668:
HE to help the virus get rid of infected cells, but later the NTD of the mouse coronavirus evolved into a new structure that can be associated with the protein receptor mCEACAM1. Combination greatly increases the binding ability of viruses and murine cells. Because it is no longer necessary to bind to sugars, it gradually loses the lectin function, and further loses the HE. In contrast, bovine coronavirus, human coronavirus OC43, and others are still sugar receptors, so the spike NTD retains the function of glutin.
67:
568:
depends on cleavage of the spike protein by endosomal enzymes. MHV-JHM (especially the more virulent JHM.SD and JHM-cl2), which infects nerve tissue, may not require surface exposure. The body can infect the cell, that is, it can achieve membrane fusion without binding to the cell receptor, so it can infect structures in the nervous system with little expression of mCEACAM1, and its infection may mainly depend on the cutting of its spike protein by the cell surface protease.
4384:
42:
313:. MHV-1, MHV-2, MHV-3, MHV-A59, MHV-S, MHV-JHM and other virus strains replicate in the respiratory tract and then spread to other organs such as the liver, lungs and brain. MHV-JHM mainly infects the central nervous system and has been widely studied since 1949. In rats, these nerve-infecting hepatitis viruses can cause acute or chronic neurological symptoms and stimulate the immunity of mice upon infection. Infection leads to
586:
527:. The types of auxiliary proteins in different virus strains may differ. For example, MHV-S lacks auxiliary protein 5a, so it is less resistant to interferon. All four auxiliary proteins are dispensable for viral replication. The E protein is divided into the E1 and E2 glycoproteins, which are believed to serve different purposes. The genome is ordered
667:
in animal cells. Therefore, it has been suggested that this domain was originally derived from a host animal cell. The cell acquires the gene for a lectin, which can bind to the sugar on the surface of the host cell as an infected cell. Subsequently, the virus in this clade of coronaviruses acquires
567:
in the host cell when the virus is produced and assembled, and when the virus infects a new cell, further cleavage in the lysosomal pathway is also required for successful infection. The ocyrosin of MHV-2 does not have the S1/S2 cleavage site and is not cut during the assembly process. Its infection
357:
to prevent and treat hepatitis virus infection in mice, mainly because of the high mutation rate and the variety of virus strains, as well as concerns that vaccination may itself interfere with the interpretation of experimental research results, but this virus can be used as an experimental model
425:, among others. There is little to no obvious difference, and it has been suggested that Parker's rat coronavirus is only one type of rat salivary adenovirus. It is highly infectious. Generally, the symptoms in young rats are more serious, and some individuals suffer permanent eye damage.
515:— 2a, 4, 5a and I (or N2) (known as NS2, 15k, 12.6k and 7b in rat salivary adenophritis virus or as 2a, 5a, 5b and N2 in Longquan Luosai mouse coronavirus). These auxiliary proteins may counter the host's immune response. The auxiliary protein NS2 (encoded by the 2a gene) has 2′,5′-
332:
and age of mouse. MHV-1, MHV-S and MHV-Y are weak viral strains; MHV-2, MHV-3, MHV-A5 9 and MHV-JHM are more virulent, being relatively mild in adult mice but having a high mortality in newborns. Infection, even if it does not cause obvious symptoms, may affect the
441:. The virus found was very similar to rat hepatitis virus, but due to the use of laboratory mice in the isolation process, the possibility cannot be excluded that it was derived from a mouse and not from the birds. Subsequent studies have shown that the virus has
244:
or polytropic. Enterotropic strains include mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains D, Y, RI, and DVIM, whereas polytropic strains, such as JHM and A59, primarily cause hepatitis, enteritis, and encephalitis. Murine coronavirus is an important pathogen in the
2597:
In all members of
Betacoronavirus subgroup A, a haemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene, which encodes a glycoprotein with neuraminate O-acetyl-esterase activity and the active site FGDS, is present downstream to ORF1ab and upstream to S gene (Figure
571:
When rat hepatitis viruses of different strains infects cells at the same time, template switching can occur while genetic replication is carried out, resulting in gene recombination, which may be important for the evolution of viral diversity.
688:, with a large number of related virus strains found since 2015), and no bat virus has been found. Some scholars suggest that the common ancestor of this clade may be a mouse virus, which was then transmitted by rats to humans and cattle.
409:. In the past, it was believed that the symptoms caused by the two infections were different, but in recent years, it has been argued that the symptoms of both include eye and nasal discharge, large salivary gland enlargement,
563:(mCEACAM1). The type of infected tissue and the time at which the spike protein is cut vary according to the virus strain. Among them is S1 in the spike protein of MHV-A59. The cleavage site of S2 is cut by proteases such as
648:. This subgenus is distinguished by the presence of a gene encoding hemaglutinin esterase (HE), although in many laboratory murine hepatitis virus strains (such as MHV-A59 and MHV-1), this gene has been lost to
2642:"Discovery of a novel coronavirus, China Rattus coronavirus HKU24, from Norway rats supports the murine origin of Betacoronavirus 1 and has implications for the ancestor of Betacoronavirus lineage A"
397:(RCoV or RCV) consists mainly of two virus strains, sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) and Parker's RCoV (RCoV-P), both of which cause respiratory tract infections, with the former also affecting the
703:
are present in the same infected host cell. RNA–RNA recombination between different strains of the murine coronavirus was found to occur at a high frequency both in tissue culture and in the mouse
274:
Murine coronavirus was first discovered in 1949. The researchers isolated the virus from the brain, spinal cord, liver, lung, spleen, and kidney of a rat with symptoms of encephalitis and severe
3119:
Arévalo, A. P.; Pagotto, R.; Pórfido, J. L.; Daghero, H.; Segovia, M.; Yamasaki, K.; Varela, B.; Hill, M.; Verdes, J. M.; Duhalde Vega, M.; Bollati-Fogolín, M.; Crispo, M. (December 2021).
2493:
Keck JG, Matsushima GK, Makino S, Fleming JO, Vannier DM, Stohlman SA, Lai MM. In vivo RNA–RNA recombination of coronavirus in mouse brain. J Virol. 1988 May;62(5):1810–3. PMID 2833625
892:
So RT, Chu DK, Miguel E, Perera RA, Oladipo JO, Fassi-Fihri O, Aylet G, Ko RL, Zhou Z, Cheng MS, Kuranga SA, Roger FL, Chevalier V, Webby RJ, Woo PC, Poon LL, Peiris M (December 2019).
321:. MHV-2, MHV-3 and MHV-A59 can also infect the liver; the first two of these are more virulent. MHV-3 is the main virus strain used to study hepatitis; MHV-1 mainly infects the lungs.
602:
511:
on the surface of the host cell and promote viral infection, and has acetyl esterase activity, which can degrade receptors to release the bound virus. The virus also has four
3024:
894:"Diversity of Dromedary Camel Coronavirus HKU23 in African Camels Revealed Multiple Recombination Events among Closely Related Betacoronaviruses of the Subgenus Embecovirus"
769:
ICTV 2nd Report Fenner, F. (1976). Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Second report of the
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Intervirology 7: 1–115.
726:
is a highly infectious coronavirus of laboratory rats that can be transmitted between individuals by direct contact and indirectly by aerosol. Acute infections have high
559:
that helps the external membrane of the virus fuse with the cell membrane is exposed to facilitate infection. The host cell receptor used by rat coronavirus is generally
656:. HE is dispensable for rat hepatitis virus infection and replication, and indeed, hepatitis strains lacking HE appear to have a competitive advantage in vitro.
487:
single-strand RNA virus with an outer membrane. It has a genome size of about 31,000 nucleotides. In addition to the four structural proteins of coronaviruses —
2085:"The internal open reading frame within the nucleocapsid gene of mouse hepatitis virus encodes a structural protein that is not essential for viral replication"
2387:"The spike glycoprotein of murine coronavirus MHV-JHM mediates receptor-independent infection and spread in the central nervous systems of Ceacam1a−/− Mice"
3887:
801:
3336:
278:
injury, and gave it the strain name mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-JHM. MHV is now the most studied coronavirus in animals other than humans, acting as a
1786:"Identification of a coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase with a substrate specificity different from those of influenza C virus and bovine coronavirus"
1546:"Primary structure of the sialodacryoadenitis virus genome: sequence of the structural-protein region and its application for differential diagnosis"
1930:"Antagonism of the interferon-induced OAS-RNase L pathway by murine coronavirus ns2 protein is required for virus replication and liver pathology"
4475:
3993:
3624:
3014:
Makino S, Keck JG, Stohlman SA, Lai MM. High-frequency RNA recombination of murine coronaviruses. J Virol. 1986 Mar;57(3):729–37. PMID 3005623
2740:"Luxury at a cost? Recombinant mouse hepatitis viruses expressing the accessory hemagglutinin esterase protein display reduced fitness in vitro"
1203:"Acute and chronic changes in the microcirculation of the liver in inbred strains of mice following infection with mouse hepatitis virus type 3"
4378:
645:
454:
4682:
4641:
4585:
4529:
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551:(S) binds to the receptor on the surface of the host cell, which enables the virus to enter the cell. The spike protein is cut by the host's
2034:"Mouse hepatitis virus S RNA sequence reveals that nonstructural proteins ns4 and ns5a are not essential for murine coronavirus replication"
3003:
Specifically, all HCoVs are thought to have a bat origin, with the exception of lineage A beta-CoVs, which may have reservoirs in rodents .
3515:
301:. Transmitted in fecal matter, the strains MHV-D, MHV-DVIM, MHV-Y and MHV-RI mainly infect the digestive tract, sometimes infecting the
4010:
753:
Infection of mice with mouse hepatitis virus has been used as a model system to examine ivermectin as a treatment for coronaviruses.
3097:
2914:"Comparative analysis of rodent and small mammal viromes to better understand the wildlife origin of emerging infectious diseases"
3194:
4387:
1410:
943:"Role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and interferon-γ in coronavirus infection: Lessons from murine coronavirus infections in mice"
337:
of laboratory subjects and cause errors in the interpretation of experimental results. For example, the virus can replicate in
3065:
2198:
1707:
1664:
866:
677:
contains many viruses infecting rats (in addition to mouse coronavirus, there are also the
Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus, China
17:
3522:
2285:"Endosomal proteolysis by cathepsins is necessary for murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus type 2 spike-mediated entry"
3729:
1443:"The complete sequence (22 kilobases) of murine coronavirus gene 1 encoding the putative proteases and RNA polymerase"
3913:
3906:
2808:
1376:
4632:
4493:
4238:
3950:
3457:
2738:
Lissenberg A, Vrolijk MM, van Vliet AL, Langereis MA, de Groot-Mijnes JD, Rottier PJ, de Groot RJ (December 2005).
622:
Murine coronavirus is believed to be most closely related to human coronavirus HKU1. These two species, along with
500:
4687:
4646:
4590:
4534:
2610:
2438:"Neurovirulent Murine Coronavirus JHM.SD Uses Cellular Zinc Metalloproteases for Virus Entry and Cell–Cell Fusion"
3559:
3552:
2181:
Fehr A, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An
Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ (ed.).
445:(HE). If the coronavirus did indeed originate from shearwater, it is one of few bird coronaviruses that is not a
4015:
3957:
3794:
2787:
Caetano-Anollés, Kelsey; Hernandez, Nicolas; Mughal, Fizza; Tomaszewski, Tre; Caetano-Anollés, Gustavo (2022).
1735:"Isolation of a coronavirus during studies on puffinosis, a disease of the Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus)"
629:
2232:
Burkard C, Verheije MH, Wicht O, van
Kasteren SI, van Kuppeveld FJ, Haagmans BL, et al. (November 2014).
3450:
1982:"Accessory protein 5a is a major antagonist of the antiviral action of interferon against murine coronavirus"
789:
de Groot RJ, Ziebuhr J, Poon LL, Woo PC, Talbot P, Rottier PJ, et al. (Coronavirus Study Group) (2009).
707:. These findings suggest that RNA–RNA recombination may play a significant role in the natural evolution and
1101:"Of Mice and Men: The Coronavirus MHV and Mouse Models as a Translational Approach to Understand SARS-CoV-2"
992:"Of Mice and Men: The Coronavirus MHV and Mouse Models as a Translational Approach to Understand SARS-CoV-2"
4440:
4114:
3943:
3724:
496:
492:
4259:
3187:
790:
523:
in cells activates the defense mechanism for degrading viral RNA and auxiliary protein 5a inhibits host
66:
4710:
1595:"Rat coronaviruses infect rat alveolar type I epithelial cells and induce expression of CXC chemokines"
4576:
3898:
2691:"Heterogeneity of gene expression of the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein of murine coronaviruses"
2385:
Miura TA, Travanty EA, Oko L, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Weiss SR, Beauchemin N, Holmes KV (January 2008).
2234:"Coronavirus cell entry occurs through the endo-/lysosomal pathway in a proteolysis-dependent manner"
548:
488:
484:
4720:
4715:
4231:
3987:
3822:
2852:"Crystal structure of mouse coronavirus receptor-binding domain complexed with its murine receptor"
2640:
Lau SK, Woo PC, Li KS, Tsang AK, Fan RY, Luk HK, et al. (March 2015). Sandri-Goldin RM (ed.).
2134:"Pathogenicity of antigenic variants of murine coronavirus JHM selected with monoclonal antibodies"
682:
450:
1043:"A murine virus (JHM) causing disseminated encephalomyelitis with extensive destruction of myelin"
4252:
512:
366:
2185:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 1–23.
4480:
4402:
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3801:
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3617:
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1441:
Lee HJ, Shieh CK, Gorbalenya AE, Koonin EV, La Monica N, Tuler J, et al. (February 1991).
704:
504:
442:
711:
of coronaviruses. The mechanism of recombination appears to involve template switching during
671:
Alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses may all originate from bat viruses, but the subgenus
4158:
3329:
770:
696:
4383:
723:
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3132:
2863:
2352:
472:
342:
294:
286:
258:
61:
1492:"Systematic assembly of a full-length infectious cDNA of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59"
8:
1881:"Discovery, diversity and evolution of novel coronaviruses sampled from rodents in China"
53:
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Fleming, J O; Trousdale, M D; el-Zaatari, F A; Stohlman, S A; Weiner, L P (June 1986).
2006:
1981:
1954:
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1304:"Cell replacement therapies to promote remyelination in a viral model of demyelination"
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Rabbit enteric coronavirus causes acute gastrointestinal disease and diarrhea in young
536:
373:, it was the largest RNA virus genome known at that time. In 2002, American virologist
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Murine hepatitis virus is highly infectious and is one of the most common pathogens in
318:
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2133:
2109:
2084:
2060:
2033:
1812:
1785:
1518:
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4144:
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3075:
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2994:
2945:
2891:
2836:
2824:
2804:
2789:"The seasonal behaviour of COVID-19 and its galectin-like culprit of the viral spike"
2769:
2720:
2706:
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2534:
2469:
2418:
2367:
2316:
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2065:
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2011:
1959:
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1232:
1183:
1132:
1074:
1023:
972:
923:
862:
712:
624:
516:
378:
377:
developed a reverse genetic system for mouse hepatitis virus in which a complete MHV
362:
290:
1928:
Zhao L, Jha BK, Wu A, Elliott R, Ziebuhr J, Gorbalenya AE, et al. (June 2012).
1802:
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activity; it can degrade 2′,5′-oligoadenylate in the cell and avoid its activation.
241:
4454:
4178:
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2702:
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2001:
1993:
1949:
1941:
1900:
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1746:
1713:
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1652:
1614:
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1565:
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1513:
1503:
1462:
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1382:
1364:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1274:
1266:
1222:
1214:
1173:
1163:
1122:
1112:
1064:
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1013:
1003:
962:
954:
913:
905:
872:
854:
742:
446:
414:
325:
310:
285:
There are more than 25 different strains of murine coronavirus. Transmitted by the
246:
2149:
1561:
599:
proposed evolutionary sequence of events in 2nd paragraph of this section unclear.
555:
at all stages of the formation, transportation and infection of the new cell. The
433:
In 1982, researchers found a coronavirus in the brains of mice after isolation of
4673:
4425:
3814:
3750:
3247:
3235:
2250:
735:
438:
406:
402:
394:
230:
211:
163:
127:
3172:
3121:"Ivermectin reduces in vivo coronavirus infection in a mouse experimental model"
2283:
Qiu Z, Hingley ST, Simmons G, Yu C, Das Sarma J, Bates P, Weiss SR (June 2006).
2190:
1896:
1610:
341:
and affect their function, as well as in the spleen, where infection stimulates
4617:
4561:
4520:
3144:
2856:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2800:
1945:
1879:
Wang W, Lin XD, Guo WP, Zhou RH, Wang MR, Wang CQ, et al. (January 2015).
708:
556:
520:
464:
From 2011 to 2013, researchers collected mouse samples at several locations in
457:(ICTV) classified this bird coronavirus as belonging to the murine coronavirus
279:
250:
2980:
2930:
2520:
1853:
1836:
1270:
4704:
4072:
3436:
3352:
3223:
3205:
2788:
1980:
Koetzner CA, Kuo L, Goebel SJ, Dean AB, Parker MM, Masters PS (August 2010).
1416:. Division of Animal Resources,University of Illinois, Urbana. Archived from
374:
334:
314:
151:
103:
2876:
4275:
4217:
3973:
3866:
3603:
3575:
3501:
3473:
3380:
3229:
3162:
2998:
2949:
2895:
2828:
2773:
2675:
2592:
2538:
2473:
2422:
2371:
2320:
2269:
2218:
2015:
1963:
1914:
1862:
1821:
1628:
1579:
1527:
1396:
1337:
1288:
1218:
1187:
1136:
1078:
1027:
976:
927:
410:
328:. The symptoms of infection vary according to the type, path of infection,
115:
2724:
2167:
2118:
2069:
1770:
1476:
1236:
849:
Otto GM, Franklin CL, Clifford CB (2015). "Biology and
Diseases of Rats".
4626:
4570:
4434:
4316:
4189:
4100:
3929:
3838:
3761:
3696:
3668:
3640:
3538:
3408:
3315:
3287:
3241:
2786:
2657:
2454:
2403:
2301:
1997:
1784:
Klausegger A, Strobl B, Regl G, Kaser A, Luytjes W, Vlasak R (May 1999).
1168:
1059:
958:
909:
673:
653:
508:
254:
236:
175:
139:
2505:"Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses"
531:-2a-HE-S-4-5a-E-M-N-I, where 5a and 5b proteins are encoded by the same
475:, collectively described in 2015 as Longquan Rl rat coronavirus (LRLV).
293:
route, these viruses infect the livers of mice and have been used as an
4130:
4040:
3998:
1751:
1302:
Tirotta E, Carbajal KS, Schaumburg CS, Whitman L, Lane TE (July 2010).
660:
524:
434:
370:
338:
1117:
1008:
3217:
2573:
2503:
Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai AC, Zhou J, et al. (June 2016).
2083:
Fischer F, Peng D, Hingley ST, Weiss SR, Masters PS (February 1997).
727:
422:
418:
390:
298:
91:
41:
4396:
2912:
Wu Z, Lu L, Du J, Yang L, Ren X, Liu B, et al. (October 2018).
2850:
Peng G, Sun D, Rajashankar KR, Qian Z, Holmes KV, Li F (June 2011).
4667:
4611:
4555:
4514:
4419:
4020:
2737:
664:
649:
552:
539:
of I is located within the open reading frame of capsid protein N.
469:
465:
329:
2336:"Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins"
2131:
1255:"Pathogenesis of murine coronavirus in the central nervous system"
4467:
2384:
731:
560:
354:
2231:
1301:
4035:
4030:
4025:
2618:
700:
663:
domain (NTD) of the spike protein of coronavirus is similar to
528:
350:
346:
302:
275:
50:
1690:
Kohn DF, Clifford CB (2002). "Biology and
Diseases of Rats".
564:
458:
369:
of the murine hepatitis virus. With a total length of 31,000
306:
225:
78:
3118:
1099:
Körner RW, Majjouti M, Alcazar MA, Mahabir E (August 2020).
1098:
990:
Körner RW, Majjouti M, Alcazar MA, Mahabir E (August 2020).
989:
532:
398:
3052:(Fifth ed.). Academic Press. 2017. pp. 435–461.
2962:
771:
https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%202nd%20Report.pdf
2963:
Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M (January 2017).
2795:. Methods in Microbiology. Vol. 50. pp. 27–81.
1783:
1490:
Yount B, Denison MR, Weiss SR, Baric RS (November 2002).
437:
coronavirus (PCoV), which causes skin and eye disease in
1440:
2082:
1593:
Miura TA, Wang J, Holmes KV, Mason RJ (December 2007).
1200:
205:
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), aka murine hepatitis virus
2849:
2435:
1489:
788:
715:, a process referred to as copy choice recombination.
257:
in animals other than humans, and has been used as an
2731:
2615:
International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
2429:
1979:
798:
International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
3888:
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
1777:
1592:
1543:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
848:
3337:
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013
2282:
1295:
1194:
1034:
468:, China, and discovered three new virus strains in
358:for the development of other coronavirus vaccines.
2965:"Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes"
2557:"Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis"
2225:
1975:
1973:
1344:
1248:
1246:
1201:MacPhee PJ, Dindzans VJ, Fung LS, Levy GA (1985).
3202:
2688:
2436:Phillips JM, Gallagher T, Weiss SR (April 2017).
2378:
1726:
1085:
891:
4702:
2555:Woo PC, Huang Y, Lau SK, Yuen KY (August 2010).
1927:
1683:
1544:Yoo D, Pei Y, Christie N, Cooper M (July 2000).
503:(N) — some mouse coronavirus surfaces also have
3625:NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b
2554:
2174:
2027:
2025:
1970:
1243:
842:
575:
2276:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1350:
1040:
646:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
455:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
4328:
3188:
2689:Yokomori K, Banner LR, Lai MM (August 1991).
2639:
1732:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1586:
1550:Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology
1539:
1537:
234:that infects mice. Belonging to the subgenus
2502:
2022:
1828:
1689:
1434:
940:
547:When coronavirus infects the host cell, its
3516:Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013
2907:
2905:
2843:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2180:
2031:
1921:
1869:
1252:
983:
934:
885:
784:
782:
780:
778:
644:, according to the classification from the
261:for many virological and clinical studies.
4337:
3195:
3181:
2911:
2682:
2633:
1837:"Coronaviruses in poultry and other birds"
1635:
1534:
595:needs attention from an expert in virology
593:This Classification and evolution section
40:
3487:Myotis ricketti alphacoronavirus Sax-2011
3152:
2988:
2939:
2929:
2885:
2875:
2818:
2763:
2714:
2665:
2582:
2572:
2528:
2463:
2453:
2412:
2402:
2361:
2351:
2310:
2300:
2259:
2249:
2208:
2157:
2108:
2059:
2049:
2005:
1953:
1904:
1852:
1811:
1801:
1760:
1750:
1717:
1674:
1618:
1569:
1517:
1507:
1466:
1386:
1327:
1278:
1226:
1177:
1167:
1126:
1116:
1068:
1058:
1041:Cheever FS, Daniels JB (September 1949).
1017:
1007:
966:
947:The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
917:
876:
829:(these are to be united in a new species
269:
2902:
2480:
1834:
1143:
775:
691:
384:
317:, serving as an animal disease model of
14:
4703:
3264:
2496:
2353:10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042301
2327:
1253:Bender SJ, Weiss SR (September 2010).
791:"Revision of the family Coronaviridae"
699:can occur when at least two RNA viral
605:may be able to help recruit an expert.
381:was assembled from smaller fragments.
4401:
4400:
4313:
3263:
3176:
2550:
2548:
1149:
3523:Pipistrellus kuhlii coronavirus 3398
1651:. Elsevier. 2017. pp. 435–461.
1156:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1047:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
807:from the original on 7 February 2019
579:
3852:Bat Hp-betacoronavirus Zhejiang2013
3730:Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
3041:
3017:
2032:Yokomori K, Lai MM (October 1991).
1259:Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology
941:Kyuwa S, Sugiura Y (October 2020).
24:
3058:10.1016/B978-0-12-800946-8.00024-6
2956:
2756:10.1128/JVI.79.24.15054-15063.2005
2545:
2333:
1657:10.1016/b978-0-12-800946-8.00024-6
1509:10.1128/jvi.76.21.11065-11078.2002
1369:10.1016/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2
859:10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00004-3
56:, schematic structure, and genome
25:
4732:
3914:Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4
3907:Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5
2793:Covid-19: Biomedical Perspectives
240:, murine coronavirus strains are
4382:
4239:Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21
3951:Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1
3589:Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2
3458:Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8
3100:from the original on 1 July 2019
3025:"Taxonomy browser (Embecovirus)"
2051:10.1128/JVI.65.10.5605-5608.1991
1700:10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50007-7
1152:"Forty years with coronaviruses"
734:for the salivary, lachrymal and
628:, rabbit coronavirus HKU14, and
584:
65:
4314:
3560:Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512
3553:Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
3112:
3082:
3008:
2780:
2603:
2125:
2076:
1803:10.1128/JVI.73.5.3737-3743.1999
1483:
1403:
1351:Weiss SR, Leibowitz JL (2011).
4016:Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1
3958:Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9
3795:China Rattus coronavirus HKU24
3682:Suncus murinus coronavirus X74
3048:"Chapter 24 – Coronaviridae".
2617:. October 2018. Archived from
2611:"Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release"
2101:10.1128/JVI.71.2.996-1003.1997
1733:Nuttall PA, Harrap KA (1982).
1694:. Elsevier. pp. 121–165.
1320:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.013
853:. Elsevier. pp. 151–207.
763:
13:
1:
4289:Night heron coronavirus HKU19
3654:Sorex araneus coronavirus T14
3451:Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1
2150:10.1128/jvi.58.3.869-875.1986
1562:10.1128/CDLI.7.4.568-573.2000
1411:"Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV)"
756:
745:. Mortality rates are high.
4115:Beluga whale coronavirus SW1
3944:Eidolon bat coronavirus C704
3725:Canine coronavirus HuPn-2018
3094:Diseases of Research Animals
3050:Fenner's Veterinary Virology
2707:10.1016/0042-6822(91)90994-M
2251:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004502
1835:Cavanagh D (December 2005).
1649:Fenner's Veterinary Virology
1459:10.1016/0042-6822(91)90071-I
576:Classification and evolution
542:
365:'s laboratory completed the
7:
4260:White-eye coronavirus HKU16
2191:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
1897:10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.017
1611:10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.030
748:
597:. The specific problem is:
421:, shortness of breath, and
10:
4737:
3394:Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus
3145:10.1038/s41598-021-86679-0
2801:10.1016/bs.mim.2021.10.002
1946:10.1016/j.chom.2012.04.011
1692:Laboratory Animal Medicine
1357:Advances in Virus Research
1353:"Coronavirus pathogenesis"
1308:Journal of Neuroimmunology
851:Laboratory Animal Medicine
718:
4657:
4601:
4545:
4504:
4409:
4375:
4346:
4324:
4309:
4284:
4273:
4226:
4215:
4198:
4187:
4176:
4139:
4128:
4109:
4098:
4081:
4070:
4059:
3982:
3971:
3938:
3927:
3899:MERS coronavirus EMC/2012
3875:
3864:
3847:
3836:
3770:
3759:
3748:
3705:
3694:
3677:
3666:
3649:
3638:
3612:
3601:
3584:
3573:
3547:
3536:
3510:
3499:
3482:
3471:
3445:
3434:
3417:
3406:
3389:
3378:
3361:
3350:
3324:
3313:
3296:
3285:
3274:
3259:
3213:
2981:10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001
2931:10.1186/s40168-018-0554-9
2521:10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003
2340:Annual Review of Virology
1854:10.1080/03079450500367682
1271:10.1007/s11481-010-9202-2
724:Sialodacryoadenitis virus
478:
428:
253:. It is the most studied
202:
197:
60:
49:Murine coronavirus (MHV)
48:
39:
32:
4232:Bulbul coronavirus HKU11
4203:Wigeon coronavirus HKU20
3988:SARS-related coronavirus
3823:Myodes coronavirus 2JL14
713:viral genome replication
264:
4253:Munia coronavirus HKU13
3301:Bat coronavirus CDPHE15
2877:10.1073/pnas.1104306108
2334:Li F (September 2016).
1934:Cell Host & Microbe
652:and persists only as a
367:whole genome sequencing
4659:Murine hepatitis virus
4633:Puffinosis coronavirus
4603:Puffinosis coronavirus
4506:Murine hepatitis virus
4152:Avian coronavirus 9203
4086:Goose coronavirus CB17
3894:London1_novel CoV/2012
3881:Hedgehog coronavirus 1
3802:Human coronavirus HKU1
3787:Human coronavirus OC43
3618:Human coronavirus NL63
3366:Human coronavirus 229E
2969:Trends in Microbiology
2509:Trends in Microbiology
1219:10.1002/hep.1840050422
823:Puffinosis coronavirus
819:Murine hepatitis virus
705:central nervous system
681:coronavirus HKU24 and
505:hemagglutinin esterase
443:hemagglutinin esterase
270:Murine hepatitis virus
208:Puffinosis coronavirus
4351:Microhyla letovirus 1
4159:Duck coronavirus 2714
3330:Bat coronavirus HKU10
3090:"Enteric Coronavirus"
1150:Weiss SR (May 2020).
697:Genetic recombination
692:RNA–RNA recombination
507:(HE). HE can bind to
483:Rat coronavirus is a
385:Fancy rat coronavirus
18:Mouse hepatitis virus
3029:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2658:10.1128/JVI.02420-14
2455:10.1128/JVI.01564-16
2404:10.1128/JVI.01851-07
2302:10.1128/JVI.00442-06
1998:10.1128/JVI.00385-10
1739:Archives of Virology
1169:10.1084/jem.20200537
1060:10.1084/jem.90.3.181
959:10.1292/jvms.20-0313
910:10.1128/JVI.01236-19
603:WikiProject Virology
501:nucleocapsid protein
473:lesser ricefield rat
343:natural killer cells
295:animal disease model
259:animal disease model
62:Virus classification
3137:2021NatSR..11.7132A
2868:2011PNAS..10810696P
2744:Journal of Virology
2646:Journal of Virology
2442:Journal of Virology
2391:Journal of Virology
2289:Journal of Virology
2138:Journal of Virology
2089:Journal of Virology
2038:Journal of Virology
1986:Journal of Virology
1790:Journal of Virology
1496:Journal of Virology
898:Journal of Virology
282:for coronaviruses.
54:electron micrograph
4441:Murine coronavirus
4411:Murine coronavirus
3809:Murine coronavirus
3782:Bovine coronavirus
3720:Canine coronavirus
3715:Feline coronavirus
3710:Alphacoronavirus 1
3422:Mink coronavirus 1
3267:Orthocoronavirinae
3125:Scientific Reports
1752:10.1007/BF01341722
831:Murine coronavirus
537:open reading frame
513:auxiliary proteins
319:multiple sclerosis
222:Murine coronavirus
190:Murine coronavirus
34:Murine coronavirus
4711:Betacoronaviruses
4698:
4697:
4403:Taxon identifiers
4394:
4393:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4269:
4268:
4246:Coronavirus HKU15
4211:
4210:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4145:Avian coronavirus
4124:
4123:
4094:
4093:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
3967:
3966:
3923:
3922:
3860:
3859:
3832:
3831:
3776:Betacoronavirus 1
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3690:
3689:
3662:
3661:
3634:
3633:
3597:
3596:
3569:
3568:
3532:
3531:
3495:
3494:
3467:
3466:
3430:
3429:
3402:
3401:
3374:
3373:
3346:
3345:
3309:
3308:
3215:Higher taxonomy:
3067:978-0-12-800946-8
2862:(26): 10696–701.
2200:978-1-4939-2437-0
1709:978-0-12-263951-7
1666:978-0-12-800946-8
1647:"Coronaviridae".
1118:10.3390/v12080880
1009:10.3390/v12080880
953:(10): 1410–1414.
868:978-0-12-409527-4
709:neuropathogenesis
686:coronavirus 2JL14
634:coronavirus HKU24
625:Betacoronavirus 1
620:
619:
517:phosphodiesterase
485:positive-stranded
363:Michael M. C. Lai
219:
218:
16:(Redirected from
4728:
4691:
4690:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4650:
4649:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4594:
4593:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4538:
4537:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4497:
4496:
4484:
4483:
4471:
4470:
4458:
4457:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4398:
4397:
4386:
4344:
4343:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4325:
4311:
4310:
4282:
4281:
4224:
4223:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4179:Deltacoronavirus
4137:
4136:
4107:
4106:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4062:Gammacoronavirus
3980:
3979:
3936:
3935:
3873:
3872:
3845:
3844:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3703:
3702:
3675:
3674:
3647:
3646:
3610:
3609:
3582:
3581:
3545:
3544:
3508:
3507:
3480:
3479:
3443:
3442:
3415:
3414:
3387:
3386:
3359:
3358:
3322:
3321:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3277:Alphacoronavirus
3261:
3260:
3203:Taxonomy of the
3197:
3190:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2992:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2933:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2879:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2822:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2750:(24): 15054–63.
2735:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2586:
2576:
2574:10.3390/v2081803
2552:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2457:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2244:(11): e1004502.
2229:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1644:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1502:(21): 11065–78.
1487:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1096:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1011:
987:
981:
980:
970:
938:
932:
931:
921:
889:
883:
882:
880:
846:
840:
839:
814:
812:
806:
795:
786:
773:
767:
743:European rabbits
736:Harderian glands
636:, form subgenus
615:
612:
606:
588:
587:
580:
497:envelope protein
493:membrane protein
451:deltacoronavirus
447:gammacoronavirus
439:Manx shearwaters
415:photosensitivity
311:lymphatic tissue
247:laboratory mouse
70:
69:
44:
30:
29:
27:Species of virus
21:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4721:Animal virology
4716:Rodent diseases
4701:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4653:
4645:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4597:
4589:
4584:
4577:Rat coronavirus
4575:
4574:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4547:Rat coronavirus
4541:
4533:
4528:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4500:
4492:
4487:
4479:
4474:
4466:
4461:
4453:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4405:
4395:
4390:
4355:
4320:
4293:
4265:
4207:
4164:
4120:
4090:
4047:
3963:
3919:
3856:
3828:
3815:Rat coronavirus
3751:Betacoronavirus
3736:
3686:
3658:
3630:
3593:
3565:
3528:
3491:
3463:
3426:
3398:
3370:
3342:
3305:
3270:
3255:
3248:Cornidovirineae
3236:Pisoniviricetes
3209:
3201:
3171:
3170:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3068:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
2961:
2957:
2910:
2903:
2848:
2844:
2811:
2785:
2781:
2736:
2732:
2687:
2683:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2553:
2546:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2481:
2434:
2430:
2383:
2379:
2332:
2328:
2295:(12): 5768–76.
2281:
2277:
2230:
2226:
2201:
2179:
2175:
2130:
2126:
2095:(2): 996–1003.
2081:
2077:
2030:
2023:
1992:(16): 8262–74.
1978:
1971:
1926:
1922:
1877:
1870:
1841:Avian Pathology
1833:
1829:
1782:
1778:
1731:
1727:
1710:
1688:
1684:
1667:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1591:
1587:
1542:
1535:
1488:
1484:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1379:
1349:
1345:
1300:
1296:
1251:
1244:
1199:
1195:
1148:
1144:
1097:
1086:
1039:
1035:
988:
984:
939:
935:
890:
886:
869:
847:
843:
835:Betacoronavirus
833:in a new genus
827:Rat coronavirus
810:
808:
804:
793:
787:
776:
768:
764:
759:
751:
721:
694:
642:Betacoronavirus
616:
610:
607:
601:
589:
585:
578:
545:
481:
453:. In 2009, the
431:
407:salivary glands
403:Harderian gland
395:rat coronavirus
387:
353:. There is no
326:laboratory mice
272:
267:
231:Betacoronavirus
212:Rat coronavirus
193:
165:Betacoronavirus
129:Pisoniviricetes
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4734:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4679:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4638:
4623:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4582:
4567:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4526:
4510:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4485:
4472:
4459:
4446:
4431:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4392:
4391:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4332:
4330:Alphaletovirus
4322:
4321:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4221:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4182:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4134:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4065:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3983:
3977:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3933:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3884:
3876:
3870:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3771:
3765:
3754:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3706:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3613:
3607:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3257:
3256:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3168:
3111:
3081:
3066:
3040:
3016:
3007:
2955:
2901:
2842:
2809:
2779:
2730:
2681:
2652:(6): 3076–92.
2632:
2602:
2567:(8): 1804–20.
2544:
2515:(6): 490–502.
2495:
2479:
2428:
2377:
2346:(1): 237–261.
2326:
2275:
2238:PLOS Pathogens
2224:
2199:
2173:
2144:(3): 869–875.
2124:
2075:
2044:(10): 5605–8.
2021:
1969:
1920:
1868:
1827:
1796:(5): 3737–43.
1776:
1725:
1708:
1682:
1665:
1634:
1585:
1533:
1482:
1433:
1402:
1377:
1343:
1314:(1–2): 101–7.
1294:
1242:
1193:
1142:
1084:
1053:(3): 181–210.
1033:
982:
933:
884:
867:
841:
800:. p. 36.
774:
761:
760:
758:
755:
750:
747:
720:
717:
693:
690:
618:
617:
592:
590:
583:
577:
574:
544:
541:
521:Ribonuclease L
480:
477:
430:
427:
386:
383:
375:Ralph S. Baric
280:model organism
271:
268:
266:
263:
251:laboratory rat
217:
216:
215:
214:
209:
206:
200:
199:
195:
194:
187:
185:
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
101:
97:
96:
89:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4733:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4073:Brangacovirus
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:Minunacovirus
3433:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3353:Duvinacovirus
3349:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3253:Coronaviridae
3250:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:Orthornavirae
3220:
3219:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3206:Coronaviridae
3198:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3011:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2810:9780323850612
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:(2): 647–57.
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2621:on 2020-03-20
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2397:(2): 755–63.
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:Coronaviruses
2177:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:(6): 607–16.
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1847:(6): 439–48.
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:(2): 288–98.
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:(4): 568–73.
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:(2): 567–82.
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1423:on 2015-12-28
1419:
1412:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1378:9780123858856
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:(3): 336–54.
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:(4): 649–60.
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
978:
974:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
937:
929:
925:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
879:
874:
870:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
803:
799:
792:
785:
783:
781:
779:
772:
766:
762:
754:
746:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
689:
687:
685:
680:
676:
675:
669:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:within genus
639:
635:
633:
627:
626:
614:
604:
600:
596:
591:
582:
581:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:spike protein
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:spike protein
486:
476:
474:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:immune system
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
315:demyelination
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
239:
238:
233:
232:
228:in the genus
227:
224:(M-CoV) is a
223:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
153:Coronaviridae
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:Orthornavirae
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
59:
55:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:
31:
19:
4658:
4602:
4546:
4505:
4410:
4350:
4338:
4329:
4315:
4288:
4276:Herdecovirus
4274:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4218:Buldecovirus
4216:
4202:
4188:
4177:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4129:
4113:
4099:
4085:
4071:
4060:
3986:
3974:Sarbecovirus
3972:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3928:
3912:
3905:
3886:
3879:
3867:Merbecovirus
3865:
3851:
3837:
3821:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3774:
3760:
3749:
3709:
3695:
3681:
3667:
3653:
3639:
3623:
3616:
3604:Setracovirus
3602:
3588:
3576:Rhinacovirus
3574:
3558:
3551:
3537:
3521:
3514:
3502:Nyctacovirus
3500:
3486:
3474:Myotacovirus
3472:
3456:
3449:
3435:
3421:
3407:
3393:
3381:Luchacovirus
3379:
3365:
3351:
3335:
3328:
3314:
3300:
3286:
3275:
3265:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3230:Pisuviricota
3228:
3222:
3216:
3204:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3102:. Retrieved
3093:
3084:
3049:
3043:
3032:. Retrieved
3028:
3019:
3010:
3002:
2975:(1): 35–48.
2972:
2968:
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2792:
2782:
2747:
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2645:
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2623:. Retrieved
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2614:
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2564:
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1418:the original
1405:
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683:
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672:
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658:
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637:
631:
623:
621:
611:January 2022
608:
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570:
546:
482:
463:
432:
411:sialadenitis
388:
360:
345:and affects
323:
284:
273:
242:enterotropic
235:
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220:
189:
188:
176:
164:
152:
140:
128:
117:Pisuviricota
116:
104:
92:
85:
75:(unranked):
33:
4627:Wikispecies
4571:Wikispecies
4435:Wikispecies
4388:Wikispecies
4339:Milecovirus
4317:Letovirinae
4190:Andecovirus
4101:Cegacovirus
3930:Nobecovirus
3839:Hibecovirus
3762:Embecovirus
3697:Tegacovirus
3669:Sunacovirus
3641:Soracovirus
3539:Pedacovirus
3409:Minacovirus
3316:Decacovirus
3288:Colacovirus
3242:Nidovirales
3131:(1): 7132.
1745:(1): 1–13.
674:Embecovirus
638:Embecovirus
509:sialic acid
371:nucleotides
339:macrophages
291:respiratory
255:coronavirus
237:Embecovirus
177:Embecovirus
141:Nidovirales
4705:Categories
4131:Igacovirus
4041:SHC014-CoV
3999:SARS-CoV-2
3994:SARS-CoV-1
3104:24 January
3034:2020-06-08
2924:(1): 178.
2918:Microbiome
2625:24 January
1427:2020-03-21
1363:: 85–164.
1207:Hepatology
1111:(8): 880.
1002:(8): 880.
811:23 January
757:References
661:N-terminal
654:pseudogene
525:interferon
435:puffinosis
391:fancy rats
287:fecal–oral
172:Subgenus:
4674:Q70920473
4426:Q18907882
3218:Riboviria
3076:219575461
2837:244103990
1891:: 19–27.
728:morbidity
543:Infection
423:pneumonia
419:keratitis
361:In 1991,
299:hepatitis
184:Species:
100:Kingdom:
93:Riboviria
4668:Wikidata
4618:Q2117529
4612:Wikidata
4562:Q2132904
4556:Wikidata
4521:Q6926073
4515:Wikidata
4481:11460309
4468:11621373
4420:Wikidata
4377:Source:
4021:RacCS203
4011:BANAL-52
4004:Variants
3163:33785846
3098:Archived
2999:27743750
2950:30285857
2896:21670291
2829:38620818
2774:16306576
2695:Virology
2676:25552712
2593:21994708
2539:27012512
2474:28148786
2423:18003729
2372:27578435
2321:16731916
2270:25375324
2219:25720466
2016:20519394
1964:22704621
1915:25463600
1885:Virology
1863:16537157
1822:10196267
1629:17804032
1599:Virology
1580:10882653
1528:12368349
1447:Virology
1397:22094080
1338:20627412
1289:20369302
1188:32232339
1137:32806708
1079:18137294
1028:32806708
977:32759577
928:31534035
817:Species
802:Archived
749:Research
665:galectin
650:mutation
553:protease
535:and the
499:(E) and
470:Longquan
466:Zhejiang
330:genotype
249:and the
198:Strains
148:Family:
112:Phylum:
3154:8010049
3133:Bibcode
2990:7111218
2941:6171170
2887:3127895
2864:Bibcode
2820:8590929
2765:1316008
2725:1649505
2716:7130567
2667:4337523
2584:3185738
2561:Viruses
2530:7125511
2465:5375694
2414:2224565
2363:5457962
2312:1472567
2261:4223067
2210:4369385
2168:3701929
2119:8995618
2070:1654456
2007:2916514
1955:3377938
1906:7112057
1771:7125912
1762:7086650
1719:7150247
1676:7149743
1620:2170429
1477:1846489
1468:7131164
1388:7149603
1329:2919340
1280:2914825
1237:2991107
1228:7165583
1179:7103766
1128:7471983
1105:Viruses
1070:2135905
1019:7471983
996:Viruses
968:7653326
919:6854494
878:7158576
732:tropism
719:Strains
701:genomes
561:CEACAM1
355:vaccine
351:B cells
160:Genus:
136:Order:
124:Class:
4494:694005
4036:RpYN06
4031:RmYN02
4026:RaTG13
3161:
3151:
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679:Rattus
632:Rattus
630:China
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479:Genome
429:Others
405:, and
393:, the
347:T cell
303:spleen
276:myelin
51:virion
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4647:76583
4591:31632
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1414:(PDF)
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565:furin
495:(M),
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265:Types
226:virus
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4683:NCBI
4642:NCBI
4586:NCBI
4530:NCBI
4489:NCBI
4379:ICTV
3159:PMID
3106:2020
3062:ISBN
2995:PMID
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2892:PMID
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2770:PMID
2721:PMID
2672:PMID
2627:2019
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863:ISBN
813:2020
730:and
659:The
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399:eyes
379:cDNA
349:and
309:and
297:for
4463:EoL
4450:CoL
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3141:doi
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