551:
628:
566:(IMF). However, by 1990, there was growing dissatisfaction with the demands for austerity imposed by the IMF's economic reform programs and the perception that the president and his close associates were not themselves adhering to those demands. As in other African countries, demands for multi-party democracy increased. Traoré allowed some reforms, including the establishment of an independent press and independent political associations, but insisted that Mali was not ready for democracy.
580:
668:
359:
1211:
196:
733:
Traoré, for "economic crimes": the embezzling of the equivalent of US$ 350,000 during his rule. President Alpha Oumar Konaré commuted these sentences to life imprisonment. Shortly before leaving office, on 29 May 2002, he further pardoned the couple, for the sake of national reconciliation, a stance which incoming president
561:
The political situation stabilized during 1981 and 1982, and remained generally calm throughout the 1980s. The UDPM began attracting additional members as it demonstrated that it could counter an effective voice against the excesses of local administrative authorities. Shifting its attention to
732:
Imprisoned in
Markala local Prison, in February 1993, Traoré was condemned to death for "political crimes", largely focused on the killing of around 300 pro-democracy demonstrators in Bamako, but his sentence was later commuted. In 1999 he was once more condemned to death with his wife Mariam
512:
was held. As general secretary of the UPDM, Traoré was automatically elected to a six-year term as president, and he was confirmed in office with 99 percent of the vote. The UDPM was intended to be the main link between the government and the people. Among its auxiliaries were the
526:
In 1977 ex-president Modibo Keïta died in detention, in suspicious circumstances. The government reacted strongly, and made violent arrests. On 28 February 1978, Moussa Traoré had arrested both Tiécoro
Bagayoko and
40:
721:
562:
Mali's economic difficulties, the government approved plans for cereal marketing liberalization, reform in the state enterprise system, new incentives to private enterprise, and an agreement with the
716:
On 22 March 1991 a huge protest march in central Bamako was put down violently, with estimates of those killed reaching 150. Four days later, the commander of Traoré's presidential guard, Col.
740:
Traoré's once reviled legacy somewhat softened under Touré, with the former dictator recognised at least informally as a former head of state and many former supporters now rallying around
655:
as the war continued raids were conducted in both countries. Then in early 1986 a peace agreement was made and resulted in Thomas
Sankara and Traoré to avoid each other. This would affect
500:, which was inaugurated in 1978. The new constitution was purported to move Mali toward civilian rule, the military junta stayed in power. In September 1976, they established the
489:. Informers monitored academics and teachers, mostly hostile to the military rule. The socialist economic policies of Modibo Keïta were partially dropped. In 1972–1973, a major
647:. Traoré's regime struggled to manage social unrest. When officials in Burkina Faso conducted a census in disputed border communities, Malian forces launched an offensive on
852:. Office of Public Communication, Bureau of Public Affairs Description: Historical, Political and Economic Overviews of the Countries of the World Date: Apr, 15 19934/15/93.
558:
Traoré was reelected in 1985, again as the only candidate. Later that year, the UDPM-controlled legislature amended the constitution to exempt him from the two-term limit.
1665:
497:
1695:
536:
1259:
345:
He was twice condemned to death in the 1990s, but eventually pardoned on both occasions and freed in 2002. He retired from public life and died in 2020.
1680:
1268:
1024:
540:
822:
1675:
710:
1670:
1119:
682:
531:, defense and security minister, on accusations of plotting a coup. In trying to move to more open politics, he appointed the historian
845:
1252:
803:
781:
1645:
1685:
951:
501:
1237:
1245:
1660:
519:
924:
1650:
1048:
406:
906:
880:
388:
380:
20:
1272:
1112:
550:
243:
1054:
Moussa Traoré. (2008). In
Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 October 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1655:
1128:
1077:
745:
694:
384:
1544:
544:
676:
627:
469:
339:
335:
509:
1105:
563:
338:. Thereafter he served as head of state until March 1991, when he was overthrown by popular protests and
1690:
1378:
444:
784:[Mali: Former President Moussa Traoré has died] (in French). Jeune Afrique. 15 September 2020
592:
1182:
1043:
in
Historical Dictionary of Mali, pp. 242–245. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ – London (1986)
369:
1640:
1559:
1478:
1448:
1053:
373:
1165:
1154:
1088:
734:
717:
104:
1609:
1318:
1393:
1358:
724:
was set up under Touré's chairmanship, which oversaw a transition to democracy a year later.
505:
1160:
702:
601:
597:
532:
1635:
1630:
1584:
1554:
1519:
1473:
1408:
1338:
1303:
1267:
1176:
8:
842:
1594:
863:
486:
1539:
1333:
1293:
481:, which made him effective Head of state of Mali. All political activity was banned. A
455:) as military instructor to its liberation movements. He then became instructor at the
294:
80:
1468:
752:, MPR). Both Traoré and his wife retired from public life, in part due to ill health.
39:
1514:
1483:
1433:
1044:
957:
947:
652:
622:
436:
327:
239:
55:
1210:
764:
just ten days before his 84th birthday. There are no details on his cause of death.
1549:
1509:
1313:
535:
as arts minister. In 1980, student demonstrations were broken up, and their leader
539:("Cabral") died from torture. In 1982, he was made commander-in-chief. Traoré was
1604:
1589:
1534:
1428:
1388:
1373:
849:
528:
1199:
1187:
1143:
1070:
1012:
1000:
474:
331:
92:
76:
1529:
1488:
1413:
1398:
1368:
1328:
1323:
1308:
1288:
988:
644:
504:(UDPM), a new ruling political party organised according to a "non-ideological
1574:
1569:
1624:
1564:
1463:
1443:
1423:
1383:
1298:
1170:
961:
690:
330:
from 1968 to 1991. As a lieutenant, he led the military ousting of
President
229:
713:(AMDH) aimed to contest Moussa Traoré's rule, with a plural political life.
1453:
1343:
741:
640:
482:
420:
136:
579:
1579:
1524:
1504:
1438:
1403:
1097:
884:
211:
1599:
1363:
1348:
975:
667:
440:
424:
435:. He returned to Mali in 1960, after its 1959 independence. He became
1458:
648:
428:
358:
326:
military officer, politician, and dictator who served as the second
1353:
1193:
452:
448:
490:
761:
432:
157:
132:
1132:
656:
636:
323:
201:
169:
140:
782:"Mali : l'ancien président Moussa Traoré est décédé"
523:, compulsory organisations for women and young people.
862:
Department of State, United States (14 January 1987).
722:
Transitional
Committee for the Salvation of the People
651:
Since Mali had more power than
Burkina Faso they used
881:"TR_redirect – Defense Technical Information Center"
496:
In 1974, Traoré issued a changed constitution for a
16:
Malian soldier, politician, and dictator (1936–2020)
861:
1666:Democratic Union of the Malian People politicians
1269:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
810:. Vol. 118, no. 40495. 7 December 1968.
720:, removed Traoré from office and arrested him. A
1622:
946:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–199.
804:"Leader of Coup in Mali Takes Over as President"
1025:Mali: l'ancien président Moussa Traoré est mort
931:. Vol. 140, no. 48552. 27 March 1991.
913:. Vol. 140, no. 48551. 26 March 1991.
322:(25 September 1936 – 15 September 2020) was a
1696:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
1253:
1113:
989:"Former Malian president escapes death again"
707:Association des élèves et étudiants du Mali
683:National Congress for Democratic Initiative
662:
635:On December 25, 1985 tensions rose between
462:
387:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1260:
1246:
1127:
1120:
1106:
711:Association Malienne des Droits de l'Homme
687:Congrès National d’Initiative démocratique
659:negatively but it boosted his popularity.
38:
19:For other people named Moussa Traoré, see
1681:Recipients of Malian presidential pardons
944:Francophone sub-Saharan Africa, 1880-1995
701:, ADEMA) by Abdramane Baba and historian
671:Amadou Toumani Touré, leader of the coup.
407:Learn how and when to remove this message
68:19 November 1968 – 26 March 1991
821:Johnson, Thomas A. (12 September 1973).
666:
626:
554:Ronald Reagan and Moussa Traore in 1988.
549:
479:Comité militaire de libération nationale
467:On 19 November 1968 he took part in the
941:
925:"Mali's Dictator Is Overthrown in Coup"
820:
750:Mouvement Patriotique pour le Renouveau
1623:
1241:
1101:
907:"President of Mali Reported Arrested"
760:Traoré died on 15 September 2020, in
727:
502:Democratic Union of the Malian People
1676:Prisoners sentenced to death by Mali
838:
836:
573:
569:
385:adding citations to reliable sources
352:
262:Death of an estimated 300 protesters
1671:Malian prisoners sentenced to death
699:Alliance pour la démocratie au Mali
13:
1033:
823:"African Leaders at Drought Talks"
520:Union Nationale des Jeunes du Mali
515:Union Nationale des Femmes du Mali
14:
1707:
883:. 10 January 2022. Archived from
833:
689:, CNID) was set up by the lawyer
1209:
829:. Vol. 122, no. 42235.
578:
508:". In June 1979, a single-party
357:
194:
1018:
1006:
1001:"New Malian president sworn in"
994:
982:
968:
427:and at the military academy in
1646:Leaders who took power by coup
1225:
1013:"Mali ex-ruler rejects pardon"
935:
917:
899:
873:
855:
814:
796:
774:
746:Patriotic Movement for Renewal
695:Alliance for Democracy in Mali
21:Moussa Traoré (disambiguation)
1:
767:
545:Organization of African Unity
477:. He became president of the
348:
1686:People of French West Africa
547:from May 1988 to July 1989.
244:Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)
7:
864:"Sub Saharan Africa Report"
591:to comply with Knowledge's
564:International Monetary Fund
447:(which later together with
10:
1712:
674:
620:
457:École militaire interarmes
18:
1661:Malian military personnel
1497:
1279:
1218:
1207:
1139:
1084:
1075:
1067:
1062:
991:, BBC, 22 September 1999.
976:"Le procès Moussa Traoré"
942:Manning, Patrick (1999).
313:
309:
301:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
253:
249:
235:
225:
217:
207:
189:
184:
176:
164:
147:
119:
114:
110:
98:
86:
72:
61:
53:
49:
37:
30:
1651:Leaders ousted by a coup
848:12 February 2012 at the
755:
663:Opposition and overthrow
604:may contain suggestions.
589:may need to be rewritten
473:which deposed President
463:Head of state, 1968–1991
451:formed the new state of
270:protesters to his regime
1039:Pascal James Imperato.
677:1991 Malian coup d'état
1183:Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta
672:
632:
555:
498:Malian Second Republic
843:Background Note: Mali
670:
630:
553:
506:democratic centralism
218:Years of service
44:Moussa Traoré in 1989
1166:Amadou Toumani Touré
1155:Amadou Toumani Touré
1089:Amadou Toumani Touré
735:Amadou Toumani Touré
718:Amadou Toumani Touré
443:in 1963. He went to
423:, Traoré studied at
381:improve this section
105:Amadou Toumani Touré
1656:Traoré clan members
1041:Traore, Gen. Moussa
1015:, BBC, 30 May 2002.
1003:, BBC, 8 June 2002.
537:Abdoul Karim Camara
485:was run by Captain
1161:Alpha Oumar Konaré
1063:Political offices
929:The New York Times
911:The New York Times
887:on 10 January 2022
827:The New York Times
808:The New York Times
728:Trials and pardons
703:Alpha Oumar Konaré
673:
639:led by Traoré and
633:
556:
533:Alpha Oumar Konaré
295:Capital punishment
81:Amadou Baba Diarra
1691:People from Kayes
1618:
1617:
1235:
1234:
1177:Dioncounda Traoré
1096:
1095:
1085:Succeeded by
1078:President of Mali
953:978-0-521-64255-2
705:. These with the
653:guerrilla warfare
623:Agacher Strip War
619:
618:
593:quality standards
570:Agacher Strip War
437:second lieutenant
417:
416:
409:
328:President of Mali
317:
316:
240:Agacher Strip War
151:15 September 2020
130:25 September 1936
56:President of Mali
1703:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1213:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1068:Preceded by
1060:
1059:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
979:
972:
966:
965:
939:
933:
932:
921:
915:
914:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
877:
871:
870:
868:
859:
853:
840:
831:
830:
818:
812:
811:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
778:
614:
611:
605:
582:
574:
510:general election
487:Tiécoro Bagayoko
412:
405:
401:
398:
392:
361:
353:
254:Criminal details
200:
198:
197:
185:Military service
168:Military (later
154:
129:
127:
115:Personal details
101:
89:
66:
42:
28:
27:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1493:
1281:
1280:Organisation of
1275:
1266:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1135:
1126:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1073:
1036:
1034:Further reading
1031:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
983:
974:
973:
969:
954:
940:
936:
923:
922:
918:
905:
904:
900:
890:
888:
879:
878:
874:
866:
860:
856:
850:Wayback Machine
841:
834:
819:
815:
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
780:
779:
775:
770:
758:
730:
709:(AEEM) and the
679:
665:
625:
615:
609:
606:
596:
583:
572:
529:Kissima Doukara
465:
413:
402:
396:
393:
378:
362:
351:
340:a military coup
242:
195:
193:
165:Political party
156:
152:
131:
125:
123:
99:
87:
79:
67:
62:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1641:Malian Muslims
1638:
1633:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1129:Heads of state
1125:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
967:
952:
934:
916:
898:
872:
854:
832:
813:
795:
772:
771:
769:
766:
757:
754:
729:
726:
675:Main article:
664:
661:
649:Christmas Day.
645:Thomas Sankara
631:Agacher Strip.
621:Main article:
617:
616:
586:
584:
577:
571:
568:
464:
461:
415:
414:
365:
363:
356:
350:
347:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
305:Markala Prison
303:
299:
298:
292:
288:
287:
284:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:
251:
250:
247:
246:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
209:
208:Branch/service
205:
204:
191:
187:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
166:
162:
161:
155:(aged 83)
149:
145:
144:
121:
117:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
74:
70:
69:
59:
58:
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1708:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:African Union
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:African Unity
1278:
1274:
1273:African Union
1270:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1217:
1212:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:Amadou Sanogo
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:Moussa Traoré
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:0-8108-1369-6
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
990:
985:
977:
971:
963:
959:
955:
949:
945:
938:
930:
926:
920:
912:
908:
902:
886:
882:
876:
865:
858:
851:
847:
844:
839:
837:
828:
824:
817:
809:
805:
799:
783:
777:
773:
765:
763:
753:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
725:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:Mountaga Tall
688:
684:
681:In 1990, the
678:
669:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
629:
624:
613:
603:
599:
594:
590:
587:This section
585:
581:
576:
575:
567:
565:
559:
552:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
524:
522:
521:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:in 1961, and
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
411:
408:
400:
390:
386:
382:
376:
375:
371:
366:This section
364:
360:
355:
354:
346:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:Moussa Traoré
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
248:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
230:Major General
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
203:
192:
188:
183:
180:Mariam Traoré
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
122:
118:
113:
109:
106:
103:
97:
94:
91:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
65:
60:
57:
52:
48:
41:
36:
32:Moussa Traoré
29:
26:
22:
1418:
1200:Assimi Goïta
1188:Assimi Goïta
1148:
1144:Modibo Keïta
1076:
1071:Modibo Keïta
1040:
1020:
1008:
996:
984:
970:
943:
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
889:. Retrieved
885:the original
875:
857:
826:
816:
807:
798:
786:. Retrieved
776:
759:
749:
742:Chogel Maiga
739:
737:championed.
731:
715:
706:
698:
686:
680:
641:Burkina Faso
634:
607:
598:You can help
588:
560:
557:
525:
518:
514:
495:
483:police state
478:
475:Modibo Keïta
468:
466:
456:
421:Kayes Region
418:
403:
394:
379:Please help
367:
344:
332:Modibo Keïta
319:
318:
236:Battles/wars
153:(2020-09-15)
137:French Sudan
100:Succeeded by
93:Modibo Keïta
77:Yoro Diakité
63:
25:
1636:2020 deaths
1631:1936 births
1555:Hailemariam
541:chairperson
470:coup d'état
212:Malian Army
88:Preceded by
1625:Categories
1595:Tshisekedi
1560:Abdel Aziz
1474:Bouteflika
1319:Boumédiène
1082:1968–1991
768:References
693:, and the
493:hit Mali.
445:Tanganyika
441:lieutenant
349:Early life
302:Imprisoned
297:1993, 1999
259:Conviction
190:Allegiance
126:1936-09-25
1610:Ghazouani
1605:Assoumani
1590:Ramaphosa
1540:Mutharika
1489:Mwanawasa
1434:Babangida
1359:Ramgoolam
1339:Hassan II
962:924699152
610:June 2024
602:talk page
459:in Kati.
397:June 2024
368:does not
221:1960–1991
64:In office
1515:Obasanjo
1510:Chissano
1469:Compaoré
1429:Museveni
1394:Mengistu
1309:Selassie
1289:Selassie
1271:and the
1229:military
1194:Bah Ndaw
846:Archived
453:Tanzania
449:Zanzibar
419:Born in
1535:Gaddafi
1530:Kikwete
1520:Nguesso
1484:Chiluba
1479:Eyadéma
1449:Ben Ali
1444:Mubarak
1424:Mubarak
1409:Nguesso
1399:Nyerere
1384:Stevens
1379:Senghor
1374:Tolbert
1369:Nimeiry
1299:Nkrumah
891:25 July
788:20 July
748:party (
643:led by
543:of the
491:drought
389:removed
374:sources
291:Penalty
275:Victims
1580:Kagame
1565:Mugabe
1545:Obiang
1525:Kufuor
1464:Mugabe
1419:Traoré
1414:Kaunda
1334:Daddah
1329:Kaunda
1324:Ahidjo
1314:Mobutu
1304:Ankrah
1294:Nasser
1222:acting
1047:
960:
950:
762:Bamako
600:. The
433:France
429:Fréjus
324:Malian
283:Period
267:Target
199:
177:Spouse
160:, Mali
158:Bamako
73:Deputy
1575:Condé
1505:Mbeki
1454:Meles
1439:Diouf
1404:Diouf
1364:Bongo
1349:Barre
1344:Gowon
867:(PDF)
756:Death
139:(now
133:Kayes
1600:Sall
1585:Sisi
1570:Déby
1550:Boni
1459:Biya
1354:Amin
1133:Mali
1045:ISBN
958:OCLC
948:ISBN
893:2023
790:2021
657:Mali
637:Mali
517:and
425:Kita
372:any
370:cite
336:1968
286:1991
278:200+
226:Rank
202:Mali
170:UDPM
148:Died
141:Mali
120:Born
54:2nd
1389:Moi
1131:of
744:'s
383:by
334:in
1627::
956:.
927:.
909:.
835:^
825:.
806:.
431:,
342:.
135:,
1261:e
1254:t
1247:v
1227:†
1220:*
1202:†
1196:*
1190:†
1179:*
1173:†
1157:†
1151:†
1121:e
1114:t
1107:v
1056:.
978:.
964:.
895:.
869:.
792:.
697:(
685:(
612:)
608:(
595:.
410:)
404:(
399:)
395:(
391:.
377:.
172:)
143:)
128:)
124:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_(cropped).jpg)
