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between Monte Alban and neighboring settlements, but also proved the power of the elites within the community. In Scott Hutson's analysis of the relationships between the commoners and the elites in Monte Alban, he notes that the monumental mounds found within the site seemed to be evenly spaced throughout the area. The mounds were thus close enough to each house to easily keep them under surveillance. Hutson also notes that, over time, the style of houses seemed to have changed, becoming more private to those living in the buildings and making it harder for outsiders to obtain information about the residents. These changes in the ability of the elites to gain information about the private lives of other citizens would have played a key role in the internal political structure of the settlement.
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mutilated. The figures are said to represent sacrificial victims, which explains the morbid characteristics of the figures. The
Danzantes feature physical traits characteristic of Olmec culture. The 19th-century notion that they depict dancers is now largely discredited. These monuments, dating to the earliest period of occupation at the site (Monte Albán I), are now interpreted as representing tortured, sacrificed war prisoners, some identified by name. They may depict leaders of competing centers and villages captured by Monte Albán.(Blanton et al. 1996) Over 300 “Danzantes” stones have been recorded to date, and some of the better preserved ones can be viewed at the site's museum. There is some indication that the Zapotecs had writing and calendrical notation.
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slabs dating to Monte Albán II. They depict place-names, occasionally accompanied by additional writing and in many cases characterized by upside-down heads. Alfonso Caso was the first to identify these stones as "conquest slabs", likely listing places which the Monte Albán elites claimed to have conquered and/or controlled. Some of the places listed on
Building J slabs have been tentatively identified. In one case (the Cañada de Cuicatlán region in northern Oaxaca), Zapotec conquest there has been confirmed through archaeological survey and excavations.
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survey and mapping of the entire site demonstrated the full scale and size of Monte Albán, beyond the limited area which had been explored by Caso. Subsequent seasons of the same project under the direction of
Blanton, Gary Feinman, Steve Kowalewski, Linda Nicholas, and others extended the survey coverage to practically the entire valley, producing an invaluable amount of data on the region's changing settlement patterns from the earliest times to the arrival of the Spanish in CE 1521.
484:. Over the following two decades, this project documented the development of socio-political complexity in the valley from the earliest Archaic period (c. 8000–2000 BCE) to the Rosario phase (700–500 BCE) immediately preceding Monte Albán. It set the stage for an understanding of the latter's founding and developmental trajectory. In this context, among the major accomplishments of Flannery's work in Oaxaca are his extensive excavations at the important formative center of
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San José Mogote and neighbouring satellite sites, making it likely that its chiefly elites were directly involved in the founding of the future
Zapotec capital. This rapid shift in population and settlement, from dispersed localized settlements to a central urban site in a previously unsettled area, has been referred to as the “Monte Alban Synoikism” by Marcus and Flannery, in reference to similar recorded instances in the
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573:– CE 200), Monte Albán had an estimated population of 17,200, making it one of the largest Mesoamerican cities at the time. As its political power grew, Monte Albán expanded militarily, through cooption, and via outright colonization, into several areas outside the Valley of Oaxaca, including the Cañada de
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The exception is the structure referred to as building “J.” This structure is located on the center line of the plaza but it is rotated and does not align with the other structures. It is believed that building “J” had an astronomical relation/ significance. Its steps are aligned perpendicular to the
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It is within this no-man's land that Monte Albán was founded at the end of the
Rosario period and it quickly reached a population estimate of around 5,200 by the end of the following Monte Albán Ia phase (c. 300 BCE). This remarkable population increase was accompanied by an equally rapid decline at
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A different type of carved stones is found on the nearby
Building J in the center of the Main Plaza, a building also characterized by its unusual arrow-like shape and an orientation that differs from most other structures at the site. Inserted within the building walls are more than 40 large, carved
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One characteristic of Monte Albán is the large number of carved stone monuments throughout the plaza. The earliest examples are the so-called "Danzantes" (literally, dancers), found mostly in the vicinity of
Building L. These represent naked men in contorted and twisted poses, some of them genitally
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The monumental center of Monte Albán is the Main Plaza, which measures approximately 300 meters by 150 meters. The Main Plaza was created through artificial levelling of the mountaintop, being covered in white plaster afterwards. The plaza would have had the capacity to hold the entire population of
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Although it was previously thought that a similar process of large-scale abandonment, and thus participation in the founding of Monte Albán, occurred at other major chiefly centers, such as Yegüih and
Tilcajete, at least in the latter's case this now appears to be unlikely. A recent project directed
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Monte Albán was not just a fortress or sacred place, but a fully functioning city. The inhabitants had come from the rich agricultural land below Monte Albán and depended greatly on agriculture. Monte Albán became an agricultural center as the area expanded which was developed with structures. The
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The primary threat to this archaeological site is urban growth, which is encroaching and "threatening to expand into territories that have potential archaeological value." To complicate matters, the administration of the site is divided amongst four different municipalities, making a unified effort
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A further important step in the understanding of the history of occupation of the Monte Albán site was reached with the
Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Valley of Oaxaca Project begun by Richard Blanton and several colleagues from the University of Michigan in the early 1970s. Their intensive
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and rises some 400 m (1,300 ft) from the valley floor, in an easily defensible location. In addition to the monumental core, the site is characterized by several hundred artificial terraces, and a dozen clusters of mounded architecture covering the entire ridgeline and surrounding flanks.
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The site of Monte Alban contains several pieces of evidence, through its architecture, to suggest that there was social stratification within the settlement. Walls ranging up to nine meters tall and twenty meters wide were built around the settlement; these would not only have created a boundary
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To the north and south the Main Plaza is delimited by large platforms accessible from the plaza via monumental staircases. On its eastern and western sides, the plaza is similarly bounded by a number of smaller platform mounds, on which stood temples and elite residences, as well as one of two
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excavated large sections within the monumental core of the site. Much of what is visible today in areas open to the public was reconstructed at that time. Besides resulting in the excavation of a large number of residential and civic-ceremonial structures and hundreds of tombs and burials, one
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Symmetry was not a major concern for the layout of Monte Albán plaza. Although the angles within the plaza are not perfect 90-degree corners, the plaza appears to be a rectangle without actually being so. The structures are not laid out in a symmetrical fashion, as the distances between the
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Being visible from anywhere in the central part of the Valley of Oaxaca, the impressive ruins of Monte Albán attracted visitors and explorers throughout the colonial and modern eras. Among others, Guillermo Dupaix investigated the site in the early 19th century CE, J. M. García published a
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known to have existed at the site. A north-south spine of mounds occupies the center of the plaza and similarly served as platforms for ceremonial structures. The majority of the temples faced in the east or west directions, aligning with the sun's path. The temples were constructed with a
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has shown that, rather than being abandoned, the site grew significantly in population during the periods Monte Albán Early I and Late I (c. 500–300 BCE and 300–100 BCE, respectively). Tilcajete might have actively opposed incorporation into the increasingly powerful Monte Albán state.
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took place within a day of the Sun passing directly overhead over Monte Albán. In design / construction of the structures, earthquakes were also taken into consideration. Thick walls were often used in construction, as well as sloped sides when constructing tall / larger structures.
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structures vary greatly from building to building. Construction methods used for orientation changed as Monte Albán expanded. Early structures, on the western side of the plaza, are rotated south of east, while later structures align more with the cardinal directions.
626:(Feinman and Nicholas 2002). By the end of the same period (c. AD 900–1000), the ancient capital was largely abandoned. The once powerful Monte Albán state was replaced by dozens of competing smaller polities, a situation that lasted up to the Spanish conquest.
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the city for participation in state-sponsored rituals. The site's main civic-ceremonial and elite-residential structures are located around it or in its immediate vicinity. Most of these have been explored and restored by
Alfonso Caso and his colleagues.
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accessible via stairway. Classical tombs of the elite were walled with stone and often adorned in painted murals. Civilians lived on residential terraces that coated the slopes of the mountain below the Main Plaza. Such residencies were one or two room
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in the Tlacolula arm to the east. Competition and warfare seem to have characterized the Rosario phase. The regional survey data suggests the existence of an unoccupied buffer zone between the San José Mogote chiefdom and those to the south and east.
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As indicated by Blanton's survey of the site, the Monte Albán hills appear to have been uninhabited prior to 500 BCE (the end of the Rosario ceramic phase). At that time, San José Mogote was the major population center in the valley and base of a
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that exerted a dominating influence over the Valley of Oaxaca and across much of the Oaxacan highlands. Evidence at Monte Albán is suggestive of high-level contacts between the site's elites and those at the powerful central Mexican city of
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characteristic two-room floor plan: a communal porch situated at the front, connected to a lesser revealed sanctuary at the backend. This collection of sacred venues may have been dedicated to royal ancestors, who acted as supplicants to
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397:–750), and soon thereafter was largely abandoned. Small-scale reoccupation, opportunistic reuse of earlier structures and tombs, and ritual visitations marked the archaeological history of the site into the Colonial period.
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Kowalewski, Stephen A.; Feinman, G.; Finsten, L.; Blanton, R.; Nicholas, L. (1989). "Monte Albán's Hinterland, Part II: The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in Tlacolula, Etla and Ocotlán, the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico".
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Blanton, Richard E.; Kowalewski, Stephen A.; Feinman, Gary M.; Appel, Jill (1982). "Monte Albán's Hinterland, Part I: Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico".
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lasting achievement of the project by Caso and his colleagues was the establishment of a ceramic chronology (phases Monte Albán I through V) for the period between the site's founding in c. 500 BCE to end of the
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Monte Albán is a popular tourist destination for visitors to Oaxaca. Its small museum on site displays mostly original carved stones from the site. The site received 429,702 visitors in 2017.
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The partially excavated civic ceremonial center of the Monte Albán site is situated atop an artificially leveled ridge. It has an elevation of about 1,940 m (6,400 ft)
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that likely controlled much of the northern Etla branch. Perhaps as many as three or four other, smaller chiefly centers controlled other sub-regions of the valley, including
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The archaeological ruins on the nearby Atzompa and El Gallo hills to the north are traditionally considered to be an integral part of the ancient city as well.
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The investigation of the periods preceding Monte Albán's founding was a major focus in the late 1960s of the Prehistory and Human Ecology Project started by
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1604:(creative commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), particularly focusing on System IV but with images from all over the site, with data from an
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The etymology of the site's present-day name is unclear. Tentative suggestions regarding its origin range from a presumed corruption of a native
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of Italy. The ancient Zapotec name of the city is not known, as abandonment occurred centuries before the writing of the earliest available
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visited and published further descriptions in the 1890s. A first intensive archaeological exploration of the site was conducted in 1902 by
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Spencer, Charles S; Redmond, Elsa M. (2001). "Multilevel Selection and Political Evolution in the Valley of Oaxaca, 500–100 B.C.".
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Website that has useful 3D resources, a VR/360 tour of Building J, and more information about archaeological research at the site
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at that time, so that a person looking out a doorway on the building would have faced it directly. Capella is significant as its
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elite individuals. Their burials were accompanied by some of the most spectacular burial offerings of any site in the Americas.
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It was not until 1931 that large-scale scientific excavations were undertaken, under the direction of Mexican archaeologist
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320:(17.043° N, 96.767°W). The site is located on a low mountainous range rising above the plain in the central section of the
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population cultivated the valleys and land up to the crest of the mountain in order to support this growing population.
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Many of the artifacts excavated at Monte Albán, in over a century of archaeological exploration, can be seen at the
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in the eastern Tlacolula arm. The latter is the focus of an ongoing project by Gary Feinman and Linda Nicholas of
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Balkansky, Andrew K. (2002). "The Sola Valley and the Monte Albán State. A Study of Zapotec Imperial Expansion".
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in Oaxaca City. The latter museum houses many of the objects discovered in 1932 by Alfonso Caso in Monte Albán's
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that dominated much of the Oaxacan highlands and interacted with other Mesoamerican regional states, such as
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711:, a Classic period Zapotec tomb that was opportunistically reused in Postclassic times for the burial of
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in the Etla branch of the valley, a project co-directed with Joyce Marcus of the University of Michigan.
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to the north (Paddock 1983; Marcus 1983). The city lost its political pre-eminence by the end of the
1618:- Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.
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assisted with the excavation of Tomb 7. Over the following eighteen years, Caso and his colleagues
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Elite residencies were made up of three to four rooms, encompassing an inner patio and sub-patio
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Redmond, Elsa M. (1983). "A Fuego y Sangre: Early Zapotec Imperialism in the Cuicatlán Cañada".
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View of Main Plaza from the North Platform. The South Platform can be seen in the distance.
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589:(Monte Albán IIIA phase, c. CE 200–500), Monte Albán was the capital of a major regional
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1476:; Linsley, Robert M. (1972). "Mound J, Monte Albán: Possible Astronomical Orientation".
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name to a colonial-era reference to a Spanish soldier by the name Montalbán or to the
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Caso, Alfonso (1932). "Monte Albán, richest archaeological find in the Americas".
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View across Main Plaza from the South Platform, with Building J in the foreground.
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valleys.(Feinman and Nicholas 1990) During this period and into the subsequent
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View of Main Plaza from the South Platform, with Building J in the foreground.
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378:– AD 200) Monte Albán had become the capital of a large-scale expansionist
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socio-political and economic center. Founded toward the end of the Middle
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Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley
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The Cuicatlán Cañada and Monte Albán: A Study of Primary State Formation
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Stones of the Dancers, in the Plaza of the Dancers, next to Building L.
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Panoramic showing a section of the North Platform in the foreground.
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is located approximately 9 km (6 mi) east of Monte Albán.
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University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Museum of Anthropology Memoir 16
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University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Museum of Anthropology Memoir 36
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University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Museum of Anthropology Memoir 23
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University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Museum of Anthropology Memoir 15
1131:(in Spanish). Partido Revolucionario Institucional. Archived from
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Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán
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Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl
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Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl
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Monte Albán: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capital
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Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila
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Image of Monte Alban's System IV structure, taken from a
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Field Museum of Natural History Ancient Americas web site
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The west side platform at the Monte Alban pyramid complex
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Plan of Monte Alban's System IV structure, cut from a
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The impressive stairs leading up to the South Platform.
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El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve
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Hutson, Scott (2002). "Built Space and Bad Subjects".
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by unorthodox positions of the characters represented.
1521:"Residential patterns at Monte Alban, Oaxaca, Mexico"
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1983:
Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of
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Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro
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Mexican and Central American Archaeological Projects
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and at the Museo Regional de Oaxaca, located in the
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List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country
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Building J, Monte Albán archeological site, Oaxaca.
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1627:Commercial website with site plans and photos of
769:houses with a central, partially enclosed patio.
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1635:The DeLanges visit Monte Alban, with many photos
725:Panorama of Monte Albán from the South Platform.
2131:10th-century disestablishments in North America
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344:) branches meet. The present-day state capital
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1161:. New York: Academic Press. pp. 175–181.
371:at around 500 BC, by the Terminal Formative (
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735:to stop the urban encroachment challenging.
359:Besides being one of the earliest cities of
1647:- With a short panoramic video of the site.
1157:(1983). Flannery, K.V.; Marcus, J. (eds.).
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979:Building M as seen from the South Platform.
811:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
16:Pre-Columbian archaeological site in Mexico
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1051:View of Main Plaza from the North Platform
1783:Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco
1728:Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
1640:Monte Alban - Sacred Destinations article
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1189:Marcus, Joyce; Flannery, Kent V. (1996).
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831:Learn how and when to remove this message
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
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517:in the southern Valle Grande branch and
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32:This article includes a list of general
2121:19th-century archaeological discoveries
1896:Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of
1622:Metropolitan Museum of Art (NY) website
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873:Unrestored section of Monte Albán with
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1925:Central University City Campus of the
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1450:"World Heritage at Risk within Mexico"
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1307:. New York and London: Academic Press.
1256:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
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1111:
1027:Unexcavated building on North Platform
233:and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán
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1127:Presidencia CEN (February 12, 2015).
437:description of the site in 1859, and
208:Middle Preclassic to Terminal Classic
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809:adding citations to reliable sources
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18:
1957:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
1826:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
1819:Islands and Protected Areas of the
1721:Islands and Protected Areas of the
1657:More photos of the Monte Albán area
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1581:Minnesota State University website
544:American Museum of Natural History
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2091:Former populated places in Mexico
1913:Archaeological Monuments Zone of
1602:Monte Albán Digital Media Archive
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1519:Winter, Marcus C. (13 Dec 1974).
705:Church of Santo Domingo de Guzmán
2116:Archaeological museums in Mexico
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1893:in the Central Valley of Oaxaca
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1116:. México: Casa Editorial Gante.
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283:Latin America and the Caribbean
2096:Archaeological sites in Oaxaca
2086:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
1952:Luis Barragán House and Studio
1733:Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino
1697:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
1069:Mixteca Alta Formative Project
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697:Museo Nacional de Antropologia
577:to the north and the southern
324:, where the latter's northern
1:
2126:6th-century BC establishments
2101:Tourist attractions in Oaxaca
1937:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
1815:Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara
1749:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
1364:Journal of Social Archaeology
1193:. London: Thames and Hudson.
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312:Municipality in the southern
2003:Sian Kaʼan Biosphere Reserve
1537:10.1126/science.186.4168.981
1399:National Geographic Magazine
1303:Spencer, Charles S. (1982).
1114:Exploraciones en Monte Albán
1097:Blanton, Richard E. (1978).
1015:Building X on North Platform
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7:
1990:Historic Fortified Town of
1920:Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque
1879:and Archaeological Site of
1858:Historic Monuments Zone of
1764:Historic Monuments Zone of
1417:"Estadística de Visitantes"
1376:10.1177/1469605302002001597
1101:. New York: Academic Press.
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919:One of the stelae known as
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558:Aerial view of Monte Albán
432:Site plan for Monte Albán.
219:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2017:
1976:
1962:Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley
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1804:Revillagigedo Archipelago
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1112:Batres, Leopoldo (1902).
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606:in the Valle Grande and
562:By the beginning of the
1710:Archaeological Zone of
566:(Monte Albán II phase,
53:more precise citations.
1712:Paquimé, Casas Grandes
1268:10.1006/jaar.2000.0371
748:rising of the star of
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687:Monte Alban's panorama
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482:University of Michigan
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2052:17.04389°N 96.76778°W
2007:Pre-Hispanic Town of
1996:Pre-Hispanic City of
1966:Pre-Hispanic City of
1885:Prehistoric Caves of
1846:Pre-Hispanic City of
1779:San Miguel de Allende
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310:Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán
184:17.04389°N 96.76778°W
131:Alternative name
1612:research partnership
1595:imagery of the site
805:improve this section
353:above mean sea level
2057:17.04389; -96.76778
2048: /
2021:Shared by more one
1941:Historic Centre of
1875:Historic Centre of
1852:Historic Centre of
1808:Historic Centre of
1758:Historic Centre of
1645:View on Google Maps
1586:Virtual Monte Albán
1159:In The Cloud People
530:area in antiquity.
473:period in CE 1521.
306:archaeological site
229:Historic Centre of
189:17.04389; -96.76778
180: /
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1777:Protected town of
1774:and Adjacent Mines
1723:Gulf of California
1478:American Antiquity
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2111:Museums in Oaxaca
2106:History of Oaxaca
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1770:Historic Town of
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1474:Aveni, Anthony F.
1039:Stone carvings, L
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1427:on 8 July 2012
1419:(in Spanish).
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1484:(4): 528–31.
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821:November 2023
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59:December 2009
52:
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35:
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21:
20:
2081:Mixtec sites
2033:
1998:Chichén Itzá
1880:
1628:
1597:(in Spanish)
1556:. Retrieved
1528:
1524:
1514:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1457:. Retrieved
1429:. Retrieved
1425:the original
1411:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1370:(1): 53–80.
1367:
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1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1133:the original
1122:
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1098:
920:
842:
827:
818:
803:Please help
791:
759:
746:
742:
739:Architecture
733:
717:
708:
694:
690:
678:
666:
645:
641:
624:Field Museum
583:Sola de Vega
561:
540:Elsa Redmond
532:
524:
507:
496:Site history
490:
475:
466:Jorge Acosta
454:Alfonso Caso
451:
435:
399:
388:Late Classic
358:
350:
342:Valle Grande
298:
297:
134:Danipaguache
65:
56:
37:
2055: /
1968:Teotihuacán
1943:Mexico City
1881:Monte Albán
1860:Tlacotalpan
875:Oaxaca City
773:Agriculture
767:adobe brick
701:Mexico City
616:El Palmillo
596:Teotihuacan
471:Postclassic
456:. In 1933,
406:Alban Hills
384:Teotihuacan
361:Mesoamerica
346:Oaxaca City
301:is a large
299:Monte Albán
187: /
163:Coordinates
121:Mesoamerica
82:Monte Albán
51:introducing
2070:Categories
2043:96°46′04″W
2040:17°02′38″N
1977:South East
1947:Xochimilco
1915:Xochicalco
1869:South West
1772:Guanajuato
1704:North West
1591:site with
1459:2010-04-25
1405:: 487–512.
1080:References
649:ballcourts
608:Lambityeco
328:, eastern
254:Designated
34:references
1766:Querétaro
1760:Zacatecas
1506:162239618
1384:143925402
1339:Blanton,
792:does not
630:Monuments
575:Cuicatlán
515:Tilcajete
412:sources.
330:Tlacolula
316:state of
175:96°46′4″W
172:17°2′38″N
1992:Campeche
1985:Calakmul
1898:Palenque
1848:El Tajín
1781:and the
1553:30437023
1545:17843045
1431:25 March
1139:20 March
1057:See also
604:Zaachila
600:Cuilapan
548:New York
511:chiefdom
334:Zimatlán
246:Criteria
241:Cultural
139:Location
1810:Morelia
1558:28 July
1525:Science
921:Dancing
848:Gallery
813:removed
798:sources
750:Capella
730:Threats
620:Chicago
542:of the
480:of the
402:Zapotec
365:Zapotec
338:Ocotlán
314:Mexican
308:in the
261:session
205:Periods
200:History
47:improve
2023:region
1877:Oaxaca
1854:Puebla
1551:
1543:
1504:
1498:278959
1496:
1454:ICOMOS
1382:
1343:(1999)
1341:et al.
1197:
955:image.
939:image.
713:Mixtec
709:Tomb 7
654:Cocijo
614:, and
591:polity
579:Ejutla
519:Yegüih
380:polity
318:Oaxaca
279:Region
259:(11th
231:Oaxaca
153:Region
147:Mexico
143:Oaxaca
36:, but
2009:Uxmal
1891:Mitla
1887:Yagul
1610:CyArk
1549:S2CID
1502:S2CID
1494:JSTOR
1380:S2CID
861:Altar
612:Mitla
257:1987
1945:and
1927:UNAM
1889:and
1835:East
1792:West
1606:INAH
1589:INAH
1560:2022
1541:PMID
1433:2018
1421:INAH
1195:ISBN
1141:2015
796:any
794:cite
762:tomb
602:and
581:and
538:and
464:and
340:(or
336:and
326:Etla
238:Type
1533:doi
1529:186
1486:doi
1372:doi
1264:doi
807:by
699:in
622:'s
546:in
534:by
273:415
2072::
1593:VR
1547:.
1539:.
1527:.
1523:.
1500:.
1492:.
1482:37
1480:.
1452:.
1441:^
1403:62
1401:.
1378:.
1366:.
1327:16
1325:.
1313:^
1295:^
1287:36
1285:.
1260:20
1258:.
1241:23
1239:.
1221:15
1219:.
1167:^
1087:^
656:.
610:,
568:c.
449:.
392:c.
373:c.
145:,
1987:,
1689:e
1682:t
1675:v
1608:/
1562:.
1535::
1508:.
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1386:.
1374::
1368:2
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1143:.
834:)
828:(
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801:.
390:(
263:)
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
