874:
276:, has alleged that the government forces carries out secret executions of MASSOB members in detention centres and prisons nationwide. In May 2008, the group released a list of 2,020 members alleged to have been killed by security agents since 1999. MASSOB leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, has been arrested on several occasions and charged with treason. In 2011, Uwazuruike and 280 MASSOB members were arrested in Enugu while attending a function in honour of Ojukwu. Few days later, President
33:
250:
In 2005, MASSOB re-introduced the old
Biafran currency into circulation. This sparked a lot of excitement at the time especially as one Biafran pound was said to exchange for two hundred and seventy naira at the border communities of Togo and the Republic of Benin. In his reaction, the then President
225:
At its inception, MASSOB concentrated on organizing rallies and peaceful protests which culminated in hoisting
Biafran flags at different locations in the South East. In recent years, this practice has been reserved mainly for celebrating key dates and events or in commemoration of dead members.
207:
MASSOB agitates for a
Republic of Biafra comprising the South-East and South-South regions of Nigeria; though Uwazuruike has stated in interviews that the Niger Deltans "can have their own republic." The group's philosophy is hinged on the principle of non-violence as propagated by
263:
MASSOB launched the
Biafran passport in 2009 as part of the program to celebrate its 10th anniversary. MASSOB leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, said the introduction of the Biafran passport was in response to persistent demands from Biafrans in diaspora.
347:
geopolitical zone, branded MASSOB to be one of three extremist groups threatening the security of
Nigeria. Jonathan declared that "the Nigerian state faces three fundamental security challenges posed by extremist groups like
654:
190:
The
Nigerian government accuses MASSOB of violence; MASSOB's leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, was arrested in 2005 and detained on treason charges; he was released in 2007. MASSOB also championed the release of oil militant
284:
272:
Since its inception, MASSOB has continually alleged mass arrests and killings of its members by government forces. The group's sanitation grassroot information spokesperson,
353:
675:
309:
On
September 13, 2015, police in Anambra state arrested no fewer than 25 MASSOB members who were marking their 16th anniversary; one MASSOB member was shot. At St
533:
195:, who faced similar charges at the time. In 2009, MASSOB launched "the Biafran International Passport" in response to persistent demand by Biafrans in the
183:
MASSOB's leaders say it is a peaceful group and advertise a 25-stage plan to achieve its goal peacefully. There are two arms to the government, the Biafra
273:
322:
306:
were those of its members previously arrested by the police. The group claimed that the police routinely executed MASSOB members without proper trial.
1093:
234:
MASSOB members stage demonstrations to protest arrests and killings of its members. In one of these protests, the house of the late
Nigerian leader,
375:
464:
873:
721:
627:
1035:
700:
601:
295:
559:
1073:
792:
380:
317:, 18 members were arrested and one shot and at Iba Pope Catholic Church, while at Awada, 11 members of MASSOB were arrested. At
1088:
169:
242:, Col. Joe Achuzie (rtd) exonerated MASSOB from blame and accused the security agents of "carelessness and irresponsibility."
420:
Heerten, Lasse; Moses, A. Dirk (3 July 2014). "The
Nigeria–Biafra war: postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide".
120:
1103:
679:
863:
482:
255:, likened the Biafran pounds to a collector's item and attributed its high exchange value to its relative rarity.
1083:
1027:
1098:
352:
in the North; the
Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra in the South-East; and the
80:
928:
785:
395:
321:, two MASSOB were arrested by the police according to the MASSOB former Deputy Director of Information,
760:
858:
605:
836:
908:
778:
725:
400:
1113:
816:
89:
1108:
938:
390:
192:
125:
8:
580:
184:
115:
628:"MASSOB launches "Biafran Int'l Passport" to celebrate 10th anniversary - Vanguard News"
534:"MASSOB launches "Biafran Int'l Passport" to celebrate 10th anniversary - Vanguard News"
841:
826:
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445:
385:
701:"Pandemonium as police, MASSOB clash during 16th anniversary service - Vanguard News"
449:
437:
329:
277:
252:
429:
165:
153:
85:
58:
1078:
1052:
846:
761:
MASSOB-Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra in the USA
433:
239:
509:
1022:
984:
933:
310:
280:
ordered Uwazuruike's release as well as all other MASSOB members in detention.
235:
209:
37:
287:
condemned the alleged killing of 16 members of MASSOB by security agencies in
1067:
1014:
974:
969:
441:
340:
303:
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In February 2013, MASSOB claimed that several corpses found floating in the
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MASSOB-Archive of News, Interviews, Articles, Analysis from 1999 to Present
53:
486:
979:
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959:
370:
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299:
944:
Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)
349:
93:
655:"Jonathan orders release of Uwazuruike, MASSOB members from detention"
851:
177:
145:
196:
770:
900:
468:
288:
149:
32:
801:
750:
365:
314:
173:
157:
138:
Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
105:
24:
Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
892:
765:
161:
581:"Zik: Ohanaeze absolves MASSOB from blame, calls for probe"
318:
156:, which supports the recreation of an independent state of
245:
755:
258:
676:"Ezu River corpses: Victims were our members – MASSOB"
465:"Dream of free Biafra revives in southeast Nigeria"
1065:
376:Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
678:. Sunnewsonline.com. 2013-02-08. Archived from
462:
267:
786:
238:, was torched. The then Secretary-General of
507:
419:
285:Human Rights Writers' Association of Nigeria
220:
793:
779:
160:. It was founded in 1999 and is led by an
31:
652:
1094:Political organizations based in Nigeria
246:Re-introduction of the Biafran currency
1066:
510:"Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds"
774:
501:
722:"FG may clamped down on MASSOB, OPC"
381:Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force
259:Introduction of the Biafran passport
800:
13:
864:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
583:. Nm.onlinenigeria.com. 2005-11-09
14:
1125:
1036:Postage stamps and postal history
744:
872:
714:
693:
668:
646:
1074:1999 establishments in Nigeria
620:
594:
573:
552:
526:
475:
463:Estelle Shirbon (2006-07-12).
456:
413:
187:and Biafra Shadow Government.
1:
1089:National liberation movements
703:. Vanguardngr.com. 2015-09-14
406:
215:
434:10.1080/14623528.2014.936700
422:Journal of Genocide Research
268:Nigerian government response
106:http://massob.biafranet.com/
7:
929:Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
724:. The Punch. Archived from
508:Senan Murray (2007-05-03).
396:Indigenous People of Biafra
359:
328:On May 31, 2013, President
229:
202:
10:
1130:
1104:Secessionist organizations
483:"Biafra News - 04.13.2009"
1048:
1028:"Land of the Rising Sun"
1010:
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921:
888:
881:
870:
859:2016 Niger Delta conflict
809:
221:Hoisting of Biafran flags
111:
104:
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79:
64:
52:
44:
30:
21:
16:Nigerian political party
751:Official Site of MASSOB
354:Oodua People's Congress
168:, with headquarters in
1084:Independence movements
401:Biafra liberation army
1099:Separatism in Nigeria
817:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
90:Nonviolent resistance
728:on 25 September 2015
391:Oodua Republic Front
356:in the South-West."
193:Mujahid Dokubo-Asari
298:on the boundary of
185:Government in Exile
116:Politics of Nigeria
842:Blockade of Biafra
827:Ahiara Declaration
822:Nigeria-Biafra War
608:on 8 February 2013
489:on 10 October 2010
386:Nigerian Civil War
283:In June 2012, the
152:, associated with
1061:
1060:
1044:
1043:
1030:(national anthem)
917:
916:
837:Republic of Benin
330:Goodluck Jonathan
278:Goodluck Jonathan
274:Kelechi A. Chukwu
253:Olusegun Obasanjo
134:
133:
121:Political parties
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904:
903:(second capital)
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756:Biafraland Forum
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604:. Archived from
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485:. Archived from
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428:(2–3): 169–203.
417:
323:Mazi Chris Mocha
313:Catholic Church
166:Ralph Uwazuruike
164:-trained lawyer
154:Igbo nationalism
86:Igbo nationalism
75:
73:
59:Ralph Uwazuruike
35:
19:
18:
1129:
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999:
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909:Eastern Nigeria
902:
895:(first capital)
894:
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847:Biafran airlift
805:
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653:Administrator.
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240:Ohanaeze Ndigbo
232:
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130:
92:
88:
71:
69:
40:
26:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1015:Biafran pound
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1005:
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934:Philip Effiong
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804: articles
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745:External links
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602:"NewsWatchngr"
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560:"NewsWatchngr"
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311:Charles Lwanga
304:Anambra States
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236:Nnamdi Azikiwe
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210:Mahatma Gandhi
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38:Flag of Biafra
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953:Ethnic groups
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696:
682:on 2013-07-05
681:
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633:
632:Vanguard News
629:
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538:Vanguard News
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343:and from the
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20:
1114:Igbo society
943:
832:Aburi Accord
730:. Retrieved
726:the original
716:
705:. Retrieved
695:
684:. Retrieved
680:the original
670:
658:. Retrieved
648:
636:. Retrieved
634:. 2009-06-30
631:
622:
610:. Retrieved
606:the original
596:
585:. Retrieved
575:
563:. Retrieved
554:
542:. Retrieved
540:. 2009-06-30
537:
528:
517:. Retrieved
513:
503:
491:. Retrieved
487:the original
477:
458:
425:
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415:
327:
308:
293:
282:
271:
262:
251:of Nigeria,
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233:
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189:
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176:district of
148:movement in
146:secessionist
141:
137:
135:
45:Abbreviation
1109:Igbo people
371:Igbo people
345:South South
1068:Categories
1017:(currency)
707:2016-01-11
686:2016-01-11
587:2016-01-11
519:2008-08-15
407:References
350:Boko Haram
332:, a Niger
216:Activities
94:Separatism
882:Geography
852:Ogbunigwe
450:143878825
442:1462-3528
296:Ezu River
178:Imo State
172:, in the
126:Elections
1053:Category
939:Military
922:Politics
901:Umuahia
660:20 March
638:20 March
612:20 March
565:20 March
544:20 March
493:20 March
360:See also
230:Protests
203:Ideology
197:diaspora
81:Ideology
1004:Culture
985:Ikwerre
810:History
469:Reuters
289:Anambra
150:Nigeria
144:) is a
100:Website
70: (
65:Founded
1079:Biafra
995:Egbema
990:Andoni
975:Annang
970:Ibibio
893:Enugu
802:Biafra
732:21 May
448:
440:
366:Biafra
334:Deltan
315:Okpoko
174:Okigwe
162:Indian
158:Biafra
142:MASSOB
54:Leader
48:MASSOB
446:S2CID
339:from
300:Enugu
1023:Flag
980:Ijaw
965:Efik
960:Igbo
734:2013
662:2015
640:2015
614:2015
567:2015
546:2015
495:2015
438:ISSN
337:Ijaw
319:Awka
302:and
170:Okwe
136:The
72:1999
68:1999
514:BBC
430:doi
1070::
630:.
536:.
512:.
467:.
444:.
436:.
426:16
424:.
325:.
291:.
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140:(
74:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
