056: 8054: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8035:C. bactrianus 8031: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8014: 8012: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7946: 7942: 7924: 7922: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7900: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7839: 7837: 7836:S. verrucosus 7832: 7830: 7828: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7782:S. domesticus 7778: 7776: 7774: 7773:S. celebensis 7769: 7767: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7725: 7723: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7702:Potamochoerus 7698: 7692: 7690: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7668: 7666: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7635: 7633: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7611: 7609: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7599:B. celebensis 7595: 7593: 7591: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7548: 7530: 7528: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7506: 7504: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7483:Blue duiker ( 7481: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7464: 7462: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7398:C. nigrifrons 7394: 7392: 7390: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7380:C. natalensis 7376: 7374: 7372: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7326:C. callipygus 7322: 7320: 7318: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7274: 7272: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7253:R. campestris 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7232: 7230: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7208: 7206: 7205:O. oreotragus 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7140: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7089: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7030: 7028: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6869: 6867: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6848:G. leptoceros 6844: 6842: 6840: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6782: 6780: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6752:E. albonotata 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6731: 6729: 6728:A. cervicapra 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6631: 6613: 6611: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6599:Giant eland ( 6597: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6580: 6578: 6577:T. sylvaticus 6573: 6571: 6569: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6539:Lesser kudu ( 6537: 6535: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6501: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6468: 6466: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6354:B. domesticus 6352:Bali cattle ( 6350: 6348: 6346: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6166: 6152: 6150: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6056:O. canadensis 6052: 6050: 6048: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6003:Nilgiritragus 5999: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5966:O. americanus 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5891:H. jemlahicus 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5787:Nubian ibex ( 5785: 5783: 5781: 5778:Alpine ibex ( 5776: 5774: 5772: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5623: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5545:Pantholopinae 5542: 5532: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5496:A. buselaphus 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5400:Grey rhebok ( 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5344:Aepycerotinae 5341: 5331: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5289: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5275:Nile lechwe ( 5273: 5271: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5192: 5190: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5108:Hippotraginae 5105: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5085: 5067: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4954:B. dichotomus 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4928:Pampas deer ( 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4888:M. nemorivaga 4884: 4882: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4832:Red brocket ( 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4801:H. antisensis 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4756: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4641:C. canadensis 4637: 4635: 4633: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4602: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4590:R. timorensis 4586: 4584: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4548:E. davidianus 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4515:R. duvaucelii 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4480:Bawean deer ( 4478: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4405:Tufted deer ( 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4338:M. putaoensis 4334: 4332: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4284:M. crinifrons 4280: 4278: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4235: 4231: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4177:T. versicolor 4173: 4171: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3984:M. anhuiensis 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3938:G. reticulata 3934: 3932: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3544: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3425: 3421: 3420:Nature Canada 3414: 3412: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3342: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3184: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3032: 3025:(in Russian). 3024: 3018: 3016: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2941: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2860: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2832: 2815: 2809: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2660: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2595: 2594:"Muskox Uses" 2589: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2544: 2528: 2526: 2518: 2502: 2496: 2489: 2488: 2487:Science Blogs 2483: 2480: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2463: 2462: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2396: 2380: 2378:0-8061-3170-5 2374: 2370: 2369: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2344: 2343:0-7894-7764-5 2340: 2336: 2330: 2328: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2258: 2250: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2044: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2001: 1992: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1874: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1852:Kangerlussuaq 1849: 1845: 1839: 1837: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1804: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1679: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1616: 1613: 1608: 1607:heterothermic 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:grizzly bears 1584: 1583:arctic wolves 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484:Arctic Circle 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1410: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1394:Dovre Railway 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370:Adventfjorden 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1315: 1306: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1228: 1223: 1216: 1211: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1132:Euceratherium 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107:south of the 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1073: 1068: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1016: 1007: 1005: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:North America 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907:British Isles 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 860: 855: 850: 848: 844: 841:evolved into 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768:Mediterranean 765: 761: 757: 756: 751: 747: 744: 740: 739:Euceratherium 736: 735:Euceratherium 732: 728: 724: 723: 717: 715: 714:Euceratherium 711: 707: 703: 699: 698: 697:Euceratherium 693: 689: 688:North America 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664:frontal bones 661: 653: 652: 651:Euceratherium 647: 638: 636: 632: 631: 627:of the genus 626: 622: 621: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 510:mating season 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490:hoofed mammal 486: 474: 462: 457: 451: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 421: 416: 402: 399: 394: 391: 386: 385:Bos moschatus 383: 382: 381: 373: 370: 369: 368: 364: 361: 357: 352: 348: 343: 338: 332: 330: 324: 321: 320:Binomial name 317: 313: 312: 307: 304: 303: 298: 293: 292: 288: 285: 284: 281: 278: 275: 274: 271: 268: 265: 264: 261: 258: 255: 254: 251: 248: 245: 244: 241: 238: 235: 234: 231: 228: 225: 224: 221: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 204: 199: 194: 190: 184: 170: 164: 159: 158:Least Concern 148: 144: 139: 134: 130: 125: 119: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 44: 33: 30: 19: 9101:Wool animals 8970: 8631: 8602:Wolf hunting 8577:Deer hunting 8562:Bear hunting 8511:Fox squirrel 8484:Other quarry 8459: 8362:Ross's goose 8342:Lesser scaup 8322:Canada goose 8139: 8127: 8116:H. amphibius 8115: 8105:Hippopotamus 8103: 8083:Whippomorpha 8052: 8043: 8034: 8022: 8010: 8001: 7992: 7983: 7971: 7920: 7908: 7896: 7884: 7872: 7860: 7835: 7826: 7817: 7808: 7799: 7790: 7781: 7772: 7764:S. cebifrons 7763: 7754: 7745: 7733: 7721: 7712: 7700: 7688: 7676: 7665:P. africanus 7664: 7655: 7645:Phacochoerus 7643: 7631: 7619: 7607: 7598: 7590:B. babyrussa 7589: 7577: 7526: 7514: 7502: 7494:P. maxwellii 7493: 7485:P. monticola 7484: 7472: 7460: 7451: 7442: 7433: 7425:C. rufilatus 7424: 7415: 7406: 7397: 7388: 7379: 7370: 7361: 7352: 7343: 7342:Bay duiker ( 7335:C. crusalbum 7334: 7325: 7316: 7307: 7295: 7287:Cephalophini 7270: 7262:R. melanotis 7261: 7252: 7240: 7228: 7216: 7204: 7192: 7180: 7172:N. moschatus 7171: 7162: 7150: 7138: 7129: 7120: 7112:M. guentheri 7111: 7099: 7088:D. megalotis 7087: 7075: 7050: 7038: 7027:P. hodgsonii 7026: 7014: 6991: 6982: 6974:P. gutturosa 6973: 6961: 6949: 6940: 6931: 6922: 6913: 6901: 6889: 6877: 6865: 6856: 6847: 6838: 6830:G. erlangeri 6829: 6820: 6811: 6803:G. bennettii 6802: 6790: 6778: 6770:E. thomsonii 6769: 6761:E. rufifrons 6760: 6751: 6739: 6727: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6679: 6667: 6609: 6601:T. derbianus 6600: 6588: 6576: 6567: 6558: 6549: 6540: 6532:T. eurycerus 6531: 6522: 6513: 6489: 6481:Tragelaphini 6464: 6452: 6440: 6428: 6416: 6407: 6399:B. javanicus 6398: 6389: 6381:B. grunniens 6380: 6371: 6363:B. frontalis 6362: 6353: 6344: 6335: 6323: 6311: 6302: 6293: 6284: 6275: 6263: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6202: 6149:R. rupicapra 6148: 6140:R. pyrenaica 6139: 6127: 6115: 6103: 6091: 6082: 6081:Snow sheep ( 6073: 6064: 6063:Dall sheep ( 6055: 6046: 6037: 6025: 6014:N. hylocrius 6013: 6001: 5990:O. moschatus 5989: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5965: 5953: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5878: 5866: 5857: 5848: 5839: 5827: 5815: 5814:Walia ibex ( 5806: 5798:C. pyrenaica 5797: 5788: 5779: 5770: 5762:C. falconeri 5761: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5722: 5711:B. taxicolor 5710: 5698: 5686: 5674: 5662: 5650: 5566:P. hodgsonii 5565: 5553: 5528: 5519: 5509:Connochaetes 5507: 5495: 5494:Hartebeest ( 5483: 5471: 5462: 5450: 5438: 5426: 5418:Alcelaphinae 5402:P. capreolus 5401: 5389: 5364: 5352: 5327: 5318: 5310:R. arundinum 5309: 5297: 5285: 5277:K. megaceros 5276: 5267: 5258: 5249: 5237: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5149: 5137: 5128: 5116: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5012: 4999: 4987: 4977: 4965: 4953: 4952:Marsh deer ( 4941: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4834:M. americana 4833: 4821: 4809: 4800: 4790:Hippocamelus 4788: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4744:C. capreolus 4743: 4731: 4719: 4718:Water deer ( 4707: 4695: 4683: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4589: 4581:R. mariannus 4580: 4571: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4522:Eld's deer ( 4514: 4513:Barasingha ( 4502: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4451: 4439: 4430: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4374:M. vaginalis 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4275:M. atherodes 4274: 4262: 4185: 4176: 4168:T. nigricans 4167: 4158: 4149: 4141:T. javanicus 4140: 4128: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4086: 4075:H. aquaticus 4074: 4062: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3983: 3971: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3907: 3896:O. johnstoni 3895: 3883: 3859:A. americana 3858: 3846: 3808:Superorder: 3802:Infraclass: 3773:Artiodactyla 3707: 3690: 3675: 3631:. Retrieved 3627:the original 3617: 3605:. Retrieved 3601:the original 3591: 3579:. Retrieved 3574: 3565: 3554: 3543: 3527:(1): 52–60. 3524: 3520: 3510: 3485: 3481: 3447: 3443: 3423: 3419: 3393: 3389: 3353: 3349: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3297: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3199: 3195: 3166:(1): 81–84. 3163: 3159: 3149: 3141:the original 3136: 3127: 3115:. Retrieved 3111: 3099: 3087:. Retrieved 3083:the original 3078: 3068: 3056:. Retrieved 3049:the original 3044: 3031: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2951: 2940: 2928:. Retrieved 2924:the original 2914: 2905: 2896: 2884:. Retrieved 2880:the original 2870: 2859: 2847:. Retrieved 2843:the original 2818:. Retrieved 2808: 2796:. Retrieved 2792:the original 2781: 2748: 2745:Polar Record 2744: 2740: 2734: 2726: 2721: 2713:the original 2708: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663:. Retrieved 2661:. Qiviut.com 2653: 2620: 2617:Polar Record 2616: 2610: 2598:. Retrieved 2588: 2576:. Retrieved 2572:the original 2562: 2543: 2531:. Retrieved 2524: 2517: 2505:. Retrieved 2495: 2485: 2481: 2460: 2453: 2445:the original 2425:. taiga.net. 2406: 2382:. Retrieved 2367: 2334: 2293: 2289: 2257: 2238: 2232: 2191: 2185: 2140: 2136:Wilson, D.E. 2122: 2111:the original 2093:(1–9): 1–9. 2090: 2086: 2077: 2042: 2037: 2028: 2018: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1991: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1950:. Retrieved 1943: 1934: 1922:. Retrieved 1908: 1902: 1896: 1860: 1840: 1836:Banks Island 1832: 1823:Nome, Alaska 1816: 1813: 1810: 1770: 1766:benzoic acid 1751: 1695:benzaldehyde 1688: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1633: 1604: 1578: 1572: 1555:Diana Island 1545: 1539: 1517: 1500:Sergey Zimov 1496:Kolyma River 1469: 1458: 1456:until 2018. 1436: 1428: 1390: 1382:World War II 1351: 1327:Banks Island 1324: 1299: 1239:reintroduced 1231: 1168: 1130: 1124: 1117:Appalachians 1082: 1071: 1053: 1046: 1020: 992: 962: 954:Banks Island 935: 931:interglacial 901:appeared in 898: 896: 887: 875: 871: 863: 857: 853: 851: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 817:, reindeer, 810: 800:Kolyma river 795: 779: 763: 759: 753: 749: 738: 734: 731:Irvingtonian 720: 718: 713: 695: 668:Central Asia 657: 649: 628: 619: 605: 579: 518: 502:seasonal rut 485:mâthi-mostos 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 418: 414: 412: 400: 392: 384: 379: 371: 366: 328: 326: 310: 309: 290: 289: 250:Artiodactyla 29: 8876:NatureServe 8798:iNaturalist 8656:Wikispecies 8582:Fox hunting 7993:L. guanicoe 7852:Tayassuidae 7816:Wild boar ( 7755:S. barbatus 7713:P. larvatus 7689:P. salvania 7687:Pygmy hog ( 7621:Hylochoerus 7474:Philantomba 7362:C. jentinki 7344:C. dorsalis 7297:Cephalophus 7181:N. pygmaeus 7139:M. saltiana 7077:Dorcatragus 7051:S. tatarica 6941:N. petersii 6879:Litocranius 6779:E. tilonura 6726:Blackbuck ( 6702:Springbok ( 6645:Antilopinae 6643:(subfamily 6590:Taurotragus 6557:Sitatunga ( 6550:T. scriptus 6541:T. imberbis 6498:(including 6491:Tragelaphus 6312:B. quarlesi 6194:Boselaphini 6178:(subfamily 6083:O. nivicola 5924:N. caudatus 5913:Red goral ( 5904:Naemorhedus 5867:C. swinhoei 5847:Red serow ( 5829:Capricornis 5807:C. sibirica 5744:C. caucasia 5735:C. aegagrus 5733:Wild goat ( 5687:A. jayakari 5676:Arabitragus 5635:(subfamily 5606:Antilopinae 5529:C. taurinus 5472:D. pygargus 5365:A. melampus 5286:K. vardonii 5248:Waterbuck ( 5189:O. leucoryx 5118:Hippotragus 5046:O. hemionus 5044:Mule deer ( 4943:Blastocerus 4852:M. bricenii 4810:H. bisulcus 4777:R. tarandus 4753:C. pygargus 4675:Capreolinae 4657:Sika deer ( 4599:R. unicolor 4588:Rusa deer ( 4491:A. porcinus 4311:M. montanus 4108:M. kathygre 3857:Pronghorn ( 3848:Antilocapra 3633:22 December 3581:19 December 3390:Zoo Biology 3318:(1): 1–38. 3089:21 December 2523:"Ellis, E. 1945:NatureServe 1924:24 December 1691:cholesterol 1605:Muskox are 1591:polar bears 1446: [ 1412: [ 1401: [ 1349:, in 1971. 1251:subsistence 1145:Pleistocene 1101:Wisconsinan 1085:Pleistocene 1083:During the 1031:guard hairs 919:Green Spain 815:wild horses 692:Pleistocene 670:during the 630:Naemorhedus 590:Antilopinae 266:Subfamily: 183:NatureServe 41:0.2–0 9030:Categories 8986:Q122524998 8470:Polar bear 8465:Dall sheep 8405:Brown bear 8395:Black bear 8367:Snow goose 8327:Canvasback 8317:Black duck 8220:Game birds 8129:Choeropsis 8011:L. vicugna 7897:C. wagneri 7800:S. oliveri 7791:S. heureni 7527:S. grimmia 7516:Sylvicapra 7503:P. walteri 7416:C. rubidis 7407:C. ogilbyi 7353:C. harveyi 7317:C. brookei 7271:R. sharpei 7251:Steenbok ( 7242:Raphicerus 7194:Oreotragus 7067:Neotragini 7016:Pantholops 6932:N. notatus 6890:L. walleri 6839:G. gazella 6812:G. cuvieri 6801:Chinkara ( 6693:Antidorcas 6680:A. clarkei 6669:Ammodorcas 6659:Antilopini 6559:T. spekeii 6523:T. buxtoni 6514:T. angasii 6406:Wild yak ( 6390:B. indicus 6345:B. bonasus 6285:B. bubalis 6228:Boselaphus 6204:Tetracerus 6074:O. gmelini 5942:N. griseus 5915:N. baileyi 5880:Hemitragus 5849:C. rubidus 5840:C. crispus 5789:C. nubiana 5652:Ammotragus 5555:Pantholops 5485:Alcelaphus 5470:Bontebok ( 5463:D. lunatus 5452:Damaliscus 5439:B. hunteri 5328:R. redunca 5229:Reduncinae 5180:O. gazella 5129:H. equinus 5055:O. pandora 5035:Odocoileus 4919:Ozotoceros 4775:Reindeer ( 4720:H. inermis 4709:Hydropotes 4632:C. elaphus 4630:Red deer ( 4572:R. alfredi 4489:Hog deer ( 4347:M. reevesi 4320:M. muntjak 4150:T. kanchil 4117:M. meminna 4064:Hyemoschus 4054:Tragulidae 4011:M. cupreus 3929:G. giraffa 3875:Giraffidae 3826:Ruminantia 3058:15 January 2886:11 October 2798:1 February 2600:1 February 2459:Pronghorn 2296:: 99–110. 2012:: 106–107. 1869:References 1699:γ-lactones 1681:Muskox on 1645:Muskox in 1612:hemoglobin 1601:Physiology 1595:wolverines 1432:inbreeding 1386:Härjedalen 1378:Adolf Hoel 1354:Dovrefjell 1343:Härjedalen 1213:Muskox at 1126:Bootherium 1079:Prehistory 876:Bootherium 859:Bootherium 854:Praeovibos 847:Praeovibos 839:Praeovibos 835:Praeovibos 827:Praeovibos 823:stag-moose 796:Praeovibos 780:Praeovibos 764:Praeovibos 755:Praeovibos 521:Woods Cree 461:Woods Cree 380:Specific: 337:Zimmermann 297:Blainville 120:– Holocene 8455:Pronghorn 8450:Mule deer 8400:Razorback 8372:Wood duck 8309:Waterfowl 8257:Ptarmigan 8081:Suborder 7991:Guanaco ( 7963:Camelidae 7949:Suborder 7921:D. tajacu 7910:Dicotyles 7886:Catagonus 7873:T. pecari 7818:S. scrofa 7722:P. porcus 7711:Bushpig ( 7579:Babyrousa 7555:Suborder 7452:C. weynsi 7443:C. spadix 7308:C. adersi 7229:O. ourebi 7163:N. batesi 7152:Neotragus 7121:M. kirkii 6923:N. granti 6888:Gerenuk ( 6857:G. spekei 6821:G. dorcas 6678:Dibatag ( 6465:S. caffer 6430:Pseudoryx 6417:B. taurus 6397:Banteng ( 6372:B. gaurus 6301:Tamaraw ( 6147:Chamois ( 6129:Rupicapra 6116:P. nayaur 6092:O. vignei 6072:Mouflon ( 5771:C. hircus 5760:Markhor ( 5663:A. lervia 5428:Beatragus 5354:Aepyceros 5178:Gemsbok ( 5171:O. dammah 5013:P. carlae 4906:M. temama 4897:M. rufina 4861:M. chunyi 4843:M. bororo 4733:Capreolus 4659:C. nippon 4650:C. hanglu 4537:Elaphurus 4482:A. kuhlii 4396:Elaphodus 4264:Muntiacus 4099:M. indica 4088:Moschiola 4020:M. fuscus 3963:Moschidae 3824:Suborder 3784:Kingdom: 3271:0305-0491 3216:0174-1578 2773:128814689 2645:131125814 2384:25 August 2318:140156564 2128:Grubb, P. 1663:precocial 1418:area and 1398:Nystuguhø 1275:Anchorage 1227:Greenland 1179:Greenland 1093:Greenland 1045:, called 969:pronghorn 933:periods. 852:Two more 807:megafauna 750:Soergelia 737:. Unlike 722:Soergelia 582:Ovibovina 571:Evolution 525:Greenland 514:Inuktitut 473:mâthi-môs 450:romanized 441:Inuktitut 437:musk oxen 431:, plural 367:Generic: 305:Species: 280:Ovibovini 216:Kingdom: 210:Eukaryota 18:Musk oxen 8980:Wikidata 8881:2.102769 8868:14200813 8816:11177784 8696:BioLib: 8641:Wikidata 8555:See also 8516:Gray fox 8382:Big game 8287:Woodcock 8053:C. ferus 8009:Vicuña ( 8002:L. pacos 8000:Alpaca ( 7984:L. glama 7951:Tylopoda 7461:C. zebra 7389:C. niger 6963:Procapra 6741:Eudorcas 6717:Antilope 6454:Syncerus 6415:Cattle ( 6408:B. mutus 6336:B. bison 6276:B. arnee 6237:Nilgai ( 6114:Bharal ( 6105:Pseudois 6065:O. dalli 6047:O. aries 6038:O. ammon 6036:Argali ( 5988:Muskox ( 5955:Oreamnos 5933:N. goral 5816:C. walie 5700:Budorcas 5637:Caprinae 5582:Caprinae 5437:Hirola ( 5381:Peleinae 5363:Impala ( 5268:K. leche 5266:Lechwe ( 5162:O. beisa 5138:H. niger 4799:Taruca ( 4766:Rangifer 4696:A. alces 4597:Sambar ( 4524:R. eldii 4504:Rucervus 4462:Chital ( 4254:Cervinae 4241:Cervidae 4202:Cervidae 4130:Tragulus 3804:Eutheria 3798:Mammalia 3792:Chordata 3790:Phylum: 3786:Animalia 3664:Archived 3575:NBC News 3426:: 19–26. 3370:53187116 3332:85113457 3232:25028935 3117:11 April 2788:"Muskox" 2705:"Muskox" 2551:Archived 2484:blog on 2265:Archived 2216:24272381 2160:62265494 2130:(2005). 1952:17 April 1947:Explorer 1685:, Russia 1563:Labrador 1536:Kuujjuaq 1508:Holocene 1461:Svalbard 1452:outside 1420:Hjerkinn 1366:Svalbard 1360:outside 1321:, Norway 1317:Male in 1217:, Alaska 1187:Holocene 1149:Holocene 1121:Virginia 977:Holocene 967:and the 923:red deer 886:, while 788:red deer 784:reindeer 774:and the 743:Holocene 672:Pliocene 620:Budorcas 600:than to 527:and the 488:), is a 456:umingmak 433:muskoxen 360:Synonyms 270:Caprinae 256:Family: 240:Mammalia 230:Chordata 226:Phylum: 220:Animalia 206:Domain: 163:IUCN 3.1 9051:Caprids 9008:ZooBank 9000:4409360 8855:1006202 8790:2441108 8647:Q184004 8597:Fishing 8592:Whaling 8541:Red fox 8536:Raccoon 8526:Opossum 8415:Caribou 8357:Redhead 8347:Mallard 8332:Gadwall 8165:Cetacea 8156:Cetacea 8024:Camelus 7982:Llama ( 7862:Tayassu 7678:Porcula 7227:Oribi ( 7218:Ourebia 7101:Madoqua 7086:Beira ( 7007:Saigini 6914:N. dama 6792:Gazella 6641:Bovidae 6639:Family 6610:T. oryx 6530:Bongo ( 6512:Nyala ( 6439:Saola ( 6361:Gayal ( 6265:Bubalus 6180:Bovinae 6176:Bovidae 6174:Family 6090:Urial ( 5780:C. ibex 5709:Takin ( 5633:Bovidae 5631:Family 5594:Bovinae 5520:C. gnou 5299:Redunca 5211:Addax ( 5095:Bovidae 5093:Family 5001:Pudella 4988:P. pudu 4879:M. nana 4694:Moose ( 4464:A. axis 4431:D. dama 4293:M. feae 4239:Family 4214:Bovidae 4159:T. napu 3973:Moschus 3909:Giraffa 3894:Okapi ( 3796:Class: 3775:species 3771:Extant 3712:. 1905. 3696:. 1914. 3654:at the 3607:3 March 3502:3808645 3464:3799877 3279:2598629 3224:2335593 3009:, 1989. 2930:26 July 2849:3 March 2820:3 March 2753:Bibcode 2665:3 March 2625:Bibcode 2578:3 March 2533:3 March 2507:3 March 2482:Laelaps 2298:Bibcode 2224:8453835 2196:Bibcode 2107:3504280 2002:Blainv" 1981:g. XI. 1795:(with C 1773:-cresol 1762:prepuce 1756:and is 1725:(with C 1569:Ecology 1559:Vagrant 1465:Iceland 1362:Ålesund 1358:Gurskøy 1329:to the 1234:Alaskan 1199:Qaanaaq 1113:Midwest 1070:Fossil 1027:withers 988:refugia 938:Siberia 927:aurochs 903:Germany 897:Modern 804:Ice Age 680:Eurasia 676:Siberia 586:Caprini 557:Siberia 537:Nunavut 531:of the 494:Bovidae 452:: 429:musk-ox 425:musk ox 372:Bosovis 339:, 1780) 286:Genus: 276:Tribe: 260:Bovidae 246:Order: 236:Class: 181: ( 179:Secure 161: ( 110:↓ 8933:123197 8829:180708 8764:305235 8751:OVIBMO 8738:328656 8684:ARKive 8676:Ovibos 8531:Rabbit 8506:Coyote 8501:Bobcat 8496:Badger 8475:Whales 8460:Muskox 8282:Turkey 8232:Chukar 7569:Suidae 7170:Suni ( 6903:Nanger 6388:Zebu ( 6370:Gaur ( 6255:Bovini 5979:Ovibos 5284:Puku ( 5259:K. kob 4823:Mazama 4612:Cervus 3885:Okapia 3693: 3500: 3462: 3368: 3330: 3277: 3269: 3230: 3222: 3214: 2771: 2643: 2407:ku.edu 2375: 2341: 2316: 2245: 2222: 2214: 2158: 2148: 2105: 1983:Ovibos 1979:: 76. 1863:qiviut 1779:from C 1651:Norway 1546:qiviut 1541:qiviut 1528:Eureka 1472:Russia 1454:Tromsø 1407:area, 1347:Sweden 1335:Norway 1293:, and 1191:Dorset 1156:Sweden 1115:, the 1105:tundra 1048:qiviut 1039:Alaska 915:France 899:Ovibos 888:Ovibos 864:Symbos 843:Ovibos 831:Ovibos 811:Ovibos 772:Alaska 760:Ovibos 710:Mexico 684:Europe 660:tundra 625:gorals 618:Takin 614:extant 606:Ovibos 565:Sweden 561:Norway 555:, and 547:, the 545:Alaska 512:. Its 498:Arctic 479:ᒫᖨᒧᐢᑐᐢ 415:muskox 299:, 1816 291:Ovibos 35:Muskox 8959:12673 8946:49513 8920:85470 8907:37176 8842:29684 8811:IRMNG 8803:42412 8725:4B9SQ 8712:64741 8699:20926 8430:Moose 7557:Suina 7040:Saiga 6981:Goa ( 6500:kudus 5724:Capra 5391:Pelea 5257:Kob ( 5239:Kobus 5202:Addax 4685:Alces 4639:Elk ( 3498:JSTOR 3460:JSTOR 3366:S2CID 3328:S2CID 3228:S2CID 3108:(PDF) 3052:(PDF) 3041:(PDF) 3001:From 2769:S2CID 2641:S2CID 2314:S2CID 2220:S2CID 2134:. 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