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An
Automatic Oil Muffle Furnace, circa 1910. Petroleum is contained in tank A, and is kept under pressure by pumping at intervals with the wooden handle, so that when the valve B is opened, the oil is vaporized by passing through a heating coil at the furnace entrance, and when ignited burns fiercely
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Like other types of muffle furnaces, the design isolates the objects from the flames producing the heat (with electricity this is not so important). For historical overglaze enamels the kiln was generally far smaller than that for the main firing, and produced firing temperatures in the approximate
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in order to determine what proportion of a sample is non-combustible and non-volatile (i.e., ash). Some models incorporate programmable digital controllers, allowing automatic execution of ramping, soaking, and sintering steps. Also, advances in materials for heating elements, such as
106:, can now produce working temperatures up to 1,800 degrees Celsius (3,272 degrees Fahrenheit), which facilitate more sophisticated metallurgical applications. The heat source may be gas or oil burners, but more often they are now electric.
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involved in the temperature control of the system, which allows for much greater control of temperature uniformity and assures isolation of the material being heated from the byproducts of fuel combustion.
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in historical usage) is a furnace in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion, including gases and flying ash. After the development of high-temperature
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as a gas flame. This passes into the furnace through the two holes, C, C, and plays under and up around the muffle D, standing on a fireclay slab. The doorway is closed by two fireclay blocks at E.
161:. The pigments for most enamel colours discoloured at the high temperatures required for the body and glaze of the porcelain. They were used for painted enamels on metal for the same reason.
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may also be used to describe another oven constructed on many of the same principles as the box-type kiln mentioned above, but takes the form of a long, wide, and thin hollow tube used in
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range of 750 to 950 °C, depending on the colours used. Typically, wares were fired for between five and twelve hours and then cooled over twelve hours.
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and soldering and brazing articles. They are also used in many research facilities, for example by
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Both of the above-mentioned furnaces are usually heated to desired temperatures by
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Historically, small muffle ovens were often used for a second firing of
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High temperature muffle-furnace, maximum temperature is 1,473
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in developed countries, new muffle furnaces quickly moved to
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Today, a muffle furnace is often a front-loading box-type
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202:. Vol. 67, no. 6. pp. 941–945.
136:elements. Therefore, there is (usually) no
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182:Bulletin - United States Geological Survey
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153:at a relatively low temperature to fix
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225:The Country Life Pocket Book of China
227:, 1965, Country Life Ltd, pp. 34–35
184:, Issues 47–54, 1889, pp. 180 (834)
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36:(1,200 °C; 2,192 °F).
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281:History of ferrous metallurgy
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524:Argon oxygen decarburization
213:StableTemp Furnace Datasheet
134:electrical resistance heater
85:applications such as fusing
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685:Differential heat treatment
194:Crowley, C.A. (June 1937).
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157:; these tend to be called
115:roll-to-roll manufacturing
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609:Ferritic nitrocarburizing
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700:Post weld heat treatment
286:List of steel producers
514:Electro-slag remelting
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724:Production by country
104:molybdenum disilicide
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22:
710:Superplastic forming
629:Quench polish quench
519:Vacuum arc remelting
498:Basic oxygen process
493:Electric arc furnace
783:Industrial furnaces
665:Cryogenic treatment
488:Open hearth furnace
476:Primary (Post-1850)
467:Cementation process
354:Direct reduced iron
223:Hughes, G Bernard,
436:Primary (Pre-1850)
196:"Electric furnace"
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398:Induction furnace
200:Popular Mechanics
155:overglaze enamels
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483:Bessemer process
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55:heating elements
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690:Decarburization
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443:Pattern welding
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347:Anthracite iron
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295:Iron production
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132:radiation from
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59:electrification
57:and widespread
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16:Type of furnace
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594:Carbonitriding
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576:Case-hardening
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538:Heat treatment
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462:Tatara furnace
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452:Damascus steel
448:Crucible steel
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394:Cupola furnace
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111:muffle furnace
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69:Modern furnace
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50:retort furnace
42:muffle furnace
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762:United States
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624:Precipitation
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561:Short circuit
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378:Reverberatory
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327:Blast furnace
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652:Martempering
647:Austempering
556:Low hydrogen
374:Finery forge
370:Wrought iron
224:
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159:muffle kilns
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145:Muffle kilns
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695:Forming gas
599:Carburizing
456:Wootz steel
422:Steelmaking
321:sponge iron
117:processes.
89:, creating
83:temperature
48:(sometimes
46:muffle oven
798:Metallurgy
777:Categories
752:Luxembourg
732:Bangladesh
674:Deflashing
584:Ausforming
427:Steel mill
337:Cold blast
329:(produces
319:(produces
271:production
169:References
138:combustion
126:convection
122:conduction
93:coatings,
705:Quenching
679:Hardening
669:Deburring
639:Tempering
619:Nitriding
614:Induction
604:Cryogenic
571:Hardening
548:Annealing
507:Secondary
390:Cast iron
363:Secondary
342:Hot blast
299:Ironworks
151:porcelain
130:blackbody
109:The term
81:for high-
65:designs.
589:Boriding
381:Puddling
331:pig iron
317:Bloomery
309:Smelting
99:chemists
95:ceramics
63:electric
793:Pottery
757:Nigeria
540:methods
384:Furnace
91:enamel
747:Italy
742:India
737:China
392:(via
372:(via
269:steel
128:, or
87:glass
376:or
267:and
265:Iron
79:kiln
75:oven
396:or
77:or
44:or
779::
573:/
454:,
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198:.
124:,
40:A
681:)
667:(
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450:(
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425:(
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297:(
257:e
250:t
243:v
34:K
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