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their optimized development. It integrates knowledge (disciplines) from fields such as agriculture, animal husbandry, human ecology, geoecology and pedology, biology, demography and ethnography, human and animal psychology, architecture, construction and building materials, elements of forestry and geology, beekeeping, fish farming, economics, the organization and operation of the private mountain household, as well as other specific systems, mountain systematization, mountain design, specific ergonomics, small/large industries and crafts, tourism and agro-tourism, hygienic-sanitary education, material natural resources (minerals, plants, animals) and energy (unconventional), legislation and legal relations, specifically mountain, human resources - tradition and culture.
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to include re-vegetation, rehabilitation, reclamation and recovery of the lost landscape form and function . Landscape ecological effects are arranged along altitudinal belts and form the basis for a more comprehensive understanding of critical habitats for conservation and development. This approach
332:
Mountain science can be defined as representing the study of socio-economic, human, technical and technological phenomena regarding man-nature relationships in mountain systems (specific to mountainous regions), aiming at the conceptualization and promotion of ways (methods, techniques, variants) of
345:
The science of montology starts with recognition of the importance of verticality, a distinctive feature of mountain regions, which imposes vertical control of the production system; marginality, which results from low agricultural potential; centrality of mechanisms of power and violence;
435:. The correct English syntax for mountain science is "Mountology", because the root is "mount". In Latin and German the root is, indeed, "mont". For example, in French, German, and Romanian the correct syntax is "Montologie", while in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese "Montologia".
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The study of mountains; specifically the interdisciplinary study of the physical, chemical, geological, and biological aspects of mountain regions; (also) the study of the lifestyles and economic concerns of people living in these
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in 1977. Since then, scholars such as Jack D. Ives, Bruno
Messerli and Robert E. Rhoades have claimed the development of mountology as interdisciplinary mountain research. The term montology was included in the
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The following list includes peer-reviewed journals that have a focus on mountain research and are open to both the natural and the social sciences:
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Slaymaker, O (2007). "The potential contribution of geomorphology to tropical mountain development: The case of the MANRECUR project".
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151:), zones often seen to be mountainous. A more pragmatic but useful definition has been proposed by the Italian Statistics Office
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inside an area to define that zone as mountainous, others consider differences from 1000 m or more, depending on the areas'
427:). On the other hand, however, this is also the—well accepted—case in several, already established disciplines such as
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population growth and expansion; and religion and myth, expressed in mountains as sacred places. Montology emphasises
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In sum, a narrowly defined mountain research applies an interdisciplinary and integrative regional approach.
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http://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1&layers=0a5d90defc33466cbc3eb85a6564b6d6
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has produced a map of mountain areas worldwide using a combination of criteria, including regions with
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if they have an altitudinal difference of 600 m (or more) within their administrative boundaries.
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has an underlying assumption of climax communities each fitting into a narrow altitudinal band.
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are considered core areas of study; nevertheless important contributions are coming from
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713:Устойчивое развитие горных территорий / Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories
139:. Additionally, some include steepness to define mountain regions, hence excluding high
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L’Italia
Forestale e Montana / Italian Journal of Forest and Mountain Environments
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http://old.unep-wcmc.org/mountains-and-forests-in-mountains-2000_723.html
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273:) these areas. So-defined mountain research is situated at the nexus of
1424:"Representing Mountains: From Local and National to Global Common Good"
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One definition of mountain science was given by the
Romanian professor
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https://ce-mont.ro/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/ziarul-muntilor-nr-5.pdf
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eco.mont – Journal on
Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management
1397:"The European and Global Dimension of Mountain Research: An Overview"
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mountain regions: for instance disciplinary studies on
Himalayan
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In a broader sense, mountain research is considered any research
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mountain regions, their description and the explanation of the
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Histoire des Alpes – Storia delle Alpi – Geschichte der Alpen
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Neustadtl, SJ (1977). "Montology: the
Ecology of Mountains".
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if at least 80% of their territory is situated above ≥ 600 m
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27:
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Field of research that concentrates on mountain landscapes
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http://www.unep.org/maweb/documents/document.293.aspx.pdf
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Journal of Alpine
Research / Revue de géographie alpine
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233:. It is comparable to research that concentrates on the
178:
elevations from 300 to 1000 m and local elevation range
1175:
Eco.mont (Journal on
Protected Mountain Areas Research)
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areas. While some use an altitudinal difference of 300
1240:
UNEP-WCNC (2011): Mountains of the World – 2000. Data
1216:
Precisazione sulla classificazione dei comuni montani
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UNEP-WCNC (2011): Mountains of the World – 2000. Map
127:Different approaches have been developed to define
939:
1343:"Montology | Meaning of Montology by Lexico"
1157:http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orology
786:Bulletin de l’Institut français d’études andines
155:, which classifies municipalities as mountainous
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894:Journal of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans
253:In a narrower sense, mountain research focuses
196:elevations from 1500 to 2500 m and slope ≥ 2°;
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747:Revista de Investigaciones Altoandinas
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1513:AAG Mountain Geography Specialty Group
1366:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
1214:http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/147760
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172:United Nations Environmental Programme
1422:Debarbieux, B.; Price, M. F. (2008).
404:received criticism due to the mix of
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23:Human-environmental relations in the
1261:Rey R. 2022. Mountain Life Magazine
372:. This term stems from Carl Troll's
193:or local elevation range > 300 m;
56:, a mountain state's capital in the
1249:Rey R. 1985. Mountain Civilization
13:
1360:Ives, J. D.; Messerli, B. (1999).
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457:Mountain Research and Development
391:in 2002. It defines montology as:
14:
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1123:Mountain Research and Development
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1503:MRI Mountain Research Initiative
1395:Borsdorf, A.; Braun, V. (2008).
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1251:https://ce-mont.ro/dr-radu-rey/
940:Mountain research personalities
874:Beskydy – The Beskids Bulletin
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1379:10.1080/15230430.1999.12003301
1329:"New words list December 2002"
1296:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.044
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259:human-environment interaction
199:elevations of 2500 m or more.
487:Journal of Mountain Science
368:—, is sometimes denominated
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1461:Journal of Mountain Science
1128:Journal of Mountain Science
1116:
86:, a Japanese mountain city.
71:, a Himalayan monastery in
10:
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1401:Revue de géographie alpine
439:Mountain research journals
400:On the one hand, the term
1481:10.1007/s11629-019-5536-2
1440:10.1080/14650040701783375
780:
448:
389:Oxford English Dictionary
364:—not to be confused with
1455:Sarmiento, F. O (2020).
384:Cambridge, Massachusetts
203:
104:ὄρος for 'mountain' and
1169:Borsdorf, Axel (2014).
1049:Elisabeth Lichtenberger
267:sustainable development
1204:Mountain Systems. UNEP
1188:10.1553/eco.mont-5-1s3
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287:Alexander von Humboldt
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758:SciELO Citation Index
754:Web of Science (ESCI)
604:Web of Science (AHCI)
574:Web of Science (SCIE)
528:Web of Science (SSCI)
498:Web of Science (SCIE)
468:Web of Science (SCIE)
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1138:Mountain Partnership
1015:Lawrence S. Hamilton
593:Appalachian Journal
449:Journals covered by
245:(coastal research).
241:(polar research) or
1473:2020JMouS..17.2512S
1288:2007Geomo..87...90S
1079:Fausto O. Sarmiento
1005:José M. García Ruiz
980:Veronica della Dora
379:Landschaftsökologie
374:mountain geoecology
348:restoration ecology
249:Narrower definition
112:'s part covered by
1508:The Mountain Forum
1059:Dorothy Jane Pratt
975:Bernard Debarbieux
918:Mountain Research
295:mountain geography
209:Broader definition
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1311:Technology Review
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214:
212:
169:
128:
126:
117:environments
105:
101:
94:
90:
89:
1428:Geopolitics
1317:(8): 64–66.
1171:"Editorial"
752:indexed in
718:indexed in
692:indexed in
658:indexed in
628:indexed in
598:indexed in
568:indexed in
522:indexed in
492:indexed in
462:indexed in
129:mountainous
1522:Categories
1144:References
1104:Carl Troll
1034:Hans Kinzl
1020:Hans Hurni
429:glaciology
370:mountology
283:humanities
265:) and the
1543:Mountains
1533:Geography
1489:222216220
901:Bulgarian
687:HIMALAYA
623:Pirineos
563:eco.mont
433:sociology
402:montology
366:orography
339:Slaymaker
311:economics
271:normative
239:Antarctic
225:, Alpine
221:, Andean
145:Altiplano
1448:56146196
1117:See also
396:regions.
326:Radu Rey
263:positive
163:, and/or
141:plateaus
137:latitude
114:mountain
58:Pyrenees
25:Peruvian
1538:Ecology
1469:Bibcode
1388:1552249
1284:Bibcode
1181:: 3–4.
925:Chinese
905:English
881:English
861:Italian
857:English
837:Spanish
817:English
793:Spanish
768:English
764:Spanish
734:English
730:Russian
700:English
670:Italian
640:Spanish
636:English
610:English
580:English
550:Spanish
546:Italian
534:English
504:English
474:English
362:orology
315:history
307:geology
299:ecology
147:or the
95:orology
41:in the
1487:
1446:
1386:
797:French
720:SCOPUS
694:SCOPUS
674:German
666:French
660:SCOPUS
630:SCOPUS
600:SCOPUS
570:SCOPUS
542:German
538:French
524:SCOPUS
494:SCOPUS
464:SCOPUS
419:) and
417:montēs
243:coasts
235:Arctic
231:people
227:cities
219:plants
182:300 m;
97:(from
73:Bhutan
1485:S2CID
1444:S2CID
1384:JSTOR
425:logos
421:Greek
406:Latin
223:rocks
204:Focus
153:ISTAT
106:logos
99:Greek
28:Andes
724:RSCI
410:mōns
297:and
281:and
269:of (
261:in (
237:and
180:>
170:The
102:oros
84:Kōfu
1477:doi
1436:doi
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1292:doi
1183:doi
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431:or
414:pl.
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215:in
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191:°
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187:≥
133:m
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