134:
122:
277:
motorcycle itself. Examples thereof are: was the alternator fitted?; was the air filter fitted?; what exhaust system was fitted? One would hope that manufacturers would test their motorcycles in normal running order, so the condition that they are sold in, and for which they obtained type-approval, but this is not always the case. Ducati, for instance, has chosen to publish more positive values, stating that "Technical data referring to power and torque was measured on an engine test stand at Ducati". Their published values are typically 5% higher than the
234:
246:
258:
325:(or other fuel). Dry weight, in this sense, can directly be used for comparison with (FIM) weight limits, which pertain to the motorcycle in operating condition. It is also part of the homologation tests, and it is found on the EC Certificate of Conformity as unladen mass. This dry weight could also be useful in comparing different models, with different fuel tank capacities. However, manufacturers may also exclude some or all of the following:
25:
349:, the difference between wet weight and manufacturer claimed dry weight is around 70 lb (32 kg). This difference includes around 30 lb (14 kg) of gasoline, 7 lb (3.2 kg) of engine oil, 7 lb (3.2 kg) of coolant, and 9 lb (4.1 kg) of battery. These weights are even larger for bigger motorcycles with higher capacities, complicating comparison between
176:
155:, and the actual performance, expressed by such things as the output of the engine, and the top speed or acceleration of the motorcycle. Most parameters are uncontroversial and claims made by manufacturers are generally accepted without verification. These might include simple measurements like rake, trail, or wheelbase, or basic features, such as the type of brakes or ignition system.
273:, wherein the crankshaft was directly accessible for measurements, and the gearbox might have come from a different manufacturer. However, when the engineering details of the transmission are known, the losses therein can be accurately quantified & corrected for. Explicit guidance on the homologation measurements and transmission corrections is given in directive 95/1/EC.
446:, the machine with the greatest difference between its GVWR and wet weight can safely bear the most additional weight; for instance, camping food and gear, extra fuel, or spare parts. It also indicates that a large rider and passenger might overload the machine even without carrying any additional load, in which case they might need two vehicles for a planned tour.
399:
manufacturers will rarely publish wet weight measurements and inconsistencies will almost always be found between different motorcycle press and media outlets. This is due to different testing techniques, differences in what is being included, and by the organization doing the testing omitting an explanation of how they weighed the motorcycle.
345:
excluded, and a lack of defining how the test was done. A battery is typically included in the dry weight by manufacturers (with the exception of at least one), but it may not be included by media outlets. On the other hand, some press and media outlets only exclude fuel to define their dry weight. For a typical
269:
power and torque numbers normally pertain to the crankshaft. In directive 92/61/EEC of 30 June 1992 relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheel motor vehicles, it is referred to as "maximum engine power", and manufacturers use similar terms. Historically, this convention may have come from the pre-
378:
manufacturers and BMW began publishing the wet weight rather than dry, usually providing some explanation for what this means. Since then most other manufacturers have followed, in order to comply with EC directives that explicitly state that the values pertain to the vehicle in running order. Honda
344:
So there is no standardized way to test the dry weight of a motorcycle. Inconsistencies may be found between a motorcycle manufacturer's published dry weight and motorcycle press and media outlets' published dry weight. This is due to different testing techniques, mainly differences in what is being
364:
might be excluded during shipping. It is not safe to assume that it is either included or excluded in the reported dry weight. Hydraulic fluid might be found on a particular bike's front brake and reservoir, plus maybe a rear brake with a reservoir, and maybe also in a hydraulic clutch with its own
276:
A main source of ambiguity and differences comes from the conditions the test was done at. These conditions include details like atmospheric conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity), tire pressure, how the motorcycle is secured against the dyno drum, but most importantly: the conditions of the
398:
There is no global standardized way to test the wet weight of a motorcycle. In the EU, Council
Directive 93/93/EEC specifies wet weight as "mass in running order", which includes all equipment normally fitted to a bike such as windscreen, tool kit and at least 90% of its fuel capacity. Motorcycle
268:
While the crankshaft power excludes these transmission losses, still the measurement is often made elsewhere in the drive-train, often at the rear wheel. A correction for the transmission losses is then applied to the measured values to obtain the crankshaft values. For motorcycles, the reported
187:
Motorcycle speed tests, especially at high speeds, are prone to variation due to human error, limitations in equipment, and atmospheric factors like wind, humidity, and altitude. The published results of two otherwise identical tests could vary depending on whether the result is reported with or
158:
Other measurements are often doubted or subject to misunderstandings, and the motorcycling press serves as an independent check on sometimes unrealistic sales and marketing claims. Many of these numbers are subject to variable methods of measurements, or disagreement as to the definition of the
222:
may however vary from one source to another due to inconsistencies in how testing equipment is calibrated, the method of using that equipment, the conditions during the test, and particularly the location that force and speed are being measured at. The power of the engine alone, often called
227:(primary drive, gearbox and final drive) depends on the details of the design and construction. Generalizing, a chain drive motorcycle may have some 5-20% less power at the rear wheel than at the crankshaft, while a shaft drive model may lose a little more than that due to greater friction.
429:
Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the manufacturer's stated maximum safe mass of the motorcycle, including its own mass and everything it carries, taking into consideration the tire profile and load capacity; brake, suspension and frame capacity. It is printed on a motorcycle's
493:, but these were banned in racing in the 50s and so are out of fashion among street motorcycles. The adherence to "styling aerodynamics" (as opposed to measurably improved aerodynamics) and ergonomic considerations have affected production motorcycle design.
307:. In contrast, wet and dry weight are unstandardized measurements that refer to the weight of the motorcycle without rider, passengers or cargo, and either with (wet) or without (dry) a varying set of fluids such as fuel or lubricants, and the battery.
519:
The following have been commonly used at one time or another to describe motorcycles. Not all of them apply to every motorcycle, and most sources publish only a subset of this list, while others have unique measurements not seen elsewhere.
473:
A, factors in the vehicle's frontal area, and thus actual power required to overcome wind resistance. A typical projected frontal area for motorcycles is in the neighborhood of 2.9–3.9 sq ft (0.27–0.36 m). When the
303:. GVWR is the maximum total weight of the motorcycle including all consumables, the rider, any passenger, and any cargo. It is generally well-understood and standardized, being defined by law and overseen by agencies such as the
434:. The difference between GVWR and wet weight is how much the motorcycle can safely carry, including fuel; the rider, passenger and their clothing; cargo; and other accessories. Using this calculation, a typical large
310:
Wet and dry weight are often used to make comparisons between different motorcycles, because all else being equal, a lighter motorcycle will generally perform and handle better than a heavier one.
337:, and this makes such a comparison difficult. When any of these is excluded, the specified dry weight no longer pertains to the motorcycle in running order. Some manufacturers even exclude the
159:
statistic. The parameters most often in contention for motorcycles are the weight, the engine output (power and torque), and the overall performance, especially acceleration, top speed, and
1168: "Motorcycles, even racing designs, continue to feature what Cooper calls "styling aerodynamics" ... styling conventions and comfort demands make this sort of approach impractical."
188:
without industry standard correction factors calculated to compensate for test conditions. Rounding errors are possible as well when converting to/from miles and kilometers per hour.
503:
Complete analysis of motorcycle aerodynamics would include measurement of drag, lift and side force at various speeds, wind angles, and rider postures; as well as pitching
379:
describes it as curb weight (aka kerb weight) and says this means the bike is "ready to ride." Others say all fluids are included and the fuel tank is at least 90% full.
1285:"Tunnel Vision - What makes the Suzuki Hayabusa faster than the more powerful Kawasaki ZX-12R? A visit to the National Research Council wind tunnel provides the answer"
223:
crankshaft power, or power at the crankshaft, will be significantly greater than the power measured at the rear wheel. The amount of power lost due to friction in the
371:
has in the past used the term "Ducati weight", pertaining to a value excluding the battery as well as all fluids, but have since begun using "dry weight" for this.
1805:
587:, 0 to 100 mph (0 to 161 km/h), and roll on acceleration such as 60 to 80 mph (97 to 129 km/h), 80 to 100 mph (130 to 160 km/h)
42:
944:
457:
of motorcycles are not as frequently measured by third parties or reported by manufacturers as other figures like power. The dimensionless measure of
233:
1625:
1116:, p. 41 "Most motorcycle companies resist quoting drag coefficients of their products because the numbers look poor compared to cars..."
89:
919:
61:
1049:
68:
1144:, pp. 40–41 "...Not to mention the popularity of giving out the CdA in square meters while forgetting to mention the units..."
995:
75:
1755:
313:
The difference between GVWR and wet weight is how much the motorcycle can safely carry, including the rider, fuel, and other load.
496:
Another factor making aerodynamic measurements relatively uncommon in the popular press is the lack of access to research-quality
1745:
1375:
1020:
823:
1801:
57:
1358:
1251:
1156:, p. 132 "here is little chance of developing a fully streamlined machine (FIM regulations forbid streamlining...)"
1097:
1835:
478:
A figure is reported, it is sometimes in nonstandard units making it hard to compare between motorcycles and automobiles.
907:
245:
1327:
1268:
341:, notwithstanding the weight of the battery is mainly in solid components (usually lead), not liquid (electrolytes).
164:
108:
395:
The wet weight of a motorcycle includes, but is not limited to fuel, engine oil, coolant, brake fluid, and battery.
1704:
1582:
1072:"Council Directive 93/93/EEC of 29 October 1993 on the masses and dimensions of two or three-wheel motor vehicles"
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82:
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46:
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485:
could be reduced through the use of "dustbin fairings" or fully enclosed and streamlined fairings (like the
1796:
1545:
469:.29 for many sports cars and even .20 for high efficiency cars. However a more relevant figure of merit, C
133:
1712:
1400:
736:
636:
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424:
291:
160:
640:
443:
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1351:
632:
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1445:
1222:
859:
438:
might have a maximum useful payload of 400 pounds (180 kg). This is especially of interest in
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1198:
923:
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653:
454:
224:
35:
1855:
1510:
661:
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because when comparing motorcycles ridden by the same operator and passenger, clad in the same
121:
1297:
1241:
1860:
1674:
1505:
1462:
1317:
1260:
673:
407:
has published wet weights with all consumables on board, but only half a tank of fuel, while
411:
has recently published specification tables that use the typically automotive-oriented term
1635:
1431:
1420:
1344:
798:
435:
321:
As its weight changes during riding, the dry weight of a motorcycle typically excludes the
8:
1810:
1717:
1336:
999:
851:
777:
657:
528:
508:
141:
1732:
1652:
1565:
1441:
486:
439:
360:
While its weight is small compared to the other fluids discussed above (a few ounces),
1128: "The best measure of aerodynamic drag is the parameter known as the drag area, C
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864:
833:
537:
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126:
908:
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1995:052:0001:0040:EN:PDF
610:
Braking 60 to 0 mph (97 to 0 km/h), 100 to 0 mph (161 to 0 km/h)
151:
includes a range of more than two dozen statistics giving the specifications of the
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1763:
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1523:
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458:
415:, and stated that it included full fluid levels and the bike was "ready to ride."
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215:
137:
863:, vol. 40, no. 10, Irvine, California: Aviation News Corp, p. 2,
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1243:
The
Essential Guide to Motorcycle Travel: Tips, Technology, Advanced Techniques
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1371:
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number of forward gear ratios, and the type of transmission (e.g. "6-speed
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ratings will be highly indicative of its performance. Reported numbers for
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403:
338:
334:
197:
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152:
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Preparing for a dyno test – note the fan used for engine cooling
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1211:
Canet, Don (July 2006), "Tach Truths; Tall tales of the tachometer",
699:
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431:
180:
24:
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gives "wet weight (no fuel)" for the 2012 1190RS motorcycle, while
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1098:"Getting Loaded: How Much Weight Can Your Motorcycle Handle?"
465:, varies from .55 to .65 (comparable to a pickup truck), vs C
408:
207:
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175:
167:, the range between charges is often a pivotal measurement.
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1217:, vol. 45, no. 7, Newport Beach, California:
1147:
785:- the car and truck equivalent of motorcycle wet weight
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1322:, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, p. 37,
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880:
1267:, vol. 44, no. 4, Westerville, Ohio:
289:Motorcycle weight is expressed in three ways:
418:
1352:
978:"American Motorcyclist Association > Home"
1095:
920:"Ducati Superbike 1199 Panigale R - Ducati"
1359:
1345:
832:, Source Interlink Media, pp. 34–35,
202:With power typically being the product of
191:
1199:"Aerodynamics 101; What looks fast isn't"
843:
507:, rolling moment, and yawing moment (see
489:prototype) to reduce wake turbulence and
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1319:Streetbikes: Everything You Need to Know
1295:
1196:
1153:
1141:
1113:
174:
132:
120:
1746:List of long-distance motorcycle riders
1315:
1261:"Packing: What to take, how to take it"
975:
815:
251:Motorcycle rear wheel on a dyno roller.
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1239:
849:
387:gives a "weight without fuel approx."
16:Motorcycle technology and verification
1340:
1282:
1210:
1180:
1165:
1125:
976:Association, American Motorcyclist.
821:
585:0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h)
179:Two motorcycles at a ¼ mile (402 m)
58:"Motorcycle testing and measurement"
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1132:A, which has units of square feet."
514:
13:
149:Motorcycle testing and measurement
14:
1900:
1269:American Motorcyclist Association
1021:"1190RS « Erik Buell Racing"
281:values, in normal running order.
165:electric motorcycles and scooters
1802:Production motorcycles (by speed
601: mi (0.00 to 0.40 km)
256:
244:
232:
23:
1866:List of outlaw motorcycle clubs
1159:
1119:
1089:
1064:
1042:
1013:
759:bikes with a separate oil tank.
449:
305:US Department of Transportation
34:needs additional citations for
1283:Reeve, Bruce (June 30, 2010),
1219:Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S.
988:
969:
955:
937:
912:
901:
1:
1451:Universal Japanese Motorcycle
1197:Anderson, Steve (June 1999),
1189:
1096:Art Friedman (October 2000),
850:Searle, Dave (October 2009),
390:
316:
1797:Motorcycle land-speed record
822:Ford, Dexter (August 2003),
170:
7:
963:"EUR-Lex - 31993L0093 - EN"
891:"EUR-Lex - 31992L0061 - EN"
771:
737:Gross vehicle weight rating
425:Gross vehicle weight rating
419:Gross vehicle weight rating
292:gross vehicle weight rating
210:, a motorcycle's power and
10:
1905:
1299:Motorcycle Tuning: Chassis
1271:, p. 46, April 1990,
422:
357:motorcycles' dry weights.
263:Graph of power and torque.
195:
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1496:
1419:
1383:
1302:, Butterworth-Heinemann,
1246:, Kogan Page Publishers,
633:Vehicle emissions control
284:
1849:List of motorcycle clubs
1223:Bondi Digital Publishing
860:Motorcycle Consumer News
809:
129:on a chassis dynamometer
1573:Testing and measurement
1296:Robinson, John (1994),
1291:– via Sport Rider
1226:(subscription required)
789:Dry weight (automobile)
455:Automotive aerodynamics
374:Beginning in 2009, the
192:Engine power and torque
1406:Motorcycle occupations
1316:Stermer, Bill (2006),
1221: – via
184:
145:
130:
1889:Motorcycle technology
1265:American Motorcyclist
1240:Coyner, Dale (2007),
982:www.amadirectlink.com
755:Typically applies to
674:Motorcycle suspension
178:
142:Bonneville Speed Week
136:
124:
945:"Search Regulations"
43:improve this article
1811:Freestyle motocross
1025:erikbuellracing.com
778:Conversion of units
529:types of motorcycle
511:for descriptions).
509:yaw, pitch and roll
440:touring motorcycles
1102:Motorcycle Cruiser
1050:"Highlights - KTM"
613:Fuel consumption
487:Vetter Streamliner
185:
146:
131:
1876:
1875:
1616:Japanese Big Four
1253:978-1-884313-59-2
895:eur-lex.europa.eu
799:Speedometer error
744:GVWR - Wet weight
558:Compression ratio
538:motorcycle engine
381:Erik Buell Racing
376:Japanese Big Four
271:unit construction
127:Triumph Sprint ST
119:
118:
111:
93:
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1806:by acceleration)
1741:Motorcycle rally
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515:Other parameters
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459:drag coefficient
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804:Vehicle metrics
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686:Motorcycle tyre
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593:
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581:Acceleration:
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491:flow separation
484:
477:
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444:safety clothing
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362:hydraulic fluid
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138:Suzuki Hayabusa
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1384:General topics
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1060:on 2011-05-12.
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824:"Grudge Match"
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695:Rake and trail
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1836:Organizations
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1675:Royal Enfield
1673:
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1583:Manufacturers
1580:
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1556:Tires (tyres)
1554:
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1447:
1446:Sport touring
1443:
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1329:9780760323625
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1200:
1195:
1194:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1154:Robinson 1994
1150:
1143:
1142:Anderson 1999
1138:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1114:Anderson 1999
1110:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1031:on 2012-03-14
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1002:on 2013-05-11
1001:
997:
991:
983:
979:
972:
964:
958:
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946:
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926:on 2013-07-04
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797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
765:
762:
760:
758:
752:
750:Fuel capacity
749:
745:
741:
738:
735:
733:
729:
727:
723:
722:
720:
715:
712:
709:
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634:
628:
625:
623:
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612:
609:
607:
606:
590:
588:
586:
580:
578:
574:
573:
571:
566:
563:
560:
557:
555:Bore x stroke
554:
552:
548:
546:
542:
541:
540:
539:
533:
531:
530:
524:
523:
521:
512:
510:
506:
501:
499:
494:
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479:
460:
456:
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433:
426:
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388:
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377:
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259:
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128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
99:December 2009
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1572:
1546:Transmission
1481:Track racing
1372:Motorcycling
1318:
1298:
1289:Cycle Canada
1288:
1264:
1242:
1212:
1202:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1121:
1109:
1101:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:
1066:
1058:the original
1053:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:the original
1024:
1015:
1004:. Retrieved
1000:the original
990:
981:
971:
957:
948:
939:
928:. Retrieved
924:the original
914:
903:
894:
872:, retrieved
858:
845:
829:Motorcyclist
827:
817:
754:
743:
731:
730:Wet weight
725:
724:Dry weight
683:
671:
670:Suspension
654:Transmission
630:
617:Fuel economy
614:
602:
582:
576:
572:Performance
550:
544:
535:
526:
518:
502:
498:wind tunnels
495:
480:
453:
450:Aerodynamics
428:
412:
402:
401:
397:
394:
373:
367:
359:
355:water-cooled
343:
320:
312:
309:
300:
296:
290:
288:
279:homologation
275:
267:
225:transmission
201:
186:
161:fuel economy
157:
148:
147:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1718:Biker films
1511:Accessories
1368:Motorcycles
1214:Cycle World
1204:Cycle World
1081:14 December
1054:www.ktm.com
783:Curb weight
716:Seat height
691:Dimensions
667:Final drive
575:Top speed
564:Lubrication
561:Fuel system
413:curb weight
404:Cycle World
365:reservoir.
335:brake fluid
198:Dynamometer
1668:Moto Guzzi
1529:Suspension
1506:Components
1463:Dual-sport
1391:Definition
1309:075061840X
1190:References
1181:Reeve 2010
1166:Reeve 2010
1126:Reeve 2010
1035:2012-02-09
1006:2013-06-08
930:2013-06-09
874:2010-04-29
852:"Measures"
660:, 5-speed
639:(global),
629:Emissions
391:Wet weight
351:air-cooled
347:sport bike
327:engine oil
317:Dry weight
301:wet weight
297:dry weight
196:See also:
153:motorcycle
69:newspapers
1756:Equipment
1723:Magazines
1476:Motocross
1467:Off-road
1277:0277-9358
1234:0011-4286
869:1073-9408
838:0027-2205
732:see above
726:see above
700:Wheelbase
662:automatic
605:dragstrip
577:see above
551:see above
545:see above
432:VIN Plate
181:dragstrip
171:Top speed
1883:Category
1821:Stunting
1804: /
1626:Kawasaki
1520:Chassis
996:"Ducati"
794:Rounding
772:See also
757:2-stroke
583:Such as
567:Ignition
549:Torque
534:Engine
323:gasoline
295:(GVWR),
1733:Touring
1690:VinFast
1680:Triumph
1663:Aprilia
1658:Piaggio
1653:Peugeot
1566:Fairing
1442:Touring
1432:Cruiser
1428:Street
1401:Museums
1396:History
1376:outline
1076:EUR-Lex
949:dot.gov
721:Weight
682:Tires
596:⁄
543:Power
525:Class
436:cruiser
339:battery
331:coolant
163:. With
83:scholar
1861:Colors
1826:Trials
1816:Racing
1779:Jacket
1774:Helmet
1636:Yamaha
1631:Suzuki
1601:Ducati
1561:Wheels
1551:Saddle
1541:Engine
1516:Brakes
1498:Design
1486:Trials
1471:Enduro
1458:Custom
1411:Safety
1326:
1306:
1275:
1250:
1232:
867:
836:
739:(GVWR)
710:Height
704:Length
679:Brakes
658:manual
645:FTP-75
643:(EU),
619:&
505:moment
369:Ducati
285:Weight
220:torque
212:torque
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1789:Sport
1769:Boots
1764:Armor
1713:Books
1705:Media
1648:Kymco
1621:Honda
1591:Bajaj
1524:Frame
1437:Sport
1421:Types
855:(PDF)
810:Notes
707:Width
647:(USA)
626:Range
591:0 to
409:Honda
333:, or
216:power
208:speed
204:force
90:JSTOR
76:books
1695:Zero
1611:Hero
1534:Fork
1370:and
1324:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1273:ISSN
1248:ISBN
1230:ISSN
1083:2009
865:ISSN
834:ISSN
684:See
672:See
641:NEDC
637:WMTC
635:and
631:see
621:WMTC
615:See
603:See
536:see
527:see
353:and
299:and
218:and
206:and
62:news
1685:TVS
1643:KTM
1596:BMW
461:, C
385:KTM
140:at
45:by
1885::
1444:/
1287:,
1263:,
1201:,
1173:^
1100:,
1074:.
1052:.
1023:.
980:.
947:.
893:.
882:^
857:,
826:,
664:")
329:,
125:A
1378:)
1374:(
1360:e
1353:t
1346:v
1183:.
1130:d
1085:.
1038:.
1009:.
984:.
965:.
951:.
933:.
897:.
598:4
594:1
483:d
481:C
476:d
474:C
471:d
467:d
463:d
183:.
144:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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