1885:, considered the treaty breached and argued openly for the US annexation of Nicaragua and the rest of Central America, for which he was forced to resign. In 1853, the buildings of the US-owned Accessory Transit Company in Greytown were looted and destroyed by the locals. In 1854, an American steamer captain killed a Greytown Creole, and Borland, who had remained in Greytown after his resignation, stopped the arrest for murder by threatening the marshal and his men with a rifle, arguing that they had no power to arrest an American citizen. Though he held no office, Borland ordered 50 American passengers bound for New York to remain on land and "protect US interests" while he sailed to the United States for help. In an example of
909:
495:
1350:
1978:
2202:
344:
1742:
557:
1358:
1767:
61:
1990:
1492:
2177:
1781:
358:
1403:
870:
2617:
1300:(used by New Granadan coast guards as a base against British privateers, often coming from the Mosquito Coast itself), and transferring sovereignty of the Mosquito Coast over to New Granada and considering the area a dependency of San AndrΓ©s. While Spanish rule was never restored over the Mosquito Coast (instead, the British occupied the Archipelago itself in 1806 during the course of the war against Spain), the Royal Decree of 1803 became the reason for territorial disputes between the
4066:
6792:
2603:
2386:
within the
Miskito community. The council advocates for independence and has considered a referendum, seeking international recognition. It also addresses the needs of the impoverished Moskitian communities, such as drug addiction among youth as the coast is slowly gaining influence as a corridor for drug trafficking. However, the allure of possible Narco funding might be a tempting method of supporting independence should the movement find no support.
75:
996:
2589:
6802:
4072:
1121:. The British plantation owners used their estates to grow some export crops and as bases for the exploitation of timber resources, especially mahogany. Most of the labor on the estates was supplied by African slaves and by indigenous slaves captured in Miskito and British raids into Spanish territory. By 1786, there were several hundred British residents on the shore and several thousand slaves, mostly African.
1316:"King Regent of the Shore", and 33 other Miskito notables gave their "consent, assent, and declaration to, for, and of" George Frederic Augustus I as their "Sovereign King". His coronation in Belize on January 16, 1816, in a deliberate move to secure British support, marked the end of the regency. Meanwhile, Spain lost rule over New Granada in 1819 and over Central America in 1821, when the
1040:. In the early 18th century, the Miskito kingdom became organized into four distinct clusters of population, centered on the banks of the navigable rivers. They were integrated into a single if loosely structured political entity. The northern portions were dominated by Sambus and the southern ones by Tawira Miskitos. The king, whose domain lay from the Wanks River south to the Rio
1292:, and if they had simply raised an army and marched on the Mosquito Coast, nobody would have questioned that the area was part of the Captaincy General once Spanish power was fully restored. Instead, the Spanish government heeded the old advice espoused by Gil de Taboada and Ezpeleta, and decided against Guatemala's request on November 30, 1803, reaffirming the control of the
1029:
accounts refer as well to various noble titles, Miskito social structure does not appear to have been particularly stratified. The 1699 description noted that people holding titles such as "king" and "governor" were only empowered as war leaders, and did not have the last word in judicial disputes. Otherwise, the author saw the population as living in an egalitarian state.
1465:, and claimed it for the Mosquito Kingdom. The commander of the port was kidnapped and abandoned in a deserted beach, and the civilian population was told to leave the place by March 1842. The Nicaraguan government protested and the British did not carry on the threatened evacuation of the port, but neither did they take action against MacDonald for the incident.
1395:, MacGregor having led them to believe that the area was already developed and just in need of skilled workers. In the 1830s and 40s King Robert Charles Frederic also appointed small traders, notably William Hodgson and brothers Peter and Samuel Shepherd, as his agents to administer his claims to tribute and taxes from lands as far south as
1163:, Britain agreed to evacuate British settlers and their slaves from the Mosquito Coast to their as yet informal colony in what was to become British Honduras; later treaties recognized Britain's commercial, but never territorial rights in the region. Some of the settlers and their slaves remained after they swore loyalty to the
1224:, who succeeded Taboada in 1789 and considered that Hodgson's influence among the Miskito was vital to avoid a revolt. Hodgson Jr. was the son of Robert Hodgson Sr., the first British appointed Superintendent in 1749β1759, and he had occupied himself this post from 1767 to 1775, when his political enemies persuaded
476:. Lists of "nations" left by Spanish missionaries include as many as 30 names, though careful analysis of them by Karl Offen suggests that many were duplicated and the regional geography included about a half dozen entities speaking related but distinct dialects occupying the various river basins of the region.
2250:
council was not limited to
Miskito: instead, the first council included a number of Moravian missionaries and its first session started with an oration in this denomination. In compensation for his losses, George Augustus Frederic II would be paid Β£1000 yearly and until 1870 by the Nicaraguan government.
1414:
trade peaked in Europe, but the supply in Belize, a main exporter, was becoming scarce. The
Miskito Kingdom became an alternative source to Belize-based traders and wood cutting companies, who acquired concessions and land grants from Robert Charles Frederic. In 1837, Britain formally recognized the
1015:
In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Miskitos Zambos began a series of raids that attacked
Spanish-held territories and still independent indigenous groups in the area. Miskito raiders reached as far north as the YucatΓ‘n, and as far south as Costa Rica. They sold many of the captives they took
1007:
appear to be descended from the survivors of a shipwrecked slave ship who reached this area in the mid-seventeenth century. These survivors intermarried with the local
Miskito people, thereby creating a mixed-race group. They gradually adopted the language and much of the culture of their hosts. The
2249:
as ruler of the territory and its inhabitants, but only as hereditary chief and not king, a title that, along those of general, admiral and governor, was abolished; and that the hereditary chief would be advised by a council of 41 members elected for a period of eight years. The composition of this
1016:
as slaves to
English or other British merchants; the slaves were transported to Jamaica to work on sugar plantations. Through such raiding, the Zambo gained a more dominant position and the king's domain was inhabited primarily by Zambos. They also assisted the government of Jamaica in hunting down
925:
Although the earliest accounts do not mention it, a political entity of uncertain organization, but probably not very stratified, which the
English called the "Mosquito Kingdom" was present on the coast in the early seventeenth century. One of the kings of this polity visited England around 1638 at
502:
During the 16th century, Spanish authorities issued various licenses to conquer
Taguzgalpa and Tologalpa in 1545, 1562, 1577, and 1594, but no evidence suggests that any of these licenses resulted in even brief settlements or conquests. The Spanish were unable to conquer this region during the 16th
1275:
arrived in 1797, George II raised an army to attack
Bluefields, deposing Hodgson, and drove the Spanish out of the kingdom on September 4, 1800. However, the king died suddenly in 1801. According to British George Henderson, who visited the Mosquito Coast in 1804, many in the kingdom believed that
2258:
as new chief, George
Augustus Frederic II's nephew by his second sister, was not recognized by Nicaragua. William Henry Clarence asked for support to Great Britain, accusing Nicaragua of not abiding to the terms of the 1860 treaty and threatening the Miskitu's autonomy, and complaining both about
1315:
In the meantime George II's brother Stephen made some overtures to Spain, who reciprocated by calling Stephen king and giving him the traditional gifts (albeit less frequently than to George II), but he later changed allegiances and raided Spanish held territory. In 1815, Stephen, styling himself
1116:
A more lasting result of this formal relation was that Edward I and other Miskito rulers who followed him allowed the British to establish settlements and plantations within his realm, and issued the first land grants to this effect in 1742. British settlement concentrated especially in the Black
1861:
The United States assumed that this meant the immediate British evacuation of the Mosquito Coast, while the British argued that it only bound them to not expand further in Central America and that both the 1844 protectorate and the 1848 peace treaty were still valid. On November 21, the American
2385:
Miskito dissidents declared the independence of the unrecognized Communitarian Nation of Moskitia in 2009. The movement is led by Reverend Hector Williams, who was elected as "Wihta Tara" (Great Judge) of Moskitia by the Council of Elders, its governing body composed of traditional leaders from
2253:
The death of George Augustus Frederic II in 1865, after only half that time had passed, led to a dispute between Nicaragua and the reserve's government. As indicated in its name, the position of hereditary chief was not completely elective like the title of King that preceded it, but had to be
1028:
Although English accounts referred to the area as a "kingdom", it was relatively loosely organized. A description of the kingdom written in 1699, notes that it occupied discontinuous areas along the coast. It probably did not include a number of settlements of English traders. Although English
934:
account of the kingdom written by a buccaneer known only as M. W. describes its organization as being fundamentally egalitarian, with the king and some officials (usually called "Captains" in that period but later being more elaborate) being primarily military leaders, but only in time of war.
933:
In subsequent years, the kingdom stood strongly against any Spanish incursions and was prepared to offer rest and asylum to any anti-Spanish groups that might come to their shores. At the very least English and French privateers and pirates did visit there, taking in water and food. A detailed
438:
The Mosquito Coast was generally defined as the domain of the Miskito Kingdom and expanded or contracted with that domain. During the 19th century, the question of the kingdom's borders was a serious issue of international diplomacy between Britain, the United States, Nicaragua, and Honduras.
1797:
In 1844, the British government declared a new protectorate over the Mosquito Kingdom and appointed a consul-general of the Mosquito Coast, Patrick Walker with seat in Bluefields. The proclamation was motivated by the state of anarchy in the Mosquito Kingdom after the death of Robert Charles
1944:
and began to work in 1849 in Bluefields, targeting the royal family and the Creoles before expanding to the rest of the Kingdom. In 1880, the mission saw a membership of 1,030 made up of mostly urban creoles. By 1890, the membership was 3,924 and made up of mostly Miskito and rural natives.
1238:
also travelled to the Coast with the aim of converting the native population in this period. The acceptance of the new order was unequal and often influenced by the underlying tensions within the own Miskito elites, divided between the northern regions controlled by the Sambu, loyal to King
2229:
over the Caribbean coast between Cabo Gracias a Dios and Greytown to Nicaragua. Attempts to decide the sovereignty over the northern bank of the Wanks/Coco River which cuts Cabo Gracias a Dios in half, began in 1869, but would not be settled until ninety-one years later when the
1287:
With Spanish power over the Mosquito Coast vanished and British influence rapidly returning, the Captaincy General of Guatemala sought full control of the shore from Spain. The Colombian Ricardo S. Pereira, writing in 1883, considered this act a miscalculation on the part of the
1932:. Charles' first plan was to establish a Prussian settlement in the area and sent three German merchants to study this possibility on the ground. Their dictamen was against colonization, but their suggestion to evangelize the Mosquito Coast was taken up by the Prince of
1012:. By the late 17th century, their leader held the office of general with jurisdiction over the northern portions of the Mosquito Kingdom. In the early eighteenth century, they managed to take over the office of King, which they held for at least the rest of the century.
969:(1625β1649). When his father died, this son returned home and placed his country under English protection. Following the capture of Providence Island by Spain in 1641, England did not possess a base close to the coast. However, shortly after the English captured
1328:
As internecine conflicts seized both Gran Colombia and Central America post-independence, the potential of any regional power to threaten the Miskito kingdom declined. Miskito Kings renewed their alliance with Great Britain, which in 1801 had merged with
2287:
The Miskito could also fly their own flag on the Mosquito Coast, so long as said flag included some sign of Nicaraguan suzerainty. A compromise was reached by using the flag used during the British protectorate (designed by Patrick Walker), but with the
467:
visited the coast briefly in his fourth voyage. Detailed Spanish accounts of the region, however, only relate to the late 16th and early 17th centuries. According to their understanding of the geography, the region was divided between two "Provinces"
1442:. Because of their greater knowledge of English, the Creoles soon became the workers most sought by foreign companies, occupying the intermediate levels in the businesses and relegating the native Miskitu to the worst paid occupations at the base.
2254:
occupied by a member of George Augustus Frederic II's lineage of full Miskito ancestry. The council argued that none of George Augustus Frederic II's wives was Miskito and that none of their children was eligible as a result. The election of
1805:
The protectorate was claimed to extend from Cape Honduras in the north to the mouth of the San Juan River in the south, including San Juan del Norte. Nicaragua protested again and sent forces to San Juan del Norte, which the Miskito King
1270:
The new colony suffered setbacks as a result of many of the settlers dying en route and the Miskito Crown showing its dissatisfaction with the gifts offered by the Spanish. The Miskito resumed trade with Jamaica and, when news of another
518:
Because the Spanish failed to have significant influence in the region, it remained independent of outside control. This allowed the native people to continue their traditional way of life and to receive visitors from other regions.
1853:
on April 18, 1850. In this document the two powers pledged themselves to guarantee the neutrality and equal use of the proposed canal, and to not "occupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua,
1911:
By 1859 British opinion was no longer supportive of their nation's presence in the Mosquito Coast. The British government returned the Bay Islands and ceded the northern part of the Mosquito Coast to Honduras, negotiating with
1084:
in 1740, and Robert Hodgson, Senior was appointed as Superintendent of the Shore. The language of the treaty includes what amounts to a surrender of sovereignty, and is often taken by historians as an indication that a British
2334:
led a campaign to annex the reserve, natives responded with vigorous protest, an appeal to Britain to protect them, and more militant resistance β to little avail. The situation was such that, from July 6 to August 7, the US
3229:
Documentos sobre lΓmites de los Estados-Unidos de Colombia: copiados de los originales que se encuentran en el Archivo de Indias de Sevilla, y acompaΓ±ados de breves consideraciones sobre el verdadero Uti possidetis juris de
3137:
Documentos sobre lΓmites de los Estados-Unidos de Colombia: copiados de los originales que se encuentran en el Archivo de Indias de Sevilla, y acompaΓ±ados de breves consideraciones sobre el verdadero Uti possidetis juris de
2368:
The Miskito continued to enjoy a certain autonomy under Nicaragua, though there was considerable tension between the claims of the government and those of the indigenous people. This tension was expressed openly during
439:
Conflicting claims regarding both the kingdom's extent and arguable nonexistence were pursued in diplomatic exchanges. The British and Miskitu definition applied to the whole eastern seaboard of Nicaragua and even to
2339:
to 'protect US interests'. After enjoying almost complete autonomy for fourteen years, on 20 November 1894 their territory formally became incorporated into that of the republic of Nicaragua by Nicaraguan president
2360:(RAAS), autonomous regions with a certain degree of self-government. Those regions were renamed the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCN) and the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCS) in 2014.
1158:
Although Spain had been unable to drive the British from the coast or occupy any position, in the course of the diplomatic negotiations following the war, Britain found itself making concessions to Spain. In the
1104:
rich area was subsequently ravaged. This military cooperation would prove important as Miskito forces were vital to protecting not only British interests in the Mosquito Kingdom but also for British holdings in
1220:, who was none other but a former British Superintendent of the Mosquito Coast who had sworn recent fealty to Spain, Robert Hodgson Jr., but his loyalty and good work were defended by the New Granadan Viceroy
1231:
The Spanish hoped to win over support of the Miskito elite by offering presents like the British had and educating their youth in Guatemala, as many Miskito had been educated previously in Jamaica.
1276:
George II had been poisoned by his brother Stephen as part of a deal with the Spanish. In order to prevent Stephen from seizing power for himself, General Robinson spirited George II's young heir
1450:
2312:
Nicaragua could not limit the goods imported or exported through the port of San Juan del Norte (Greytown), unless these goods went to or came from Nicaraguan territory outside the reserve.
1814:, did not answer. After the ultimatum expired, Miskito-British forces led by the King and Patrick Walker, and backed by two British warships, seized San Juan del Norte. They also destroyed
6779:
1391:" by George Frederic Augustus I and sold forged land rights to eager settlers and investors in Britain and France. Most settlers suffered from the lack of infrastructure and died from
7280:
1849:) in Honduras' Pacific coast. After British and American forces nearly clashed in El Tigre, both governments reprimanded the commanders of their forces there and concluded the
1250:
The Spanish also sought to occupy the positions formerly held by British settlers with their own colonists. Beginning in 1787, around 1,200 settlers were brought in from the
1908:
and the firm opposition of Britain's merchant class to a war with the United States, the British government only protested and demanded an apology that was never received.
6590:
1297:
1124:
The Miskito kings received regular gifts from the British in the form of weapons and consumer goods, and provided security against slave revolts and capturing runaways.
7375:
7048:
1728:
1365:
The Miskito kings allowed the settlement of foreigners in their lands as long as their sovereignty was respected, opportunity that was seized by British merchants and
1337:, and Belize replaced Jamaica as the principal British connection to the kingdom. George Frederic Augustus I's 1816 coronation in Belize was imitated by his successor
884:
3127:
2237:
The 1860 treaty also recognized that the Mosquito Kingdom, now reduced to the territory around Bluefields, would become an autonomous Miskito reserve, usually called
1881:
off the coast of Honduras and rebuffed the American protests claiming that they had been part of Belize before the treaty. The American representative in Nicaragua,
1822:, during which Walker drowned. On March 7 Nicaragua signed a peace treaty where it ceded San Juan del Norte to the Mosquito Kingdom, who renamed it Greytown after
1243:
who remained himself friendly to the British, and the Tawira southerners aligned with Admiral Briton, who developed closer ties with Spain and adopted the name
7330:
4995:
1810:
replied to with an ultimatum demanding all Nicaraguan forces to leave before January 1, 1848. Nicaragua appealed to the United States, but the Americans, then
1438:
in 1841, who settled mainly in and around Bluefields, merging with the descendants of the slaves that had not been evacuated in 1786 and giving origin to the
7370:
7350:
2303:
Nicaragua could not make concessions to the exploitation of natural resources in the Mosquito Coast. That right alone corresponded to the Miskito government.
455:
Before the arrival of Europeans in the region, the area was divided into a large number of small, egalitarian groups, possibly speaking languages related to
3426:
Memorial Submitted by the Government of Nicaragua, vol. I: Maritime delimitation between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras)
5449:
3893:
Offen, Karl (2002). "The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras".
2916:
Offen, Karl (2002). "The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras".
2710:
Offen, Karl (2002). "The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras".
2373:
rule, which sought greater state control. The Miskito were strong supporters of U.S. efforts to undermine the Sandinistas and were important allies of the
3251:
3159:
7400:
7325:
2331:
431:, and in November 1894 the Mosquito Coast was militarily incorporated into Nicaragua. However, in 1960, the northern part was granted to Honduras by the
3317:
Naylor, Robert A. (1967). "The Mahogany Trade as a Factor in the British Return to the Mosquito Shore in the Second Quarter of the Nineteenth Century".
7365:
7345:
2274:
Sovereignty over the Mosquito Coast belonged to Nicaragua, but it was largely limited by the autonomy of the Miskito, as recognized in the 1860 treaty.
6163:
7380:
7340:
6757:
Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
2270:. His decision, released on June 2, agreed largely with the interests of the Miskitoβand by extension, the British. The arbitration decided that:
485:
7395:
962:, the company's main base and settlement, entered into regular correspondence with the coast during the decade of company occupation, 1631β1641.
1870:, business magnate and one of the richest people in the United States. The British government apologized after the United States sent two armed
7390:
3407:
2668:
1422:
The expansion of the economy attracted and benefitted from the arrival of capital from the United States, and immigrants from the States, the
7335:
6838:
6322:
2336:
3715:
7360:
6904:
6750:
6733:
6611:
3617:
3568:
1044:, including the king's residence near Sandy Bay, was a Sambu, as was the general, who ruled the northern portions of the kingdom, from the
977:
went to visit England. According to the testimony of his son Jeremy, taken around 1699, he was received in audience by "his brother king",
3494:
2572:
describes an expedition in search of a silver mine along the coast. The relevant chapters are "an Outlandish Land" and "Blake's Story" in
7320:
7295:
6202:
2218:
1815:
1435:
1334:
7201:
5892:
5886:
4988:
4773:
4467:
1092:
Britain's primary motive and the most immediate result of the treaty was to secure an alliance between the Miskito and British for the
981:
and was given a "lac'd hat" and a commission "to kindly use and relieve such straggling Englishmen as should chance to come that way".
1928:
In the 1840s, two British citizens who travelled Europe advertising the sale of land in Cabo Gracias a Dios attracted the interest of
7385:
7355:
7285:
7172:
5948:
4138:
3978:
1904:, then landed and burnt the town to the ground. Damage was extensive but no one was killed. With its attention seized by the ongoing
1858:, the Mosquito Coast or any part of Central America", nor make use of any protectorate or alliance, present or future, to such ends.
3602:
2259:
increasing Nicaraguan immigration and the political instability in Nicaragua proper, which threatened the peace within the reserve.
7305:
7300:
4858:
3547:
489:
4621:
4336:
60:
5796:
4699:
4050:
3429:
2262:
In 1881, Nicaragua and Britain agreed to subject the most disputed points of the 1860 treaty to the arbitration of the Emperor
1989:
1032:
M. W. mentioned titled officers in his account of 1699, but later sources define these superior offices to include the king, a
1491:
1361:
Fort Wellington on the Black River (Engraving showing Fort Wellington (Poyais) on the Black River, Mosquito Coast, mid 1840s.)
1132:
Spain, which claimed the territory, suffered considerably from the Miskito attacks which continued during peacetime. When the
6157:
4981:
4521:
4204:
3474:
3372:
2772:
1309:
1228:
to replace him with James Lawrie, the last British Superintendent before the evacuation and a declared adversary of Hodgson.
7187:
3105:
6495:
6105:
5331:
4539:
4531:
4164:
3643:
1060:, was recorded; this man was also a Tawira, controlling a region on the extreme south from Pearl Key Lagoon down to around
4544:
1977:
1415:
Mosquito Kingdom as an independent state, and took diplomatic measures to prevent the new nations that left the imploding
7290:
6435:
5217:
5102:
4941:
4838:
4511:
4480:
4055:
4045:
4040:
4030:
3748:, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity, Ed.: Steven Ratuva. (London, New York, Singapure, Palgrave Macmillan 2019) url=
1416:
1301:
2316:
From 1883, the land and capital in the reserve began to be agglutinated by an increasingly small number of US citizens.
7315:
6153:
4672:
4506:
4420:
4123:
4025:
3991:
3887:
Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600β1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire
3707:
3337:
Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600β1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire
3292:
Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600β1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire
2698:
Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600β1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire
1445:
In August 1841, a British ship, without knowledge of London, carried the Miskito King Robert Charles Frederic and the
1096:, and the Miskito and British cooperated in attacks on Spanish settlements during the war. The most notable being the
7310:
7260:
6894:
6831:
6315:
5508:
4714:
3245:
3153:
3024:
2997:
2811:, B. M., London, 1707, pp. lxxviβlxxvii. According to a conversation held with Jeremy, the future king in about 1688.
1818:, where the British prisoners captured during the first attempt on San Juan del Norte were interned, and advanced to
1446:
1272:
1081:
800:
3386:
444:
7275:
7270:
7167:
7056:
6188:
6175:
4571:
3232:
3140:
2357:
2353:
947:
512:
2306:
Nicaragua could not regulate the Miskito's trade, nor tax importations to or exportations from the Mosquito Coast.
942:
The first British contacts with the Mosquito region started around 1630, when the agents of the English chartered
7255:
6864:
6404:
6135:
4973:
4783:
4768:
4596:
4576:
3814:
Helms, Mary (1983). "Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population".
2838:
Helms, Mary (1983). "Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population".
2345:
1041:
110:
31:
3269:, House of Commons of Great Britain, London, 1848, p. 46. The names of the signatories are printed on pp. 46-47.
2745:
AΓ±overos, Jesus Maria Garcia (1988). "La presencia franciscana en la Taguzgalpa y la Tologalpa (La Mosquitia)".
7250:
6909:
6698:
6226:
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5734:
5551:
5235:
4662:
4616:
4460:
4265:
4260:
4214:
4118:
4098:
4017:
3517:
3248:
3156:
2231:
1185:
902:
875:
494:
432:
6508:
6272:
6023:
5464:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
5361:
5293:
4906:
4807:
4778:
4763:
4694:
4501:
4199:
4179:
4133:
4035:
3971:
3749:
1349:
3364:
The awakening coast : an anthology of Moravian writings from Mosquitia and eastern Nicaragua, 1849-1899
556:
7265:
7147:
6824:
6308:
5758:
5682:
5658:
5652:
5009:
4911:
4901:
4684:
4606:
4586:
4289:
4012:
2293:
7066:
6921:
6725:
6391:
5241:
4611:
4601:
4566:
4389:
4354:
4189:
4113:
2470:
2454:
2246:
2182:
2073:
1900:
in damages, an apology and a pledge of good behavior in the future. When the terms weren't met, the crew
1807:
1573:
1289:
1160:
813:
253:
222:
965:
The Providence Island Company sponsored the Miskito's "King's Son" visit to England during the reign of
6847:
6463:
6240:
6214:
6111:
5880:
4128:
4108:
4103:
4093:
3723:
3411:
2484:
2442:
1866:
was fired upon by a British warship for not paying port tariffs at Greytown. One of the passengers was
1458:
1293:
1277:
1133:
515:
in 1622, and a third one between 1667 and 1675. None of these efforts resulted in any lasting success.
1221:
6754:; Ascension Island (1922β) and Tristan da Cunha (1938β) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
6397:
6353:
6075:
5786:
5461:
5431:
5189:
4948:
4828:
4750:
4652:
4453:
4221:
2646:
1929:
1850:
1152:
943:
927:
777:
74:
17:
3853:"Of Kings and Contexts: Ethnohistorical Interpretations of Miskito Political Structure and Function"
7071:
6578:
6286:
6233:
6141:
6099:
6063:
6017:
5632:
5281:
5223:
4881:
4740:
4677:
4647:
4359:
4306:
4247:
4184:
4169:
4065:
3964:
2676:
2635:
2325:
1811:
1201:
1137:
959:
623:
597:
420:
7061:
6899:
6869:
6795:
6627:
6502:
6470:
6451:
6117:
6069:
6011:
5720:
5664:
5040:
4896:
4823:
4689:
4667:
4326:
3660:
2640:
2448:
1901:
1668:
1338:
440:
3625:
3576:
1933:
1357:
1184:
The Mosquito Coast was initially annexed (or from the Spanish point of view, re-annexed) to the
7182:
7125:
6991:
6971:
6266:
6247:
6123:
6087:
5859:
5847:
5746:
5626:
5614:
5502:
5457:
5445:
5076:
4843:
4833:
4793:
4709:
4657:
4554:
4379:
3491:
3350:
The diplomacy of trade and investment: American economic expansion in the Hemisphere, 1865-1900
2463:
2255:
1878:
1197:
1093:
1916:
to enlarge the British territory in Belize as compensation. The next year, Britain signed the
1802:
and the British desire to build a canal through Central America before the United States did.
7140:
7115:
6805:
6411:
5566:
5343:
5325:
5134:
5065:
4886:
4853:
4704:
4635:
4321:
4311:
4275:
4209:
4174:
4081:
3880:
Del arco y la flecha a las armas de fuego. Los indios mosquitos y la historia centroamericana
3339:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989, pp. 103β117; 122β123 on the concessions
2788:
2622:
2491:
2088:
978:
268:
4755:
2341:
7135:
7097:
7035:
6716:
6534:
6447:
6381:
6359:
6260:
6220:
6129:
6093:
6031:
5956:
5644:
5379:
5373:
5367:
4934:
4868:
4788:
4745:
4728:
4488:
4331:
4194:
4152:
2951:
Olien, Michael (1998). "General, Governor and Admiral: Three Miskito Lines of Succession".
1867:
1841:
and Honduras to form a common front against the British, who were now threatening to annex
1439:
1317:
966:
464:
170:
89:
3852:
3594:
1100:
in August by 1747 β the main fort (Fuerte de San Fernando de Matina) was captured and the
8:
6916:
6889:
6884:
6195:
5998:
5905:
5853:
5740:
5728:
5708:
5696:
5608:
5399:
5311:
4848:
4413:
4374:
4346:
4270:
4235:
3999:
3930:
Micro/Macro-Level Linkages: Regional Political Structure on the Mosquito Coast, 1845β1864
2809:
A Voyage to the Islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica ...
1823:
1799:
1259:
1225:
1193:
3539:
1141:
7177:
7081:
6879:
6874:
6441:
6423:
6363:
6254:
5980:
5942:
5918:
5899:
5790:
5337:
5263:
5229:
5128:
5108:
5034:
4957:
4891:
4876:
4591:
4581:
4316:
3910:
3839:
3831:
3802:
3752:
3401:
2968:
2933:
2863:
2855:
2727:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2349:
1655:
1508:
1454:
1370:
1330:
1240:
1073:
706:
611:
588:
520:
7076:
7030:
7020:
6981:
6801:
6387:
6005:
5970:
5702:
5590:
5538:
5532:
5516:
5355:
5349:
5299:
5269:
5199:
4496:
4429:
4394:
4384:
4301:
3914:
3843:
3470:
3378:
3368:
3241:
3149:
3020:
2993:
2937:
2867:
2731:
2569:
2297:
2245:. The municipal constitution of the reserve, signed on September 13, 1861, confirmed
2222:
2116:
2041:
1917:
1886:
1760:
1681:
1392:
1251:
1148:; however, this ultimately failed when armed settlers led by the Anglo-Irish soldier
573:
504:
165:
3777:
3513:
3424:
1216:. Guatemala protested the perceived unruliness of the Spanish appointed governor at
7245:
7120:
7102:
7003:
6758:
6691:
6683:
6675:
6603:
6514:
6482:
6369:
6169:
6081:
5866:
5392:
5385:
5287:
5172:
5117:
4962:
4369:
4364:
4252:
4071:
3902:
3867:
3823:
3794:
3778:"Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987"
3514:"Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987"
2960:
2925:
2847:
2821:
2719:
2608:
2263:
2035:
2007:
1890:
1541:
1380:
1136:
broke out, Spanish forces attempted to eliminate the British presence, seizing the
1106:
1033:
652:
157:
5003:
3871:
2767:
2700:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989, pp. 95β102, 110β112, 144β157
2389:
The movement was backed by a 400-man "indigenous army" made up of veterans of the
1208:, mirroring the long-standing relation that the Mosquito Kingdom had earlier with
7240:
7107:
6976:
6944:
6711:
6488:
6417:
6208:
6147:
5986:
5670:
5572:
5275:
4434:
3647:
3498:
3464:
3447:
3433:
3255:
3236:
3202:
The Evacuation of the Mosquito Shore and the English Who Stayed Behind, 1786β1800
3163:
3144:
3109:
3102:
3014:
2987:
2776:
2630:
2594:
2550:
2527:
2515:
2267:
2144:
1941:
1937:
1897:
1833:
With the MexicanβAmerican War concluded, the new US delegate in Central America,
1462:
1402:
1374:
1366:
1244:
1209:
1057:
1049:
1037:
1017:
3638:
1204:
even suggested that government over the Mosquito Coast should be transferred to
7013:
6596:
6584:
6429:
5974:
5963:
5752:
5714:
5620:
5584:
5578:
5544:
5082:
5005:
3944:
Die MosquitokΓΌste im Spannungsfeld Britischer und Spanischer Politik, 1502β1821
2511:
2148:
1819:
1733:
1699:
1519:
1431:
1255:
1189:
1149:
1097:
1077:
889:
841:
524:
416:
97:
3906:
2929:
2723:
1940:. The first missionaries arrived in 1848 with a letter of recommendation from
1877:
More incidents happened in the following years. In 1852, Britain occupied the
427:. From 1860 suzerainty of the area was transferred to Nicaragua with the name
7234:
7216:
7203:
6966:
6949:
6816:
6637:
6457:
5638:
5522:
4526:
3925:, Journal of Anthropological Research, vol. 39, no. 2, 1983, pp. 198β241
3827:
3382:
2851:
2535:
2523:
2519:
2403:
1882:
1305:
1213:
1164:
1004:
990:
974:
690:
460:
456:
207:
106:
3716:"Account of the attempt to form a settlement in 1823, on the Mosquito Shore"
3449:
Foreign Relations of the United States: Nicaragua (Mosquito Territory), 1894
507:" the region through missionary efforts. These included several attempts by
6998:
6961:
6667:
6375:
5936:
5930:
5911:
5676:
5411:
5318:
5257:
5251:
3722:. New Series (5). Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Archived from
3103:
EtnogΓ©nesis, hibridaciΓ³n y consolidaciΓ³n de la identidad del pueblo miskitu
2477:
2281:
1871:
1842:
1834:
1205:
1086:
1053:
619:
607:
3362:
2277:
Nicaragua had the right to fly its flag in any part of the Mosquito Coast.
533:
7008:
6784:
6280:
6181:
5992:
5596:
5496:
5211:
5205:
2893:
M. W.; "The Mosqueto Indian and His Golden River", in Churchill, Anshaw;
2804:
2546:
2531:
1905:
1838:
1423:
1045:
486:
Spanish conquest of Nicaragua Β§ Fringes of empire: Eastern Nicaragua
3228:
3136:
2556:
Early history of the Mosquito Coast also saw minor involvement from the
2352:. During the 1980s, the department was dissolved and substituted by the
6057:
6038:
5781:
5560:
5179:
5096:
3835:
3806:
2859:
2460:
2370:
2289:
2226:
2025:
1855:
1529:
1312:, and between Nicaragua and Colombia for the rest of the 19th century.
1235:
1217:
1168:
1118:
1101:
1061:
1009:
999:
The Wanks or Coco river, in the northern limit of the Mosquito Kingdom.
508:
469:
138:
6986:
3763:
Nicaragua's Mosquito Shore: The Years of British and American Presence
3640:
Mosquito bite as a swarm of Miskitos takes over the coast of Nicaragua
2972:
1468:
1353:
A panoramic view of Black River in the (fictional) Territory of Poyais
995:
6703:
5556:
5305:
5089:
4476:
4445:
2507:
2418:
2195:
1913:
1747:
530:
who preyed on Spanish ships soon found refuge in the Mosquito Coast.
527:
473:
408:
379:
337:
30:
This article is about the Central American area. For other uses, see
3956:
3951:
Las Sociedades del AtlΓ‘ntico de Nicaragua en los siglos XVII y XVIII
3798:
3132:
Nota del Virrey Ezpeleta sobre PacificaciΓ³n de la Costa de Mosquitos
2882:
Las Sociedades del AtlΓ‘ntico de Nicaragua en los siglos XVII y XVIII
1145:
984:
6631:
6546:
5825:
5777:
5526:
5453:
5439:
5435:
5405:
5193:
3987:
3466:
Indigenous Struggles for Autonomy: The Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua
2964:
2557:
2409:
1774:
1411:
1232:
1179:
951:
412:
384:
351:
183:
4007:
6540:
5873:
5833:
5426:
5183:
5142:
4534:
3445:
2415:
2390:
2374:
1827:
1384:
1377:
970:
3937:
General, Governor and Admiral: Three Miskito Lines of Succession
3785:
Helms, Mary (1969). "The Cultural Ecology of a Colonial Tribe".
3294:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989, pp. 99β100
6954:
6550:
5925:
5690:
5468:
5070:
3191:, Revista de Historia de AmΓ©rica, vol. 73/74, 1972, pp. 145β153
2779:, PhD thesis, Faculty of Arts, University College, London, 1969
1396:
1388:
1281:
1110:
958:
and established friendly relations with the local inhabitants.
3178:, Anuario de Estudios Americanos, vol. 23, 1967, pp. 1205β1235
2344:. The former Mosquito Coast was established as the Nicaraguan
1052:, controlled the southern regions, from the Cucalaya River to
6051:
5773:
5245:
1427:
1188:. Since the beginning, however, poor land communication with
2769:
The British Superintendency of the Mosquito Shore, 1749β1787
5602:
3753:
2510:
has a population of 400,000 inhabitants, consisting of 57%
2309:
Nicaragua had to pay the money overdue to the Miskito king.
3176:
El Coronel Hodgson y la ExpediciΓ³n a la Costa de Mosquitos
490:
Spanish conquest of Honduras Β§ Province of Taguzgalpa
7281:
Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
1298:
Archipelago of San AndrΓ©s, Providencia and Santa Catalina
955:
3772:, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (NM), 1967
2393:, which captured the YAMATA party headquarters in 2009.
1262:
and Black River, but not in the new capital Bluefields.
1056:. In the later 18th century (post 1766), another title,
973:
in 1655, they recommenced relations with the coast, and
3618:"Narco-Dividends: White Lobsters on the Mosquito Coast"
3367:. Karl Offen, Terry Rugeley. Lincoln. 2014. p. 3.
2503:
The Mosquito Coast was a sparsely populated territory.
2284:
on the Mosquito Coast to defend her national interests.
534:
British contact and recognition of the Mosquito Kingdom
443:
in Honduras: i.e., the coast region as far west as the
3939:, Ethnohistory, vol. 45, no. 2, 1998, pp. 278β318
3932:, Ethnohistory, vol. 34, no. 3, 1987, pp. 256β287
3688:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 197β245.
2820:
M. W.; "The Mosqueto Indian and his Golden River". in
2553:
gained a significant following in the Mosquito Coast.
1920:, ceding the rest of the Mosquito Coast to Nicaragua.
1430:
and China. Especially abundant was the immigration of
6656:
5789:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
3882:, Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 2011
3189:
Spanish Colonization of the Mosquito Coast, 1787β1800
2762:
2760:
3889:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989
2793:
Providence Island: The Other Puritan Colony, 1631β41
2584:
1463:
possible future transoceanic canal through Nicaragua
407:) is an area along the eastern coast of present-day
3279:
The Honduras Almanack for the year of our Lord 1829
3240:, Camacho Roldan y Tamayo, BogotΓ‘, Colombia, 1883,
3148:, Camacho Roldan y Tamayo, BogotΓ‘, Colombia, 1883,
1469:
Second British protectorate and American opposition
3746:Displaced minorities: The Wayuu and Miskito people
3516:. Stanford (CA): Stanford University. p. 37.
2992:. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 68β69.
2757:
1247:Carlos Antonio Castilla after his own conversion.
7376:19th-century disestablishments in Central America
3588:
3586:
3215:An Account of the British Settlement of Honduras
2675:. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Archived from
1923:
985:Emergence of the Mosquitos Zambos (Miskito Sambu)
7232:
1419:in 1838β1841 from interfering with the kingdom.
1180:Government reorganization and Spanish settlement
4512:Federal Republic of Central America (1823β1838)
3436:, International Court of Justice, 21 March 2001
3204:, The Americas, vol. 55, no. 1, 1998, pp. 63β89
1453:, to occupy Nicaragua's only Caribbean port in
511:between 1604 and 1612; another one led by Fray
479:
6846:
3583:
1192:made easier for the Miskito elites to sail to
7331:States and territories disestablished in 1894
6832:
6316:
4989:
4461:
3972:
3595:"Drugs dilemma on Nicaragua's Mosquito coast"
3267:Correspondence Respecting the Mosquito Shore
1798:Frederic, but also by the impending American
7371:1860 disestablishments in the British Empire
7351:1787 disestablishments in the British Empire
6751:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
6734:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
6612:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3923:The Miskito Kings and the Line of Succession
3502:, Pueblos Originarios de AmΓ©rica: BiografΓas
3217:, R. Baldwin, London, 1811 (2nd ed.), p. 219
3072:, Potomac Books, Inc., Washington (DC), 2003
2506:Today, what used to be the Miskito Coast of
1048:to nearly Trujillo. The Governor, who was a
3123:
3121:
3119:
3056:
2884:, Banco NicaraguΓ«nse, Managua, 1995, p. 165
1436:slavery in the British and French Caribbean
1323:
1089:was established over the Mosquito Kingdom.
503:century and in the 17th century sought to "
498:Political map of the Caribbean around 1600.
7326:States and territories established in 1638
6839:
6825:
6323:
6309:
4996:
4982:
4468:
4454:
3979:
3965:
3446:United States Department of State (1895).
3406:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3305:British and Foreign State Papers (1849β50)
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
2363:
2319:
73:
7366:1844 establishments in the British Empire
7346:1638 establishments in the British Empire
7173:List of the last monarchs in the Americas
3696:
3569:"Mosquito Coast Bites Nicaragua's Ortega"
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
937:
5795:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
3770:The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia
3540:"Nicaragua's Miskitos seek independence"
3307:, vol. 38, London, 1862, pp. 687 and 689
3116:
3016:The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia
2989:The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia
2744:
1401:
1356:
1348:
1023:
994:
493:
7381:1894 disestablishments in North America
7341:1860 disestablishments in North America
3713:
3462:
3033:
2225:on January 28, 1860, which transferred
1284:and established a regency in his name.
14:
7401:United KingdomβUnited States relations
7233:
6780:Historical flags of the British Empire
6764:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
4475:
3683:
3615:
3592:
3316:
3075:
3006:
2979:
6820:
6655:
6567:
6304:
5813:
5485:
5160:
5053:
4977:
4449:
3986:
3960:
3892:
3850:
3813:
3784:
3780:. Stanford (CA): Stanford University.
3701:
3537:
3281:, Legislative Assembly, Belize, p. 56
3012:
2950:
2915:
2837:
2709:
2380:
1344:
1196:and swear fealty to Spain before the
1127:
1117:River area, Cape Gracias a Dios, and
1067:
7336:1638 establishments in North America
4522:United States occupation (1912β1933)
3775:
3511:
3352:, University of Missouri Press, 1998
3013:Floyd, Troy S. (December 26, 1967).
1948:
1212:, but this idea was rejected by the
1174:
7361:1819 disestablishments in New Spain
6861:Commonwealth of Nations monarchies
6591:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
5434:. British Cameroons is now part of
4031:Federal Republic of Central America
3953:, Banco NicaraguΓ«nse, Managua, 1995
3816:Journal of Anthropological Research
3765:, University of Alabama Press, 1985
2897:, London, 1728, vol. 6, pp. 285β290
2895:A Collection of Voyages and Travels
2840:Journal of Anthropological Research
2826:A Collection of Voyages and Travels
1417:Federal Republic of Central America
1302:United Provinces of Central America
24:
7396:NicaraguaβUnited Kingdom relations
7321:Former monarchies of North America
7296:History of the British West Indies
5450:unilaterally declared independence
5145:1708β1757, 1763β1782 and 1798β1802
3738:
3452:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
3019:. University of New Mexico Press.
2795:, Cambridge University Press, 1993
2563:
118:Autonomous territory of Nicaragua
25:
7412:
7391:HondurasβUnited Kingdom relations
6657:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
6636:Occupied by Argentina during the
6568:
5814:
2017:Autonomous territory of Nicaragua
1265:
1082:Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
7356:1787 establishments in New Spain
7286:Former colonies in North America
7168:List of monarchs in the Americas
6905:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6800:
6791:
6790:
6203:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4070:
4064:
3605:from the original on 2012-01-01.
3538:Gibbs, Stephen (3 August 2009).
3303:His grants to them are found in
3134:, 1790, in Pereira, Ricardo S.;
2615:
2601:
2587:
2396:
2358:South Atlantic Autonomous Region
2354:North Atlantic Autonomous Region
2200:
2175:
1988:
1976:
1936:, who delegated the task in the
1779:
1765:
1740:
1726:
1490:
907:
882:
868:
555:
356:
342:
59:
7306:18th century in Central America
7301:17th century in Central America
3677:
3666:. Salamanca: El RincΓ³n del Vago
3653:
3632:
3609:
3561:
3550:from the original on 2022-07-04
3531:
3520:from the original on 2010-04-20
3505:
3483:
3463:Baracco, Luciano (2018-11-29).
3456:
3439:
3418:
3389:from the original on 2020-05-08
3355:
3342:
3329:
3310:
3297:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3220:
3207:
3194:
3181:
3168:
2944:
2909:
2906:M. W.; "Mosketo Indian", p. 293
2900:
2887:
2874:
2128:β’ Annexation to Nicaragua
1406:Dwellings in Bluefields in 1845
1008:Miskito Sambu settled near the
415:. It was named after the local
32:Mosquito Coast (disambiguation)
6699:Australian Antarctic Territory
5555:since 1965 (before as part of
5552:British Indian Ocean Territory
5438:, while Tanganyika is part of
5069:since 1960 (before as part of
4545:Post-Sandinista period (1990β)
3650:, SchNEWS, no. 677, 2009-05-29
2831:
2828:, London, 1732, vol. 6, p. 288
2814:
2798:
2782:
2738:
2703:
2690:
2661:
2498:
2234:decided in favor of Honduras.
2232:International Court of Justice
1924:Arrival of the Moravian Church
1889:, the Americans sent then the
1383:pretended to have been named "
1186:Captaincy General of Guatemala
903:Captaincy General of Guatemala
876:Captaincy General of Guatemala
433:International Court of Justice
101:(1787β1800, de jure 1816β1819)
13:
1:
7148:Trinidad and Tobago (1962β76)
4540:Sandinista period (1979β1990)
3872:10.1525/ae.1986.13.3.02a00070
2494:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito
2487:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito
2480:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito
2473:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito
2466:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito
1644:β’ Protectorate declared
1457:, placed at the mouth of the
1258:. They settled in Sandy Bay,
954:treasurerβoccupied two small
7386:HondurasβNicaragua relations
5010:British Overseas Territories
4013:Spanish conquest of Honduras
3575:. 1 May 2009. Archived from
2654:
1373:. Between 1820 and 1837 the
480:Attempted Spanish settlement
27:Coastline in Central America
7:
6726:British Antarctic Territory
6436:Western Pacific Territories
6330:
4859:Water supply and sanitation
4337:Water supply and sanitation
3684:Burden, W. Douglas (1956).
3492:Jefes Hereditarios Miskitos
2580:
2541:
2471:George William Albert Hendy
2455:George Augustus Frederic II
2280:Nicaragua could maintain a
2247:George Augustus Frederic II
2183:Second British protectorate
2074:George Augustus Frederic II
1808:George Augustus Frederic II
1574:George Augustus Frederic II
1434:following the abolition of
1310:Latin American independence
1290:Real Audiencia of Guatemala
721:Superintendent of the Shore
423:interests and known as the
254:George Augustus Frederic II
223:George Augustus Frederic II
10:
7417:
7291:Regions of Central America
6848:Monarchies in the Americas
6464:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
5881:British Arctic Territories
5161:
5054:
4056:2009 constitutional crisis
3708:Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua)
3616:Rogers, Tim (2011-04-14).
3593:Rogers, Tim (2011-05-10).
3319:Jamaica Historical Journal
2485:Jonathan Charles Frederick
2443:George Frederic Augustus I
2323:
1837:, tried to get Nicaragua,
1447:British Governor of Belize
1294:Viceroyalty of New Granada
1278:George Frederic Augustus I
1134:American Revolutionary War
988:
825:β’ British evacuation
483:
450:
419:and was long dominated by
29:
7316:19th century in Nicaragua
7160:
7090:
7044:
6937:
6930:
6854:
6775:
6744:
6704:Commonwealth of Australia
6662:
6651:
6622:
6574:
6563:
6529:
6336:
6300:
6106:Newfoundland and Labrador
5820:
5809:
5787:League of Nations mandate
5768:
5492:
5481:
5462:Lancaster House Agreement
5432:League of Nations mandate
5421:
5167:
5156:
5060:
5049:
5016:
4928:
4867:
4819:
4815:
4806:
4736:
4727:
4643:
4634:
4562:
4553:
4527:Somoza Family (1936β1979)
4487:
4407:
4345:
4297:
4288:
4243:
4234:
4160:
4151:
4089:
4080:
4062:
3998:
3907:10.1215/00141801-49-2-319
3776:Hale, Charles R. (1994).
3512:Hale, Charles R. (1994).
3029:– via Google Books.
2985:
2930:10.1215/00141801-49-2-319
2724:10.1215/00141801-49-2-319
2221:and Nicaragua signed the
2154:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2082:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2031:
2021:
2013:
2002:
1972:
1967:
1955:
1930:Prince Charles of Prussia
1705:
1695:
1691:
1678:
1665:
1652:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1613:
1600:
1596:
1583:
1579:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1535:
1525:
1518:Protectorate of the
1514:
1503:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1461:and likely endpoint of a
1161:1786 Convention of London
1138:settlement at Black River
1003:While accounts vary, the
944:Providence Island Company
928:Providence Island Company
847:
837:
833:
823:
810:
797:
787:
778:Providence Island Company
774:
770:
762:
758:
745:
732:
728:
720:
716:
700:
686:β’ c. 1650β1687
684:
680:
672:
664:
645:
633:
580:
568:
552:
547:
540:
372:
317:
313:
303:
293:
289:
281:
277:
262:
247:
243:
235:
231:
216:
203:β’ c. 1650β1687
201:
197:
189:
179:
150:
128:
81:
72:
56:
51:
41:
7311:19th century in Honduras
7261:Colonial Central America
7049:colonies in the Americas
6234:Turks and Caicos Islands
5541:(protectorate) 1907β1949
5486:
5113:(integrated into the UK)
4648:Administrative divisions
4507:Mexican rule (1822β1823)
4165:Administrative divisions
3828:10.1086/jar.39.2.3629966
3187:Sorsby, William Shuman;
2852:10.1086/jar.39.2.3629966
2766:Sorsby, William Shuman;
2326:Nicaragua Crisis of 1895
1324:Renewed British presence
1202:Francisco Gil de Taboada
1142:driving British settlers
930:and sealed an alliance.
7276:Former Spanish colonies
7271:Former English colonies
7188:Araucania and Patagonia
7057:Courland and Semigallia
6517:1919β1942 and 1945β1968
6342:18th and 19th centuries
6158:Queen Charlotte Islands
6118:North-Western Territory
6090:1665β1674 and 1702β1776
5693:1781β1784 and 1795β1819
5358:1923β1965 and 1979β1980
5041:Commonwealth of Nations
3949:Romero Vargas, GermΓ‘n;
3946:, BΓΆlau., Cologne, 1988
3878:Ibarra Rojas, Eugenia;
3714:Douglas, James (1867).
2880:Romero Vargas, German;
2673:Encyclopædia Britannica
2449:Robert Charles Frederic
2364:Miskito under Nicaragua
2320:Annexation to Nicaragua
1669:Bombardment of Greytown
1339:Robert Charles Frederic
1222:JosΓ© Manuel de Ezpeleta
52:Early 17th centuryβ1894
7256:Geography of Nicaragua
7183:Afro-Bolivian monarchy
6267:West Indies Federation
5456:) and continued as an
5039:Current member of the
3697:Sources and references
3686:Look to the Wilderness
2986:Floyd, Troy S (1967).
2789:Kupperman, Karen Ordal
2574:Look to the Wilderness
2518:(Afro-Europeans), 15%
2464:William Henry Clarence
2256:William Henry Clarence
1410:At the same time, the
1407:
1362:
1354:
1198:Viceroy of New Granada
1153:retook the settlements
1000:
938:Early British alliance
776:β’ Arrival of the
499:
305:β’ Disestablished
114:(1810β1816, 1819β1844)
93:(1638β1787, 1844β1860)
7251:Geography of Honduras
6938:Indigenous monarchies
6895:Saint Kitts and Nevis
6189:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5460:state until the 1979
5066:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
4008:Pre-Columbian history
3710:β Mosquito Coast flag
3410:) CS1 maint: others (
3226:Pereira, Ricardo S.;
3174:Pedrote, Enrique S.;
2623:United Kingdom portal
2530:(Afro-Indians), 0.5%
2492:Robert Henry Clarence
2089:Robert Henry Clarence
2032:Common languages
1851:ClaytonβBulwer Treaty
1654:β’ Annexation of
1536:Common languages
1440:Miskito Coast Creoles
1405:
1360:
1352:
1280:to Jamaica by way of
1024:Sociopolitical system
998:
646:Common languages
497:
269:Robert Henry Clarence
151:Common languages
7098:Barbados (1966β2021)
6717:Realm of New Zealand
6715:(transferred to the
6702:(transferred to the
6535:Realm of New Zealand
6136:Prince Edward Island
6014:1671β1816, 1833β1960
4715:Territorial disputes
4139:World Heritage Sites
3860:American Ethnologist
3851:Helms, Mary (1986).
3348:Pletcher, David M.;
3062:Latin America's Wars
3060:Scheina, Robert L.;
2239:Mosquito Reservation
1934:SchΓΆnburg-Waldenburg
1896:and demanded 24,000
1868:Cornelius Vanderbilt
1318:First Mexican Empire
814:Convention of London
801:British protectorate
789:β’ British ally
738:Robert Hodgson, Sr.
90:British protectorate
7266:History of Honduras
7213: /
7045:European monarchies
6865:Antigua and Barbuda
6748:Since 2009 part of
6640:of AprilβJune 1982.
6227:Trinidad and Tobago
5841:Antigua and Barbuda
5741:Straits Settlements
3942:Potthast, Barbara;
3885:Naylor, Robert A.;
3754:permanent dead link
3661:"Lenguas indigenas"
3469:. Lexington Books.
3335:Naylor, Robert A.;
3290:Naylor, Robert A.;
3213:Henderson, George;
3128:Ezpeleta, Joseph de
2696:Naylor, Robert A.;
2337:occupied Bluefields
1824:Charles Edward Grey
1800:annexation of Texas
1451:Alexander MacDonald
1260:Cape Gracias a Dios
1226:Lord George Germain
1194:Cartagena de Indias
1094:War of Jenkins' Ear
1080:concluded a formal
399:(also known as the
295:β’ Established
7178:Kingdom of Redonda
7108:Guyana (1966β1970)
7103:Brazil (1822β1889)
5900:Cape Breton Island
5791:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
5633:Unfederated States
5448:Southern Rhodesia
5035:Commonwealth realm
4784:Telecommunications
4266:Telecommunications
4018:Captaincy General
3702:Internet resources
3646:2016-03-04 at the
3497:2015-04-24 at the
3432:2014-08-19 at the
3254:2014-08-19 at the
3235:2014-08-19 at the
3162:2014-08-19 at the
3143:2014-08-19 at the
3108:2022-01-07 at the
2775:2014-08-19 at the
2647:The Mosquito Coast
2437:George II Frederic
2381:Miskito separatism
2342:JosΓ© Santos Zelaya
1902:bombarded Greytown
1812:at war with Mexico
1656:San Juan del Norte
1509:God Save the Queen
1455:San Juan del Norte
1408:
1371:Trujillo, Honduras
1363:
1355:
1345:Economic expansion
1241:George II Frederic
1128:British evacuation
1068:British settlement
1010:Wanks (Coco) River
1001:
926:the behest of the
707:George II Frederic
640:(King's residence)
513:CristΓ³bal Martinez
500:
299:Early 17th century
7217:13.379Β°N 83.584Β°W
7196:
7195:
7156:
7155:
6814:
6813:
6771:
6770:
6647:
6646:
6579:Providence Island
6559:
6558:
6524:
6523:
6392:Western Australia
6360:Van Diemen's Land
6296:
6295:
6273:Associated States
5971:Columbia District
5805:
5804:
5659:Manila and Cavite
5477:
5476:
5356:Southern Rhodesia
5350:South-West Africa
5300:Northern Rhodesia
5212:Cape of Good Hope
5152:
5151:
5029:Current territory
4971:
4970:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4802:
4801:
4723:
4722:
4700:Political parties
4695:National Assembly
4663:Foreign relations
4630:
4629:
4443:
4442:
4403:
4402:
4284:
4283:
4230:
4229:
4205:Political parties
4200:National Congress
4180:Foreign relations
4147:
4146:
3744:Cwik, Christian;
3476:978-1-4985-5882-2
3374:978-0-8032-5449-7
3100:GarcΓa, Claudia;
2822:Churchill, Ansham
2650:- a 1986 US movie
2570:W. Douglas Burden
2526:(Amerindian), 1%
2332:Rigoberto Cabezas
2298:flag of Nicaragua
2223:Treaty of Managua
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2188:
2187:
2117:Treaty of Managua
2093:
2084:β’ 1890-1894
2078:
2069:β’ 1860-1865
1961:Reserva Mosquitia
1949:Treaty of Managua
1918:Treaty of Managua
1887:gunboat diplomacy
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1761:Treaty of Managua
1753:
1752:
1682:Treaty of Managua
1622:
1615:β’ 1849β1860
1609:
1602:β’ 1844β1848
1589:
1569:β’ 1842β1860
1393:tropical diseases
1273:Anglo-Spanish War
1252:Iberian Peninsula
1200:instead. Viceroy
1175:Spanish interlude
1144:from the isle of
1072:The Miskito king
960:Providence Island
950:was chairman and
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
895:
894:
754:
747:β’ 1775β1787
741:
734:β’ 1749β1759
712:
702:β’ 1776β1801
696:
641:
574:God Save the King
393:
392:
368:
367:
364:
363:
273:
264:β’ 1890β1894
258:
249:β’ 1860β1865
227:
218:β’ 1842β1860
212:
143:
121:
115:
102:
94:
16:(Redirected from
7408:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7091:Sovereign states
6935:
6934:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6818:
6817:
6804:
6794:
6793:
6759:Antarctic Treaty
6720:
6707:
6692:Falkland Islands
6684:Tristan da Cunha
6676:Ascension Island
6653:
6652:
6604:Falkland Islands
6565:
6564:
6533:Now part of the
6405:Pitcairn Islands
6370:Auckland Islands
6339:
6338:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6302:
6301:
6287:Windward Islands
6241:Vancouver Island
6018:MassachusettsBay
5887:British Columbia
5811:
5810:
5627:Federated States
5483:
5482:
5393:Tristan da Cunha
5362:Southern Nigeria
5294:Northern Nigeria
5173:Ascension Island
5158:
5157:
5114:
5051:
5050:
5025:Former territory
5022:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4975:
4974:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4907:National symbols
4817:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4764:Economic history
4759:
4734:
4733:
4641:
4640:
4560:
4559:
4502:Spanish conquest
4470:
4463:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4423:
4416:
4295:
4294:
4256:
4241:
4240:
4158:
4157:
4087:
4086:
4074:
4068:
4021:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3935:Olien, Michael;
3928:Olien, Michael;
3921:Olien, Michael;
3918:
3875:
3857:
3847:
3810:
3781:
3768:Floyd, Troy S.;
3755:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3657:
3651:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3624:. Archived from
3613:
3607:
3606:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3579:on 17 June 2013.
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3509:
3503:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3359:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3314:
3308:
3301:
3295:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3224:
3218:
3211:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3125:
3114:
3113:CSIC Press, 2007
3098:
3073:
3058:
3031:
3030:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2835:
2829:
2818:
2812:
2802:
2796:
2786:
2780:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2669:"Mosquito Coast"
2665:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2609:Nicaragua portal
2606:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2402:c. 1650βc. 1687
2296:replaced by the
2264:Francis Joseph I
2243:Mosquito Reserve
2204:
2203:
2192:
2191:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2156:
2155:
2132:20 November 1894
2091:
2076:
2056:Hereditary Chief
2008:Hermosa Soberana
1992:
1980:
1957:Mosquito Reserve
1953:
1952:
1783:
1782:
1769:
1768:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1743:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1707:
1706:
1620:
1607:
1587:
1494:
1473:
1472:
1381:Gregor MacGregor
1320:was proclaimed.
1167:, especially in
1107:British Honduras
1054:Pearl Key Lagoon
911:
910:
899:
898:
886:
885:
872:
871:
865:
864:
849:
848:
752:
739:
710:
694:
639:
629:
626:under local rule
617:
614:under local rule
602:
596:Protectorate of
593:
587:Protectorate of
559:
542:Mosquito Kingdom
538:
537:
429:Mosquito Reserve
425:Mosquito Kingdom
360:
359:
346:
345:
334:
333:
319:
318:
309:20 November 1894
271:
256:
236:Hereditary Chief
225:
210:
141:
119:
113:
100:
92:
77:
63:
39:
38:
21:
7416:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7231:
7230:
7222:13.379; -83.584
7221:
7219:
7215:
7212:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7192:
7152:
7086:
7046:
7040:
6926:
6850:
6845:
6815:
6810:
6767:
6740:
6714:
6712:Ross Dependency
6701:
6658:
6643:
6618:
6570:
6555:
6525:
6520:
6476:
6471:Solomon Islands
6418:North Australia
6398:South Australia
6354:New South Wales
6332:
6329:
6292:
6012:Leeward Islands
5816:
5801:
5764:
5671:Muscat and Oman
5488:
5473:
5417:
5163:
5148:
5112:
5056:
5045:
5020:
5012:
5002:
4972:
4967:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4916:
4912:Public holidays
4863:
4798:
4774:Nicaragua Canal
4757:
4719:
4685:Law enforcement
4626:
4622:Water resources
4607:Protected areas
4549:
4483:
4474:
4444:
4439:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4399:
4390:Public holidays
4341:
4280:
4254:
4226:
4190:Law enforcement
4143:
4076:
4075:
4060:
4046:1932–1982
4041:1838–1932
4036:History to 1838
4019:
3994:
3985:
3855:
3799:10.2307/3772938
3761:Dozier, Craig;
3741:
3739:Printed sources
3729:
3727:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3682:
3678:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3648:Wayback Machine
3637:
3633:
3614:
3610:
3591:
3584:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3553:
3551:
3536:
3532:
3523:
3521:
3510:
3506:
3499:Wayback Machine
3488:
3484:
3477:
3461:
3457:
3444:
3440:
3434:Wayback Machine
3423:
3419:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3375:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3343:
3334:
3330:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3298:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3256:Wayback Machine
3237:Wayback Machine
3225:
3221:
3212:
3208:
3200:Dawson, Frank;
3199:
3195:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3169:
3164:Wayback Machine
3145:Wayback Machine
3126:
3117:
3110:Wayback Machine
3099:
3076:
3066:The Age of the
3059:
3034:
3027:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2984:
2980:
2949:
2945:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2836:
2832:
2819:
2815:
2803:
2799:
2787:
2783:
2777:Wayback Machine
2765:
2758:
2743:
2739:
2718:(2): 319β372 .
2708:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2682:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2631:Garifuna people
2621:
2616:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:Honduras portal
2593:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2566:
2564:Popular culture
2551:Moravian Church
2544:
2501:
2490:1890β1905 H.E.
2483:1889β1890 H.E.
2476:1888β1889 H.E.
2469:1879β1888 H.E.
2453:1841β1865 H.M.
2447:1824β1841 H.M.
2441:1800β1824 H.M.
2435:1776β1800 H.M.
2429:1755β1776 H.M.
2423:1729β1755 H.M.
2399:
2383:
2366:
2328:
2322:
2268:Austria-Hungary
2201:
2176:
2147:
2145:Nicaraguan peso
2129:
2122:January 28 1860
2119:
2085:
2070:
2040:
2038:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1942:Lord Palmerston
1938:Moravian Church
1926:
1780:
1766:
1741:
1727:
1687:January 28 1860
1684:
1671:
1658:
1645:
1616:
1606:Patrick Walker
1603:
1585:
1570:
1540:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1478:
1477:Miskito Kingdom
1471:
1432:Afro-Caribbeans
1367:Garifuna people
1347:
1326:
1268:
1210:British Jamaica
1182:
1177:
1130:
1070:
1026:
993:
987:
948:Earl of Warwick
940:
908:
883:
869:
826:
816:
803:
790:
780:
748:
735:
709:
703:
693:
687:
660:
638:
627:
615:
605:
600:
591:
564:
561:
560:
543:
536:
492:
482:
453:
389:
357:
343:
306:
296:
265:
250:
219:
204:
175:
146:
124:
68:
67:
64:
47:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7414:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7164:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7094:
7092:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7053:
7051:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7006:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6992:Western Huetar
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6972:Eastern Huetar
6964:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6941:
6939:
6932:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6910:United Kingdom
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6851:
6844:
6843:
6836:
6829:
6821:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6798:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6755:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6730:
6722:
6709:
6696:
6688:
6680:
6672:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6634:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6608:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6585:Willoughbyland
6582:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6543:
6537:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6486:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6415:
6409:
6401:
6395:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6357:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6305:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6248:Virgin Islands
6244:
6238:
6230:
6224:
6218:
6215:South Carolina
6212:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6112:North Carolina
6109:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6046:Mosquito Coast
6043:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6015:
6009:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5975:Oregon Country
5968:
5964:Cayman Islands
5960:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5922:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5884:
5878:
5870:
5863:
5857:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5793:
5784:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5756:
5753:Trucial States
5750:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5630:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5500:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5465:
5446:Self-governing
5443:
5429:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5353:
5347:
5341:
5335:
5329:
5323:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5218:Central Africa
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5187:
5177:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5106:
5103:Ionian Islands
5100:
5094:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5006:British Empire
5001:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4953:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4779:Stock Exchange
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4602:Municipalities
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4567:Climate change
4563:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4517:Mosquito Coast
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4473:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:National parks
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3901:(2): 319β372.
3890:
3883:
3876:
3866:(3): 506β523.
3848:
3822:(2): 179β197.
3811:
3782:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3711:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3676:
3652:
3631:
3628:on 2013-06-08.
3608:
3582:
3560:
3530:
3504:
3489:Varela, RaΓΊl;
3482:
3475:
3455:
3438:
3417:
3373:
3354:
3341:
3328:
3309:
3296:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3219:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3115:
3074:
3032:
3025:
3005:
2998:
2978:
2965:10.2307/483061
2959:(2): 278β318.
2943:
2924:(2): 319β372.
2908:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2846:(2): 179β197.
2830:
2813:
2797:
2781:
2756:
2749:(in Spanish).
2737:
2702:
2689:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2612:
2598:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2562:
2543:
2540:
2538:(Amerindian).
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2412:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2382:
2379:
2365:
2362:
2330:When in 1894,
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2149:Pound sterling
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1925:
1922:
1826:, governor of
1820:Lake Nicaragua
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1734:Miskito people
1731:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1702:
1700:Pound sterling
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1584:Consul-General
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:United Kingdom
1516:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1459:San Juan River
1346:
1343:
1335:United Kingdom
1325:
1322:
1267:
1266:Miskito revolt
1264:
1256:Canary Islands
1190:Guatemala City
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1150:Edward Despard
1129:
1126:
1098:Raid on Matina
1069:
1066:
1025:
1022:
1020:in the 1720s.
989:Main article:
986:
983:
946:βof which the
939:
936:
921:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
905:
896:
893:
892:
890:Miskito people
887:
879:
878:
873:
861:
860:
855:
845:
844:
842:Pound sterling
839:
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:
817:
811:
808:
807:
804:
798:
795:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:
781:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
764:
760:
759:
756:
755:
749:
746:
743:
742:
736:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
722:
718:
717:
714:
713:
704:
701:
698:
697:
688:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
674:
670:
669:
666:
662:
661:
659:
658:
655:
649:
647:
643:
642:
635:
631:
630:
604:
603:
594:
584:
582:
578:
577:
566:
565:
562:
554:
553:
550:
549:
545:
544:
541:
535:
532:
481:
478:
452:
449:
417:Miskito Nation
405:Mosquito Shore
397:Mosquito Coast
391:
390:
388:
387:
382:
376:
374:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
354:
348:
347:
340:
331:
328:
327:
322:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
304:
301:
300:
297:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
279:
278:
275:
274:
266:
263:
260:
259:
251:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
229:
228:
220:
217:
214:
213:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
174:
173:
168:
163:
160:
154:
152:
148:
147:
145:
144:
136:
132:
130:
126:
125:
123:
122:
116:
103:
98:Spanish colony
95:
85:
83:
79:
78:
70:
69:
65:
58:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
43:Mosquito Coast
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7413:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7229:
7226:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7149:
7146:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7043:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6842:
6837:
6835:
6830:
6828:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6797:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6763:
6760:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6661:
6654:
6650:
6639:
6638:Falklands War
6635:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6569:South America
6566:
6562:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6458:Union Islands
6456:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6314:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6299:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6170:Rupert's Land
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6130:Paulet affair
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6076:New Hampshire
6074:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6064:New Brunswick
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5815:North America
5812:
5808:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5735:South Vietnam
5733:
5730:
5727:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5484:
5480:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5159:
5155:
5144:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5007:
4999:
4994:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:Ethnic groups
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4222:Supreme Court
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3726:on 2013-07-04
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3687:
3680:
3662:
3656:
3649:
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3642:
3641:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3345:
3338:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3246:9781141811274
3243:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3223:
3216:
3210:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:9781141811274
3151:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3026:9780826300362
3022:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2999:9780826300362
2995:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2903:
2896:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2679:on 2007-09-29
2678:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2613:
2610:
2599:
2596:
2585:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2408:c. 1687β1718
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:Miskito Kings
2394:
2392:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:Solon Borland
1880:
1875:
1874:to the area.
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:Gran Colombia
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Spanish Crown
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:King of Spain
1162:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1005:Miskito Sambu
997:
992:
991:Miskito Sambu
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
935:
931:
929:
906:
904:
901:
900:
897:
891:
888:
881:
880:
877:
874:
867:
866:
863:
862:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
822:
818:
815:
809:
805:
802:
796:
792:
786:
782:
779:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
751:James Lawrie
750:
744:
737:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
705:
699:
695:(first known)
692:
689:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
654:
651:
650:
648:
644:
636:
632:
625:
624:Great Britain
621:
618:
613:
609:
599:
598:Great Britain
595:
590:
586:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
558:
551:
546:
539:
531:
529:
526:
522:
516:
514:
510:
506:
496:
491:
487:
477:
475:
471:
466:
462:
458:
448:
446:
442:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
375:
373:Today part of
371:
355:
353:
350:
349:
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
330:
329:
326:
323:
321:
320:
316:
312:
308:
302:
298:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
270:
267:
261:
255:
252:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
224:
221:
215:
211:(first known)
209:
206:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
172:
169:
167:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
153:
149:
140:
137:
134:
133:
131:
127:
117:
112:
108:
105:Territory of
104:
99:
96:
91:
87:
86:
84:
80:
76:
71:
62:
55:
50:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7198:
7025:
6749:
6732:
6724:
6690:
6682:
6674:
6668:Saint Helena
6666:
6610:
6602:
6452:Cook Islands
6403:
6376:New Hebrides
6345:20th century
6261:West Florida
6246:
6232:
6164:Rhode Island
6142:Pennsylvania
6100:Newfoundland
6045:
6037:
5962:
5912:East Florida
5883:16th c.β1880
5872:
5824:
5721:Crown Colony
5709:Pulo Condore
5683:Crown Colony
5677:North Borneo
5550:
5509:Protectorate
5458:unrecognised
5452:in 1965 (as
5391:
5344:South Africa
5332:Sierra Leone
5319:Saint Helena
5317:
5312:Orange River
5190:Bechuanaland
5171:
5129:Protectorate
5088:
5064:
5028:
5008:and Current
4949:Bibliography
4829:Demographics
4751:Central Bank
4690:Armed Forces
4673:Human rights
4653:Constitution
4516:
4360:Coat of arms
4307:Demographics
4248:Central bank
4185:Human rights
4170:Constitution
4026:Mexican rule
4020:(Guatemalan)
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3898:
3895:Ethnohistory
3894:
3886:
3879:
3863:
3859:
3819:
3815:
3793:(1): 76β84.
3790:
3786:
3769:
3762:
3751:
3745:
3728:. Retrieved
3724:the original
3720:Transactions
3719:
3685:
3679:
3668:. Retrieved
3655:
3639:
3634:
3626:the original
3621:
3611:
3598:
3577:the original
3572:
3563:
3552:. Retrieved
3543:
3533:
3522:. Retrieved
3507:
3490:
3485:
3465:
3458:
3448:
3441:
3425:
3420:
3391:. Retrieved
3363:
3357:
3349:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3183:
3175:
3170:
3135:
3131:
3101:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3015:
3008:
2988:
2981:
2956:
2953:Ethnohistory
2952:
2946:
2921:
2918:Ethnohistory
2917:
2911:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2825:
2816:
2808:
2805:Sloane, Hans
2800:
2792:
2784:
2768:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2715:
2712:Ethnohistory
2711:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2681:. Retrieved
2677:the original
2672:
2663:
2645:
2641:La Mosquitia
2573:
2555:
2545:
2505:
2502:
2478:Andrew Hendy
2388:
2384:
2367:
2329:
2315:
2282:Commissioner
2261:
2252:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2217:
2165:Succeeded by
2164:
2159:
2003:
1995:Coat of arms
1960:
1927:
1910:
1892:
1876:
1863:
1860:
1846:
1843:Tiger Island
1835:E. G. Squier
1832:
1804:
1796:
1716:Succeeded by
1715:
1710:
1619:James Green
1588:(after 1851)
1504:
1497:Coat of arms
1444:
1421:
1409:
1364:
1333:to form the
1327:
1314:
1286:
1269:
1249:
1236:missionaries
1230:
1206:Havana, Cuba
1183:
1157:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1091:
1087:protectorate
1071:
1031:
1027:
1014:
1002:
964:
941:
932:
924:
858:Succeeded by
857:
852:
620:Crown colony
608:Crown colony
606:
569:
517:
501:
454:
441:La Mosquitia
437:
428:
424:
404:
400:
396:
394:
325:Succeeded by
324:
142:(after 1787)
88:English and
66:Coat of arms
36:
7220: /
6922:Netherlands
6900:Saint Lucia
6870:The Bahamas
6785:Anglosphere
6503:New Zealand
6412:New Zealand
6281:West Jersey
6196:Saint Lucia
6182:Saint Kitts
6176:Saint Croix
6156:1763β1791*
6124:Nova Scotia
6070:New England
6026:, 1691β1776
5993:East Jersey
5981:Connecticut
5860:Bay Islands
5747:Transjordan
5665:Mesopotamia
5503:Afghanistan
5497:Aden Colony
5282:Niger Coast
5248:) 1874β1957
5224:East Africa
5206:Cape Colony
5196:) 1884β1966
5186:) 1868β1966
4741:Agriculture
4678:LGBT rights
4572:Earthquakes
4532:Sandinistas
4327:LGBT rights
3070:, 1791β1899
2747:MesoamΓ©rica
2547:Anglicanism
2499:Inhabitants
2356:(RAAN) and
2160:Preceded by
1906:Crimean War
1879:Bay Islands
1839:El Salvador
1711:Preceded by
1424:West Indies
1046:Wanks River
853:Preceded by
628:(1707β1787)
616:(1638β1707)
601:(1707β1787)
592:(1638β1707)
576:(1745β1787)
509:Franciscans
120:(1860β1894)
111:New Granada
7235:Categories
7208:83Β°35β²02β³W
7205:13Β°22β²44β³N
6737:since 1908
6729:since 1908
6695:since 1833
6687:since 1816
6679:since 1815
6671:since 1658
6628:department
6615:since 1908
6607:since 1833
6408:since 1838
6388:Swan River
6382:Queensland
6269:1958β1962
6251:since 1666
6237:since 1799
6088:New Jersey
6058:New Albion
6042:since 1632
6039:Montserrat
6020:1629β1691
5967:since 1670
5889:1858β1866
5877:since 1619
5829:since 1650
5782:Bangladesh
5717:1841β1946
5679:1882β1963
5645:Federation
5623:1819β1826
5561:Seychelles
5505:1839β1842
5396:since 1816
5380:Tanganyika
5338:Somaliland
5326:Seychelles
5322:since 1658
5242:Gold Coast
5236:The Gambia
5180:Basutoland
5176:since 1815
5118:Free State
5111:1542β1800
5097:Heligoland
5093:since 1713
4897:Mass media
4887:Literature
4824:Corruption
4758:(currency)
4668:Government
4577:Ecoregions
4535:v. Contras
4375:Literature
4255:(currency)
4099:Ecoregions
4051:since 1982
3730:2013-04-27
3670:2014-10-01
3554:2010-05-12
3524:2014-10-01
3393:2021-05-01
3064:, vol. 1,
2683:2007-08-03
2459:1865β1879
2414:1718β1729
2371:Sandinista
2346:department
2324:See also:
2290:Union Flag
2227:suzerainty
2048:Government
2026:Bluefields
1864:Prometheus
1856:Costa Rica
1548:Government
1530:Bluefields
1426:, Europe,
1218:Bluefields
1169:Bluefields
1119:Bluefields
1062:Bluefields
979:Charles II
665:Government
528:privateers
484:See also:
470:Taguzgalpa
447:or Tinto.
180:Government
139:Bluefields
7036:Talamanca
6721:1841β1947
6708:1841β1933
6599:1831β1966
6593:1670β1688
6587:1651β1667
6581:1631β1641
6511:1914β1962
6505:1907β1947
6498:1901β1942
6496:Australia
6491:1900β1974
6485:1900β1970
6473:1893β1978
6466:1892β1979
6460:1889β1948
6454:1888β1901
6448:Rarotonga
6444:1884β1902
6438:1877β1976
6432:1874β1970
6426:1851β1901
6420:1846β1847
6414:1841β1907
6400:1836β1901
6394:1829β1901
6384:1824β1901
6378:1824β1980
6372:1807β1863
6366:1803β1901
6356:1788β1901
6289:1833β1960
6283:1674β1702
6275:1967β1983
6263:1763β1783
6257:1607β1776
6243:1849β1866
6229:1889β1962
6223:1862β1863
6217:1712β1776
6211:1635β1644
6205:1627β1979
6198:1605β1979
6191:1882β1983
6184:1623β1983
6178:1625β1650
6172:1670β1870
6166:1636β1776
6160:1853β1863
6150:1620β1691
6144:1681β1776
6138:1763β1873
6126:1713β1867
6120:1859β1870
6114:1712β1776
6108:1583β1907
6102:1907β1949
6096:1664β1776
6084:1637β1662
6082:New Haven
6078:1680β1776
6072:1686β1689
6066:1784β1867
6054:1628β1983
6048:1655β1860
6034:1632β1776
6008:1655β1962
6001:1733β1776
5995:1674β1702
5989:1701β1776
5983:1636β1776
5977:1818β1846
5959:1663β1712
5951:1867β1931
5945:1841β1867
5939:1791β1841
5933:1791β1841
5921:1762β1974
5914:1763β1783
5908:1763β1978
5902:1754β1820
5893:1866β1871
5869:1871β1981
5862:1643β1860
5856:1624β1966
5850:1670β1973
5843:1860β1981
5836:1632β1860
5761:1898β1930
5755:1892β1971
5749:1921β1946
5743:1826β1946
5737:1945β1946
5731:1946β1963
5729:Singapore
5723:1946β1963
5711:1702β1705
5705:1786β1946
5699:1923β1948
5697:Palestine
5685:1946β1963
5673:1891β1971
5667:1920β1932
5661:1762β1764
5655:1796β1965
5647:1948β1957
5641:1946β1948
5635:1885β1946
5629:1895β1946
5617:1848β1946
5611:1918β1961
5605:1811β1816
5599:1858β1947
5593:1841β1997
5591:Hong Kong
5587:1878β1960
5581:1795β1948
5575:1888β1984
5569:1824β1948
5557:Mauritius
5547:1874β1963
5535:1757β1947
5529:1812β1824
5519:1685β1824
5517:Bencoolen
5511:1879β1919
5499:1839β1967
5414:1887β1897
5408:1890β1963
5402:1890β1962
5388:1900β1910
5386:Transvaal
5382:1922β1961
5376:1899β1956
5370:1893β1968
5368:Swaziland
5364:1900β1914
5352:1915β1931
5346:1910β1931
5340:1884β1960
5334:1792β1961
5328:1903β1976
5314:1900β1910
5308:1891β1964
5306:Nyasaland
5302:1924β1964
5296:1900β1914
5290:1914β1960
5284:1884β1900
5278:1856β1910
5272:1810β1968
5270:Mauritius
5266:1807β1808
5260:1862β1906
5254:1920β1963
5238:1816β1965
5232:1882β1922
5226:1895β1920
5220:1891β1907
5214:1806β1910
5208:1795β1803
5202:1919β1961
5200:Cameroons
5137:1813β1964
5131:1800β1813
5120:1921β1931
5105:1809β1864
5099:1807β1890
5090:Gibraltar
5085:1878β1960
5079:1794β1796
5033:*Current
4844:Languages
4834:Education
4794:Transport
4710:President
4658:Elections
4617:Volcanoes
4597:Mountains
4555:Geography
4477:Nicaragua
4322:Languages
4312:Education
4276:Transport
4210:President
4175:Elections
4134:Volcanoes
4119:Mountains
4082:Geography
3915:162255599
3844:163683579
3787:Ethnology
3402:cite book
3383:877868655
2938:162255599
2868:163683579
2732:162255599
2655:Footnotes
2534:and 0.5%
2508:Nicaragua
2419:Jeremy II
2196:Nicaragua
1968:1860β1894
1914:Guatemala
1891:USS
1816:Serapaqui
1748:Nicaragua
1483:1844β1860
1341:in 1845.
1296:over the
967:Charles I
637:Sandy Bay
548:1638β1787
474:Tologalpa
445:RΓo Negro
409:Nicaragua
401:Mosquitia
380:Nicaragua
338:Nicaragua
135:Sandy Bay
18:Mosquitia
7067:Portugal
7014:Neo-Inca
6977:Garabito
6796:Category
6632:Colombia
6547:Kiribati
6424:Victoria
6364:Tasmania
6255:Virginia
6221:Stickeen
6209:Saybrook
6148:Plymouth
6094:New York
6032:Maryland
6024:Province
5987:Delaware
5957:Carolina
5949:Dominion
5943:Province
5906:Dominica
5854:Barbados
5826:Anguilla
5797:disputed
5778:Pakistan
5653:Maldives
5527:Billiton
5454:Rhodesia
5440:Tanzania
5436:Cameroon
5412:Zululand
5406:Zanzibar
5194:Botswana
4958:Category
4854:Religion
4756:CΓ³rdoba
4705:Politics
4636:Politics
4481:articles
4430:Category
4332:Religion
4253:Lempira
4195:Military
4153:Politics
3992:articles
3988:Honduras
3644:Archived
3603:Archived
3599:BBC News
3548:Archived
3544:BBC News
3518:Archived
3495:Archived
3430:Archived
3387:Archived
3325:: 63β64.
3252:Archived
3249:Cap. XII
3233:Archived
3160:Archived
3157:Cap. XII
3141:Archived
3106:Archived
3068:caudillo
2773:Archived
2753:: 58β63.
2581:See also
2558:Puritans
2549:and the
2542:Religion
2528:Garifuna
2431:George I
2425:Edward I
2410:Jeremy I
2141:Currency
2051:Monarchy
2042:Mayangna
1862:steamer
1847:El Tigre
1775:Honduras
1696:Currency
1551:Monarchy
1412:mahogany
1375:Scottish
1254:and the
1233:Catholic
1076:and the
1074:Edward I
1042:Kukalaya
1036:, and a
1034:governor
952:John Pym
838:Currency
668:Monarchy
465:Columbus
413:Honduras
385:Honduras
352:Honduras
184:Monarchy
166:Mayangna
107:Colombia
7246:Miskito
7161:Related
7141:1864β67
7136:1822β23
7132:Mexico
7126:1849β59
7121:1811β20
7116:1804β06
7026:Miskito
6987:ToyopΓ‘n
6917:Denmark
6890:Jamaica
6885:Grenada
6855:Current
6787:culture
6541:Vanuatu
6331:Oceania
6006:Jamaica
5999:Georgia
5919:Grenada
5874:Bermuda
5848:Bahamas
5834:Antigua
5715:Sarawak
5427:Namibia
5288:Nigeria
5264:Madeira
5184:Lesotho
5143:Minorca
5109:Ireland
5077:Corsica
5004:Former
4935:Outline
4902:Museums
4877:Cuisine
4869:Culture
4808:Society
4789:Tourism
4746:Banking
4729:Economy
4587:Islands
4497:Nicarao
4489:History
4414:Outline
4365:Cuisine
4347:Culture
4290:Society
4271:Tourism
4236:Economy
4114:Islands
4000:History
3836:3629966
3807:3772938
2860:3629966
2636:Miskito
2532:Chinese
2520:Ladinos
2516:Creoles
2512:Miskito
2391:Contras
2375:Contras
2292:on the
2219:Britain
2115:β’
2102:History
2077:(first)
2039:English
2036:Miskito
2022:Capital
2004:Anthem:
1898:dollars
1828:Jamaica
1680:β’
1667:β’
1631:History
1608:(first)
1586:Consul
1542:Miskito
1539:English
1526:Capital
1505:Anthem:
1385:Cacique
1378:con man
1331:Ireland
1078:British
1058:Admiral
1038:general
1018:Maroons
971:Jamaica
812:β’
799:β’
763:History
740:(first)
673:Monarch
657:English
653:Miskito
634:Capital
612:England
589:England
570:Anthem:
521:English
451:History
421:British
282:History
257:(first)
162:English
158:Miskito
129:Capital
46:Miskitu
7241:Coasts
7112:Haiti
7082:Sweden
7072:Russia
7062:France
7031:Nicoya
6982:Pacaca
6967:Huetar
6955:Lupaca
6945:Aymara
6931:Former
6880:Canada
6875:Belize
6806:Portal
6626:Now a
6597:Guiana
6551:Tuvalu
6154:Quebec
5926:Canada
5867:Belize
5759:Weihai
5703:Penang
5691:Padang
5621:Malaya
5615:Labuan
5609:Kuwait
5585:Cyprus
5579:Ceylon
5573:Brunei
5545:Borneo
5539:Bhutan
5533:Bengal
5469:Zambia
5400:Uganda
5162:Africa
5135:Colony
5125:Malta
5083:Cyprus
5071:Cyprus
5055:Europe
5021:Legend
4963:Portal
4849:Health
4769:Energy
4612:Rivers
4479:
4435:Portal
4355:Anthem
4317:Health
4261:Energy
4129:Rivers
4094:Cities
3990:
3913:
3842:
3834:
3805:
3758:]
3473:
3381:
3371:
3244:
3152:
3023:
2996:
2973:483061
2971:
2936:
2866:
2858:
2730:
2514:, 22%
2404:Oldman
2350:Zelaya
2294:canton
2105:
2092:(last)
2059:
2014:Status
2006:
1872:sloops
1634:
1621:(last)
1592:
1559:
1515:Status
1507:
1397:Panama
1389:Poyais
1308:after
1282:Belize
1146:RoatΓ‘n
1140:, and
1111:Belize
1050:Tawira
975:Oldman
766:
753:(last)
724:
711:(last)
691:Oldman
676:
581:Status
572:
505:reduce
488:, and
285:
272:(last)
239:
226:(last)
208:Oldman
193:
171:Creole
82:Status
7077:Spain
7047:with
7004:Cusco
6962:Aztec
6950:Colla
6549:and *
6515:Nauru
6509:Samoa
6483:Tonga
6442:Papua
6052:Nevis
5937:Upper
5931:Lower
5774:India
5639:Union
5597:India
5567:Burma
5523:Banka
5374:Sudan
5276:Natal
5258:Lagos
5252:Kenya
5246:Ghana
5230:Egypt
4942:Index
4892:Music
4592:Lakes
4582:Fauna
4421:Index
4395:Sport
4385:Music
4380:Media
4302:Crime
4109:Flora
4104:Fauna
3911:S2CID
3856:(PDF)
3840:S2CID
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