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students as well as a legal existence, it was necessary for it to have a physical location. To this end a system of funding by subscription was used, with $ 5 shares being offered as investments that would bear 6% interest "until dividends shall be declared by the board of trustees, out of profits arising from said seminary." 548 shares were subscribed, which would have amounted to $ 2,740; however, less than half of this amount ($ 960.75) was ever collected in cash. Five acres were acquired at a cost of $ 500 although the land had previously been valued at only $ 7.50 per acre; the asking price skyrocketed as soon as the intent of building the seminary there was suspected. The seminary building was constructed at a cost of $ 4,500, largely on credit. Additional debts were incurred for the furnishings, purchased by Wood and
Gregory in New York for approximately $ 2,000. This growing level of debt was a source of substantial discouragement to the incorporators.
515:
307:. The seminary's music program began with only 3 students, but grew rapidly. By 1877, the music department had 6 instructors, and by 1883, the conservatory held nearly 40 instruments. The music program in this period was overseen by Isabel Dearborn Hazzen, a voice instructor who became well known in the area. The music and arts programs remained strong even after the seminary became the Frances Shimer Academy of the University of Chicago in 1896. By the 1870s, there was also a literary department.
77:, particularly in the Midwest. However, such institutions were considered an unusual phenomenon in western Illinois. At the time there were few teacher training institutions in the region at all, and there was widespread opposition to higher education for women. In addition, the novelty of women succeeding in business was a source of considerable hostility from the local community. From the time of its founding, there were frequent predictions that the seminary would fail.
136:
350:, female enrollment rose while male enrollment fell. Facing space constraints due to rising demand, the formerly coeducational seminary limited residential study to women in 1866, although some men were still allowed as day students. Despite an expressed intent to reopen the school to male students, it remained a women's school throughout the seminary period and did not become coeducational again until the modern Shimer College program was established in 1950.
58:
454:
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31:, in the United States. A pioneering institution in its time and place, the Mount Carroll Seminary served as a center of culture and education in 19th-century northwestern Illinois. Despite frequent prognostications of failure, it grew from 11 students in a single room to more than 100 students on a spacious campus with four principal buildings. Unusually for the time, the school was governed entirely by women, most notably the founder
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form a single large dining room for the community. The second story held the library, office, reception room and music room. This library was established in 1867 after the construction of the third building, using the space formerly occupied by classrooms. It held 3000 books by 1878, and was also the designated repository for official documents from
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their parents. Many pupils at the school were residential, but a significant number were day-students living with their families nearby. When the seminary formally opened in 1854, day-students accounted for about two-thirds of the student body. As the reputation of the seminary increased, a greater portion of students came from further away.
494:, who advocated landscapes that created images that were beautiful or picturesque, to create an idealized image of rural life. The orchards and vineyards which occupied much of the grounds served both practical and recreational purposes. Their products were not sold, but used entirely to feed the "Seminary family".
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The plans for both of these buildings were drafted by
Frances Wood Shimer. In 1878 these two buildings were four stories tall. They held classrooms and recitation rooms on the first floor, as well as four private rooms for young men employed in the Labor Department. The second and third floors held
549:
Shimer then became known as the
Frances Shimer Academy of the University of Chicago. Shimer also adopted the University of Chicago's affiliation with the Baptist denomination, and required that at least two-thirds of the Board be members of a Baptist church. The membership of the Board was divided
485:
The fourth building, completed in 1876, was five stories tall. It was known as the "East Hall". The first story was occupied by utility rooms such as the kitchen, furnace room and laundry facilities. The second story was occupied on one side by music rooms and on the other by the principal's rooms
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The original brick building, constructed in 1854, was initially two and a half stories in height and 42 x 46 feet (14 m), consisting of 20 rooms. The height was subsequently increased to four stories. By 1878, the entire first floor, which had originally held seven rooms, had been opened up to
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Student life at the
Seminary involved long class days, extending from 8 AM to lights out at 9:30 PM. Life was also structured by strict rules. For example, students were not allowed to leave the school without a request from home, and the students were not permitted any visitors unless approved by
155:
Frances Shimer's exacting oversight was credited with the survival of the school. Her observance of strict economy in business affairs kept the school solvent. For most of her administration, the seminary made no effort to either recruit students or solicit donations, focusing all energy on creating
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The school was not formally organized under its charter until
October 1854, the initial "patronage" relationship between the incorporators and Shimer and Gregory having been informal in nature. Upon organization the Seminary was formally governed by a Board of Trustees, the nine incorporators named
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church on May 11, 1853, with 11 students. Enrollment rose in the course of the year, and the school moved to another temporary location in the more substantial Ashway
Building. When the school opened in its own building in October 1854, there were 75 students. The Seminary now having teachers and
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In 1855, fearing that the school would fail due to the lack of subscription revenue, the incorporators sold their shares in the college to the teachers, Wood and
Gregory. This was arranged under favorable terms, with the land donated and the buildings sold at cost, on the condition that Wood and
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Throughout the 19th century, the campus grew steadily from the original single building. By 1878, four buildings had been constructed, but the first three of these were joined together so as to give the impression of a single large building. Internally, the construction was such as to create a
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The
Seminary had a number of student organizations. One of the first of these was the Neosophic Society. Under the Shimer-Joy administration of 1870 and thereafter, campus organizations included a Reunion Club (for alumni and former students), German Club, Missionary Club, Literary Society and
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was co-proprietor with
Cinderella Gregory until 1870 and sole proprietor from 1870 to 1896. She was also a teacher in the initial years, but as administrative demands mounted academics were largely left to co-Principal Gregory and later Associate Principal Joy. However, she maintained a strong
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From 1853 to 1896, Frances Shimer was the chief executive of the school; although her title was "Principal", she is conventionally regarded as the first president of Shimer
College. Initially the governance of the school was in partnership with co-proprietor Cindarella Gregory, who served as the
530:
Frances Shimer's personal efforts to provide endowment funds were also frustrated. In a will written shortly before his suicide in July 1895, her husband Henry Shimer left his entire fortune to Frances Shimer to use for educational purposes. However, the will was successfully contested by the
364:, and one teacher from each county in the state. Full scholarships were also provided to the daughters of soldiers who died in the Civil War, and partial scholarships to daughters of clergymen. In addition, scholarships were sometimes provided to the children of creditors by way of payment.
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The normal department prepared students to become schoolteachers, which was widely regarded as the only proper occupation for a woman outside the home. The demand for teachers trained by the Seminary was high. At the end of each term, large numbers of the seminary's students found immediate
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on June 18, 1852. This act had been drafted by Judge John Wilson, then clerk of the Carroll County court and a strong advocate of education, and was submitted by State Representative William T. Miller of Mount Carroll. The original board of trustees had nine members including Wilson.
526:
on the condition that an endowment be raised. A similar proposal was made to the Baptist women of Illinois in 1887, with the requirement that they provide a $ 100,000 endowment; although a Women's Society was established to serve as a vehicle for this, the funds were never raised.
497:
In addition to the main buildings, there were numerous outbuildings. One of these was the windmill house, near the main building and octagonal in shape. This drew water from a well 130 feet (40 m) deep. The 1894 Sanborn map also shows icehouses, henhouses and corn cribs.
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The second and third buildings were constructed in 1857 and 1865-1867 respectively. The second building was 21 x 60 feet (18 m), two and a half stories tall, and added to the southeast of the first building. The construction of this addition in 1857 was halted by the
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The grounds of the campus began in 1854 with 5 acres (20,000 m) of vacant land that had been used as a wheat field. By 1883, the campus covered 25 acres (10 ha), much of it planted with fruit trees. The landscaping followed the landscape gardening style of
478:, when only the masonry and carpentry had been completed. Wood, Gregory and their students worked together to successfully complete the construction in time for classes to start. This cost-saving pattern was followed in the subsequent expansion from 1865 to 1867.
279:, with a six-year course of study that could lead the pupil to more advanced study. Some graduates were prepared sufficiently well that they could skip the first years of college. Subjects taught included mathematics, natural science, and classical languages.
152:
chief academic officer while Frances oversaw the finances. In July 1870, the partnership ended, when Gregory left the school to marry. The Mount Carroll Seminary subsequently remained the sole property of Frances Wood Shimer until her retirement in 1896.
411:
became insolvent, its equipment was acquired by Mrs Shimer and moved to the Seminary, where printing was overseen by a student named George Shaw who worked as a printer. A combination of circumstances including the departure of Mr Shaw to the
206:, a physician and naturalist, served for a time following the completion of his medical degree in 1866 as an instructor of natural sciences at the Seminary. He had married Seminary founder Frances Shimer on December 22, 1857.
156:
a school that would "merit confidence". In retrospect, the governance of Frances Shimer and her successor William Parker McKee was looked on as a period of unparalleled calm and stability in the history of Shimer College.
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joined the Seminary in 1870 and took Cinderella Gregory's place as chief academic officer. Over time, as Frances Shimer advanced in age, Joy came to play an increasingly central role in the school's financial affairs as
357:. The school included a Labor Department that gave students the opportunity to work off their tuition obligations. Some male students were also accepted for these positions, and were assigned to special lodgings.
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employment in teaching, even without formally graduating; in 1877, it was reported that 30 of those enrolled the previous term had found teaching positions. The normal department program followed the teachings of
282:
In the early 1870s, the seminary went through a transitional period, and specialized courses of study began to be provided, staffed by specialized instructors. The specialized departments of the school included a
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Gregory continue operating the school for at least 10 years. The transfer took effect on March 30, 1855. On February 25, 1867, the school was re-chartered by the state legislature to reflect the new arrangement.
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Shimer family, and the resulting reduced endowment was never sufficient to provide meaningful financial support. Frances Shimer also expected to be able to provide endowment funds from her orange groves near
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which trained schoolteachers, and a music department. An 1882 survey divided the 11 graduates from that year into those from the normal program, the collegiate program, the music program and the art program.
367:
Financial aid also sometimes took the form of loans. Credit was extended to "pupils of creditable scholarship", allowing them to pay a portion of their tuition with notes that drew no interest for a year.
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The seminary accepted any pupil who was willing to learn, and is said to have welcomed pupils as young as three. Frances Shimer herself had begun school at the age of two and a half. During and after the
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and infirmary. The third and fourth floors were occupied by the dormitory rooms of students, and the fifth floor included a sunbathing room, rooms for musical practice, and large tanks for holding water.
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522:
In the 1880s, Frances Shimer became concerned about the future viability of the school, and made repeated efforts to secure an endowment. In 1886 she offered to provide the seminary to the
212:, also known as Mrs B.F. Dearborn Hazzen, was the director of the music program and widely known for her skills in teaching music. She became associated with the seminary in the late 1860s.
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In Mrs. Shimer's estimation, one of the best credentials a pupil could furnish was proof of a desire for an education, a lack of money to meet expenses, and a willingness to help herself.
507:
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were also used to publish announcements and advertisements from the school and its proprietor. Issues were 16 pages in length in 1869, and had reached 25 pages in length by 1878.
65:
The Mount Carroll Seminary was established before there were any graded public schools in Mount Carroll, and at a time when the need for education was not widely perceived by the
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Outright scholarships were also available for certain classes of students. A full scholarship to the normal department was provided for one teacher from each township of
546:. The school at the time had an estimated value of $ 250,000. The affiliation related primarily to educational standards, and did not include any financial support.
228:
371:
Enrollment rose gradually but steadily through the 19th century, constrained largely by the available space. In the 1870s, it averaged 125 students per year.
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Some two thousand apple trees, two acres of grapes, with every other hardy fruit in equal abundance, are cultivated for the exclusive use of the institution.
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was established, with a single instructor. This was intended to provide the students with an option of a self-sustaining career other than teaching.
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population. In the 1850s, along with the nationwide boom in primary education, there was also a trend towards women's higher education through
1527:
88:
The Seminary now existing on paper, it was necessary to find teachers. Judge Wilson corresponded with Isaac Nash, a wealthy farmer in
550:
equally among representatives of the University of Chicago, graduates of the Mount Carroll Seminary, and citizens of Mount Carroll.
403:, an eight-page monthly journal begun by the Neosophic Society in 1859. This was published for a time from the offices of the
190:, served as co-proprietor with Frances Shimer until departing the Seminary in 1870, when she sold her shares to Frances Shimer.
470:. The third and fourth stories of the building held private and trunk rooms in 1878, with a reading room on the third story.
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523:
1047:
249:, studied at the Seminary from 1864 to 1866, when he was forced to transfer due to the school being closed to male students.
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1379:
606:
1250:
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The music and arts programs were a significant attraction of the seminary. The seminary had the first piano in
275:
A formal course of study was adopted in 1860. The Mount Carroll Seminary thereafter functioned similarly to a
101:
662:"Big Ideas: Tiny Shimer College has survived for 135 years on great books, high hopes, and very little money"
276:
108:, and seeking a change of climate. The two were persuaded to be the founding teachers of the new seminary.
696:
Private Laws of the State of Illinois, Passed by the Twenty-Fifth General Assembly Convened January 7, 1867
297:
265:
Not cramming for examinations, but preparing for the real duties of life, was the standard of excellence.
1095:
354:
177:
personal presence in the Labor Department, and oversaw all new construction and planting on the campus.
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1166:
407:, which had been taken over by a faculty member named Silvernail and a student named Ladd. When the
89:
81:
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971:
661:
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236:
28:
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She has asked no board of trustees to advise with their counsel â only to confound and distract.
491:
232:
997:
948:
906:
853:
772:
44:
Miss Wood had nothing at the time in her own right, but an indomitable will and determination.
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1177:
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dormitory rooms, and the fourth floor was devoted to studios and rooms for musical practice.
111:
Upon the arrival of Gregory and Wood in Mount Carroll, classes began in a single room in the
8:
32:
413:
293:
139:
Frances Shimer, founder of the school and proprietor or co-proprietor from 1855 to 1896
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602:
539:
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On July 1, 1896, Frances Shimer transferred control of the seminary to a 15-member
242:
222:
66:
135:
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949:"Degrees Conferred in 1882 by Institutions for the Superior Instruction of Women"
596:
532:
514:
252:
235:, later known as the Creal Springs College and Conservatory of Music, located in
70:
592:
467:
172:
93:
24:
35:, who was the chief administrator throughout the Seminary's entire existence.
1521:
1503:
1490:
1160:"Changing Images at Shimer College: From Rural Home to Collegiate Quadrangle"
475:
284:
246:
74:
858:
Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, and History of Carroll County, Volume 2
333:
239:, which thrived for a time but closed in 1916 due to financial difficulties.
1447:
347:
202:
112:
105:
506:
296:, an influential pedagogical theorist who had also been principal of the
311:
453:
57:
379:
852:
Bateman, Newton; Selby, Paul; Hostetter, Charles Linnaeus (1913).
144:
in the 1852 charter. However, this arrangement was short-lived.
1372:
American Colleges and Universities: A Dictionary of Name Changes
535:, but these were destroyed by a severe frost in January 1895.
80:
The charter for the Mount Carroll Seminary was granted by the
510:
William Rainey Harper, with whom the transfer was negotiated.
231:
graduated from the Seminary in 1885 and went on to found the
225:, graduated in 1871; social leader, salon holder, clubwoman
998:"The Frances Shimer Academy of the University of Chicago"
462:
domestic atmosphere, with a large number of small rooms.
854:"The Frances Shimer School of the University of Chicago"
801:, p. 343, citing legal agreement among the incorporators
1248:
501:
1394:
995:
851:
1454:
1416:
1437:
300:when Frances Wood and Cindarella Gregory attended.
1252:The Pioneer School: A History of Shurtleff College
692:"An act to incorporate the Mount Carroll Seminary"
164:
61:Earliest known drawing of the Seminary, from 1867.
1440:The Shimer College presidency : 1930 to 1980
1307:
1305:
1097:Oread of the Mount Carroll Seminary, January 1869
1519:
832:Shimer College Faculty & Alum Directory 2000
659:
423:In 1869, the Oread Society began to publish the
27:from 1853 to 1896. The Seminary was located in
1333:
891:
889:
887:
885:
317:
1365:
1302:
966:
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829:
1459:(Mrs. Shimer's Life and Work). pp. 9â27.
1420:Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, Volume 2
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770:
92:. Boarding in Nash's house at the time were
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427:, also a monthly journal. The pages of the
1442:(D.Ed. thesis). Loyola University Chicago.
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416:led to the cessation of publication of the
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353:Financial aid included the equivalent of
1255:. F.H. Revell company. pp. 262â263.
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457:Mount Carroll Seminary, engraving, 1878.
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378:
332:
134:
56:
1430:The History of Carroll County, Illinois
1336:"Rising tide of red ink swamped Shimer"
1319:. 1896-06-30. p. 2. Archived from
838:
823:
678:
638:
104:. Wood was at the time suffering from
1538:Female seminaries in the United States
1520:
1388:
1327:
982:
598:A history of American higher education
399:The first student publication was the
1528:Education in Carroll County, Illinois
723:
502:Transition to Frances Shimer Academy
13:
1417:Charles L. Hostetter, ed. (1913).
1292:"Noted Entomologist Kills Himself"
524:Women's Christian Temperance Union
518:Frances Shimer in her later years.
14:
1554:
1313:"Trying to Break the Shimer Will"
387:, published by the Oread Society.
1249:Austen Kennedy De Blois (1900).
542:, under an affiliation with the
38:
1403:. Vol. 139. pp. 9â11.
1277:American Baptist Yearbook, 1888
1268:
1242:
1224:
1040:
941:
792:
660:Harold Henderson (1988-06-16).
374:
165:Proprietors and notable faculty
1410:
1395:Francis Joseph Mullin (1959).
1334:Carol Oppenheim (1973-11-18).
996:University of Chicago (1898).
585:
1:
1455:Winona Branch Sawyer (1901).
1139:The History of Carroll County
1112:The History of Carroll County
1075:The History of Carroll County
1035:The History of Carroll County
927:The History of Carroll County
818:The History of Carroll County
799:The History of Carroll County
718:The History of Carroll County
566:The History of Carroll County
119:
50:The History of Carroll County
16:Former name of Shimer College
1543:History of women in Illinois
1438:Patrick H. Moorhead (1983).
773:"Mrs Frances A. Wood Shimer"
318:Admissions and financial aid
298:New York State Normal School
259:
102:New York State Normal School
7:
1464:
1433:. H.F. Kett & Co. 1878.
337:Advertisement from an 1888
96:(later Frances Shimer) and
10:
1559:
911:Fifty Years' Recollections
907:"Henry Shimer, A.M., M.D."
777:Fifty Years' Recollections
698:. Vol. 1. p. 13.
100:, recent graduates of the
1476:History of Shimer College
1457:Frances Shimer, 1826-1901
434:
405:Carroll County Republican
310:In 1878, a department of
216:
159:
90:Saratoga County, New York
82:Illinois General Assembly
1238:. 1886-10-30. p. 2.
553:
1481:Mount Carroll, Illinois
1397:"Shimer and the Church"
1366:Alice H. Songe (1978).
830:Shimer College (2000).
237:Creal Springs, Illinois
29:Mount Carroll, Illinois
1185:Cite journal requires
1158:Ned Crankshaw (1993).
972:"Mt. Carroll Seminary"
905:Jeriah Bonham (1883).
771:Jeriah Bonham (1883).
519:
511:
492:Andrew Jackson Downing
458:
451:
388:
342:
331:
328:Winona B. Sawyer, 1901
273:
270:Winona B. Sawyer, 1901
233:Creal Springs Seminary
210:Isabel Dearborn Hazzen
140:
133:
62:
55:
21:Mount Carroll Seminary
1504:42.09245°N 89.97710°W
1317:Chicago Daily Tribune
976:Carroll County Herald
544:University of Chicago
517:
509:
456:
438:
382:
336:
321:
263:
255:, temperance activist
229:Gertrude Brown Murrah
186:, also often spelled
138:
123:
60:
42:
1346:on October 26, 2012.
1323:on December 8, 2012.
955:. 1884. p. 691.
193:Associate Principal
1509:42.09245; -89.97710
1500: /
1280:. 1888. p. 36.
1236:Lyons Weekly Mirror
860:. pp. 715â718.
130:Jeriah Bonham, 1883
33:Frances Wood Shimer
1232:"Temperance Women"
520:
512:
459:
414:American Civil War
389:
343:
294:David Perkins Page
277:preparatory school
183:Cinderella Gregory
141:
98:Cindarella Gregory
63:
1471:Female seminaries
1048:"Capitola Armour"
1014:Hostetter, p. 818
938:Hostetter, p. 661
913:. pp. 493ff.
779:. pp. 201ff.
690:Illinois (1867).
540:board of trustees
285:normal department
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1368:"Shimer College"
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1342:. Archived from
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1165:. Archived from
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329:
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243:Samuel W. McCall
223:Alice Ives Breed
131:
53:
23:was the name of
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1340:Chicago Tribune
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1265:Moorhead, p. 46
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1221:Moorhead, p. 45
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1411:Works cited
593:John Thelin
1522:Categories
1495:89°58â˛38âłW
1492:42°05â˛33âłN
1058:2010-04-17
671:2010-04-16
409:Republican
355:work study
312:telegraphy
188:Cindarella
180:Principal
170:Principal
120:Governance
71:seminaries
1037:, p. 351.
420:in 1862.
339:Unitarian
260:Academics
1465:See also
1141:, p. 352
1114:, p. 349
1077:, p. 348
929:, p. 350
820:, p. 344
720:, p. 343
595:(2004).
568:, p. 342
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217:Alumni
160:People
52:, 1878
1170:(PDF)
1163:(PDF)
554:Notes
446:Oread
429:Oread
425:Oread
385:Oread
198:well.
1444:OCLC
1376:ISBN
1191:help
603:ISBN
418:Bell
383:The
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