1484:
5922:
521:
2291:
2332:
793:
1334:
54:
1713:
200:
1690:
1618:
192:
6312:
818:
775:
757:
217:
2689:
7639:
2675:
106:
3530:
2388:
225:
1635:
1654:
1673:
2380:
2397:
615:
arrival of the
Spanish invaders. They left abundant traces of their occupation that have been studied since the 16th century, and allow scientists to reconstruct their way of life. It is possible that the Muisca integrated with more ancient inhabitants, but the Muisca were the ones who molded the cultural profile and the social and political organization. Their language, a dialect of
1473:
506:
610:. Like the other formative-era cultures of America, the Muiscas were transitioning between being hunter-gatherers and becoming sedentary farmers. Around 1500 BCE, groups of agrarians with ceramic traditions came to the region from the lowlands. They had permanent housing and stationary camps, and worked the salty water to extract salt. In
1914:). When they became old, Bachué and her husband decided to go back to the deep of the lagoon. That day the Muisca were so sad, but at the same time very happy because they knew their mother was very happy. Other versions of the legend say that after stepping into the lagoon of Iguaque, Bachué ascended to the sky and became
1906:. Bachué sat down at the bank of the lake and waited for the child to grow up. When he was old enough, they married and had many children, who were the Muisca. Bachué taught them to hunt, to farm, to respect the laws, and to worship the gods. Bachué was so good and loved that the Muisca referred to her as
614:
there is evidence of agriculture and ceramics. The oldest settlement of the highlands dates to 1270 BCE. Between 800 BCE and 500 BCE, a second wave of migrants came to the highlands. Their presence is identified by multicolor ceramics, housing, and farms. These groups were still in residence upon the
2582:
This search for an identity resulted in giving emphasis to the Muisca culture and overlooking other native nations, which were seen as wild people. Researchers wrongly concluded that the Muisca culture inhabited a previously empty land and that all archeological finds could be attributed solely to
2371:, a corn-based alcoholic drink. This was a blow to the culture and economy of the Muisca. The ban remained until 1991. Since then, the "Festival of the chicha, maize, life, and joy" is celebrated every year in Barrio La Perseverancia, a neighborhood in Bogotá where most of the chicha is produced.
1824:
Muisca priests were educated from childhood and led the main religious ceremonies. Only the priests could enter the temples. Besides the religious activities, the priests had much influence in the lives of the people, giving counsel in matters of farming or war. The religion originally included
2070:
The Muisca did not construct large stone structures. They didn't use the abundant rock to leave monumental ruins as has happened with other
American cultures. Their houses were built with materials such as clay, canes, and wood. The houses had a conical form, most of them to the point that
2310:
were included in a new political division within the
Spanish colonies in America. The territory of the Muisca, located in a fertile plain of the Colombian Andes that contributed to make one of the most advanced South American civilizations, became part of the colonial region named
2360:, a northern region in modern-day Bogotá, which had been recognized and protected by the crown, were taken away by the republican governments following a strategy of suppression of the native culture and ethnic presence in the country's largest urban centres. The Reservation of
1613:
Another major economic activity was weaving. The people made a wide variety of complex textiles. The scholar Paul Bahn said: "the Andean cultures mastered almost every method of textile weaving or decoration now known, and their products were often finer than those of today."
2595:. Argüello García pointed out that the goal of that expedition in the context of the new nation was to underline the pre-Hispanic societies and in that sense, they centered on the Muisca culture as the main model. A similar tendency can be found in the works of
2570:
After the independence wars in 1810, there was a surge of interest in the study of the Muisca culture. Indigenous
Colombians established the capital of their republic in Bogotá, the former viceroyal city, which was the capital of the confederation of the
3305:
Bonnett Vélez, Diana (1999). "El caso del altiplano
Cundiboyacense: 1750–1800". La ofensiva hacia las tierras comunales indígenas" [The Case of the Cundiboyacense Highland: 1750–1800. The challenge toward the communitarian Indian lands].
2381:
2539:
the report does not include the number of people of the Muisca ethnic group in the entire territory of the ancient Muisca
Confederation or outside that territory. It does not include Muisca Creole persons, it is to say, those of mixed Muisca
2786:
1325:. This kind of legislation was suitable to a confederation system, and it was a well-organized one. The natural resources could not be privatized: woods, lakes, plateaus, rivers and other natural resources were common goods.
1507:, mainly because of the precious resources of the area: gold and emeralds. When the Spaniards arrived in Muisca territory they found a rich state, with the Muisca Confederation controlling mining of the following products:
590:, other lithic tools dated a millennium later were found that belonged to specialized hunters. Human skeletons were found that date to 5000 BCE. Analysis demonstrated that the people were members of the El Abra Culture.
2591:, who led the Geography Commission with Manuel Ancízar and did descriptive studies of the national territory and an inventory of the archaeological sites. The result of the expedition was published in Bogotá in 1889 as
2180:
finally put down the last resistance and the territories of the
Confederations were shared by Belalcazar, Federmann, and De Quesada. Later the Spanish Crown would elect De Quesada as the man in charge, with the title
871:. Most of the tribes were part of the Muisca ethnic group, sharing the same language and culture and forming relations through trade. They united in the face of a common enemy. The army was the responsibility of the
2613:
suggested that the rock art symbols were writing. Wenceslao
Cabrera Ortíz was the one who concluded that the Muisca were migrants to the highlands; in 1969 he published on this and reported about excavations at the
2005:
were based in Bogotá. They recorded many of the myths as they were interested in the traditions and culture of the conquered people. The Muisca territory became the seat of the colonial administration for the
410:
Due to
Spanish colonization, the population of the Muisca has drastically decreased and assimilated into the general population. The descendants of the Muisca are often found in rural municipalities including
2048:; the Spaniards were attracted by stories of a "city of gold" that did not exist. Indigenous people sometimes got rid of the avaricious Spaniards in that way, pointing them in the direction of other peoples.
2083:("Valley of the Palaces"). The houses had small doors and windows, and the dwellings of the higher rank citizens were different. The Muisca used little furniture as they would typically sit on the floor.
3524:
2391:
913:. Although both areas had common political relations and affinities and belonged to the same tribal nation, there were still rivalries between them. Among the territories there were four chiefdoms:
383:
At the time of the
Spaniard invasion, the area had a large population, although the precise number of inhabitants is not known. Estimates vary from 1 million to over 3 million inhabitants. Their
1896:
and all the water came out, forming a waterfall. Bochica punished Huitaca and Chibchacum: He made Huitaca an owl and made her hold up the sky. Chibchacum was tasked with holding up the Earth.
727:
2382:
2438:(ONIC). They proposed linguistic and cultural recuperation, defense of the territories nowadays occupied by others, and proposed urban and tourist plans. They support the communities of
4316:
2165:. The presence of the Spaniards gave hope to both sovereigns that, were they to make one Confederation, they could prevail in a war against the Spaniards. But the Spaniards prevailed.
6341:
4280:
4263:
4001:
715:
6299:
4364:
4234:
3989:
2364:
was re-established on land bought by the community in 1916, and then recognized by the 1991 constitution; the recognition was withdrawn in 1998 by the state and restored in 2006.
2108:
4292:
4169:
4133:
4043:
2087:
2044:
covered himself with gold dust and washed it off in the lake while tossing gold trinkets into the waters. This tradition was well known outside the Confederation, as far as the
2323:. The viceregal era contributed to the importance of Bogotá, and people from the area would play an important role in the fights for independence and republican consolidation.
4328:
4304:
4157:
4145:
4108:
4079:
4055:
3241:"A new species of Brachygasterina Macquart from Colombia, and description of the males of B. stuebeli Röder and B. muisca Soares & Carvalho (Diptera: Muscidae) – Abstract"
4096:
4067:
743:
5902:
4352:
4246:
4222:
4193:
4181:
3631:
740:
2491:
made important achievements in its project of natural medicine in association with the Paul VI Hospital and the District Secretary of Health of Bogotá. The community of
2406:
Since 1989, there has been a process of reconstruction of the indigenous councils by the surviving members of the Muisca Culture. Muisca Councils currently working are
578:, which is estimated to be approximately 13,000 years old. Other archaeological traces in the region of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense have led scholars to talk about an
6365:
4490:
1556:: gold was imported from other regions, but it was so abundant that it became a preferred material for Muisca handicrafts. The many handicraft works in gold and the
6438:
6431:
3547:
2855:
751:
1759:. Their political and administrative organization enabled them to form a compact cultural unity with great discipline. In Spanish, it is called cultura muisca
3223:(2009). "The Muisca Calendar: An approximation to the timekeeping system of the ancient native people of the northeastern Andes of Colombia". pp. 1–170.
5897:
2621:
Recent archaeological work has also concentrated on the creation and composition of Muisca goldwork, with this data being made available for wider research.
7536:
1413:
Geography: Many names of localities and regions were kept. In some cases, the Spanish named cities with a combination of Chibcha and Spanish words, such as
850:, because it did not dominate other ethnic groups or peoples. It is hard to compare the Muisca Confederation with other American civilizations, such as the
7583:
2168:
The reaction of the chief leaders and the people did little to change the destiny of the Confederations. The Spanish executed the last Muisca sovereigns,
6424:
846:
that was a loose union of states that each retained sovereignty. The confederation was not a kingdom, as there was no absolute monarch, nor was it an
6854:
7254:
1578:. Items traded ranged from those of basic necessity through to luxury goods. The abundance of salt, emeralds, and coal brought these commodities to
6067:
3624:
1884:: though not properly a god, he enjoyed the same status as one. He was a chief or hero eternized in the oral tradition. The land was flooded by a
7558:
1892:, protector of the farmers. Bochica listened to the complaints of the Muisca about floods. With his stick, he broke two rocks at the edge of the
1483:
7286:
6289:
5877:
4523:
2634:
731:
6725:
6693:
5862:
2579:. Research shows that this site was the cradle of an advanced society whose process of consolidation was cut short by the Spanish conquest.
745:
6270:
2435:
7673:
4839:
4462:
3617:
3150:
738:
3538:
520:
5867:
4162:
4138:
2694:
1833:
4198:
748:
728:
7311:
4871:
7516:
4285:
4006:
1836:, that the children were regarded as sacred and cared for until the age of 15, when their lives were then offered to the Sun-god,
747:
7678:
6382:
5962:
4321:
4239:
4369:
4251:
3994:
3533:
2936:
7361:
862:. The Muisca Confederation was one of the biggest and best-organized confederations of tribes on the South American continent.
4333:
3518:
6414:
4859:
4084:
3495:
3413:
3346:
García, Antonio; Jiménez, Edith; Ochoa, Blanca (1946). "Resguardo Indígena de Tocancipá" [Tocancipá Indian Shelter].
3295:
2914:
749:
4268:
4101:
4048:
5773:
4888:
1829:, but the practice may have been extinct by the time of the Spanish conquest, as there are no first-hand Spanish accounts.
7026:
4297:
4227:
4174:
3397:
Fundación Misión Colombia: Historia de Bogota, Conquista y Colonia. Tomo 1 Salvat-Villegas editores, Bogotá, Colombia 1989
1590:
Having developed an agrarian society, the people used terrace farming and irrigation in the highlands. Main products were
742:
739:
6633:
5832:
4883:
4761:
3330:]. Série Latinoamericana (in Spanish). Vol. 5. Bogotá: Facultad de Sociología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
2852:
4357:
4186:
4150:
4113:
4072:
4060:
2056:
to the goddess. The legend grew until the term became a metaphor for any place where great wealth may be found or made.
7568:
7550:
5887:
4866:
4505:
2550:
741:
737:
249:
4309:
2141:
were taken advantage of by the Spaniards as they conquered the heart of what would be Colombia. Some of them, such as
892:
The Muisca Confederation existed as the union of two lesser confederations. The southern confederation, headed by the
7593:
7214:
7153:
5826:
4895:
281:
730:
5647:
5336:
2834:
7464:
6228:
2618:
archaeological site. Those publications opened a new era in the studies of the pre-Hispanic cultures in Colombia.
2320:
2290:
476:
7683:
7668:
7573:
7563:
7281:
6516:
5717:
5347:
5029:
4844:
4455:
4392:
2883:
2431:
7444:
3220:
836:
732:
729:
7141:
5809:
5652:
4500:
4429:
3648:
3584:
2724:
2702:
2128:
1983:
went to Suamox for a major festival where ritual offerings were made. It was the only day of the year when the
353:
344:
The territory of the Muisca spanned an area of around 25,000 km (9,700 sq mi) from the north of
289:
265:
245:
5788:
5064:
2315:. Much information about the Muisca culture was gathered by the Spanish administration and by authors such as
725:
7479:
5798:
5039:
4543:
4091:
3151:"A new species of Zephyranthes herb. S.L. (Amaryllidaceae, Hippeastreae) with notes on the genus in Colombia"
2302:
When the Muisca structure disappeared under the Spanish Conquest, the territory of the Confederations of the
7469:
7219:
7168:
5814:
2584:
2146:
2072:
1402:, related to the Muisca culture, speak similar languages, which encouraged trade. The Muisca used a form of
451:
443:. A census by the Ministry of Interior Affairs in 2005 reports a total of 14,051 Muisca people in Colombia.
7606:
7173:
7012:
5892:
5820:
5784:
4854:
2400:
2142:
1682:
726:
620:
7276:
5955:
5486:
5358:
4944:
4686:
4495:
902:). This southern polity included the majority of the Muisca population and held greater economic power.
7616:
7183:
5713:
5597:
5440:
4448:
3107:"Typology, technology, composition and context of Muisca metalwork (Colombia, AD 600-1800): a database"
2177:
1503:
The Muisca had an economy and society considered to have been one of the most powerful of the American
735:
7271:
7234:
7209:
6350:
3572:
Animated video about the Spanish conquest of the Muisca – Tisquesusa, Quemuenchatocha and Aquiminzaque
529:
7611:
7474:
4402:
2331:
744:
2344:
After independence in 1810, the new state dissolved many of the indigenous reservations. The one in
1860:, the sacred city of the Sun. He was the most venerated god, especially by the Confederation of the
746:
733:
7578:
6311:
6213:
5420:
5024:
4949:
4826:
4801:
4515:
3551:
1771:
1317:, that is to say, their rule of law was determined by long-extant customs with the approval of the
766:
598:
Scholars agree that the group identified as Muisca migrated to the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the
555:
295:
Subgroupings of the Muisca were identified chiefly by their allegiances to three great rulers: the
253:
99:
7414:
7409:
7188:
6944:
6284:
2559:
Studies of Muisca culture are abundant and have a long tradition. The first sources come from the
734:
542:
Knowledge of events up until 1450 is mainly derived from mythological contexts, but thanks to the
6836:
6642:
6560:
6084:
6074:
5496:
5169:
4666:
2630:
2554:
2158:
1783:
1746:
1422:
636:
559:
447:
324:
20:
7224:
7193:
5721:
7439:
7404:
5948:
4215:
3487:
3394:
Gran Enciclopedia de Colombia Tematica. Tomos 1 y 11 Círculo de Lectores, Bogotá, Colombia 1994
2720:
2564:
2312:
2295:
2007:
1345:
736:
494:
7601:
7459:
7399:
7291:
6680:
5139:
2150:
1902:: the mother of the Muisca people. It was said that a beautiful woman with a baby came out of
1770:
Pre-Columbian Muisca patterns appear in various seals of modern municipalities located on the
1705:
490:
7449:
7434:
6650:
5642:
5557:
5491:
5124:
4878:
4849:
4648:
4623:
4588:
3601:
3578:
3401:
2469:
1853:
1677:
7239:
6655:
6277:
6105:
4776:
3169:
2511:
2465:
2419:
1871:
1414:
1298:
1058:
416:
7424:
6768:
6504:
6037:
5926:
5793:
5657:
5622:
5542:
5231:
4939:
4834:
4816:
4716:
4440:
2033:
1762:
The contributions of the Muisca culture to the Colombian national identity have been many.
1738:
1643:
1333:
822:
812:
784:
310:
261:
27:
7384:
5119:
2476:, part of the Suba Hills that is considered by the Shelter's Council to be communal land.
2162:
1806:. The winner received a finely woven cotton blanket from the chief and was qualified as a
1647:
1418:
792:
586:, tools and other lithic artifacts date to 9740 BCE; on the Bogotá savanna, especially at
563:
537:
345:
306:
8:
7494:
7394:
7389:
6238:
6007:
5759:
5521:
4553:
4533:
4031:
3472:
3457:
3319:
2933:
2596:
2065:
1285:
546:
we do have descriptions of the final period of Muisca history, prior to Spanish arrival.
469:
4751:
3851:
1257:
7326:
7178:
6665:
6120:
6002:
5882:
5872:
5778:
5602:
5511:
5290:
5034:
4979:
4954:
4618:
4613:
4583:
4578:
4424:
4397:
3284:
3224:
2507:
2492:
2415:
2361:
1504:
1498:
1383:
1116:
1054:
412:
388:
269:
7429:
6157:
5501:
2588:
1802:, has survived and became a popular sport of Colombia. Also important were matches of
7096:
7068:
6660:
6593:
6399:
6326:
5907:
5837:
5803:
5526:
5516:
5226:
5194:
5074:
5004:
4736:
4711:
4643:
4633:
4471:
4345:
4340:
4275:
4258:
4036:
3640:
3609:
3542:
3491:
3409:
3291:
3263:
3208:
3173:
3128:
1803:
396:
127:
7369:
7266:
7229:
6578:
6265:
5104:
4969:
4935:
3661:
3240:
3187:"Jumping plant-lice of the New World genus Calinda (Hemiptera:Psylloidea:Triozidae)"
2001:
The Muisca mythology is well documented. Many of the writers who contributed to the
1944:
1867:
1341:
349:
53:
7454:
7035:
6746:
6732:
6052:
6047:
6017:
5607:
5547:
5531:
5414:
5378:
5285:
5189:
4989:
4806:
4781:
4598:
4593:
4210:
4205:
4125:
4018:
3595:
3529:
3255:
3198:
3165:
3118:
2387:
1996:
1928:
1893:
1356:
616:
587:
123:
6670:
6248:
3896:
3751:
3439:
Diferentes oleadas de poblamiento en la prehistoria tardía de los Andes Orientales
3238:
2911:
2651:
found in Colombia in the area of the Muisca have been named after the people. Two
1712:
1281:
1165:
1161:
424:
199:
7663:
7642:
7379:
6874:
6100:
6062:
6057:
6022:
5730:
5409:
5368:
5353:
5316:
5280:
5174:
5069:
4984:
4959:
4920:
4905:
4726:
4563:
4387:
4026:
3796:
3481:
3466:
3451:
3148:
2940:
2918:
2859:
2680:
2316:
2269:
1952:
1948:
1934:
1826:
1819:
1533:
and other sites. Colombia has some of the world's most significant coal reserves.
1387:
1362:
663:(ruled 1470 to 1490) was in a constant war against aggressive tribes such as the
632:
599:
139:
6688:
6294:
6223:
3741:
3706:
2533:
2529:
2488:
2411:
2407:
2357:
2356:
was reduced to 54% of its original size after 1934, and the indigenous lands in
1915:
1689:
1273:
574:
era. Colombia has one of the most ancient archaeological sites of the Americas:
7374:
7244:
7114:
7086:
7076:
7048:
7043:
6700:
6480:
6258:
6079:
6032:
6027:
5661:
5627:
5471:
5446:
5403:
5393:
5383:
5373:
5331:
5114:
4925:
4915:
4608:
4568:
4558:
3956:
3931:
3906:
3891:
3871:
3761:
3756:
3726:
3701:
3666:
3656:
2952:
2745:
2737:
2049:
2032:(Spanish for "The Golden One") in the early 16th century may be located in the
1807:
1734:
1628:
1617:
1492:
1399:
885:
859:
664:
652:
640:
533:
455:
384:
377:
373:
285:
175:
171:
163:
70:
7484:
5763:
5747:
5567:
3696:
3571:
3563:
3259:
3004:
483:
446:
Much of the historic knowledge about the Muisca comes from the testimonies of
7657:
7499:
7489:
7321:
7261:
7104:
6975:
6456:
6115:
5617:
5461:
5430:
5398:
5342:
5310:
5149:
5109:
5099:
5094:
5084:
5079:
5014:
5009:
4964:
4528:
4485:
3926:
3856:
3846:
3711:
3521:– The Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition catalog – available online as PDF
3267:
3212:
3177:
3132:
3093:
Cuaderno primero: Generalidades, Algunos conjuntos pictóricos de Cundinamarca
2733:
2606:
2563:, which work lasted for three centuries during the existence of the colonial
2219:
2194:
2045:
1756:
1623:
1574:
The Muisca traded their goods at local and regional markets with a system of
1391:
1349:
1314:
843:
680:
668:
660:
567:
404:
357:
191:
179:
5708:
5704:
4696:
4691:
3443:
El simposio 'Los chibchas en América' del II Congreso Mundial de Arqueología
1794:
The Muisca culture had certain sports which were part of their rituals. The
1786:. The remaining Muisca people in central Colombia also have their own seal.
1087:
1083:
1046:
436:
7081:
7058:
7053:
6879:
6710:
6705:
6568:
6450:
6331:
6243:
6135:
6042:
5700:
5676:
5632:
5582:
5577:
5466:
5451:
5435:
5300:
5251:
5246:
5221:
5199:
5164:
5044:
4746:
4681:
4638:
3961:
3936:
3911:
3881:
3861:
3806:
3786:
3771:
3746:
3239:
Pérez, Sandra; Wolff, Marta; De Carvalho, Claudio J.B. (19 November 2012).
3203:
3186:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2711:
2484:) is a publication of poetry, literature, and essays about Muisca culture.
2426:. The councils had an Assembly in Bosa on 20–22 September 2002, called the
2275:
2173:
2111:
2052:
was explored by conquistadors who were looking for gold offerings from the
1903:
1799:
1742:
817:
774:
756:
400:
369:
365:
220:
The Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges; territory of the Muisca
216:
167:
159:
155:
6789:
6165:
5184:
3123:
3106:
2599:. An objection to that point of view came from Vicente Restrepo: his work
2443:
2345:
1544:
1530:
1434:
1191:
1070:
692:
432:
7419:
7316:
7109:
6794:
6784:
6715:
6618:
6253:
6233:
6125:
5696:
5686:
5305:
5236:
5089:
5059:
4766:
4658:
4538:
3946:
3866:
3841:
3826:
3801:
3791:
3781:
3776:
3691:
3676:
2715:
2040:
offered gold and other treasures to the Guatavita goddess. To do so, the
1241:
1211:
1141:
1034:
858:
empires as it was more similar to a confederation of states, such as the
628:
624:
361:
183:
143:
58:
7004:
6864:
6180:
3424:
Los muiscas: una reseña histórica con base en las primeras descripciones
2515:
2423:
2349:
2257:
1870:(The Moon-goddess): her temple was in what is today the municipality of
1426:
1269:
1215:
1207:
1145:
1137:
1108:
1062:
929:. The chiefdom was composed by localities. The tribes were divided into
428:
228:
Southwestern Altiplano; Bogotá savanna, territory of the southern mosca(
7526:
7249:
6985:
6970:
6623:
6608:
6598:
6389:
6012:
5734:
5572:
5552:
4994:
4786:
4548:
2231:
2213:
2090:
1889:
1730:
1403:
1042:
676:
509:
480:
305:, ruling a territory roughly covering modern southern and northeastern
6613:
6170:
5179:
2451:
1852:, Suá, Zuhé or Xué (The Sun god): he is the father of the Muisca. His
1540:
1302:
1294:
1199:
1157:
1125:
1078:
1074:
696:
611:
6980:
6799:
6762:
6720:
6603:
6445:
5755:
5751:
5726:
5476:
4811:
4701:
3766:
3736:
3731:
2991:
Abbreviation in Spanish: "Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia"
2810:
2660:
2462:
2225:
2154:
2023:
1779:
1566:
1561:
1409:
Many Chibcha words were absorbed or "loaned" into Colombian Spanish:
1245:
1129:
1121:
672:
603:
209:
6962:
6869:
6573:
6377:
5260:
4930:
3816:
3577:
3184:
2576:
2522:
2502:
Toward the end of 2006 there was a report on the Muisca population:
2263:
2206:
2076:
1899:
1662:
1306:
1233:
1195:
1187:
1029:
914:
899:
583:
320:
6908:
6903:
6895:
6147:
5742:
5592:
5134:
5129:
5019:
4999:
3876:
3721:
3716:
3686:
2798:
Ministerio de Cultura (2010) "Muiscas, los hijos de Bachué". Bogotá
2525:
5,186 people are registered as belonging to the Muisca ethnic group
2458:
in their efforts to recover their organizational and human rights.
1987:
showed his face, as he was considered a descendant of the Sun god.
1976:
1960:
1857:
1584:
1580:
1515:
1430:
1264:
1112:
926:
571:
338:
257:
224:
204:
111:
5154:
3229:
2439:
1653:
1634:
1249:
1104:
1100:
716:
Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia
440:
6930:
6922:
6588:
6372:
5738:
5275:
5159:
4900:
4796:
4771:
4756:
4676:
4671:
4628:
4603:
4573:
3921:
3901:
3886:
3671:
3564:
Nicely animated video about the Muisca and their religious origin
2656:
2652:
2615:
1911:
1885:
1881:
1672:
1639:
1511:
1395:
1229:
1224:
1095:
922:
867:
579:
575:
513:
462:
5204:
3966:
3105:
Martinon-Torres, Marcos; Villegas, Maria Uribe (15 March 2012).
1775:
1153:
6990:
6419:
6110:
5671:
5054:
5049:
4974:
4910:
4791:
4741:
4731:
4706:
3941:
3916:
3836:
3811:
3681:
3594:
3555:
2640:
2496:
2447:
2368:
2237:
2169:
2107:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1575:
1521:
1445:
1441:
1237:
1149:
1133:
865:
Every tribe within the confederation was ruled by a chief or a
847:
607:
473:
466:
392:
328:
6583:
2396:
2086:
1940:
1918:; in other versions Chia and Bachué are two different figures.
1849:
1837:
1832:
Oral tradition suggests that every family gave up a child for
1472:
724:
706:
6890:
6849:
6175:
6141:
6130:
5321:
5265:
5256:
5144:
4721:
3951:
3831:
3406:
Mercados, poblamiento, e integración étnica entre los Muiscas
2762:
2707:
2648:
2644:
2455:
2353:
2250:
1964:
1752:
1548:
1277:
1253:
1203:
1182:
1091:
1050:
1038:
971:
918:
910:
879:
851:
832:
700:
688:
602:(between 1000 BCE and 500 CE), as shown by evidence found at
420:
333:
302:
297:
5903:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4470:
3197:. Geneva, Switzerland: Société Suisse de Zoologie: 231–344.
3149:
Fernández-Alonso, José Luis; Groenendijk, Jeroen P. (2023).
806:
6957:
3364:). Manuscrito anónimo de la Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia
2624:
1603:
1595:
1553:
1536:
1526:
1477:
1066:
894:
873:
855:
828:
458:
341:
and modern northeastern Boyacá and southwestern Santander.
315:
65:
3519:
The Art of Pre-Columbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection
42:
5940:
2663:
have been named after the Muisca religion and mythology.
3431:
La Chicha, una bebida fermentada a través de la historia
3290:. Vol. 2nd edition. London, UK: Thames and Hudson.
3005:
History of the Investigation of the Rock Art in Colombia
1874:. She was widely worshipped by the Confederation of the
3479:
3104:
2853:
The place of religion in the Muisca social organization
2461:
The Muisca people of Suba opposed the drying up of the
1947:
for the Moon. They developed a vigesimal (based on 20)
1751:
The Muisca were an agrarian and ceramic society of the
1417:(Chibcha: "Bacatá"). Most of the municipalities of the
671:, who would also make difficulties for his successors,
566:
departments) show evidence of human activity since the
3639:
3429:
Llano Restrepo, María Clara y Marcela Campuzano 1994:
3400:
3023:), Bogotá, 1889: Comisión Coreográfica Agustín Codazzi
1667:
Carved in stone by Bogotan sculptor María Teresa Zerda
505:
5898:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
3382:
From the Chibcha People to the Colony to the Republic
1939:
The cult of the Muisca centered on two main deities;
691:, especially for the possession of the salt mines of
3371:
Colombian Encyclopedia within reach – Espasa Century
3369:
Enciclopedia de Colombia a su alcance Espasa Siglo (
3328:
The Chibcha People: Social and Politica Organization
2789:– Ministry of Internal Affairs – accessed 21-04-2016
2670:
3468:
Los Muiscas: organización social y régimen político
352:and from the summits to the western portion of the
3345:
3283:
889:, the traditional ancient warriors of the Muisca.
3464:
3449:
2499:, and regularly barter their products at market.
2103:was richly ornamented in gold and expensive cloth
1963:, the sacred city of the Sun and the seat of the
268:. The people spoke Muysccubun, a language of the
7655:
3527:– development cooperation story of the Wikibook
3391:). Tomo 1 Zamora Editores, Bogotá, Colombia 2003
2973:Decree of August 14, 1940, Republic of Colombia.
2924:
1518:is the primary producer of emeralds in the world
3185:Olivares, Tania S.; Burckhardt, Daniel (1997).
909:, and had its capital in Hunza, known today as
5878:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
5863:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
3433:. Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología
3219:
3055:The Chibcha people before the Spanish Conquest
2862:– Museo del Oro – Biblioteca Luís Ángel Arango
2787:Total population of Muisca in Colombia: 14,051
2779:
2777:
2635:List of flora and fauna named after the Muisca
2183:adelantado de los cabildos de Santa Fe y Tunja
1888:, a beautiful and sometimes mean woman, or by
683:were also a permanent threat as rivals of the
5956:
4456:
3625:
3408:(in Spanish). Bogotá: Banco de la República.
3304:
3034:Memorias sobre las Antigüedades Neogranadinas
2392:Rediscovery of the Muisca indigenous heritage
7350:
7152:
3436:
3038:Memoirs of the Ancient Neogranadian Cultures
2865:
2436:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
2401:El redescubrimiento de la tradición indígena
2367:In 1948 the state forbade the production of
2285:
1955:(June 21), which they considered the Day of
1425:departments are derived from Chibcha names:
933:(ruled by a capitan). There were two kinds:
356:. Their territory bordered the lands of the
63:representation of the initiation of the new
6825:
3378:De los Chibchas a la Colonia y la República
3286:Archaeology, Theories, Methods and Practice
3051:Los chibchas antes de la conquista española
2999:
2997:
2902:
2774:
2601:Los chibchas antes de la conquista española
2428:First General Congress of the Muisca People
1621:Ruins of the astronomical Muisca temple at
707:Timeline of inhabitation of the Muisca area
619:, was very similar to those peoples of the
88:10,000,000 Chibcha Mestizos (approximately)
6549:
5963:
5949:
4463:
4449:
3632:
3618:
3592:
3340:The Chibcha People under the Spaniard Rule
3281:
2837:– Historia Universal – accessed 20-04-2016
2472:. They defended the natural reserves like
1560:tradition of offering gold to the goddess
1386:. It was spoken across several regions of
52:
6202:
5868:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3453:El camino chibcha a la sociedad de clases
3324:Los Chibchas: organización socio-política
3318:
3228:
3202:
3122:
2845:
2843:
2695:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
2352:was reduced to 10% of its original size.
2188:
2176:, in 1539 and 1540 respectively. In 1542
807:Political and administrative organization
4472:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
3336:Los chibchas bajo la dominación española
2994:
2625:Named after the Muisca and their culture
2378:
2330:
2289:
2106:
2085:
1711:
1688:
1671:
1652:
1633:
1616:
1529:: the coal mines still operate today at
1482:
1471:
1451:Relations: the youngest child is called
1332:
905:The northern territory was ruled by the
816:
713:
519:
504:
500:
223:
215:
198:
190:
2326:
2122:
1967:(priest). The Muisca name of the city,
7656:
3358:González de Pérez, María Stella 1987:
2840:
2811:Muysccubun, the language of the Muisca
842:The Muisca people were organized in a
530:Muisca Confederation § Prehistory
497:have contributed notable scholarship.
7349:
7139:
6824:
6548:
6201:
5984:
5944:
4444:
3613:
2982:Law 34 of 1948, Republic of Colombia.
2430:. In that congress, they founded the
1959:, the Sun god. The Sué temple was in
7140:
3605:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3384:). Bogotá: Ediciones Paraninfo, 1991
3376:Hernández Rodríguez Guillermo 1949:
2518:, with a population of 2,318 persons
1864:, who was considered his descendant.
1539:: there were mines in production at
94:Regions with significant populations
4896:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
3170:10.18257/raccefyn.28(107).2004.1987
1951:and knew exactly the timing of the
953:was inherited by maternal lineage.
13:
7674:Indigenous culture of the Americas
5888:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
4867:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
3641:Ancestry and ethnicity in Colombia
3275:
2551:List of Muisca research institutes
2544:
2348:was dissolved in 1940. The one in
1975:, means "City of the Sun". On the
791:
773:
755:
203:View of the Eastern Ranges of the
14:
7695:
4879:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
4850:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
3593:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
3512:
3366:. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo
3360:Diccionario y Gramática Chibcha (
898:, had its capital at Bacatá (now
7638:
7637:
7312:Conquest of the Chibchan Nations
6310:
5920:
4872:Archaeological sites in Colombia
4845:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
3534:Development Cooperation Handbook
3528:
3480:Suescún Monroy, Armando (1987).
3111:Journal of Open Archaeology Data
3085:Monumentos rupestres de Colombia
2687:
2673:
2495:has reintroduced the growing of
2395:
2386:
2157:, discovered the rich plains of
323:and encompassing most of modern
104:
4855:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
3373:). Tomo 1 Bogotá, Colombia 2003
3362:Chibchan Dictionary and Grammar
3142:
3098:
3077:
3060:
3043:
3026:
3009:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2964:Ocampo López, 2013, Ch.13, p.80
2958:
2946:
2432:Cabildo Mayor del Pueblo Muisca
2374:
2339:
2059:
195:Location of Muisca in Colombia.
7679:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
7607:Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso
4430:Race and ethnicity in Colombia
3585:New International Encyclopedia
3437:Lleras Pérez, Roberto (1990).
2889:
2874:
2825:
2816:
2813:– Muysccubun dictionary online
2801:
2792:
2725:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
2583:the Muisca. In 1849 president
2129:Spanish conquest of the Muisca
1719:Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso
883:. The army was made up of the
1:
7287:Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela
5799:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
4860:Archaeological sites in Chile
3387:Historia de Colombia (tr.en.
3221:Izquierdo Peña, Manuel Arturo
2884:Ministerio de Minas y Energia
2768:
2587:invited Italian cartographer
2561:Chronicles of the West Indies
2536:, 1,573 people are registered
2321:Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita
2003:Chronicles of the West Indies
1878:, who was considered her son.
1564:contributed to the legend of
593:
549:
544:Chronicles of the West Indies
477:Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita
16:Indigenous people of Colombia
7013:Diego de Torres y Moyachoque
5893:Mesoamerican writing systems
5850:
4889:Archaeological sites in Peru
3089:Colombian Rock-art Monuments
2028:The origin of the legend of
2017:
1990:
1922:
1683:Archaeology Museum, Sogamoso
621:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
7:
7612:Archaeology Museum of Pasca
5789:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
3506:La formación social chibcha
3504:Tovar Pinzón, Hermes 1980:
2666:
2603:showed them as barbarians.
1813:
1765:
1328:
1313:The Muisca legislation was
288:in 1537 at the time of the
280:. They were encountered by
10:
7700:
7617:Metropolitan Museum of Art
7282:Ortún Velázquez de Velasco
7220:Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano
6106:Battle of Chocontá (~1490)
5985:
5970:
5815:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
5718:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
3539:Muisca: "Chibchan Indians"
3525:Muisca Indigenous Heritage
3465:Rozo Guauta, José (1978).
3450:Posada, Francisco (1965).
3445:. Barquesimeto, Venezuela.
3083:Ortíz, Wenceslao Cabrera;
3003:Argüello G., Pedro María;
2934:Official website Guatavita
2871:Izquierdo Peña, 2009, p.43
2628:
2585:Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
2548:
2468:and wanted to recover the
2192:
2147:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2126:
2073:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2063:
2021:
1994:
1932:
1926:
1843:
1817:
1728:
1724:
1496:
1490:
1467:
1360:
1354:
810:
650:
527:
452:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
25:
18:
7633:
7592:
7549:
7508:
7360:
7356:
7345:
7327:Battle of Tocarema (1538)
7304:
7277:Miguel Holguín y Figueroa
7202:
7161:
7148:
7135:
7095:
7067:
7034:
7025:
6999:
6955:
6943:
6917:
6888:
6847:
6835:
6831:
6820:
6777:
6754:
6745:
6679:
6641:
6632:
6559:
6555:
6544:
6466:
6398:
6349:
6340:
6319:
6308:
6301:Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley
6212:
6208:
6197:
6156:
6093:
5995:
5991:
5980:
5916:
5858:
5849:
5769:
5692:
5667:
5638:
5613:
5588:
5563:
5538:
5507:
5482:
5457:
5426:
5389:
5364:
5327:
5296:
5271:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5218:
5213:
5040:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
4825:
4657:
4514:
4478:
4415:
4380:
4124:
4017:
3982:
3975:
3647:
3260:10.11646/zootaxa.3554.1.3
2953:Seal of the Muisca people
2286:Under the colonial regime
2153:, interested in locating
2118:, executed by the Spanish
2079:, gave the area the name
1789:
1627:("the little hell") near
524:A Muiscan ceramic figure.
154:
149:
138:
133:
122:
117:
98:
93:
87:
82:
77:
51:
41:
40:
7579:University of Pittsburgh
7574:Universidad La Javeriana
7569:Universidad de los Andes
7351:Research and collections
5927:Civilizations portal
4884:Cultural periods of Peru
3561:(in English and Spanish)
3552:Ibero-American Institute
3191:Revue Suisse de Zoologie
3072:The Chibcha Civilization
2097:when the Spanish arrived
1772:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
1657:Statue of water Goddess
570:at the beginning of the
556:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
270:Chibchan language family
254:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
100:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
7235:Hernán Venegas Carrillo
7210:Antonio Díaz de Cardoso
6826:Caciques and neighbours
6101:Battle of Pasca (~1470)
5821:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
4667:Mesoamerican chronology
3426:. Bogotá: Museo del Oro
3422:Londoño, Eduardo 1998:
3308:Universitas Humanistica
3235:Université de Montréal.
3068:La Civilización Chibcha
2631:List of Muisca toponyms
2611:La Civilización Chibcha
2555:List of Muisca scholars
2506:Three Muisca councils:
2143:Sebastián de Belalcázar
1747:Women in Muisca society
837:Independent territories
646:
637:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
43:
21:Muisca (disambiguation)
7684:Prehistory of Colombia
7669:Pre-Columbian cultures
7322:Conquest of the Panche
7305:Neighbouring conquests
6550:Religion and mythology
4524:Archaeological periods
3488:University of Virginia
3486:(in Spanish). Bogotá:
3402:Langebaek, Carl Henrik
3348:Boletín de Arqueología
3204:10.5962/bhl.part.79999
3158:Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cie
3032:Uricoechea, Ezequiel;
2721:New Kingdom of Granada
2565:New Kingdom of Granada
2403:
2336:
2313:Nuevo Reino de Granada
2299:
2296:Nuevo Reino de Granada
2189:Last Muisca sovereigns
2133:Rivalries between the
2119:
2104:
2081:Valle de los Alcázares
2012:Nuevo Reino de Granada
2008:New Kingdom of Granada
1721:
1716:Model of Muisca houses
1709:
1686:
1676:Reconstruction of the
1669:
1650:
1631:
1488:
1480:
1352:
839:
796:
778:
760:
525:
517:
495:Gonzalo Correal Urrego
372:in the northeast, the
364:in the northwest, the
233:
221:
213:
196:
7184:Gonzalo Suárez Rendón
6203:Geography and history
5827:List of Conquistadors
5714:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
5125:Quebrada de Humahuaca
4544:Caddoan Mississippian
3602:Catholic Encyclopedia
3342:). Bogotá: La Carreta
3124:10.5334/4f60dd6baa298
2943:– accessed 05-05-2016
2921:– accessed 05-05-2016
2912:Official website Sopó
2528:in the localities of
2470:Juan Amarillo wetland
2385:
2334:
2293:
2178:Gonzalo Suárez Rendón
2110:
2089:
1715:
1692:
1675:
1656:
1637:
1620:
1486:
1475:
1336:
820:
795:
777:
759:
667:, and especially the
523:
508:
501:History of the Muisca
376:in the east, and the
337:, religious ruler of
227:
219:
202:
194:
150:Related ethnic groups
83:14,051 (2005, census)
7564:Universidad Nacional
7317:Conquest of the Muzo
7225:Gonzalo García Zorro
6778:Mythological figures
6769:Monster of Lake Tota
6505:Muisca Confederation
5794:Francisco de Montejo
5722:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
4835:Andean civilizations
4762:Shaft tomb tradition
2886:– Proexport Colombia
2822:Wiesner García, 1987
2434:, affiliated to the
2335:Muisca people (1882)
2327:Independent Colombia
2123:The Spanish conquest
2034:Muisca Confederation
1798:game, also known as
1739:Muisca mummification
1291:Autonomous chiefdoms
823:Muisca Confederation
813:Muisca Confederation
785:Muisca Confederation
262:Muisca Confederation
28:Muisca Confederation
19:For other uses, see
7551:Research institutes
7292:Pedro Ruíz Corredor
5760:Manco Inca Yupanqui
5065:Manteño-Huancavilca
4534:Ancestral Puebloans
4425:Lists of Colombians
3548:Books on the Muisca
3483:La Economía Chibcha
3473:University of Texas
3458:University of Texas
3389:History of Colombia
3334:Friede, Juan 1961:
3282:Bahn, Paul (1991).
3049:Restrepo, Vicente;
2597:Ezequiel Uricoechea
2575:, and was known as
2482:The Song of the Sun
2151:Nicolás de Federman
2066:Muisca architecture
1706:Gold Museum, Bogotá
1173:Territories of the
1084:Fusagasugá District
1018:Territories of the
980:Chiefdoms (Cacique)
554:Excavations in the
491:Javier Ocampo López
470:Juan de Castellanos
37:
7272:Martín Yañéz Tafur
7240:Juan de Albarracín
7215:Antonio de Lebrija
7194:Juan de San Martín
7179:Baltasar Maldonado
7169:Gonzalo de Quesada
6666:Goranchacha Temple
6320:Neighbouring areas
5883:Columbian exchange
5873:Portal:Mesoamerica
5025:La Tolita (Tumaco)
4840:Indigenous peoples
4579:Hopewell tradition
4506:Indigenous peoples
3490:. pp. 1–113.
3017:Peregrinación Alfa
2939:2016-01-30 at the
2917:2016-02-21 at the
2858:2007-01-25 at the
2593:Peregrinación Alfa
2404:
2337:
2300:
2120:
2105:
1722:
1710:
1687:
1670:
1651:
1632:
1505:Post-Classic stage
1499:Muisca agriculture
1489:
1487:Golden breastplate
1481:
1437:, and many others.
1415:Santa Fe de Bogotá
1384:Chibchan languages
1353:
1122:Guatavita District
840:
797:
779:
761:
558:(the highlands of
526:
518:
368:in the north, the
284:dispatched by the
260:, that formed the
234:
222:
214:
212:is clearly visible
197:
35:
7651:
7650:
7629:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7475:Reichel-Dolmatoff
7341:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7300:
7299:
7174:Hernán de Quesada
7131:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7021:
7020:
6939:
6938:
6816:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6741:
6740:
6661:Cojines del Zaque
6540:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6415:Piedras del Tunjo
6290:Flora & fauna
6193:
6192:
6189:
6188:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5908:Pre-Columbian art
5844:
5843:
5838:Francisco Pizarro
5804:Pedro de Alvarado
5120:Pucará de Tilcara
4438:
4437:
4411:
4410:
3543:Online Books Page
3497:978-958-601-137-2
3475:. pp. 1–216.
3415:978-958-9028-40-7
3320:Broadbent, Sylvia
3297:978-0-500-27867-3
3015:Ancízar, Manuel;
2487:The community of
2383:
1720:
1708:
1685:
1668:
1390:and the north of
1382:, belongs to the
949:). The status of
821:Territory of the
801:
800:
788:
770:
538:History of Bogotá
486:(17th century).
360:in the west, the
246:indigenous people
189:
188:
128:Colombian Spanish
71:lake of Guatavita
7691:
7641:
7640:
7542:
7532:
7522:
7358:
7357:
7347:
7346:
7257:
7189:Juan de Céspedes
7159:
7158:
7150:
7149:
7142:Spanish conquest
7137:
7136:
7097:Cariban-speaking
7036:Chibcha-speaking
7032:
7031:
6953:
6952:
6857:
6845:
6844:
6833:
6832:
6822:
6821:
6752:
6751:
6733:Tequendama Falls
6728:
6696:
6639:
6638:
6557:
6556:
6546:
6545:
6525:
6513:
6501:
6489:
6474:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6408:
6405:10,000 - 2800 BP
6385:
6368:
6359:
6347:
6346:
6314:
6302:
6273:
6210:
6209:
6199:
6198:
6070:
5993:
5992:
5982:
5981:
5974:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5942:
5941:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5847:
5846:
5833:Spanish Conquest
5810:Spanish Conquest
5785:Spanish Conquest
5774:Spanish Conquest
5216:
5215:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4421:
4373:
4361:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4272:
4255:
4243:
4231:
4202:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4142:
4117:
4105:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4052:
4010:
3998:
3980:
3979:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3596:"Chibchas"
3589:
3581:
3570:
3562:
3532:
3501:
3476:
3461:
3460:. pp. 1–42.
3446:
3419:
3355:
3331:
3315:
3301:
3289:
3271:
3245:
3234:
3232:
3216:
3206:
3181:
3164:(107): 177–186.
3155:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3102:
3096:
3081:
3075:
3066:Triana, Miguel;
3064:
3058:
3047:
3041:
3030:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2851:
2847:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2703:Spanish conquest
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2523:Capital District
2399:
2390:
2384:
1997:Muisca mythology
1943:for the Sun and
1929:Muisca astronomy
1894:Tequendama Falls
1755:of the north of
1718:
1704:
1681:
1666:
1661:identified with
1440:Fruits, such as
1398:culture and the
1370:, also known as
1357:Chibcha language
1002:
996:
990:
981:
975:
782:
764:
711:
710:
588:Tequendama Falls
472:(16th century);
266:Spanish conquest
110:
108:
107:
78:Total population
56:
46:
38:
34:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7621:
7588:
7545:
7540:
7530:
7520:
7504:
7352:
7333:
7296:
7255:
7198:
7144:
7119:
7091:
7069:Arawak-speaking
7063:
7017:
6995:
6935:
6913:
6884:
6875:Quemuenchatocha
6855:
6827:
6804:
6773:
6737:
6726:
6694:
6675:
6628:
6551:
6528:
6519:
6507:
6495:
6483:
6468:
6462:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6402:
6394:
6383:
6366:
6353:
6336:
6315:
6306:
6300:
6271:
6215:
6204:
6185:
6158:The Salt People
6152:
6089:
6068:
5987:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5939:
5930:
5921:
5919:
5912:
5854:
5845:
5835:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5787:
5776:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5731:Quemuenchatocha
5729:
5720:
5716:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5660:
5529:
5438:
5412:
5401:
5348:Human Sacrifice
5345:
5337:Human Sacrifice
5334:
5308:
5281:Mayan Languages
5209:
4821:
4653:
4510:
4491:Genetic history
4474:
4469:
4439:
4434:
4419:
4407:
4376:
4367:
4355:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4266:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4196:
4184:
4172:
4160:
4148:
4136:
4120:
4111:
4099:
4082:
4070:
4058:
4046:
4013:
4004:
3992:
3971:
3643:
3638:
3579:"Chibcha"
3576:
3568:
3560:
3515:
3498:
3416:
3298:
3278:
3276:Further reading
3243:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3103:
3099:
3082:
3078:
3065:
3061:
3048:
3044:
3040:), Berlín, 1854
3031:
3027:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2941:Wayback Machine
2930:
2929:
2925:
2919:Wayback Machine
2908:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2860:Wayback Machine
2849:
2848:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:Colombia portal
2679:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2637:
2629:Main articles:
2627:
2589:Agustín Codazzi
2557:
2547:
2545:Muisca research
2394:
2379:
2377:
2342:
2329:
2317:Pedro de Aguado
2288:
2283:
2270:Quemuenchatocha
2197:
2191:
2131:
2125:
2098:
2068:
2062:
2026:
2020:
1999:
1993:
1953:summer solstice
1937:
1935:Muisca calendar
1931:
1925:
1910:(Good woman in
1846:
1827:human sacrifice
1822:
1820:Muisca religion
1816:
1792:
1774:, for instance
1768:
1749:
1727:
1717:
1703:
1680:
1665:
1642:in the town of
1501:
1495:
1470:
1388:Central America
1365:
1363:Muisca numerals
1359:
1340:as depicted by
1338:Muisca numerals
1331:
1000:
994:
985:
979:
969:
957:Confederation (
943:Minor Capitania
935:Great Capitania
826:
815:
809:
803:
790:
789:
780:
772:
771:
762:
752:
750:
709:
655:
649:
596:
552:
540:
503:
489:More recently,
208:
140:Muisca religion
105:
103:
89:
73:
62:
47:
33:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7697:
7687:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7645:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7598:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7555:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7533:
7523:
7512:
7510:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7395:De Castellanos
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7366:
7364:
7354:
7353:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7319:
7314:
7308:
7306:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7267:Martín Galeano
7264:
7259:
7252:
7247:
7245:Juan del Junco
7242:
7237:
7232:
7230:Gonzalo Macías
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7165:
7163:
7156:
7146:
7145:
7133:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7101:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7040:
7038:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7009:
7007:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6967:
6965:
6950:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6927:
6925:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6900:
6898:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6861:
6859:
6842:
6829:
6828:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6758:
6756:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6647:
6645:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6565:
6563:
6553:
6552:
6542:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6514:
6502:
6490:
6477:
6475:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6417:
6411:
6409:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6362:
6360:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6266:Bogotá savanna
6263:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6220:
6218:
6216:Cundiboyacense
6206:
6205:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5989:
5988:
5978:
5977:
5968:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5945:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5842:
5841:
5830:
5807:
5782:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5745:
5724:
5711:
5694:
5693:Notable Rulers
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5662:Neo-Inca State
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5407:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5340:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4881:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
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4118:
4106:
4094:
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4065:
4053:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
3999:
3986:
3984:
3977:
3976:Non-indigenous
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
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3809:
3804:
3799:
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3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:Embera-Wounaan
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
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3614:
3608:
3607:
3590:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3545:
3536:
3522:
3514:
3513:External links
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:. Bogotá. CIEC
3502:
3496:
3477:
3471:(in Spanish).
3462:
3456:(in Spanish).
3447:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3414:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3385:
3374:
3367:
3356:
3343:
3332:
3316:
3310:(in Spanish).
3302:
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3141:
3139:
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2984:
2975:
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2923:
2901:
2888:
2873:
2864:
2839:
2835:Muisca culture
2824:
2815:
2800:
2791:
2772:
2770:
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2765:
2759:
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2757:
2756:
2728:
2727:
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2684:
2668:
2665:
2626:
2623:
2609:, in his work
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2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2198:
2193:Main article:
2190:
2187:
2127:Main article:
2124:
2121:
2064:Main article:
2061:
2058:
2050:Lake Guatavita
2022:Main article:
2019:
2016:
1995:Main article:
1992:
1989:
1927:Main article:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1897:
1879:
1865:
1845:
1842:
1818:Main article:
1815:
1812:
1808:guecha warrior
1791:
1788:
1767:
1764:
1735:Muisca cuisine
1726:
1723:
1629:Villa de Leyva
1572:
1571:
1551:
1534:
1524:
1519:
1493:Muisca economy
1491:Main article:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1449:
1438:
1355:Main article:
1330:
1327:
1315:consuetudinary
1311:
1310:
1288:
1260:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1169:
1168:
1119:
1101:Ubaté District
1098:
1081:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
860:Achaean League
811:Main article:
808:
805:
799:
798:
781:
763:
753:
723:
720:
719:
708:
705:
653:Muisca warfare
651:Main article:
648:
645:
595:
592:
551:
548:
534:Herrera Period
502:
499:
450:and colonists
380:in the south.
354:Eastern Ranges
350:Sumapaz Páramo
327:, the western
319:, centered in
301:, centered in
286:Spanish Empire
272:, also called
187:
186:
152:
151:
147:
146:
136:
135:
131:
130:
120:
119:
115:
114:
96:
95:
91:
90:
85:
84:
80:
79:
75:
74:
61:(1200–1500 CE)
57:
49:
48:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7696:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
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7662:
7661:
7659:
7644:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7602:Museo del Oro
7600:
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7493:
7491:
7488:
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7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
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7471:
7468:
7466:
7465:De Piedrahita
7463:
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7398:
7396:
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7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7375:Acosta Samper
7373:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7348:
7344:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7323:
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7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7262:Luis Lanchero
7260:
7258:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
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7208:
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7195:
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7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7154:Conquistadors
7151:
7147:
7143:
7138:
7134:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7100:
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7039:
7037:
7033:
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7028:
7024:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6976:Saguamanchica
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6942:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6923:Tundama
6920:
6916:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6881:
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6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6672:
6671:Hunzahúa Well
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6631:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
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6597:
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6570:
6567:
6566:
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6562:
6558:
6554:
6547:
6543:
6523:
6518:
6517:Cabildo Mayor
6515:
6511:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6457:El Infiernito
6454:
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6406:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6367:Lake Humboldt
6364:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6356:<10,000 BP
6352:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6303:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6285:Eastern Hills
6283:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6239:Juan Amarillo
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6211:
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6182:
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6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6038:Mummification
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5966:
5961:
5959:
5954:
5952:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5929:
5928:
5915:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5839:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5779:Hernán Cortés
5775:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4827:South America
4824:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4649:Weeden Island
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4624:Poverty Point
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:Mississippian
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4516:North America
4513:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:Paleo-Indians
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3022:
3021:Alpha Travels
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2905:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2868:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2846:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2685:
2682:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2607:Miguel Triana
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:Saguamanchica
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:Muisca rulers
2186:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2075:, founder of
2074:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2046:Caribbean Sea
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:South America
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1624:El Infiernito
1619:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1476:Emerald from
1474:
1463:means people.
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:for numbers.
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:South America
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:Territory of
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:Territory of
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1015:
998:
997:
992:
991:
988:
983:
982:
977:
976:
973:
967:
966:
964:
960:
956:
955:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
896:
890:
888:
887:
882:
881:
876:
875:
870:
869:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:confederation
838:
834:
830:
824:
819:
814:
804:
794:
787:
786:
776:
769:
768:
758:
754:
722:
721:
718:
717:
712:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:Saguamanchica
659:
654:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:Formative era
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:Archaic stage
565:
561:
557:
547:
545:
539:
535:
531:
522:
516:(~11,000 BCE)
515:
511:
507:
498:
496:
492:
487:
485:
482:
478:
475:
471:
468:
464:
460:
457:
453:
449:
448:conquistadors
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
408:
406:
405:manufacturing
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:was based on
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
309:and southern
308:
304:
300:
299:
293:
291:
287:
283:
282:conquistadors
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:(also called
239:
231:
226:
218:
211:
206:
201:
193:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
145:
141:
137:
132:
129:
125:
121:
116:
113:
101:
97:
92:
86:
81:
76:
72:
68:
67:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
29:
22:
7535:
7525:
7515:
7509:Publications
7256:Lázaro Fonte
7000:
6956:
6946:
6918:
6889:
6880:Aquiminzaque
6848:
6838:
6761:
6634:Sacred sites
6569:Chiminigagua
6521:
6510:~1450 - 1540
6509:
6497:
6493:Early Muisca
6492:
6486:800 BC - 800
6485:
6470:
6455:
6451:Lake Herrera
6404:
6355:
6332:Tenza Valley
6327:Ocetá Páramo
6295:Suárez River
6224:Bogotá River
6140:
6008:Architecture
5971:
5918:
5851:
5701:Moctezuma II
5681:
5658:Inca history
5583:Andean Music
5527:Architecture
5522:Architecture
5517:Architecture
5512:Architecture
5508:Architecture
5502:Gender Roles
5247:Tenochtitlan
5170:Timoto–Cuica
5165:Tierradentro
4950:Casma–Sechin
4682:Chalcatzingo
4317:Scandinavian
3821:
3600:
3583:
3569:(in Spanish)
3505:
3482:
3467:
3452:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3423:
3405:
3388:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3311:
3307:
3285:
3251:
3247:
3194:
3190:
3161:
3157:
3143:Bibliography
3114:
3110:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3011:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2948:
2931:(in Spanish)
2926:
2909:(in Spanish)
2904:
2897:Archaeology,
2896:
2891:
2881:(in Spanish)
2876:
2867:
2850:(in Spanish)
2832:(in Spanish)
2827:
2818:
2808:(in Spanish)
2803:
2794:
2784:(in Spanish)
2638:
2620:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2592:
2581:
2572:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2501:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2460:
2427:
2405:
2375:21st century
2366:
2343:
2340:20th century
2307:
2303:
2301:
2276:Aquiminzaque
2246:
2245:
2202:
2201:
2182:
2174:Aquiminzaque
2167:
2159:Cundinamarca
2138:
2134:
2132:
2115:
2112:Aquiminzaque
2100:
2094:
2080:
2069:
2060:Architecture
2053:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1956:
1938:
1907:
1904:Lake Iguaque
1875:
1861:
1831:
1823:
1795:
1793:
1784:Cundinamarca
1769:
1761:
1750:
1743:Muisca music
1699:
1698:
1694:
1658:
1638:Monument to
1622:
1612:
1589:
1579:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1502:
1460:
1459:for a girl;
1456:
1452:
1423:Cundinamarca
1408:
1380:muysca cubun
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1346:Von Humboldt
1337:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:, Tacasquirá
1290:
1262:
1222:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1028:
1019:
1017:
986:
962:
958:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
906:
904:
893:
891:
884:
878:
872:
866:
864:
841:
827:Showing the
802:
783:
765:
714:
684:
657:
656:
597:
582:Culture: In
560:Cundinamarca
553:
543:
541:
488:
445:
409:
401:metalworking
382:
343:
332:
325:Cundinamarca
314:
296:
294:
277:
273:
241:
237:
235:
229:
64:
32:Ethnic group
7594:Collections
6795:Pacanchique
6785:Goranchacha
6656:Moon Temple
6619:Chibafruime
6126:Muisca raft
6003:Agriculture
5764:Túpac Amaru
5748:Manco Cápac
5697:Moctezuma I
5608:Agriculture
5603:Agriculture
5598:Agriculture
5589:Agriculture
5532:Road System
5421:Mathematics
5286:Muysc Cubun
5140:San Agustín
5090:Monte Verde
4767:Teotihuacan
4659:Mesoamerica
4554:Coles Creek
4539:Anishinaabe
4496:Archaeology
4368: [
4356: [
4332: [
4320: [
4308: [
4296: [
4284: [
4267: [
4250: [
4238: [
4226: [
4197: [
4185: [
4173: [
4161: [
4149: [
4137: [
4112: [
4100: [
4083: [
4071: [
4059: [
4047: [
4005: [
3993: [
3867:Pira-tapuya
3677:Awa-Kwaiker
2474:La Conejera
2278:(1537–1540)
2272:(1490–1537)
2266:(1470–1490)
2240:(1537–1539)
2234:(1514–1537)
2228:(1490–1514)
2222:(1470–1490)
2216:(1450–1470)
2114:, the last
1695:Muisca raft
1404:hieroglyphs
1242:Sativanorte
1212:Lenguazaque
1035:Teusaquillo
1030:Bacatá rule
510:Petroglyphs
484:Pedro Simón
389:agriculture
264:before the
144:Catholicism
59:Muisca raft
7658:Categories
7527:El Carnero
7495:Uricoechea
7470:De Quesada
7250:Juan Tafur
7027:Neighbours
6986:Tisquesusa
6971:Meicuchuca
6651:Sun Temple
6624:Guahaioque
6609:Nencatacoa
6599:Chibchacum
6498:800 - 1200
6471:>800 BC
6390:Tequendama
6351:Prehistory
6272:Suba Hills
6048:Muysccubun
5735:Tisquesusa
5709:Cuauhtémoc
5705:Cuitláhuac
5035:Lauricocha
5005:Gran Chaco
4995:Cupisnique
4980:Chinchorro
4955:Chachapoya
4945:Caral–Supe
4787:Tlaxcaltec
4777:Teuchitlán
4692:Chupícuaro
4619:Plum Bayou
4614:Plaquemine
4584:Marksville
4549:Chichimeca
4281:Portuguese
4264:Lithuanian
4002:Venezuelan
3649:Indigenous
2769:References
2549:See also:
2480:Magazine (
2232:Tisquesusa
2214:Meicuchuca
2091:Tisquesusa
2010:(Spanish:
1933:See also:
1908:Furachoque
1890:Chibchacum
1731:Muisca art
1729:See also:
1678:Sun temple
1497:See also:
1361:See also:
1183:Hunza rule
1088:Fusagasugá
1047:Facatativá
1043:Subachoque
931:Capitanías
677:Tisquesusa
635:) and the
594:Muisca era
550:Background
528:See also:
481:Franciscan
437:Gachancipá
331:; and the
26:See also:
7480:Schrimpff
7450:Langebaek
7445:Izquierdo
7390:Broadbent
7380:De Aguado
6981:Nemequene
6945:Southern
6837:Northern
6800:Thomagata
6790:Idacansás
6763:El Dorado
6747:Mythology
6701:Guatavita
6604:Cuchavira
6446:Aguazuque
6214:Altiplano
6166:Zipaquirá
6053:Mythology
6018:Astronomy
5756:Atahualpa
5752:Pachacuti
5727:Nemequene
5593:Chinampas
5415:Astronomy
5404:Astronomy
5384:Mythology
5379:Mythology
5374:Mythology
5369:Mythology
5365:Mythology
5195:Wankarani
5185:Tuncahuán
5075:Marajoara
5030:Las Vegas
4916:Atacameño
4812:Xochipala
4752:Purépecha
4712:Epi-Olmec
4702:Cuicuilco
4644:Troyville
4634:St. Johns
4365:Ukrainian
4235:Hungarian
4216:Mennonite
3990:Argentine
3852:Patángoro
3767:Guambiano
3737:Cocamilla
3732:Chitarero
3268:1175-5334
3254:: 45–57.
3230:0812.0574
3213:0035-418X
3178:0370-3908
3133:2049-1565
3117:(1): e4.
2955:– Commons
2895:P. Bahn,
2653:volcanoes
2639:Several (
2540:ancestry.
2463:Tibabuyes
2444:Tocancipá
2346:Tocancipá
2226:Nemequene
2155:El Dorado
2030:El Dorado
2024:El Dorado
2018:El Dorado
1991:Mythology
1923:Astronomy
1834:sacrifice
1804:wrestling
1780:Guatavita
1700:El Dorado
1567:El Dorado
1562:Guatavita
1545:Zipaquirá
1531:Zipaquirá
1435:Zipaquirá
1246:Sativasur
1192:Ramiriquí
1130:Guatavita
1071:Zipaquirá
989:(Capitan)
987:Capitanía
970:Priests (
767:Altiplano
693:Zipaquirá
673:Nemequene
604:Aguazuque
433:Tocancipá
316:psihipqua
311:Santander
244:) are an
210:Lake Tota
205:Colombian
118:Languages
7643:Category
7440:Humboldt
7410:Duquesne
7362:Scholars
7005:Turmequé
6947:caciques
6909:Sugamuxi
6904:Nompanim
6865:Hunzahúa
6839:caciques
6522:>2002
6467:Ceramic
6278:Wetlands
6259:Tunjuelo
6181:Sesquilé
6148:Zoratama
6121:Emeralds
6094:Specific
6075:Toponyms
6063:Religion
6058:Numerals
6023:Calendar
5852:See also
5770:Conquest
5743:Zoratama
5410:Calendar
5399:Calendar
5394:Calendar
5390:Calendar
5359:Religion
5354:Religion
5343:Religion
5332:Religion
5328:Religion
5317:Numerals
5311:Numerals
5272:Language
5252:Multiple
5190:Valdivia
5175:Tiwanaku
5135:Saladoid
5130:Quimbaya
5020:Kuhikugu
5000:Diaguita
4990:Chorrera
4807:Veraguas
4802:Veracruz
4782:Tlatilco
4594:Mogollon
4501:Cultures
4479:Americas
4420:See also
4293:Romanian
4170:Croatian
4134:Austrian
4092:Japanese
4044:Armenian
4032:Lebanese
3983:Americas
3877:Quimbaya
3797:Kankuamo
3722:Carijona
3717:Carabayo
3687:Barasana
3404:(1987).
3380:(tr.en.
3338:(tr.en.
3322:(1964).
2937:Archived
2915:Archived
2856:Archived
2667:See also
2659:'s moon
2516:Sesquilé
2424:Sesquilé
2350:Sesquilé
2260:(?-1470)
2258:Hunzahúa
2137:and the
1977:solstice
1973:Sugamuxi
1961:Sogamoso
1949:calendar
1814:Religion
1796:turmequé
1766:Heraldry
1608:potatoes
1587:status.
1585:currency
1581:de facto
1516:Colombia
1512:emeralds
1431:Sogamoso
1427:Chocontá
1329:Language
1270:Busbanzá
1265:Sugamuxi
1216:Turmequé
1208:Tibiritá
1146:Sesquilé
1138:Chocontá
1113:Simijaca
1109:Cucunubá
1063:Engativá
927:Sogamoso
633:Kankuamo
627:, Ijka,
572:Holocene
429:Engativá
395:mining,
321:Muyquytá
290:conquest
258:Colombia
134:Religion
112:Colombia
7537:Epítome
7517:Elegías
7455:De Lugo
7405:Correal
7115:Yarigui
7087:Guayupe
7077:Achagua
7049:Sutagao
7001:cacique
6931:Tundama
6919:cacique
6706:Iguaque
6689:Fúquene
6681:Natural
6614:Chaquén
6594:Huitaca
6589:Bochica
6561:Deities
6481:Herrera
6440:Sáchica
6433:Nemocón
6426:Galindo
6373:El Abra
6342:History
6249:Teusacá
6171:Nemocón
6080:Warfare
6069:Society
6033:Economy
6028:Cuisine
5996:General
5739:Tundama
5668:Peoples
5653:History
5648:History
5643:History
5639:History
5633:Cuisine
5628:Cuisine
5623:Cuisine
5618:Cuisine
5614:Cuisine
5472:Warfare
5467:Warfare
5462:Warfare
5458:Warfare
5452:Society
5447:Economy
5436:Society
5431:Society
5427:Society
5297:Writing
5291:Quechua
5276:Nahuatl
5243:Capital
5180:Toyopán
5160:Tairona
5070:Mapuche
4985:Chiripa
4960:Chancay
4931:Cañaris
4906:Amotape
4901:El Abra
4817:Zapotec
4797:Totonac
4772:Tepanec
4757:Quelepa
4727:Mezcala
4717:Huastec
4687:Cholula
4677:Capacha
4672:Acolhua
4629:Sinagua
4604:Patayan
4574:Hohokam
4564:Fremont
4398:Mestizo
4388:African
4341:Spanish
4329:Slovene
4305:Russian
4259:Italian
4158:British
4146:Belgian
4109:Turkish
4080:Iranian
4056:Chinese
3957:Yarigui
3922:Tinigua
3907:Tariana
3902:Tairona
3892:Sutagao
3887:Siriano
3872:Quechua
3762:Guahibo
3727:Chimila
3672:Arhuaco
3667:Andoque
3662:Andaquí
3657:Achagua
3588:. 1905.
3248:Zootaxa
3074:), 1924
3057:), 1895
2746:Guayupe
2738:Achagua
2657:Jupiter
2616:El Abra
2521:in the
2466:wetland
2452:Ráquira
2294:Map of
1912:Chibcha
1886:goddess
1882:Bochica
1856:was in
1844:Deities
1725:Culture
1693:Famous
1644:Cuítiva
1640:Bochica
1541:Nemocón
1468:Economy
1396:Tairona
1368:Chibcha
1303:Tinjacá
1299:Chipatá
1295:Charalá
1258:Tobasia
1230:Cerinza
1225:Tundama
1200:Machetá
1158:Usaquén
1142:Teusacá
1126:Gachetá
1096:Tibacuy
1079:Zipacón
1075:Nemocón
951:Capitan
923:Duitama
886:güeches
868:cacique
854:or the
697:Nemocón
665:Sutagao
617:Chibcha
612:Zipacón
580:El Abra
576:El Abra
514:El Abra
463:soldier
456:Spanish
397:trading
385:economy
378:Sutagao
374:Achagua
348:to the
252:of the
250:culture
242:Chibcha
176:Sutagao
172:Guayupe
124:Chibcha
69:at the
7664:Muisca
7541:(1889)
7531:(1638)
7521:(1589)
7490:Triana
7460:Ocampo
7435:Hammen
7425:Gamboa
7420:Friede
7415:Freyle
7385:Arango
7370:Acosta
7105:Panche
6991:Sagipa
6963:Bacatá
6896:Suamox
6870:Michuá
6727:Ubaque
6716:Suesca
6711:Siecha
6695:Guasca
6574:Bachué
6420:Checua
6400:Lithic
6378:Tibitó
6244:Soacha
6111:Chicha
5986:Topics
5973:Muisca
5682:Muisca
5677:Mayans
5672:Aztecs
5306:Script
5301:Script
5261:Bacatá
5232:Muisca
5115:Pucará
5110:Piaroa
5105:Paiján
5100:Omagua
5055:Lupaca
5050:Lokono
5015:Kalina
5010:Huetar
4970:Chavín
4965:Chango
4940:Nariño
4936:Capulí
4926:Calima
4921:Aymara
4911:Arawak
4792:Toltec
4742:Olmecs
4737:Nicoya
4732:Mixtec
4707:Diquis
4609:Picosa
4599:Oshara
4569:Glades
4559:Dorset
4403:Romani
4393:Jewish
4381:Others
4346:Basque
4276:Polish
4211:German
4206:French
4126:Europe
4097:Korean
4068:Indian
4037:Syrian
3942:Witoto
3927:Tucano
3917:Ticuna
3897:Tahamí
3857:Piaroa
3847:Panche
3837:Nutabe
3822:Muisca
3817:Mokaná
3812:Macuna
3752:Emberá
3702:Calima
3682:Baniwa
3556:Berlin
3494:
3412:
3294:
3266:
3211:
3176:
3131:
3095:, 1969
2899:p. 317
2734:Panche
2641:fossil
2577:Bacatá
2514:, and
2497:quinua
2454:, and
2448:Soacha
2422:, and
2369:chicha
2298:(1625)
2264:Michuá
2247:Zaques
2238:Sagipa
2207:Bacatá
2170:Sagipa
2163:Boyacá
2149:, and
2077:Bogotá
2036:. The
1979:, the
1969:Suamox
1900:Bachué
1858:Suamox
1854:temple
1790:Sports
1745:, and
1663:Bachué
1648:Boyacá
1600:quinoa
1592:fruits
1576:barter
1547:, and
1522:copper
1461:muysca
1446:uchuva
1442:curuba
1419:Boyacá
1394:. The
1372:muysca
1342:Acosta
1307:Saboyá
1286:Tópaga
1238:Onzaga
1234:Oicatá
1196:Samacá
1188:Soracá
1150:Guasca
1134:Suesca
941:) and
925:, and
915:Bacatá
900:Bogotá
848:empire
835:, and
681:Caribs
679:. The
669:Panche
631:, and
608:Soacha
584:Tibitó
564:Boyacá
536:, and
474:bishop
467:priest
465:, and
439:, and
403:, and
358:Panche
346:Boyacá
339:Suamox
329:Llanos
313:; the
307:Boyacá
274:Muysca
238:Muisca
180:Panche
109:
44:Muysca
36:Muisca
7559:ICANH
7500:Zerda
7485:Simón
7430:Groot
7400:Celis
7203:Minor
7162:Major
7082:Tegua
7059:Lache
7054:Guane
6891:iraca
6856:Hunza
6850:zaque
6755:Myths
6643:Built
6384:Sueva
6254:Torca
6234:Fucha
6176:Tausa
6142:Tunjo
6131:Ruana
6085:Women
6043:Music
5687:Incas
5578:Music
5573:Music
5568:Music
5564:Music
5497:Women
5492:Women
5487:Women
5483:Women
5441:Trade
5322:Quipu
5266:Cusco
5257:Hunza
5222:Aztec
5155:Taíno
5150:Sican
5145:Shuar
5095:Nazca
5085:Mollo
5080:Moche
5060:Luzia
4975:Chimú
4747:Pipil
4722:Izapa
4697:Coclé
4639:Thule
4529:Adena
4372:]
4360:]
4353:Swiss
4336:]
4324:]
4312:]
4300:]
4288:]
4271:]
4254:]
4247:Irish
4242:]
4230:]
4223:Greek
4201:]
4194:Dutch
4189:]
4182:Czech
4177:]
4165:]
4153:]
4141:]
4116:]
4104:]
4087:]
4075:]
4063:]
4051:]
4009:]
3997:]
3962:Yukpa
3952:Yagua
3937:Wayuu
3912:Tegua
3882:Siona
3862:Pijao
3832:Nukak
3807:Lache
3787:Hupda
3772:Guane
3747:Cubeo
3742:Cofán
3712:Cauca
3707:Camsá
3326:[
3244:(PDF)
3225:arXiv
3154:(PDF)
3091:) in
2763:Tunjo
2754:Tegua
2750:Lache
2742:Guane
2708:Aztec
2649:fauna
2645:flora
2478:Suati
2456:Tenjo
2440:Ubaté
2354:Tenjo
2304:zaque
2251:Hunza
2203:Zipas
2135:zaque
2116:zaque
1985:zaque
1981:zaque
1965:Iraca
1862:zaque
1753:Andes
1549:Tausa
1457:china
1455:, or
1378:, or
1376:mosca
1350:Zerda
1323:zaque
1282:Pisba
1278:Pesca
1254:Paipa
1250:Soatá
1204:Tenza
1175:zaque
1105:Ubaté
1092:Pasca
1051:Tabio
1039:Tenjo
995:Sybyn
972:Iraca
963:zaque
939:sybyn
919:Hunza
911:Tunja
907:zaque
880:zaque
852:Aztec
833:Zaque
701:Tausa
689:Hunza
685:zaque
625:Kogui
441:Ubaté
421:Tenjo
370:Lache
366:Guane
334:iraca
303:Hunza
278:Mosca
207:Andes
168:Tegua
160:Lache
156:Guane
7584:UPTC
7110:Muzo
7044:U'wa
6958:zipa
6721:Tota
6579:Chía
6229:Frío
6136:Tejo
6116:Duit
5477:Army
5259:and
5237:Inca
5227:Maya
5205:Zenú
5200:Wari
5045:Lima
4027:Arab
4019:Asia
3967:Zenú
3947:Wiwa
3932:U'wa
3842:Paez
3827:Muzo
3802:Kogi
3792:Inga
3782:Hiwi
3777:Guna
3697:Barí
3692:Bora
3492:ISBN
3410:ISBN
3354:(1).
3292:ISBN
3264:ISSN
3252:3554
3209:ISSN
3174:ISSN
3129:ISSN
2716:Muzo
2712:Maya
2647:and
2633:and
2573:zipa
2553:and
2534:Bosa
2532:and
2530:Suba
2512:Chía
2508:Cota
2493:Cota
2489:Bosa
2420:Chía
2416:Cota
2412:Bosa
2408:Suba
2362:Cota
2358:Suba
2319:and
2308:zipa
2306:and
2172:and
2161:and
2139:zipa
2101:zipa
2099:The
2095:zipa
2054:zipa
2042:zipa
2038:zipa
1945:Chía
1916:Chía
1876:zipa
1872:Chía
1868:Chía
1800:tejo
1778:and
1776:Sopó
1606:and
1604:yuca
1596:coca
1558:zipa
1554:gold
1537:salt
1527:coal
1478:Muzo
1453:cuba
1444:and
1421:and
1400:U'wa
1348:and
1319:zipa
1274:Toca
1214:and
1166:Suba
1162:Tuna
1154:Sopó
1132:and
1117:Susa
1094:and
1077:and
1067:Usme
1059:Chía
1055:Cota
1020:zipa
959:zipa
895:zipa
874:zipa
856:Inca
829:Zipa
699:and
675:and
658:Zipa
647:Wars
641:U'wa
629:Wiwa
606:and
562:and
493:and
479:and
459:poet
425:Suba
417:Chía
413:Cota
393:salt
362:Muzo
276:and
248:and
236:The
230:zipa
184:Muzo
164:U'wa
66:zipa
7003:of
6961:of
6921:of
6894:of
6853:of
6584:Sué
6013:Art
5558:Art
5553:Art
5548:Art
5543:Art
5539:Art
3256:doi
3199:doi
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3166:doi
3119:doi
2655:on
2249:of
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2014:).
1971:or
1957:Sué
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