25:
678:
Some notable exceptions to this monophthongization are some rural
Lebanese dialects, which preserve the original pronunciations of some of the diphthongs. Other urban Lebanese dialects, such as in
1110:
underwent monophthongization two times─18th century, and 20th century. Their common point is that all of the monophthongized vowels were falling diphthongs. In 18th century,
1158:
964:(monophthongization in the earliest stages of New High German) is particularly important in today's Standard German. It changed the diphthongs
876:
89:
1021:
dialects in the south did not undergo the monophthongization changes and thus these dialects remain in an older language state.
587:
61:
1305:
1249:
852:; unlike smoothing, this type of monophthongization (which Wells terms "monophthonging") does not require a following vowel.
840:, . The centring diphthong deriving from smoothing and syllabicity loss may further undergo monophthongization, realizing
808:
and other accents of
English. (Some have called this "levelling", but this is rarely used because it may be confused with
68:
786:
42:
108:
1053:
75:
730:
that may be perceived by native speakers as single vowels are in fact diphthongs; an example is the vowel sound in
749:
169:
57:
46:
1013:
The New High German monophthongization started in the 11th century in the center of the German-speaking area.
336:
772:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1096:
1080:
1076:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
941:
937:
921:
917:
902:
898:
894:
890:
837:
825:
821:
817:
801:
762:
743:
735:
703:
699:
687:
683:
668:
664:
656:
652:
648:
644:
627:
that formerly represented diphthongs now represent monophthongs. The opposite of monophthongization is
623:, as diphthongs are also known as gliding vowels. In languages that have undergone monophthongization,
580:
855:
Smoothing can occur across word boundaries in the same conditions (closing diphthong + vowel), as in
770:
758:
747:
351:
128:
816:, pronounced without smoothing, becomes with smoothing. Smoothing applies particularly readily to
1291:
519:
319:
291:
137:
707:
489:
401:
251:
226:
216:
144:
35:
514:
82:
805:
494:
301:
1340:
1057:
1032:
underwent monophthongization at many points during its history. For instance, the diphthongs
624:
573:
484:
284:
8:
913:
660:
444:
256:
164:
785:. Monophthongization is also one of the most widely used and distinguishing features of
1143:
549:
509:
406:
326:
1301:
1245:
1218:
1014:
809:
727:
544:
534:
370:
271:
1182:
1196:
1018:
739:
397:
1295:
1187:
1107:
1068:
757:
Some dialects of
English make monophthongs from former diphthongs. For instance,
711:
695:
672:
189:
1153:
1135:
1029:
886:
715:
628:
331:
231:
184:
179:
1200:
1334:
1084:
539:
381:
360:
346:
306:
604:
416:
341:
296:
174:
124:
1049:
616:
612:
559:
554:
474:
411:
1242:
African
American Hip Hop Slang: A Sociolinguistic Study of Street Speech
1148:
933:
640:
479:
440:
364:
209:
608:
529:
449:
423:
356:
266:
200:
998:
698:, which is known mostly for keeping the Classical Arabic diphthongs
24:
1010:
The digraph "ie" has kept its spelling despite monophthongization.
906:
504:
499:
469:
221:
157:
706:. Some varieties might maintain the diphthong for words recently
430:
261:
244:
1075:, which formerly represented a diphthong, represents the sound
679:
435:
390:
800:
is a monophthongization of a closing diphthong (most commonly
877:
Phonological history of Old
English § Anglian smoothing
691:
909:, but these may remain as diphthongs under sandhi rules.
663:. This monophthongization has further developed into
1244:. Wrocłąw: Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT. pp. 82–83.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1054:Ancient Greek phonology § Monophthongization
1332:
1268:, Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 238–242.
1219:"Some Cases of the Syllable in Southern English"
1159:Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic
1071:underwent monophthongization and so the digraph
924:are written with the letters for the diphthongs
1183:"A methodological suggestion on /aj/ ungliding"
1040:around the 5th century BC, and the diphthong
581:
1281:, Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 240.
936:and related alphabets. The vowel sequences
588:
574:
1290:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
651:, which are realised as the long vowels
1239:
881:
1333:
1279:Accents of English I: An Introduction
1266:Accents of English I: An Introduction
1216:
1212:
1210:
1180:
962:frühneuhochdeutsche Monophthongierung
1176:
1174:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
991:Before 11th century > nowadays:
944:exist in Hindi, but are written as
804:) before a vowel that can occur in
787:African American Vernacular English
13:
1207:
1052:period. For more information, see
848:as or , similar or identical to
836:, or with the syllabicity loss of
738:. However, in some dialects (e.g.
14:
1352:
1171:
1322:A history of the German language
23:
1223:Southern Journal of Linguistics
761:tends to realize the diphthong
170:Consonant voicing and devoicing
34:needs additional citations for
1314:
1284:
1271:
1258:
1233:
870:
1:
1164:
1118:. Similarly, in 20th century
1297:A Vedic Grammar for Students
952:, with long initial vowels.
792:
7:
1129:
690:. Another exception is the
10:
1357:
1095:represent the monophthong
999:
905:respectively in Classical
874:
721:
1292:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony
1201:10.1215/00031283-75-2-221
1102:
1099:due to the same process.
1087:. Similarly, the digraph
1063:
955:
759:Southern American English
671:, respectively, in urban
639:Classical Arabic had two
634:
1240:Garcarz, Michał (2013).
1024:
897:later monophthongize to
520:Compensatory lengthening
292:Compensatory lengthening
1300:. Motilal Banarsidass.
145:Quantitative metathesis
806:Received Pronunciation
769:as a long monophthong
673:North African dialects
619:. It is also known as
1058:Koine Greek phonology
1006:brüeder > Brüder
875:Further information:
777:, a feature known as
682:, use the mid vowels
1217:Hazen, Kirk (2006).
1181:Hazen, Kirk (2000).
960:The so-called early
882:Indo-Aryan languages
285:Transphonologization
58:"Monophthongization"
43:improve this article
1122:monophthongized to
1114:monophthongized to
1093:⟨eau⟩
1044:monophthongized to
1036:monophthongized to
165:Consonant gradation
1144:Fusion (phonetics)
1089:⟨au⟩
1073:⟨ai⟩
995:liebe > liebe
916:, the pure vowels
601:Monophthongization
550:Consonant mutation
525:Monophthongization
407:Consonant mutation
16:Vowel sound change
1307:978-81-208-1052-5
1251:978-83-7432-938-5
810:dialect levelling
746:is a monophthong
598:
597:
545:Shm-reduplication
535:Rhinoglottophilia
371:Consonant harmony
272:Cluster reduction
119:
118:
111:
93:
1348:
1325:
1320:Waterman, J.T.,
1318:
1312:
1311:
1288:
1282:
1277:Wells, John C.,
1275:
1269:
1264:Wells, John C.,
1262:
1256:
1255:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1178:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1002:
1001:
976:to respectively
943:
939:
923:
919:
904:
900:
896:
892:
839:
827:
823:
819:
812:.) For example,
803:
802:/eɪ,aɪ,ɔɪ,əʊ,aʊ/
776:
764:
753:
745:
740:Scottish English
737:
705:
701:
689:
685:
670:
666:
658:
654:
650:
646:
590:
583:
576:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1238:
1234:
1215:
1208:
1188:American Speech
1179:
1172:
1167:
1132:
1105:
1092:
1088:
1072:
1066:
1027:
958:
884:
879:
873:
824:when preceding
795:
724:
714:or use them in
712:Standard Arabic
696:Tunisian Arabic
661:Arabic dialects
637:
594:
565:
564:
465:
457:
456:
455:
454:
426:
393:
376:
375:
352:Final devoicing
322:
312:
311:
287:
277:
276:
247:
237:
236:
212:
195:
194:
190:Debuccalization
160:
150:
149:
140:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1327:
1326:
1313:
1306:
1283:
1270:
1257:
1250:
1232:
1206:
1195:(2): 221–224.
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1154:Vowel breaking
1151:
1146:
1141:
1131:
1128:
1104:
1101:
1065:
1062:
1026:
1023:
1008:
1007:
1004:
996:
957:
954:
887:Vedic Sanskrit
883:
880:
872:
869:
794:
791:
783:/ay/ ungliding
779:/aj/ ungliding
728:English sounds
723:
720:
716:free variation
636:
633:
629:vowel breaking
596:
595:
593:
592:
585:
578:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
452:
447:
438:
433:
427:
422:
421:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
394:
389:
388:
385:
384:
378:
377:
374:
373:
368:
354:
349:
344:
339:
337:Palatalization
334:
332:Coarticulation
329:
323:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
248:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
232:Vowel breaking
229:
224:
219:
213:
208:
207:
204:
203:
197:
196:
193:
192:
187:
185:L-vocalization
182:
180:Spirantization
177:
172:
167:
161:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
141:
136:
135:
132:
131:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1353:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1109:
1100:
1091:and trigraph
1086:
1085:Modern French
1070:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1005:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
953:
951:
947:
935:
931:
927:
915:
910:
908:
888:
878:
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
835:
831:
828:, hence for
815:
811:
807:
799:
790:
788:
784:
780:
774:
768:
760:
755:
751:
741:
734:, pronounced
733:
729:
719:
717:
713:
709:
697:
693:
681:
676:
674:
662:
642:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
591:
586:
584:
579:
577:
572:
571:
569:
568:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:Sulcalization
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
461:
460:
451:
448:
446:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
425:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
399:
396:
395:
392:
387:
386:
383:
382:Dissimilation
380:
379:
372:
369:
366:
362:
361:vowel harmony
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Labialization
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
321:
316:
315:
308:
307:Floating tone
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
286:
281:
280:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
246:
241:
240:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
211:
206:
205:
202:
199:
198:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
159:
154:
153:
146:
143:
142:
139:
134:
133:
130:
126:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1341:Vowel shifts
1321:
1316:
1296:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1192:
1186:
1136:
1106:
1067:
1028:
1012:
1009:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
959:
949:
945:
929:
925:
911:
885:
864:
860:
856:
854:
849:
845:
841:
833:
829:
813:
797:
796:
782:
778:
766:
756:
731:
725:
677:
659:in numerous
638:
620:
615:, a type of
605:sound change
600:
599:
524:
417:Vowel hiatus
342:Velarization
320:Assimilation
297:Nasalization
175:Assibilation
125:Sound change
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1050:Koine Greek
889:diphthongs
871:Old English
694:dialect of
617:vowel shift
613:monophthong
607:by which a
560:Chain shift
555:Vowel shift
475:Affrication
464:Other types
412:Tone sandhi
302:Tonogenesis
129:alternation
1165:References
1149:Synaeresis
1139:-smoothing
1003:> gute
934:Devanagari
914:Hindustani
641:diphthongs
611:becomes a
480:Gemination
441:Synaeresis
210:Epenthesis
138:Metathesis
69:newspapers
1019:Alemannic
832:and for
798:Smoothing
793:Smoothing
621:ungliding
609:diphthong
530:Rhotacism
450:Synizesis
445:diaeresis
424:Synalepha
402:linking R
357:Metaphony
267:Haplology
252:Apheresis
227:Unpacking
217:Prothesis
201:Fortition
99:June 2021
1335:Category
1294:(1916).
1130:See also
1015:Bavarian
907:Sanskrit
861:they eat
850:far, tar
708:borrowed
625:digraphs
505:Iotacism
500:Betacism
490:Fronting
485:Clipping
470:Apophony
222:Paragoge
158:Lenition
1324:, 1966.
1048:in the
857:way out
722:English
495:Raising
431:Elision
398:Liaison
262:Apocope
257:Syncope
245:Elision
83:scholar
1304:
1248:
1120:/oiui/
1112:/ɐiəi/
1108:Korean
1103:Korean
1069:French
1064:French
1038:/eːoː/
1034:/eiou/
956:German
865:go off
765:as in
736:/ˈpeɪ/
680:Beirut
635:Arabic
515:Merger
510:Fusion
436:Crasis
391:Sandhi
365:umlaut
327:Fusion
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1030:Greek
1025:Greek
1000:guote
942:/aːʊ/
938:/aːɪ/
846:tower
834:tower
814:chaos
775:]
771:[
752:]
748:[
726:Some
710:from
603:is a
90:JSTOR
76:books
1302:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1137:Idea
1124:/øy/
1116:/ɛe/
1056:and
1046:/eː/
1042:/ai/
1017:and
984:and
972:and
948:and
940:and
928:and
922:/ɔː/
920:and
918:/ɛː/
903:/oː/
901:and
899:/eː/
895:/ɐʊ/
893:and
891:/ɐɪ/
844:and
842:fire
830:fire
822:/aʊ/
820:and
818:/aɪ/
763:/aɪ/
744:/eɪ/
704:/aw/
702:and
700:/aj/
692:Sfax
688:/oː/
686:and
684:/eː/
669:/uː/
667:and
665:/iː/
657:/oː/
655:and
653:/eː/
649:/aw/
647:and
645:/aj/
443:and
127:and
62:news
1197:doi
1097:/o/
1083:in
1081:/e/
1079:or
1077:/ɛ/
932:in
912:In
863:,
859:,
838:/ə/
826:/ə/
781:or
767:eye
732:pay
45:by
1337::
1227:28
1225:.
1221:.
1209:^
1193:75
1191:.
1185:.
1173:^
1126:.
1060:.
988::
980:,
978:ie
974:üe
970:uo
968:,
966:ie
950:āu
946:āi
930:au
926:ai
867:.
789:.
773:äː
754:.
742:)
718:.
675:.
643:,
631:.
400:,
363:,
1310:.
1254:.
1229:.
1203:.
1199::
986:ü
982:u
750:e
589:e
582:t
575:v
367:)
359:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
