128:
Al-Khwārizmī authored a work on Arabic grammar, Kitāb kifāyat al-Mutaḥaffiẓ . However, he is best known as the author of Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm (The Keys to the
Sciences), an early Islamic Encyclopedia of the Sciences. A monumental work, Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm is part lexicography and part encyclopedia. Scholars
112:(short, humorous accounts of a journey; partly written in verse and partly in literary prose), of which only fragments survive. Locally, he achieved great fame as a leading scholar and writer. However, his reputation was eclipsed following the arrival of an aspiring young scholar and writer,
148:
Al-Khashshāb, Y. and al-ʻArīnī, B., ضبط وتحقيق الالفاظ الإستلهية التنخية الواردة فى كتاب مفاتبح العلوم للخورزم / /ليحيى الخشاب، الباز العريني. Controlling and realizing the developmental vocabulary contained in the book of
Mufatih, Cairo, 1958
99:
While at the
Samanid court, he compiled his best-known work, Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm , an early Islamic encyclopedia of the sciences, intended as a reference work for court officials. It was produced at the request of
445:
Kalin, I. and Ayduz, S. (eds), The Oxford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 100; Jabbar Beg, M.A., The Origin of Islamic Science,
116:
in 383/992. Hamadani composed a new form of prose that gained enormous popularity firstly in
Nishapur and later across the Arabic speaking world; this innovative genre became known as
30:
was a 10-th century
Persian poet born in Khwarazm (region in Central Asia conquered by Achaemenids in the 6th century BC), who throughout his long career served in the court of the
48:
76:. He periodically refers to himself as al-Khwarazmi or al-Tabari, while other sources refer to him as al-Tabarkhazmi or al-Tabarkhazi. Al-Khwarizmi may have been a nephew of
407:
Thomann, J. (1 January 2015). "On the
Natural Sciences: An Arabic Critical Edition and English Translation of EPISTLES 15-21 Edited and translated by C. BAFFIONI".
739:
302:
Willy
Hartner, Yasukatsu Maeyama, Walter Gabriel Saltzer, Prismata:Naturwissenschaftsgeschichtl. Studien: Festschrift für Willy Hartner, Steiner, 1977, p. 264
749:
729:
638:
129:
regard it as the first attempt to document the
Islamic sciences. The work includes sections on mathematics, alchemy, medicine and meteorology.
108:. and the work is dedicated to al-Utbi which establishes a date for its completion of around 977. In Nishapur, Al-Khwarizmi wrote a number of
744:
17:
522:
510:
719:
152:
Khadivjam, H., Tarjumah-ʼi Mafātīḥ al-ʻulūm, Tehran, Markaz-i Intishārāt-i ʻIlmī va
Farhangī, 1983 (in Persian and Arabic).
137:
Only limited selections of Mafātīḥ al-ʻulūm have been translated into English. Notable editions and translations include:
563:
582:), Bonyad-e Farhang-e Iran, 1347 AP (1968), reprinted by Sherkat-e Entesharat-e Elmi-o Farhangi, 1383 AP (c. 2004 CE).
226:
Weidemann, B., “Über die Geometrie und Arithematik nach den Mafātīḥ al-ʻulūm, ”SBPMSE, vol, 40, 1908, pp 1-64 (German)
734:
338:(ترجمهٔ مفاتیح العلوم), Bonyad-e Farhang-e Iran, 1968, reprinted by Sherkat-e Entesharat-e Elmi o Farhangi, c. 2004
120:. Al-Khwārizmīand Hamadani fell into competition with each other, exchanged insults and they eventually fell out.
464:
Bosworth, C. E. (1963). "A Pioneer Arabic Encyclopedia of the Sciences: Al Khwarizmi's Keys of the Sciences".
759:
113:
170:
Bosworth, C.E. (1977). "AL-ḪWĀRAZMĪ ON THEOLOGY AND SECTS: THE CHAPTER ON KALAM IN THE MAFĀTĪḤ AL-ʿULŪM".
724:
637:
that nothing is known about al-Khwārizmī except his name and that he is also known as al-Balkhi, but
166:, no. 15, London, 1983. - annotated translation of the 4th chapter of Mafātīḥ al-ʻulūm (English)
447:
434:
662:
101:
158:
Bosworth, C.E.,“Abū ʿAbdallāh al-Khwārizmīon the Technical Terms of the Secretary’s Art”,
8:
698:
690:
673:
Bosworth, C. E.; Clauson, Gerard (1965). "Al-Xwārazmī on the Peoples of Central Asia".
611:
603:
586:
Bosworth, C. E.; Clauson, Gerard (1965). "Al-Xwārazmī on the Peoples of Central Asia".
489:
481:
179:
558:
702:
666:
622:
615:
539:
506:
493:
357:
317:
314:
Interaction between Indian and central Asian science and technology in medieval times
289:
187:
80:, the prominent Persian historian. For a time, al-Khwarizmi worked as a clerk in the
212:
Unvala, J.M., "The Translation of an Extract from Mafatih aI-Ulum of al-Khwarazmi,"
754:
682:
595:
575:
527:
473:
416:
353:
285:
645:
mentions that after a lot of searches he has found that al-Khwārizmī "was born in
53:
145:, Leiden, Brill, 1895 (in Arabic, with an introduction in Latin)- many reprints.
531:
81:
686:
599:
280:
Bosworth, Edmund (2010). "Abū ʿAbdallāh al-Khwārazmī". In David Thomas (ed.).
713:
543:
321:
191:
420:
89:
694:
607:
183:
73:
485:
675:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
588:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
77:
39:
31:
348:
Bosworth, Edmund (2010). "Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm". In David Thomas (ed.).
650:
477:
209:, vol. 17, 1957/8, pp 1-9translation of Section 7, Part 2 (English)
65:
35:
223:, vol. XLVII, 1915, pp 1–79 (in German, with extensive commentary)
654:
433:
Jabbar Beg, M.A., The Origin of Islamic Science, Religion, p. 17
85:
64:
Al-Khwarazmi is a somewhat obscure figure. He was born in 935 in
630:
117:
105:
43:
376:
205:
Farmer, H.G.,”The Science of Music in the Mafatih Alulum” in:
661:, one of the oldest Islamic encyclopedias, at the request of
646:
109:
93:
364:
246:
244:
242:
240:
448:
https://archive.org/details/the_origins_of_islamic_sciencep
69:
68:, the birthplace of his father. His mother was a native of
46:. He is best known as the author of the early encyclopedia
559:
Al-Khuwārizmī, Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad Ibn Yūsuf
435:
https://archive.org/details/the_origins_of_islamic_science
96:’’ which literally means “the secretary” or “the scribe”.
237:
263:
261:
259:
160:
Journal of the Social and Economic History of the Orient
388:
207:
Transactions of the Glasgow University Oriental Society
256:
521:
711:
672:
585:
219:Seidel, E., "Die Medizin im Mafātīḥ al-ʻulūm",
519:
500:
382:
370:
316:. Indian National Science Academy. p. 2.
250:
740:Science writers of the medieval Islamic world
657:court for a while, and has authored the book
155:Al-Ibyari, I., Mafātīḥ al-ʻulūm, Beirut, 1984
750:Travel writers of the medieval Islamic world
730:Encyclopedists of the medieval Islamic world
132:
24:Muḥammad ibn al-ʿAbbās Abū Bakr al-Khwārazmī
200:A Persian Translation of Mafātīḥ al-ʻulūm
520:Sadeghi, Maryam; Tehrani, Hamid (2015).
463:
394:
347:
279:
267:
169:
406:
712:
214:The Journal of the K.R. Cama Institute
92:, where he acquired his nickname, “al-
350:Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500
282:Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500
745:10th-century Arabic-language writers
311:
162:, vol. 12, pp 112–164 (reprinted in
579:
572:The Translation of Mafatih al-'Ulum
336:The Translation of Mafatih al-'Ulum
13:
564:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
551:
14:
771:
358:10.1163/1877-8054_cmri_COM_22577
290:10.1163/1877-8054_cmri_COM_22576
501:Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2002).
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104:a vizier in the court of Amir,
52:(“Key to the Sciences”) in the
341:
328:
305:
296:
273:
18:Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
1:
536:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
230:
641:, the Persian translator of
505:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
503:Maqama: A History of a Genre
172:Bulletin d'études orientales
143:Kitāb Liber Mafātīḥ al-ʻulūm
7:
720:10th-century Iranian people
653:, worked as a clerk in the
633:, mentions in a preface to
202:, Tehran, 1928 (in Persian)
10:
776:
669:, in the Arabic language."
457:
409:Journal of Islamic Studies
251:Sadeghi & Tehrani 2015
114:Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani
15:
687:10.1017/S0035869X00123597
600:10.1017/S0035869X00123597
133:Editions and Translations
26:, better simply known as
735:Persian-language writers
216:, vol. XI,1928 (English)
141:Gerlog van Volten (ed),
16:Not to be confused with
523:"Abū Bakr al-Khwārazmī"
164:Medieval Arabic Culture
123:
59:
580:ترجمهٔ مفاتیح العلوم
28:Abu Bakr al-Khwarazmi
760:People from Khwarazm
629:1895 publication in
570:Hossein Khadiv Jam,
102:Abū l-Ḥasan al-ʿUtbī
383:Hämeen-Anttila 2002
371:Hämeen-Anttila 2002
352:(Online ed.).
312:Abdi, W. H (1990).
284:(Online ed.).
725:10th-century poets
639:Hossein Khadiv Jam
421:10.1093/jis/etu080
663:Abu'l-Husain Utbi
623:Gerlof van Vloten
528:Madelung, Wilferd
512:978-3-447-04591-9
385:, pp. 21–24.
767:
706:
659:Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm
643:Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm
635:Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm
627:Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm
625:, the editor of
619:
581:
547:
538:. Brill Online.
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49:Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm
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552:Further reading
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665:, a vizier of
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478:10.1086/349666
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397:, p. 100.
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681:(1/2): 2–12.
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649:, lived in
334:Jam, H.K.,
90:Transoxania
714:Categories
231:References
74:Tabaristan
703:163762307
616:163762307
544:1875-9831
494:143709613
322:555654275
178:: 85–95.
84:court at
78:al-Tabari
40:Saffarids
32:Hamdanids
695:25202803
651:Nishapur
608:25202803
534:(eds.).
192:12768086
184:41604610
149:(Arabic)
66:Khwarazm
36:Samanids
755:Hanafis
655:Samanid
576:Persian
458:Sources
86:Bukhara
82:Samanid
701:
693:
667:Nuh II
631:Leiden
614:
606:
542:
509:
492:
486:228730
484:
320:
221:SBPMSE
190:
182:
118:maqama
106:Nuh II
44:Buyids
699:S2CID
691:JSTOR
647:Balkh
612:S2CID
604:JSTOR
526:. In
490:S2CID
482:JSTOR
450:. 50.
180:JSTOR
110:rihla
94:Katib
540:ISSN
507:ISBN
466:Isis
318:OCLC
188:OCLC
124:Work
70:Amol
60:Life
42:and
683:doi
596:doi
561:",
474:doi
417:doi
354:doi
286:doi
88:in
72:in
716::
697:.
689:.
679:97
677:.
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602:.
592:97
590:.
578::
530:;
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480:.
470:54
468:.
413:26
411:.
258:^
239:^
186:.
176:29
174:.
56:.
38:,
34:,
705:.
685::
618:.
598::
574:(
567:.
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515:.
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20:.
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