695:
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550:
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97:
837:
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55:
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much closer to the New
Zealand subspecies. In fact, the two were so close genetically that they considered whether the Norfolk boobook should be recognised as a separate taxon at all, although they conceded the two were easily distinguishable in appearance, so maintained the three as subspecies; the Tasmanian boobook only diverged by 2.7% from the other two, while the powerful and rufous owls diverged by 4.4% from each other. Leading from this, the
1601:
31:
1577:
779:
1553:
562:, and buff cheeks. The eyes are yellow to golden-yellow. The feathers of the chin and throat are buff with dark brown shafts. The feathers of the underparts are mostly dark brown with buff and white spots and streaks, with the larger markings on the belly making it look paler overall. The upper tail is dark brown with lighter brown bars. The
506:
DNA of three subspecies (as well as the powerful and rufous owls) to ascertain whether the closest relative was used in breeding with the last surviving female of the
Norfolk boobook. They discovered that although the Norfolk boobook was similar in plumage to the Tasmanian boobook, it was genetically
557:
The morepork is 26 to 29 cm (10 to 11.5 in) long, with the female slightly larger than the male. Females are slightly heavier at 170–216 g (6.0–7.6 oz) compared with the male's 140–156 g (4.9–5.5 oz). The morepork has generally dark brown head and upperparts, with pale
569:
Young moreporks do not attain adult plumage properly until their third or fourth year. The tips of juvenile's feathers are white and fluffy, remnants of the nestlings' down. These are worn away over time, persisting longest on the head. The feathers of the head, neck, and underparts are fluffier
334:
and excellent hearing, able to locate a tiny lizard or rodent from many metres above and away. They then stealthily approach their targeted prey with near-silent flight, without flapping their wings, the prey often not even aware they are being pursued.
329:
at times (or active at dawn and dusk), retiring to roost in secluded spots within the branches of trees. The morepork feeds on larger insects and small vertebrates, hunting by pouncing on them from tree perches. As with all owls, the morepork has supreme
521:
and Walter Boles, contested that the data had been misinterpreted from the Norman study, which had not sampled any
Australian mainland boobooks at all. They treated the three taxa (southern, Tasmanian boobooks, and moreporks) as a single species.
686:. The main hunting times are evenings and mornings, with brief bursts of activity through the night. On dark nights, they often perch through the middle hours, and particularly if the weather is bad, may hunt by daylight, instead.
1263:
Michael Wink; Petra
Heidrich; Hedi Sauer-Gürth; Abdel-Aziz Elsayed & Javier Gonzalez (2008). "Molecular phylogeny and systematics of owls (Strigiformes)". In König, Claus & Weick, Friedhelm (eds.).
491:
regarded the taxonomy of the boobook owl as extremely challenging, the latter remarking in 1943 that it was "one of the most difficult problems I have ever encountered". In his 1968 book
499:
observed that the boobooks from
Tasmania more closely resembled those of New Zealand than those from mainland Australia, though he followed Mees in treating them as a single species.
760:, on account of its large range and stable population, with no evidence of any significant decline. Like most species of owl, the morepork is protected under Appendix II of the
717:
Although their main hunting technique is perch-and-pounce, they are agile birds with a swift, goshawk-like wing action and the ability to maneuver rapidly when pursuing prey or
513:
1291:"Bioacoustic and multi-locus DNA data of Ninox owls support high incidence of extinction and recolonisation on small, low-lying islands across Wallacea"
1194:
Norman, Janette; Olsen, Penny; Christidis, Les (1998). "Molecular genetics confirms taxonomic affinities of the endangered
Norfolk Island Bookbook Owl
1817:
2061:
757:
339:
558:
brown spots on head and neck and white markings on the rest of the upperparts, with a pale yellow-white supercilium (eyebrow), dark brown ear
1856:
2036:
991:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
959:
1289:
Gwee, Chyi Yin; Christidis, Les; Eaton, James A.; Norman, Janette A.; Trainor, Colin R.; Verbelen, Philippe; Rheindt, Frank E. (2017).
321:
The morepork has dark-brown plumage with prominent pale spots and golden-yellow eyes. Like most strigiformes, the species is generally
805:
1995:
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2008:
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2013:
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529:) characters, Michael Wink and colleagues concluded that the Australian boobook was distinct from the morepork, as was the
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272:
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310:, something that endured for nearly two hundred years, until 1999. Similarly, it was also considered the same as the
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764:(CITES) meaning the international import and export of the species (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.
1861:
744:, particularly small birds, rats, and mice. They can find suitable food in pine forests as well as native forest.
655:, and other hardwoods, up to the alpine tree line. On Norfolk Island, it lives in forests of Norfolk Island pine (
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1695:
836:
342:(IUCN) has assessed the morepork's population and its potential for decline, and ranked the species as being of
1526:
793:
2046:
703:
1047:"Indication of a new genus belonging to the Strigine family, with description of the new species and type"
669:
They are usually seen singly, in pairs, or in small family groups of an adult pair and up to three young.
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1005:
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and bill is pale blue-grey with a black cutting edge. The feet are orange or yellow with blackish claws.
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in the south, and uncommon outside these areas. In the South Island, it is more common west of the
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346:(not currently at-risk), owing to its presently large range and apparently stable population.
1915:
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994:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 296.
468:
382:
343:
191:
1907:
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1207:
1139:
827:
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of the morepork are recognised, one of which is extinct and another that exists only as a
8:
355:
44:
1502:
Handbook of
Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 4: Parrots to Dollarbird
1211:
1143:
886:
1946:
1734:
1729:
1593:
1014:. Vol. 1, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. pp. 149–150, No. 39.
623:
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overall. Their plumage is a darker and more greyish brown overall than that of adults.
508:
326:
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They hunt a variety of animals – mainly large invertebrates including scarab and
718:
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1306:
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1034:. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 140.
762:
Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
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458:
441:
268:
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to the
Pacific Ocean. The morepork is now one of 37 owls placed in the genus
363:
64:
59:
1504:. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 852–875, Plate 39.
591:
1564:
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1081:
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241:
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A widespread and generally common species, morepork is listed as being a
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1941:
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reclassified the
Tasmanian boobook and morepork as distinct species.
511:
was split from the Tasmanian boobook and morepork in volume 5 of the
108:
1783:
1611:
1531:
709:
Moreporks nest anywhere the trees are large enough to have hollows.
30:
1967:
1634:
1576:
599:
587:
583:
158:
128:
1703:
260:
563:
440:(Gmelin, JF, 1788) – North and South Islands of New Zealand and
294:
in 1788, the morepork was thought to be the same species as the
1690:
118:
1360:. Helm Identification Guides. A&C Black. pp. 455–56.
880:
878:
876:
1928:
1778:
1458:
1356:
König, Claus; Weick, Friedhelm; Becking, Jan-Hendrik (2009).
1109:"A revision of the Australian owls (Strigidae and Tytonidae)"
761:
414:
392:
that had been described in 1781 by the English ornithologist
388:. Gmelin based his description on the "New Zeeland owl" from
373:
168:
81:
75:
873:
741:
729:
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During the day, moreporks sleep in roosts. Although mainly
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In New Zealand, it primarily inhabits forests dominated by
138:
422:. "Morepork" has been designated the official name by the
1437:
1435:
1398:
1396:
1383:
1381:
1379:
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257:
148:
1242:. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 165.
1432:
1420:
1408:
1393:
1374:
1130:
Mayr, Ernst (1943). "Notes on Australian Birds (II)".
884:
1541:
1193:
525:
Examining both morphological and genetic (cytochrome
1072:
502:
Janette Norman and colleagues tested the cytochrome
418:that was introduced in 1837 by English naturalist
910:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62023843A95186187.en
578:In New Zealand's North Island, it is common from
2028:
1173:. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO. pp. 15–17.
1268:(2nd ed.). A&C Black. pp. 42–63.
1232:
758:International Union for Conservation of Nature
340:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1239:Systematics and taxonomy of Australian birds
740:. They also take almost any suitably sized
573:
275:territory. It was also, formerly, found on
1349:
1158:
372:. He placed it with the other owls in the
53:
29:
908:
1051:Madras Journal of Literature and Science
693:
675:could feasibly prey on young moreporks.
548:
1488:
1441:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1387:
1044:
533:, which is raised to species status as
400:. Latham obtained his information from
362:in his revised and expanded edition of
2029:
1024:
1004:
984:
957:
747:
517:; however, several authors, including
424:International Ornithological Committee
2062:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
1616:
1615:
1447:
1295:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1164:
1100:
1088:. International Ornithologists' Union
1068:
1066:
1064:
539:International Ornithological Congress
1882:9ba27fff-3568-4f32-b86a-6209ecf589e7
1129:
1123:
1106:
953:
951:
2037:IUCN Red List least concern species
1532:Photos, audio and video of morepork
896:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
493:Nightwatchmen of the Bush and Plain
13:
1329:
1061:
964:. New York: Penguin. p. 199.
514:Handbook of the Birds of the World
14:
2073:
1520:
948:
358:in 1788 by the German naturalist
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1086:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
1045:Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1837).
1031:Check-List of Birds of the World
858:Morepork at Kiwi Birdlife Park,
851:
835:
819:
804:
792:
777:
240:), also known by numerous other
95:
1282:
1256:
1226:
1187:
885:BirdLife International (2016).
682:, they are sometimes active at
606:in the northeast, and southern
223:2 extant, 1 extinct (see text)
1481:
1196:Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata
1038:
1018:
998:
978:
924:
553:Morepork (ruru) in New Zealand
544:
1:
1683:Ninox_(Ninox)_novaeseelandiae
1461:. 22 May 2009. Archived from
1220:10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00012-3
1167:"What is a Southern Boobook?"
866:
1527:Wingspan Birds of Prey Trust
1337:"Owls – IOC World Bird List"
1171:Australian High Country Owls
799:Morepork resting in a garage
664:
7:
1307:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.024
1107:Mees, Gerlof Fokko (1964).
1011:A General Synopsis of Birds
732:and caterpillars, spiders,
689:
479:(east of Australia) extinct
398:A General Synopsis of Birds
349:
267:, and to the northwest, on
10:
2080:
1536:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1455:"Appendices I, II and III"
1113:Zoologische Verhandelingen
767:
712:
1957:
1624:
221:
216:
197:
190:
92:Scientific classification
90:
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1236:; Boles, Walter (2008).
986:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
903:: e.T62023843A95186187.
754:species of least concern
574:Distribution and habitat
495:, Australian naturalist
302:), native to Australia,
256:), is a smallish, brown
38:Morepork in New Zealand
2057:Birds described in 1788
1200:Biological Conservation
860:Queenstown, New Zealand
811:Display of feathers at
402:Johann Reinhold Forster
360:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
292:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
183:N. novaeseelandiae
1489:Higgins, P.J. (1999).
1080:, eds. (August 2022).
958:Burnie, David (2012).
786:Warkworth, New Zealand
736:, and in New Zealand,
706:
658:Araucaria heterophylla
634:and offshore islands.
554:
420:Brian Houghton Hodgson
1959:Strix novaeseelandiae
1947:Ninox-novaeseelandiae
1916:Paleobiology Database
1696:ninox-novaeseelandiae
1670:Ninox_novaeseelandiae
1656:Ninox novaeseelandiae
1626:Ninox novaeseelandiae
1493:Ninox novaeseelandiae
1165:Olsen, Jerry (2011).
889:Ninox novaeseelandiae
702:in the collection of
697:
598:, as well as between
552:
438:N. n. novaeseelandiae
390:Queen Charlotte Sound
386:Strix novaeseelandiae
237:Ninox novaeseelandiae
201:Ninox novaeseelandiae
2047:Birds of New Zealand
932:"Appendices | CITES"
828:Remutaka Forest Park
404:who had accompanied
396:in his multi-volume
1538:'s Macaulay Library
1212:1998BCons..86...33N
1144:1943EmuAO..43....3M
961:Nature Guide: Birds
748:Conservation status
461:(east of Australia)
290:First described by
45:Conservation status
1730:BirdLife-Australia
1076:; Donsker, David;
707:
700:N. novaeseelandiae
630:. It is common on
582:south to southern
555:
509:Australian boobook
356:formally described
296:Australian boobook
2024:
2023:
1903:Open Tree of Life
1618:Taxon identifiers
1495:Southern Boobook"
1358:Owls of the World
1266:Owls of the World
1249:978-0-643-06511-6
1078:Rasmussen, Pamela
1026:Peters, James Lee
971:978-0-7566-9862-1
826:Ruru nestling at
531:Tasmanian boobook
485:Gerlof Fokko Mees
473:Lord Howe boobook
354:The morepork was
312:Tasmanian boobook
228:
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85:
68:
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1465:on 17 March 2010
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580:Rangaunu Harbour
477:Lord Howe Island
433:are recognised:
325:, though may be
277:Lord Howe Island
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813:Auckland museum
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773:Morepork (ruru)
770:
750:
715:
704:Auckland Museum
692:
667:
576:
547:
537:. In 2022, the
535:Ninox leucopsis
455:Norfolk boobook
381:and coined the
369:Systema Naturae
352:
244:names (such as
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1521:External links
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1476:
1446:
1444:, p. 854.
1431:
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673:Swamp harriers
666:
663:
632:Stewart Island
604:Hangaroa River
575:
572:
546:
543:
519:Les Christidis
481:
480:
462:
459:Norfolk Island
453:, 1801) – the
447:N. n. undulata
444:
442:Stewart Island
351:
348:
318:) until 2022.
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16:Species of owl
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846:, New Zealand
845:
844:Maungatautari
838:
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830:, New Zealand
829:
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620:Southern Alps
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471:, 1888 – the
470:
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466:N. n. albaria
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410:second voyage
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383:binomial name
380:
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364:Carl Linnaeus
361:
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344:least concern
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60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1958:
1625:
1501:
1492:
1467:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1449:
1442:Higgins 1999
1427:Higgins 1999
1422:
1415:Higgins 1999
1410:
1403:Higgins 1999
1388:Higgins 1999
1357:
1351:
1340:. Retrieved
1331:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1265:
1258:
1238:
1228:
1206:(1): 33–36.
1203:
1199:
1195:
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1125:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1085:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1006:Latham, John
1000:
990:
980:
960:
939:. Retrieved
935:
926:
914:. Retrieved
900:
894:
888:
842:Morepork at
784:Morepork in
751:
734:grasshoppers
726:huhu beetles
723:
716:
708:
699:
677:
671:
668:
656:
652:Metrosideros
650:
644:
638:
636:
586:and west of
577:
568:
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482:
465:
446:
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428:
413:
397:
385:
376:
367:
353:
337:
332:night vision
320:
316:N. leucopsis
315:
299:
289:
287:population.
253:
249:
245:
242:onomatopoeic
236:
235:
231:
229:
222:
200:
198:
182:
181:
169:
149:Strigiformes
18:
1805:iNaturalist
1650:Wikispecies
1594:New Zealand
1482:Cited texts
1301:: 246–258.
1138:(1): 3–17.
1092:10 December
1074:Gill, Frank
916:12 November
624:Marlborough
545:Description
497:David Fleay
394:John Latham
327:crepuscular
304:Timor-Leste
265:New Zealand
217:Subspecies
78:Appendix II
2031:Categories
1974:Q109563496
1942:Xeno-canto
1342:2022-08-24
941:2022-01-14
867:References
646:Nothofagus
640:Podocarpus
612:Wellington
592:Lake Taupō
489:Ernst Mayr
469:Ramsay, EP
431:subspecies
406:James Cook
308:New Guinea
300:N. boobook
281:subspecies
273:Australian
209:Gmelin, JF
1606:Australia
1315:1055-7903
936:cites.org
698:Egg from
680:nocturnal
665:Behaviour
628:Southland
622:, around
616:Wairarapa
596:Whanganui
323:nocturnal
263:found in
177:Species:
159:Strigidae
115:Kingdom:
109:Eukaryota
24:Morepork
1968:Wikidata
1929:Species+
1872:morepork
1849:62023843
1823:10219016
1722:62023843
1717:BirdLife
1635:Wikidata
1469:18 March
1323:28017857
1057:: 23–25.
1008:(1781).
988:(1788).
690:Breeding
608:Manawatū
602:and the
600:Murupara
588:Tauranga
584:Taranaki
350:Taxonomy
279:. Three
232:morepork
155:Family:
129:Chordata
125:Phylum:
119:Animalia
105:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
2014:1063529
2001:9756017
1797:2497817
1784:souboo2
1758:souboo2
1704:Avibase
1641:Q908909
1582:Biology
1570:Animals
1544:Portals
1208:Bibcode
1140:Bibcode
1119:: 3–62.
768:Gallery
756:by the
719:hawking
713:Feeding
626:and in
560:coverts
408:on his
261:species
246:boobook
211:, 1788)
165:Genus:
145:Order:
135:Class:
80: (
63: (
1921:371330
1908:285637
1879:NZOR:
1869:NZBO:
1836:555480
1691:ARKive
1508:
1364:
1321:
1313:
1272:
1246:
1177:
1082:"Owls"
968:
614:, and
594:, and
451:Latham
429:Three
285:hybrid
250:mopoke
2042:Ninox
1988:532JF
1895:72249
1862:57242
1818:IRMNG
1810:20116
1779:eBird
1771:73ZSC
1755:BOW:
1748:28891
1558:Birds
1534:from
1498:(PDF)
1459:CITES
730:moths
483:Both
415:Ninox
378:Strix
374:genus
271:, an
170:Ninox
82:CITES
76:CITES
2009:ITIS
1996:GBIF
1934:7220
1857:NCBI
1844:IUCN
1831:ITIS
1792:GBIF
1743:BOLD
1506:ISBN
1471:2010
1362:ISBN
1319:PMID
1311:ISSN
1270:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1094:2022
966:ISBN
918:2021
901:2016
742:prey
738:wētā
564:cere
487:and
338:The
306:and
254:ruru
230:The
139:Aves
1983:CoL
1766:CoL
1678:AFD
1665:ADW
1303:doi
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1198:".
1148:doi
1132:Emu
905:doi
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366:'s
258:owl
252:or
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1500:.
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