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much closer to the New
Zealand subspecies. In fact, the two were so close genetically that they considered whether the Norfolk boobook should be recognised as a separate taxon at all, although they conceded the two were easily distinguishable in appearance, so maintained the three as subspecies; the Tasmanian boobook only diverged by 2.7% from the other two, while the powerful and rufous owls diverged by 4.4% from each other. Leading from this, the
1612:
42:
1588:
790:
1564:
573:, and buff cheeks. The eyes are yellow to golden-yellow. The feathers of the chin and throat are buff with dark brown shafts. The feathers of the underparts are mostly dark brown with buff and white spots and streaks, with the larger markings on the belly making it look paler overall. The upper tail is dark brown with lighter brown bars. The
517:
DNA of three subspecies (as well as the powerful and rufous owls) to ascertain whether the closest relative was used in breeding with the last surviving female of the
Norfolk boobook. They discovered that although the Norfolk boobook was similar in plumage to the Tasmanian boobook, it was genetically
568:
The morepork is 26 to 29 cm (10 to 11.5 in) long, with the female slightly larger than the male. Females are slightly heavier at 170–216 g (6.0–7.6 oz) compared with the male's 140–156 g (4.9–5.5 oz). The morepork has generally dark brown head and upperparts, with pale
580:
Young moreporks do not attain adult plumage properly until their third or fourth year. The tips of juvenile's feathers are white and fluffy, remnants of the nestlings' down. These are worn away over time, persisting longest on the head. The feathers of the head, neck, and underparts are fluffier
345:
and excellent hearing, able to locate a tiny lizard or rodent from many metres above and away. They then stealthily approach their targeted prey with near-silent flight, without flapping their wings, the prey often not even aware they are being pursued.
340:
at times (or active at dawn and dusk), retiring to roost in secluded spots within the branches of trees. The morepork feeds on larger insects and small vertebrates, hunting by pouncing on them from tree perches. As with all owls, the morepork has supreme
532:
and Walter Boles, contested that the data had been misinterpreted from the Norman study, which had not sampled any
Australian mainland boobooks at all. They treated the three taxa (southern, Tasmanian boobooks, and moreporks) as a single species.
697:. The main hunting times are evenings and mornings, with brief bursts of activity through the night. On dark nights, they often perch through the middle hours, and particularly if the weather is bad, may hunt by daylight, instead.
1274:
Michael Wink; Petra
Heidrich; Hedi Sauer-Gürth; Abdel-Aziz Elsayed & Javier Gonzalez (2008). "Molecular phylogeny and systematics of owls (Strigiformes)". In König, Claus & Weick, Friedhelm (eds.).
502:
regarded the taxonomy of the boobook owl as extremely challenging, the latter remarking in 1943 that it was "one of the most difficult problems I have ever encountered". In his 1968 book
510:
observed that the boobooks from
Tasmania more closely resembled those of New Zealand than those from mainland Australia, though he followed Mees in treating them as a single species.
771:, on account of its large range and stable population, with no evidence of any significant decline. Like most species of owl, the morepork is protected under Appendix II of the
728:
Although their main hunting technique is perch-and-pounce, they are agile birds with a swift, goshawk-like wing action and the ability to maneuver rapidly when pursuing prey or
524:
1302:"Bioacoustic and multi-locus DNA data of Ninox owls support high incidence of extinction and recolonisation on small, low-lying islands across Wallacea"
1205:
Norman, Janette; Olsen, Penny; Christidis, Les (1998). "Molecular genetics confirms taxonomic affinities of the endangered
Norfolk Island Bookbook Owl
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2072:
768:
350:
569:
brown spots on head and neck and white markings on the rest of the upperparts, with a pale yellow-white supercilium (eyebrow), dark brown ear
1867:
2047:
1002:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
970:
1300:
Gwee, Chyi Yin; Christidis, Les; Eaton, James A.; Norman, Janette A.; Trainor, Colin R.; Verbelen, Philippe; Rheindt, Frank E. (2017).
332:
The morepork has dark-brown plumage with prominent pale spots and golden-yellow eyes. Like most strigiformes, the species is generally
816:
2006:
1802:
2019:
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549:
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540:) characters, Michael Wink and colleagues concluded that the Australian boobook was distinct from the morepork, as was the
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321:, something that endured for nearly two hundred years, until 1999. Similarly, it was also considered the same as the
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775:(CITES) meaning the international import and export of the species (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.
1872:
755:, particularly small birds, rats, and mice. They can find suitable food in pine forests as well as native forest.
666:, and other hardwoods, up to the alpine tree line. On Norfolk Island, it lives in forests of Norfolk Island pine (
1666:
1706:
847:
353:(IUCN) has assessed the morepork's population and its potential for decline, and ranked the species as being of
1537:
804:
2057:
714:
1058:"Indication of a new genus belonging to the Strigine family, with description of the new species and type"
680:
They are usually seen singly, in pairs, or in small family groups of an adult pair and up to three young.
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and bill is pale blue-grey with a black cutting edge. The feet are orange or yellow with blackish claws.
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in the south, and uncommon outside these areas. In the South Island, it is more common west of the
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357:(not currently at-risk), owing to its presently large range and apparently stable population.
1926:
1177:
1005:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 296.
479:
393:
354:
202:
1918:
1273:
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1218:
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838:
618:
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of the morepork are recognised, one of which is extinct and another that exists only as a
8:
366:
55:
1513:
Handbook of
Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 4: Parrots to Dollarbird
1222:
1154:
897:
1957:
1745:
1740:
1604:
1025:. Vol. 1, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. pp. 149–150, No. 39.
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overall. Their plumage is a darker and more greyish brown overall than that of adults.
519:
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They hunt a variety of animals – mainly large invertebrates including scarab and
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1045:. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 140.
773:
Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
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279:
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to the
Pacific Ocean. The morepork is now one of 37 owls placed in the genus
374:
75:
70:
1515:. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 852–875, Plate 39.
602:
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A widespread and generally common species, morepork is listed as being a
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2011:
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reclassified the
Tasmanian boobook and morepork as distinct species.
522:
was split from the Tasmanian boobook and morepork in volume 5 of the
119:
1794:
1622:
1542:
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Moreporks nest anywhere the trees are large enough to have hollows.
41:
1978:
1645:
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610:
598:
594:
169:
139:
1714:
271:
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451:(Gmelin, JF, 1788) – North and South Islands of New Zealand and
305:
in 1788, the morepork was thought to be the same species as the
1701:
129:
1371:. Helm Identification Guides. A&C Black. pp. 455–56.
891:
889:
887:
1939:
1789:
1469:
1367:
König, Claus; Weick, Friedhelm; Becking, Jan-Hendrik (2009).
1120:"A revision of the Australian owls (Strigidae and Tytonidae)"
772:
425:
403:
that had been described in 1781 by the English ornithologist
399:. Gmelin based his description on the "New Zeeland owl" from
384:
179:
92:
86:
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752:
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During the day, moreporks sleep in roosts. Although mainly
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In New Zealand, it primarily inhabits forests dominated by
149:
433:. "Morepork" has been designated the official name by the
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1253:. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 165.
1443:
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1385:
1141:
Mayr, Ernst (1943). "Notes on Australian Birds (II)".
895:
1552:
1204:
536:
Examining both morphological and genetic (cytochrome
1083:
513:
Janette Norman and colleagues tested the cytochrome
429:that was introduced in 1837 by English naturalist
921:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62023843A95186187.en
589:In New Zealand's North Island, it is common from
2039:
1184:. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO. pp. 15–17.
1279:(2nd ed.). A&C Black. pp. 42–63.
1243:
769:International Union for Conservation of Nature
351:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1250:Systematics and taxonomy of Australian birds
751:. They also take almost any suitably sized
584:
286:territory. It was also, formerly, found on
1360:
1169:
383:. He placed it with the other owls in the
64:
40:
919:
1062:Madras Journal of Literature and Science
704:
686:could feasibly prey on young moreporks.
559:
1499:
1452:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1398:
1055:
544:, which is raised to species status as
411:. Latham obtained his information from
373:in his revised and expanded edition of
14:
2040:
1035:
1015:
995:
968:
758:
528:; however, several authors, including
435:International Ornithological Committee
2073:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
1627:
1626:
1458:
1306:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1175:
1111:
1099:. International Ornithologists' Union
1079:
1077:
1075:
550:International Ornithological Congress
1893:9ba27fff-3568-4f32-b86a-6209ecf589e7
1140:
1134:
1117:
964:
962:
2048:IUCN Red List least concern species
1543:Photos, audio and video of morepork
907:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
504:Nightwatchmen of the Bush and Plain
24:
1340:
1072:
975:. New York: Penguin. p. 199.
525:Handbook of the Birds of the World
25:
2084:
1531:
959:
369:in 1788 by the German naturalist
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1097:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
1056:Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1837).
1042:Check-List of Birds of the World
869:Morepork at Kiwi Birdlife Park,
862:
846:
830:
815:
803:
788:
251:), also known by numerous other
106:
1293:
1267:
1237:
1198:
896:BirdLife International (2016).
693:, they are sometimes active at
617:in the northeast, and southern
234:2 extant, 1 extinct (see text)
1492:
1207:Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata
1049:
1029:
1009:
989:
935:
564:Morepork (ruru) in New Zealand
555:
13:
1:
1694:Ninox_(Ninox)_novaeseelandiae
1472:. 22 May 2009. Archived from
1231:10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00012-3
1178:"What is a Southern Boobook?"
877:
1538:Wingspan Birds of Prey Trust
1348:"Owls – IOC World Bird List"
1182:Australian High Country Owls
810:Morepork resting in a garage
675:
7:
1318:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.024
1118:Mees, Gerlof Fokko (1964).
1022:A General Synopsis of Birds
743:and caterpillars, spiders,
700:
490:(east of Australia) extinct
409:A General Synopsis of Birds
360:
278:, and to the northwest, on
10:
2089:
1547:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1466:"Appendices I, II and III"
1124:Zoologische Verhandelingen
778:
723:
1968:
1635:
232:
227:
208:
201:
103:Scientific classification
101:
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1247:; Boles, Walter (2008).
997:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
914:: e.T62023843A95186187.
765:species of least concern
585:Distribution and habitat
506:, Australian naturalist
313:), native to Australia,
267:), is a smallish, brown
49:Morepork in New Zealand
2068:Birds described in 1788
1211:Biological Conservation
871:Queenstown, New Zealand
822:Display of feathers at
413:Johann Reinhold Forster
371:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
303:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
194:N. novaeseelandiae
1500:Higgins, P.J. (1999).
1091:, eds. (August 2022).
969:Burnie, David (2012).
797:Warkworth, New Zealand
747:, and in New Zealand,
717:
669:Araucaria heterophylla
645:and offshore islands.
565:
431:Brian Houghton Hodgson
1970:Strix novaeseelandiae
1958:Ninox-novaeseelandiae
1927:Paleobiology Database
1707:ninox-novaeseelandiae
1681:Ninox_novaeseelandiae
1667:Ninox novaeseelandiae
1637:Ninox novaeseelandiae
1504:Ninox novaeseelandiae
1176:Olsen, Jerry (2011).
900:Ninox novaeseelandiae
713:in the collection of
708:
609:, as well as between
563:
449:N. n. novaeseelandiae
401:Queen Charlotte Sound
397:Strix novaeseelandiae
248:Ninox novaeseelandiae
212:Ninox novaeseelandiae
2058:Birds of New Zealand
943:"Appendices | CITES"
839:Remutaka Forest Park
415:who had accompanied
407:in his multi-volume
1549:'s Macaulay Library
1223:1998BCons..86...33N
1155:1943EmuAO..43....3M
972:Nature Guide: Birds
759:Conservation status
472:(east of Australia)
301:First described by
56:Conservation status
1741:BirdLife-Australia
1087:; Donsker, David;
718:
711:N. novaeseelandiae
641:. It is common on
593:south to southern
566:
520:Australian boobook
367:formally described
307:Australian boobook
2035:
2034:
1914:Open Tree of Life
1629:Taxon identifiers
1506:Southern Boobook"
1369:Owls of the World
1277:Owls of the World
1260:978-0-643-06511-6
1089:Rasmussen, Pamela
1037:Peters, James Lee
982:978-0-7566-9862-1
837:Ruru nestling at
542:Tasmanian boobook
496:Gerlof Fokko Mees
484:Lord Howe boobook
365:The morepork was
323:Tasmanian boobook
239:
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16:(Redirected from
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591:Rangaunu Harbour
488:Lord Howe Island
444:are recognised:
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288:Lord Howe Island
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824:Auckland museum
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784:Morepork (ruru)
781:
761:
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715:Auckland Museum
703:
678:
587:
558:
548:. In 2022, the
546:Ninox leucopsis
466:Norfolk boobook
392:and coined the
380:Systema Naturae
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255:names (such as
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1487:
1457:
1455:, p. 854.
1442:
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684:Swamp harriers
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643:Stewart Island
615:Hangaroa River
586:
583:
557:
554:
530:Les Christidis
492:
491:
473:
470:Norfolk Island
464:, 1801) – the
458:N. n. undulata
455:
453:Stewart Island
362:
359:
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280:Norfolk Island
237:
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855:Maungatautari
849:
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482:, 1888 – the
481:
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477:N. n. albaria
474:
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421:second voyage
418:
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394:binomial name
391:
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375:Carl Linnaeus
372:
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355:least concern
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203:Binomial name
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71:Least Concern
61:
57:
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43:
38:
33:
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19:
1969:
1636:
1512:
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1478:. Retrieved
1474:the original
1460:
1453:Higgins 1999
1438:Higgins 1999
1433:
1426:Higgins 1999
1421:
1414:Higgins 1999
1399:Higgins 1999
1368:
1362:
1351:. Retrieved
1342:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1276:
1269:
1249:
1239:
1217:(1): 33–36.
1214:
1210:
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1181:
1171:
1146:
1142:
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1127:
1123:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1096:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1017:Latham, John
1011:
1001:
991:
971:
950:. Retrieved
946:
937:
925:. Retrieved
911:
905:
899:
853:Morepork at
795:Morepork in
762:
745:grasshoppers
737:huhu beetles
734:
727:
719:
710:
688:
682:
679:
667:
663:Metrosideros
661:
655:
649:
647:
597:and west of
588:
579:
567:
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493:
476:
457:
448:
439:
424:
408:
396:
387:
378:
364:
348:
343:night vision
331:
327:N. leucopsis
326:
310:
300:
298:population.
264:
260:
256:
253:onomatopoeic
247:
246:
242:
240:
233:
211:
209:
193:
192:
180:
160:Strigiformes
29:
1816:iNaturalist
1661:Wikispecies
1605:New Zealand
1493:Cited texts
1312:: 246–258.
1149:(1): 3–17.
1103:10 December
1085:Gill, Frank
927:12 November
635:Marlborough
556:Description
508:David Fleay
405:John Latham
338:crepuscular
315:Timor-Leste
276:New Zealand
228:Subspecies
89:Appendix II
2042:Categories
1985:Q109563496
1953:Xeno-canto
1353:2022-08-24
952:2022-01-14
878:References
657:Nothofagus
651:Podocarpus
623:Wellington
603:Lake Taupō
500:Ernst Mayr
480:Ramsay, EP
442:subspecies
417:James Cook
319:New Guinea
311:N. boobook
292:subspecies
284:Australian
220:Gmelin, JF
1617:Australia
1326:1055-7903
947:cites.org
709:Egg from
691:nocturnal
676:Behaviour
639:Southland
633:, around
627:Wairarapa
607:Whanganui
334:nocturnal
274:found in
188:Species:
170:Strigidae
126:Kingdom:
120:Eukaryota
35:Morepork
1979:Wikidata
1940:Species+
1883:morepork
1860:62023843
1834:10219016
1733:62023843
1728:BirdLife
1646:Wikidata
1480:18 March
1334:28017857
1068:: 23–25.
1019:(1781).
999:(1788).
701:Breeding
619:Manawatū
613:and the
611:Murupara
599:Tauranga
595:Taranaki
361:Taxonomy
290:. Three
243:morepork
166:Family:
140:Chordata
136:Phylum:
130:Animalia
116:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
2025:1063529
2012:9756017
1808:2497817
1795:souboo2
1769:souboo2
1715:Avibase
1652:Q908909
1593:Biology
1581:Animals
1555:Portals
1219:Bibcode
1151:Bibcode
1130:: 3–62.
779:Gallery
767:by the
730:hawking
724:Feeding
637:and in
571:coverts
419:on his
272:species
257:boobook
222:, 1788)
176:Genus:
156:Order:
146:Class:
91: (
74: (
1932:371330
1919:285637
1890:NZOR:
1880:NZBO:
1847:555480
1702:ARKive
1519:
1375:
1332:
1324:
1283:
1257:
1188:
1093:"Owls"
979:
625:, and
605:, and
462:Latham
440:Three
296:hybrid
261:mopoke
18:Mopoke
2053:Ninox
1999:532JF
1906:72249
1873:57242
1829:IRMNG
1821:20116
1790:eBird
1782:73ZSC
1766:BOW:
1759:28891
1569:Birds
1545:from
1509:(PDF)
1470:CITES
741:moths
494:Both
426:Ninox
389:Strix
385:genus
282:, an
181:Ninox
93:CITES
87:CITES
2020:ITIS
2007:GBIF
1945:7220
1868:NCBI
1855:IUCN
1842:ITIS
1803:GBIF
1754:BOLD
1517:ISBN
1482:2010
1373:ISBN
1330:PMID
1322:ISSN
1281:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1105:2022
977:ISBN
929:2021
912:2016
753:prey
749:wētā
575:cere
498:and
349:The
317:and
265:ruru
241:The
150:Aves
1994:CoL
1777:CoL
1689:AFD
1676:ADW
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