518:
boxers. It meant that the athlete could talk in a normal manner while the mouthguard was in place. In the
January 1948 issue of the Journal of the American Dental Association, the procedure for making and fitting the acrylic mouthguard was described in detail by Dr. Lilyquist. He immediately received nationwide recognition as the father of the modern mouthguard for athletes. The first athlete to wear the acrylic mouthguard was a member of the UCLA basketball team, Dick Perry, who modeled the device at a convention of the Southern California Dental Association. Another early wearer was Frankie Albert, quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers.
162:
522:
33:
45:
481:. Originally, boxers fashioned rudimentary mouthguards out of cotton, tape, sponge, or small pieces of wood. Boxers clenched the material between their teeth. These boxers had a hard time focusing on the fight and clenching their teeth at the same time. Since these devices proved impractical, Woolf Krause, a British dentist, began to fashion mouthpieces for boxers in 1892. Krause placed strips of a natural rubber resin,
1463:
235:
669:
683:
153:, commonly known as EVA. Some of the newer technologies offer an alternative, stronger thermo-polymer that allows for lower molding temperatures, below 140F to prevent burning by scalding hot water. This is the most popular mouthguard used by amateur and semi-professional sportsmen, providing adequate protection but relatively low comfort in comparison to the custom-made guard.
510:. McTigue was winning for most of the fight, but a chipped tooth cut his lip, and he was forced to forfeit the match. From that point on, mouthguards were ruled acceptable and soon became commonplace for all boxers. In 1930, descriptions of mouthguards first appeared in dental literature. Dr. Clearance Mayer, a dentist and boxing inspector for the
502:
mouthpiece in 1916 and later suggested his invention to the United States
Olympian Dinnie O’Keefe in 1919. Another dentist from Chicago, E. Allen Franke, also claimed to have made many mouth guards for boxers by 1919. The mouthguard’s relevance was again brought to the center of attention in a 1927 boxing match between
498:. Lewis was a school friend of Krause and the first professional to utilize the new technology, then called a ‘gum shield.’ During the fight, Britton’s manager successfully argued that the mouthpiece was an illegal advantage. Philip Krause was an amateur boxer himself and undoubtedly used his device before 1921.
273:
They cover all the teeth of the upper or lower arch, but partial coverage is sometimes used. Occlusal splints are usually used on either the upper or the lower teeth, termed maxillary splints or mandibular splints respectively, but sometimes both types are used at the same time. Maxillary splints are
269:
Occlusal splints are typically made of a heat-cured acrylic resin. Soft acrylic or light cured composite, or vinyl splints may be made more quickly and cheaply, but are not as durable, and are more commonly made for short-term use. Soft splints are also used for children because normal growth changes
148:
A thermoplastic material manufactured in a pre-formed shape in various sizes that can be adapted to fit more closely to an individual's teeth and gums by heating and molding such as boiling then placing in the mouth. Some are now available that incorporate special fins within the fitting zones which
501:
There have been other claims to the invention of the mouthguard as well. In the early 1900s, Jacob Marks created a custom-fitted mouthguard in London. An
American dentist, Thomas A. Carlos, also developed a mouth guard at approximately the same time as Krause. Carlos claimed that he made his first
261:
may routinely wear occlusal splints at night. However, a meta-analysis of occlusal splints used for this purpose concluded "There is not enough evidence to state that the occlusal splint is effective for treating sleep bruxism. An indication of its use is questionable concerning sleep outcomes, but
517:
In 1947, a Los
Angeles dentist, Rodney O. Lilyquist, made a breakthrough by using transparent acrylic resin to form what he termed an "acrylic splint". Molded to fit unobtrusively over the upper or lower teeth, the acrylic mouthguard was a distinct improvement over the thick mouthguard worn by
537:
began researching mouthguards and soon promoted their benefits to the public. In 1960, the ADA recommended the use of latex mouthguards in all contact sports. By 1962, all high school football players in the United States were required to wear mouthguards. The
458:
thermoplastic splints, used to correct a series of different malocclusions. Not all malocclusions can be corrected with transparent aligners, only mild and moderate malocclusions. They can be used alone or in combination with brackets. There are many
169:
An impression of the user's teeth is used to create a best-fit mouth protector. The impression may be obtained by using a specially designed impression kit that uses dental putty, or from a dentist who will take an impression in dental
75:. An effective mouthguard is like a crash helmet for teeth and jaws. It also prevents the jaws coming together fully, thereby reducing the risk of jaw joint injuries and concussion. A mouthguard is most often used to prevent injury in
372:
in the event of an injury to the jaw. In many sports, the rules of the sport make their use compulsory, or local health laws demand them. Schools also often have rules requiring their use. Studies in various high risk populations for
713:
Tribst, J. P. M., de
Oliveira Dal Piva, A. M., Borges, A. L. S., & Bottino, M. A. (2018). Influence of custom‐made and stock mouthguard thickness on biomechanical response to a simulated impact. Dental Traumatology, 34(6),
277:
Stabilizing or
Michigan-type occlusal splints are generally flat against the opposing teeth, and help jaw muscle relaxation, while repositioning occlusal splints are used to reposition the jaw to improve occlusion.
489:
of boxers before they entered the ring. Phillip Krause, Woolf Krause’s son, is often credited with the first reusable mouthpiece. Phillip Krause’s invention was highlighted in a 1921 championship fight between
1397:
Ada
Council On Access, Prevention Interprofessional Relations; ADA Council on Scientific Affairs (2006). "Using Mouthguards to Reduce the Incidence and Severity of Sports-related Oral Injuries".
140:
Manufactured in a pre-formed shape in various sizes but with nearly no adjustment to fit the user's mouth. The only adjustment possible is minor trimming with a knife or scissors.
542:
followed suit in 1973 and made mouthguards mandatory in college football. Since the introduction of the mouthguard, the number of dental injuries has decreased dramatically.
557:. The ADA shows that mouthguards are extremely effective in preventing facial injury in contact and non-contact sports. The ADA recommends mouthguards be used in 29 sports:
217:
Made from a medical-grade thermo polymer, the guards are activated with hot (not boiling) water and create a custom comfort fit, completely unique to the shape of the mouth.
242:
Occlusal splints (also called bite splints, bite planes, or night guards) are removable dental appliances carefully molded to fit the upper or lower arches of teeth.
781:
Zadik Y, Levin L (February 2009). "Does a free-of-charge distribution of boil-and-bite mouthguards to young adult amateur sportsmen affect oral and facial trauma?".
514:, described how custom mouthguards could be manufactured from impressions using wax and rubber. Steel springs were even recommended to reinforce soft materials.
385:
is not complete, and injuries can still occur even when mouthguards are used as users are not always aware of the best makes or size, resulting in a poor fit.
292:
Mouthguards are used in sports where deliberate or accidental impacts to the face and jaw may cause harm. Such impacts may occur in many sports including
533:
players without incisors. The article drew a lot of public attention and led to the inclusion of mouthguards in other contact sports. In the 1950s, the
529:
In the 1940s and 1950s, dental injuries were responsible for 24-50% of all injuries in
American football. In 1952, Life magazine did a report on
1509:
477:
The exact origins of the mouthguard are unclear. Most evidence indicates that the concept of a mouthguard was initiated in the sport of
1192:"Comparison of Mandibular Advancement Splint and Tongue Stabilizing Device in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Randomized Controlled Trial"
734:
727:
539:
1001:
381:
with the prescribed regular use of mouthguard during activities. Moreover, even with regular use, effectiveness in prevention on
1151:"A crossover randomised controlled trial of oral mandibular advancement devices for obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea (TOMADO)"
1019:"Prevention of dental trauma in a high-risk military population: the discrepancy between knowledge and willingness to comply"
1645:
1502:
1239:
Knapik JJ, Marshall SW, Lee RB, Darakjy SS, Jones SB, Mitchener TA, Jones BH (2007). "Mouthguards in Sport
Activities".
972:
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545:
Mouthguards have become a standard in many sports. In addition to football, the NCAA currently requires mouthguards in
530:
511:
404:
246:
149:
increase retention and give an improved fit over traditional boil-and-bite mouth types. Guards are usually made of
84:
1655:
1635:
182:
and the guard must have passed an EC Type-Examination test, performed by an accredited
European Notified Body.
1640:
1495:
1122:
1604:
463:
755:
17:
737:, (Website, lectures from author's homepage), University of Michigan, 2004-10-27. Retrieved on 2007-08-19.
730:, (Website, lectures from author's homepage), University of Michigan, 2003-11-14. Retrieved on 2007-08-19.
1660:
534:
220:
1.6 mm thin, Remoldable, Works with braces, Stays secure in mouth during the entire game or practice
1583:
1478:
420:
1625:
1445:"Former Meath goalie highlights importance of wearing mouthguard after suffering gruesome lip injury"
884:"The occlusal bite splint--a noninvasive therapy for occlusal habits and temporomandibular disorders"
1630:
1360:"Acrylic Splints for Athletes: Transparent Slip Casings for the Teeth as a Protection From Blows".
816:
400:
717:
495:
150:
1518:
1336:
Pontsa, Peter T. (2008). Mouth Guards Prevent Dental Trauma in Sports. The Dent-Liner 12 (3).
646:
378:
250:
245:
They are used to protect tooth and restoration surfaces, manage mandibular (jaw) dysfunction
1190:
Deane, S. A.; Cistulli, P. A.; Ng, A. T.; Zeng, B.; Petocz, P.; Darendeliler, M. A. (2009).
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8:
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and the tongue stabilizing device (TSD), are used for treating sleep apnea and snoring
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Custom-made mouth guards using this type of machine produce single layer mouth guards
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Custom-made mouth guards using this type of machine produce multi-layer mouth guards
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1211:
1203:
1162:
1071:
1030:
942:
923:"Oral splint for temporomandibular joint disorders with revolutionary fluid system"
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790:
194:
Fit not as good as pressure laminated but offers more protection than boil and bite
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987:
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439:
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325:
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1378:"Protecting Athletes' Teeth." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 21.162 (Feb. 6, 1948) 18.
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or create space prior to restoration procedures. People prone to nocturnal
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Brad W. Neville; Douglas D. Damm; Carl M. Allen; Jerry E. Bouquot (2002).
907:
161:
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127:. The dentists who specialise in sports dentistry fabricate mouthguards.
92:
64:
60:
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Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J.: 1995)
723:, Vol. 186, No. 5, 1999-03-13, via nature.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-18.
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345:
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Various scientific articles on NCBI on the use of transparent aligners
521:
1557:
1282:
Reed RV (1994). "Origin and early history of the dental mouthpiece".
650:
618:
566:
313:
165:
Vacuum form mouthguard made from an impression using dental alginate.
32:
1387:
The fighting Irish look tough again. Life Magazine 1952; 33: 60-63.
1060:"Orofacial injuries and mouth guard use in elite commando fighters"
626:
554:
333:
305:
293:
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more common, although various situations favor mandibular splints.
63:
that covers the teeth and gums to prevent and reduce injury to the
44:
37:
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634:
410:
254:
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95:
treatment. Depending on the application, it may also be called a
80:
72:
49:
27:
Protective device for the teeth and gums to avoid injury to them
1430:
1428:
1117:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 253–254.
817:"Read This Before You Buy a Night Guard Online | JS Dental Lab"
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1323:
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718:"Tooth surface loss; Part 3: Occlusion and splint therapy"
921:
Srivastava, Rahul; Jyoti, Bhuvan; Devi, Parvathi (2013).
843:"The effectiveness of occlusal splints for sleep bruxism"
68:
1238:
368:. Mouthguards may also prevent or reduce harm levels of
175:
1106:
664:
454:
Transparent or clear aligner, which is basically an
223:
Allows athletes to talk, breathe and drink naturally
48:
An example of a mouthguard used in the treatment of
1189:
920:
756:"The Importance Of A Mouthguard When Playing Sport"
87:, or as part of certain dental procedures, such as
1149:Quinnell, Timothy G.; et al. (17 July 2014).
1617:
1016:
207:Offers superior fit, comfort and more protection
657:games and training is mandatory at all levels.
540:National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
444:As a night protector of thin porcelain bridges
1503:
999:"...mouthguards became compulsory in 1997..."
1102:Teeth grinding. Bruxism. https://www.nhs.uk/
1017:Zadik Y, Jeffet U, Levin L (December 2010).
426:As a therapeutic device in the treatment of
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1399:Journal of the American Dental Association
1362:Journal of the American Dental Association
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1010:
780:
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1215:
1166:
1097:
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728:"Bite Splints in General Dental Practice"
262:there may be some benefit with regard to
1148:
520:
419:) for chronic gingival diseases such as
233:
160:
43:
31:
14:
1618:
1092:
840:
774:
249:, and stabilize the jaw joints during
135:
1491:
1051:
415:To deliver topical medication (e.g.,
257:, or nighttime clenching, as well as
1281:
988:"Do mouthguards prevent concussion?"
881:
464:mandibular advancement device (MAD)
377:injuries have repeatedly found low
24:
1115:Oral & maxillofacial pathology
1058:Zadik Y, Levin L (December 2008).
512:New York State Athletic Commission
25:
1672:
535:American Dental Association (ADA)
1461:
1253:10.2165/00007256-200737020-00003
795:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00708.x
681:
667:
405:temporomandibular joint disorder
178:, the guard must be sold with a
144:Mouth adapted or "boil and bite"
1437:
1411:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0118
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1353:
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735:"Use and Abuse of Bite Splints"
59:is a protective device for the
992:
981:
963:
914:
875:
834:
809:
748:
462:Two types of mouthguards, the
409:To prevent tooth attrition in
156:
13:
1:
1434:Knapik, et al., 2007, p. 121.
1168:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205464
894:(11): 1081–1084, 1086, 1088.
882:Leib, A. M. (November 1996).
707:
1350:Knapik et al., 2007, p. 121.
1327:Knapik et al., 2007, p. 120.
970:NZ Dental Association advice
741:
525:American Football mouthguard
229:
7:
1646:American football equipment
660:
395:Mouthguards may be used as
10:
1677:
1077:10.7205/milmed.173.12.1185
472:
421:mucous membrane pemphigoid
399:to reduce strain over the
1651:Gaelic football equipment
1597:
1571:
1525:
1036:10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00150
270:the fit of hard splints.
653:. Mouthguard use during
281:
130:
927:Dental Research Journal
401:temporomandibular joint
1656:Martial arts equipment
1636:Rugby league equipment
1296:10.1038/sj.bdj.4808485
1284:British Dental Journal
1208:10.1093/sleep/32.5.648
860:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400569
760:Orthodontics Australia
721:British Dental Journal
526:
239:
166:
151:Ethylene-vinyl acetate
52:
41:
1641:Rugby union equipment
1526:Clothing / protection
1519:Rugby union equipment
524:
237:
164:
79:, as a treatment for
47:
35:
1533:Compression garment
1368:(1): 109–110. 1948.
531:Notre Dame football
428:morsicatio buccarum
330:Australian football
259:morsicatio buccarum
136:Stock or ready made
36:Mouthguard worn in
1661:Lacrosse equipment
1572:Playing / training
1451:. 6 February 2021.
975:2007-06-29 at the
841:Jagger, R (2008).
762:. 21 February 2020
527:
487:maxillary incisors
435:Dental aesthetics
302:mixed martial arts
240:
200:Pressure laminated
167:
53:
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1605:Numbering schemes
1405:(12): 1712–1720.
1070:(12): 1185–1187.
1029:(12): 1000–1003.
733:Widmalm, Sven E.
726:Widmalm, Sven E.
350:underwater hockey
322:gridiron football
318:football (soccer)
174:material. In the
40:, a contact sport
16:(Redirected from
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