63:
72:
561:
575:
531:
Moscow and All Russia" and decided to send it to the diocese for comment and publish the discussion. In the 20th century, Metropolitan Tikhon as patriarch was elected by lot from the three pre-approved for the Local
Council candidates; between rigid state control over the affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church Sergius, Alexy I and Pimen were elected uncontested open vote on the approval of the government.
296:
537:
was elected to the Local
Council in 1990 by secret ballot in the first round, which was attended by three candidates approved by the Council of Bishops earlier (and local council had the right to add to the list of new candidates), and the second — the two candidates with the most votes in the first
530:
The procedure for the election of the patriarch of the charter was not detailed, "place-holder establishes the procedure for electing the Holy Synod". In 2011, the
Presidium of the Inter-Council Presence reviewed the draft document "The procedure and criteria for the election of the Patriarch of
519:
elects the chair from among its permanent members of the locum tenens of the
Patriarchal throne. "Not later than six months after the release of locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, and the Holy Synod of the local council ... shall convene to elect a new Patriarch of Moscow and All the Rus'."
372:, he permanently resided in Moscow, and was the last Moscow-based primate of the metropolis to keep the traditional title with reference to the metropolitan city of Kiev. He was also the first metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed without the approval of the
2101:
2169:
2154:
2139:
2159:
2119:
2164:
2184:
2134:
2129:
2179:
476:, which, as a public body, acted as the general church administration from 1721 to 1917. The emperor (to 2 March 1917) was "the highest judge of the assembly." This completed the transformation of the Moscow Patriarchate into a
2465:
2149:
415:, the rulers continued to recognise Isidore as metropolitan; Jonah was rejected and was unable to exercise any pastoral control beyond the borders of Muscovy. The metropolis continued to operate beyond Muscovy under the
222:, the office holder's direct canonical remit extends only to Moscow; however, as Patriarch, the office holder has a number of church-wide administrative powers as laid down by the charter of the Russian Orthodox Church.
548:
of the
Russian Orthodox Church, with 508 votes out of 700. He was enthroned on 1 February 2009. The Patriarch enters the dignity during a special ceremony of enthronement, which is held a few days after the election.
2174:
2500:
2011:
1516:
2455:
2445:
2650:
2635:
2485:
2066:
1126:
2640:
2600:
2575:
2480:
2460:
2264:
2565:
2515:
1844:
2645:
2435:
2081:
2061:
2209:
1902:
2555:
2450:
2254:
2239:
2071:
1897:
2620:
2605:
2550:
2490:
2475:
2430:
2249:
2214:
2194:
1907:
273:" and others have been used. The modern form, "Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'", was initially used in 1589 (when the see was elevated to patriarchate) through 1721 (when abolished by
2630:
2610:
2470:
1874:
2625:
2585:
2535:
2525:
2505:
2295:
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2219:
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2520:
2495:
2229:
2096:
2595:
2560:
2440:
2091:
1121:
2615:
2204:
1945:
1935:
1821:
2590:
2570:
2545:
2317:
2056:
2031:
1940:
1925:
897:
2540:
2224:
1386:
1226:
1176:
472:
Upon the death of
Patriarch Adrian in 1700, Peter I did not permit the election of a new patriarch; after 20 years he established a Theological College, soon renamed the
1711:
1561:
1261:
420:
2006:
1879:
1826:
1791:
1786:
1706:
1461:
1156:
1106:
1466:
1406:
1391:
1316:
1036:
660:Устав Русской Православной Церкви (принят на Архиерейском Соборе 2000 г.; Определениями Архиерейских Соборов 2008 и 2011 гг. в текст Устава был внесен ряд поправок)
2076:
1811:
1716:
1566:
1416:
1411:
1266:
1241:
1166:
1096:
1071:
1066:
489:
246:
277:). The current version of the title was restored beginning in 1917 until suspended by Soviet authorities in 1925, and since being reinstated with the election of
1854:
1731:
1481:
1376:
1371:
1341:
1236:
1221:
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1611:
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1041:
385:
117:
2086:
1681:
1591:
1581:
1556:
1471:
1426:
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1361:
1336:
1326:
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1216:
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1816:
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1701:
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1231:
1196:
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1141:
1131:
1056:
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2021:
1796:
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1596:
1531:
1331:
1281:
1251:
1181:
1151:
1116:
1101:
1086:
1046:
1016:
1001:
941:
931:
1806:
1766:
1756:
1656:
1586:
1511:
1436:
1356:
1296:
1291:
1211:
1186:
1136:
1081:
1021:
509:
1666:
1631:
1451:
1431:
1421:
888:
412:
527:
of the
Russian Orthodox Church, not younger than 40 years old, have a "higher theological education, the expertise of the diocesan administration".
2300:
1676:
2671:
2420:
2370:
915:
801:
588:
369:
2144:
1721:
62:
1955:
451:
2375:
751:
364:, he was deposed by a local synod. After the metropolitan throne lay vacant for seven years, the secular authorities replaced him with
516:
316:
2360:
2335:
1930:
312:
2330:
1726:
2385:
2046:
1963:
849:
373:
290:
2510:
2259:
881:
455:
2380:
1606:
113:
544:
was elected on 27 January 2009 by the ROC Local
Council (the 2009 Pomestny Sobor) as Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' and
2345:
663:
391:
17:
1983:
447:
304:
2530:
811:
2285:
1988:
874:
467:
1978:
2395:
2280:
1859:
150:
1864:
1849:
759:
739:
71:
2350:
1869:
432:
278:
242:
1968:
261:
Different variations of the title "Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia", "Patriarch of Moscow and all the
2340:
2111:
1031:
541:
493:
250:
85:
504:
According to the
Charter of the Russian Orthodox Church adopted in 2000, the tenure of a patriarch is
508:, and the right to trial a deposed patriarch as well as the question of his retirement belong to the
450:
was transferred from the
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to the Moscow Patriarchate as the
215:
95:
1973:
1889:
731:
408:
1998:
1917:
1346:
901:
640:
436:
226:
219:
211:
192:
132:
35:
1321:
1026:
981:
703:
349:
775:
723:
608:
330:
2124:
1781:
986:
866:
534:
8:
1746:
1401:
1246:
1011:
976:
566:
353:
154:
1741:
1546:
1311:
1051:
996:
971:
612:
1751:
1626:
1501:
1491:
1351:
1171:
961:
807:
755:
735:
345:
492:
on 28 October (11 November) 1917. The first patriarch elected after restoration was
435:, the Patriarch of Constantinople, regularized Moscow's canonical status and raised
1476:
1446:
1286:
1201:
727:
545:
334:
207:
183:
1671:
956:
667:
473:
365:
357:
274:
238:
234:
682:
308:
270:
659:
2665:
580:
488:
The Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church was restored by decision of the
477:
416:
266:
230:
446:
In 1685, the western part of the former metropolis that was situated in the
225:
The patriarchate was established in Moscow in 1589: the first patriarch was
440:
262:
771:
505:
401:
361:
704:"Metropolitan Sergius elected the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia"
790:(Moscow: Universitetskaia tipografiia, 1900), vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 469.
396:
321:
295:
560:
524:
338:
214:. It is often preceded by the honorific "His Holiness". As the
360:
for some time. Having adjudged Isidore to have apostatized to
896:
636:
356:— voided the union in his lands and imprisoned Metropolitan
326:
1880:
Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe
458:
as to whether Moscow abided by the terms of the transfer.
426:
419:
of the Ecumenical Patriarchate with the revised title of
480:
entity that was under the control of the Russian state.
167:
838:, vol. I, New York: Harper & Row, p. 119
752:
Russia and The Commonwealth of Independent States 2012
118:
Patriarchal and Synodal Residence in Danilov Monastery
404:) of the Moscow (north-eastern) part of the Church.
197:
611:
was a predecessor state of current state called the
556:
253:, who acceded to the position on 1 February 2009.
390:In 1448, Jonah unilaterally changed his title to
241:, before being restored on 10 November [
2663:
799:
461:
379:
683:"Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church"
589:List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow
386:15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism
245:28 October] 1917, by decision of the
882:
836:Christendom: A Short History of Christianity
754:by M. Wesley Shoemaker, Stryker Post, 2012,
889:
875:
523:The candidate for the patriarch must be a
421:Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus'
70:
61:
517:Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church
317:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
311:. It existed between 988 AD and 1596 AD.
294:
833:
677:
675:
662:// IV. Патриарх Московскийи всея Руси.
315:, it was under the jurisdiction of the
14:
2672:Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow
2664:
2386:Diocese of the Philippines and Vietnam
800:Paul Bushkovitch (27 September 2001).
427:Regularisation of the canonical status
394:. This signified the beginning of the
374:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
291:History of the Russian Orthodox Church
27:Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church
870:
793:
392:Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia
307:that was erected on the territory of
2265:Patriarch's Parishes in Turkmenistan
724:Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917
672:
114:Patriarchal Residence in Chisty Lane
696:
653:
24:
2501:Khmelnytskyi and Starokostiantyniv
842:
303:The church has its origins in the
204:Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia
25:
2683:
2102:San Francisco and Western America
2057:Sydney, Australia and New Zealand
199:Patriarch Moskovskij i vseja Rusi
2456:Dniprodzerzhynsk and Tsarychanka
2446:Chernihiv and Novhorod-Siverskyi
911:Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'
637:"О епархии, "about the diocese""
573:
559:
468:Church reform of Peter the Great
180:Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'
2651:Zhytomyr and Novohrad-Volynskyi
2636:Vinnytsia and Mohyliv-Podilskyi
2486:Kamianets-Podilskyi and Horodok
827:
407:Meanwhile, in the lands of the
305:Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'
188:Патриарх Московский и всея Руси
155:Epiphany Cathedral at Yelokhovo
151:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
2067:Buenos Aires and South America
780:
765:
745:
717:
629:
601:
483:
448:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
333:moved the episcopal seat from
13:
1:
2641:Volodymyr-Volynskyi and Kovel
2351:Patriarchal parishes in Italy
622:
462:Disestablishment by the state
325:) was located in the city of
2601:Severodonetsk and Starobilsk
2576:Oleksandriia and Svitlovodsk
2481:Ivano-Frankivsk and Kolomyia
2461:Dnipropetrovsk and Pavlohrad
2077:Eastern America and New York
499:
380:Constantinople–Moscow schism
256:
76:Monogram of Patriarch Kirill
7:
2566:Nova Kakhovka and Henichesk
2516:Kirovohrad and Novomyrhorod
1845:Argentina and South America
834:Bainton, Roland H. (1966),
552:
249:. The current patriarch is
198:
10:
2688:
2646:Zaporizhzhia and Melitopol
2341:Spanish-Portuguese diocese
2112:Belarusian Orthodox Church
2024:of the Moscow Patriarchate
666:February 24, 2013, at the
496:, Metropolitan of Moscow.
465:
383:
288:
284:
2436:Bila Tserkva and Bohuslav
2421:Ukrainian Orthodox Church
2419:
2394:
2359:
2316:
2309:
2273:
2238:
2193:
2110:
2087:Great Britain and Ireland
2082:Geneva and Western Europe
2045:
2020:
1997:
1954:
1916:
1888:
1835:
924:
908:
490:All-Russian Local Council
247:All-Russian Local Council
187:
165:
160:
146:
138:
128:
123:
109:
104:
94:
81:
69:
60:
56:
51:
46:
42:
32:
2210:Karaganda and Shakhtinsk
2022:Estonian Orthodox Church
1956:Moldovan Orthodox Church
1903:Sendai and Eastern Japan
1890:Orthodox Church in Japan
788:Istoriia russkoi tserkvi
732:Harvard University Press
594:
409:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
329:. In 1325, Metropolitan
2556:Mykolaiv and Voznesensk
2451:Chernivtsi and Bukovina
2260:Tashkent and Uzbekistan
2255:Dushanbe and Tajikistan
2072:Chicago and Mid-America
2047:Russian Orthodox Church
1999:Latvian Orthodox Church
1918:Chinese Orthodox Church
1898:Kyoto and Western Japan
1838:dioceses outside Russia
902:Russian Orthodox Church
641:Russian Orthodox Church
229:. The patriarchate was
212:Russian Orthodox Church
2621:Ternopil and Kremenets
2606:Shepetivka and Slavuta
2551:Mukachevo and Uzhhorod
2531:Kryvyi Rih and Nikopol
2491:Kharkiv and Bohodukhiv
2476:Horlivka and Sloviansk
2431:Berdiansk and Prymorsk
2424:(de facto independent)
2331:Diocese of Chersonesus
2310:Patriarchal Exarchates
2250:Bishkek and Kyrgyzstan
2215:Kostanay and Petropavl
2012:Daugavpils and Rēzekne
376:as had been the norm.
370:immediate predecessors
350:Grand Prince of Moscow
319:. The episcopal seat (
300:
281:as patriarch in 1943.
237:and replaced with the
206:, is the title of the
2631:Uman and Zvenyhorodka
2611:Simferopol and Crimea
2471:Dzhankoy and Rozdolne
2396:Patriarchal Exarchate
2361:Patriarchal Exarchate
2318:Patriarchal Exarchate
2274:Patriarchial Parishes
2242:Metropolitan District
2197:Metropolitan District
2170:Polotsk and Hlybokaye
2155:Mogilev and Mstsislaw
1989:Ungheni and Nisporeni
1984:Tiraspol and Dubăsari
1875:Vilnius and Lithuania
1836:Directly subordinated
776:Orthodox Encyclopedia
609:Grand Duchy of Moscow
466:Further information:
298:
202:), also known as the
89:Since 1 February 2009
2626:Tulchyn and Bratslav
2586:Poltava and Myrhorod
2536:Luhansk and Alchevsk
2526:Kremenchuk and Lubny
2506:Khust and Vynohradiv
2466:Donetsk and Mariupol
2371:Diocese of Singapore
2336:Diocese of The Hague
2220:Pavlodar and Oskemen
2140:Grodno and Vawkavysk
1931:Harbin and Manchuria
1860:Budapest and Hungary
850:"Hieromartyr Tikhon"
279:Metropolitan Sergius
2581:Ovruch and Korosten
2521:Konotop and Hlukhiv
2496:Kherson and Taurica
2381:Diocese of Thailand
2327:Diocese of Brussels
2230:Shymkent and Akmola
2160:Novogrudok and Lida
2120:Babruysk and Bykhaw
2092:Montreal and Canada
1865:Yerevan and Armenia
1850:Baku and Azerbaijan
786:E. E. Golubinskii,
567:Christianity portal
515:Between terms, the
354:Vasily II of Moscow
36:Moscow and all Rus'
18:Moscow Patriarchate
2596:Sarny and Polissia
2561:Nizhyn and Pryluky
2441:Cherkasy and Kaniv
2363:in South-East Asia
2346:Diocese of Sourozh
2165:Pinsk and Luninets
2145:Minsk and Zaslawye
2062:Berlin and Germany
1979:Edineț and Briceni
1870:Vienna and Austria
1855:Berlin and Germany
1122:Ivanovo-Voznesensk
925:Dioceses in Russia
803:Hieromartyr Tikhon
613:Russian Federation
510:Council of Bishops
452:Metropolis of Kiev
301:
2659:
2658:
2616:Sumy and Okhtyrka
2415:
2414:
2320:in Western Europe
2205:Astana and Almaty
2185:Vitebsk and Orsha
2135:Gomel and Zhlobin
1964:Bălți and Fălești
1822:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
456:matter of dispute
439:to the status of
413:Kingdom of Poland
346:Union of Florence
220:Diocese of Moscow
196:
176:
175:
16:(Redirected from
2679:
2591:Rivne and Ostroh
2571:Odesa and Izmail
2546:Lviv and Galicia
2376:Diocese of Korea
2314:
2313:
2130:Brest and Kobryn
2032:Narva and Peipus
1969:Cahul and Comrat
1517:Saint Petersburg
919:
891:
884:
877:
868:
867:
861:
860:
858:
856:
846:
840:
839:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
797:
791:
784:
778:
769:
763:
749:
743:
728:Geoffrey Hosking
721:
715:
714:
712:
710:
700:
694:
693:
691:
689:
679:
670:
657:
651:
650:
648:
647:
633:
616:
605:
583:
578:
577:
576:
569:
564:
563:
494:Patriarch Tikhon
201:
191:
189:
172:
169:
86:Patriarch Kirill
74:
65:
52:Eastern Orthodox
30:
29:
21:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2541:Lutsk and Volyn
2423:
2411:
2397:
2390:
2362:
2355:
2319:
2305:
2269:
2241:
2234:
2225:Oral and Atyrau
2196:
2189:
2180:Turaw and Mazyr
2106:
2048:
2041:
2023:
2016:
1993:
1950:
1912:
1884:
1837:
1831:
1712:Velikiye Ustyug
1387:Nizhny Novgorod
1352:Moscow (Oblast)
1227:Khanty-Mansiysk
1177:Kamensk-Uralsky
1032:Blagoveshchensk
920:
913:
904:
895:
865:
864:
854:
852:
848:
847:
843:
832:
828:
818:
816:
814:
806:. p. 221.
798:
794:
785:
781:
770:
766:
750:
746:
722:
718:
708:
706:
702:
701:
697:
687:
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681:
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673:
668:Wayback Machine
658:
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558:
555:
502:
486:
474:Most Holy Synod
470:
464:
429:
388:
382:
366:Jonah of Moscow
358:Isidore of Kiev
299:Isidore of Kiev
293:
287:
275:Peter the Great
259:
239:Most Holy Synod
235:Peter the Great
166:
116:
88:
84:
77:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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2108:
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2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2049:Outside Russia
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
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2240:Middle Asian
2150:Maladzyechna
1467:Petrozavodsk
1407:Novokuznetsk
1392:Nizhny Tagil
1317:Magnitogorsk
1037:Borisoglebsk
910:
853:. Retrieved
844:
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817:. Retrieved
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698:
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271:White Russia
260:
224:
203:
179:
177:
129:First holder
100:His Holiness
82:
2195:Kazakhstani
2097:Philippines
1812:Yoshkar-Ola
1727:Vladivostok
1717:Vladikavkaz
1567:Severomorsk
1417:Novosibirsk
1412:Novorossisk
1322:Makhachkala
1267:Krasnoyarsk
1242:Kostomuksha
1167:Kaliningrad
1097:Georgiyevsk
1072:Cherepovets
1067:Chelyabinsk
1027:Birobidzhan
982:Arkhangelsk
484:Restoration
433:Jeremias II
402:autocephaly
368:. Like his
362:Catholicism
313:Canonically
309:Kievan Rus'
233:in 1721 by
168:patriarchia
139:Established
124:Information
1732:Volgodonsk
1482:Pyatigorsk
1377:Neftekamsk
1372:Naryan-Mar
1342:Michurinsk
1237:Kolpashevo
1222:Khabarovsk
1162:Kalachinsk
1062:Cheboksary
952:Almetyevsk
947:Alexandrov
937:Akhtubinsk
760:1610488938
740:0674781198
646:2021-08-02
623:References
535:Alexius II
454:. It is a
289:See also:
83:Incumbent:
2398:of Africa
1802:Yeniseysk
1782:Yaroslavl
1737:Volgograd
1687:Uryupinsk
1647:Theodosia
1642:Tikoretsk
1622:Syktyvkar
1617:Stavropol
1612:Solikamsk
1602:Slavgorod
1572:Shadrinsk
1527:Salekhard
1497:Rubtsovsk
1457:Pesochnya
1382:Nerchinsk
1077:Chistopol
1042:Borovichi
987:Astrakhan
898:Eparchies
762:(page 10)
742:(page 46)
500:Selection
441:patriarch
431:In 1589,
257:Etymology
231:abolished
193:romanized
147:Cathedral
110:Residence
47:Bishopric
2666:Category
1974:Chișinău
1946:Xinjiang
1936:Shanghai
1747:Voronezh
1722:Vladimir
1682:Ulan-Ude
1607:Smolensk
1592:Simbirsk
1582:Shchigry
1557:Serdobsk
1472:Pokrovsk
1427:Orenburg
1402:Novgorod
1367:Nakhodka
1362:Murmansk
1337:Melekess
1327:Mariinsk
1277:Kuznetsk
1272:Kudymkar
1247:Kostroma
1217:Kineshma
1207:Kemerovo
1112:Gorodets
1092:Gatchina
1012:Belgorod
1007:Bezhetsk
992:Balashov
977:Arsenyev
734:, 1998,
664:Archived
553:See also
542:Kirill I
506:for life
411:and the
397:de facto
335:Vladimir
322:cathedra
216:ordinary
105:Location
2286:Finland
2125:Barysaŭ
2037:Tallinn
1941:Tianjin
1926:Beijing
1817:Yugorsk
1777:Yaransk
1772:Yakutsk
1742:Vologda
1702:Valuyki
1697:Uvarovo
1662:Troitsk
1652:Tobolsk
1637:Tikhvin
1577:Shakhty
1552:Sayansk
1547:Saratov
1542:Sarapul
1537:Saransk
1522:Salavat
1507:Rybinsk
1487:Rossosh
1442:Otradny
1397:Norilsk
1312:Magadan
1307:Lyskovo
1302:Lipetsk
1257:Kozelsk
1232:Klintsy
1197:Kasimov
1192:Karasuk
1147:Izhevsk
1142:Iskitim
1132:Isilkul
1127:Irkutsk
1057:Buzuluk
1052:Bryansk
997:Barnaul
972:Armavir
967:Ardatov
900:of the
855:3 March
819:3 March
709:3 March
688:3 March
546:Primate
538:round.
285:History
218:of the
210:of the
208:primate
195::
184:Russian
161:Website
2296:Sweden
2291:Norway
2281:Canada
2175:Slutsk
1797:Yelets
1762:Vyborg
1752:Vyatka
1692:Urzhum
1627:Tambov
1597:Skopin
1532:Samara
1502:Ryazan
1492:Rostov
1332:Maykop
1282:Kurgan
1252:Kotlas
1182:Kanash
1172:Kaluga
1152:Kainsk
1117:Gubkin
1102:Glazov
1087:Elista
1047:Bratsk
1017:Belyov
1002:Barysh
962:Anadyr
942:Alatyr
932:Abakan
810:
758:
738:
525:bishop
348:, the
339:Moscow
269:, and
265:, and
251:Kirill
1908:Tokyo
1807:Yeysk
1767:Vyksa
1757:Vyzma
1657:Tomsk
1587:Shuya
1477:Pskov
1447:Penza
1437:Oryol
1357:Murom
1297:Livny
1292:Kyzyl
1287:Kursk
1212:Kinel
1202:Kazan
1187:Kansk
1137:Ishim
1082:Chita
1022:Biysk
595:Notes
331:Peter
267:Small
263:Great
96:Style
2511:Kyiv
2007:Riga
1672:Tver
1667:Tula
1632:Tara
1512:Rzev
1452:Perm
1432:Orsk
1422:Omsk
957:Amur
916:List
857:2016
821:2016
808:ISBN
772:ИОНА
756:ISBN
736:ISBN
711:2016
690:2016
607:The
327:Kiev
243:O.S.
178:The
153:and
142:1589
1677:Ufa
774://
726:by
437:Job
337:to
227:Job
170:.ru
133:Job
2668::
730:,
674:^
639:.
512:.
443:.
423:.
352:—
341:.
190:,
186::
918:)
914:(
890:e
883:t
876:v
859:.
823:.
713:.
692:.
649:.
615:.
182:(
20:)
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