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20:
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the depiction of the emperor, odd on a piece he would wear himself, as is the depiction of a figure representing
Humility. If it belonged to the emperor, or came to do so when Pergamenos' possessions were later confiscated, then after the celebrations it would have been stored in the Imperial treasure chamber and then later sent to Hungary as a diplomatic gift. Alternatively it may have escaped Byzantium in the wake of the downfall of Pergamenos. Another possibility is that it is simply loot from the Crusaders'
202:, or some version of it, though it seems unlikely that any elements of the present crown are that old. The fact that Andrew, who had taken power near the end of September 1046, was first able to be crowned in February 1047 could by attributed to the need for a royal embassy to travel from Hungary to Constantinople and back in winter in order to bring the Monomachus crown to Hungary. In 1057 the young King
290:, a fabric pouch which held dust and symbolised the transience of the material world. The Emperor's crown is decorated at its peaks with three balls. The Empresses wear the same crown. They hold a sceptre in their inner hand and point to Emperor Constantine with their outer hand. He wears the ceremonial robes of a Byzantine ruler with
494:
The triumph of
Stephanos Pergamenos was approved by the Emperor at the last moment and Dawson argued that rushed production could explain the coarse finish and spelling errors; if it was given to Pergamenos, the lower quality and relative plainness of the piece are explicable. The same would apply to
419:
expressed the view that the
Monomachus Crown might be a nineteenth-century forgery. He was led to this opinion by the plain design, coarse finish and the erroneous and unusual captions, when combined with the circumstances of the discovery and plausible models for a forgery. In all these respects the
225:
near Ivanka pri Nitre. Solomon had the treasure and the crown buried and barricaded himself behind the walls of
Pozsony. When Henry IV launched an expedition in September 1074 to restore Solomon to the Hungarian throne, the army of the Emperor abandoned him and rode along the Valley of the Váh in the
427:
In his article, "The State of
Research into the Monomachos Crown and Some Further Thoughts," which addresses Nicolas Oikonomidès' theory in detail and largely argues against it, Etele Kiss of the Hungarian National Museum mentioned that the crown could have been made for the emperor, to be presented
250:
The seven gold plates are between 5 and 4.2 cm wide and between 11.5 and 8.7 cm tall. They have asymmetrically cut holes whose size and arrangement suggests that the plates were originally connected by a fabric or leather band. It is possible that remains of golden bands for connecting the
136:
In 1860 a farmer near
Nyitraivánka discovered the treasure while plowing. The objects passed to a member of the local landowning nobility, who sold them in four transactions to the Hungarian National Museum between 1861 and 1870, the last sale posthumously via a dealer named Markovits. Also sold
390:
John
Beckwith saw in the crown a change in style from the enamels of the previous century: "All the figures are visualized in terms of pattern rather than form; the sense of space and depth so typical of the tenth-century enamels has been jettisoned for intricate detail and superficial charm."
371:
The two smaller plates depicting dancing women are identical rather than symmetrical. Their backgrounds are also decorated with foliage, but they lack identifying inscriptions. The dancers wave their veils over their heads and bend their right leg sharply backwards. The idea that they are
90:. Two gold medallions enamelled with saints and a small piece with cut glass in a setting were also found; probably they did not form part of the same object. The group has puzzling aspects that have long made it the subject of scholarly debate; it was probably made in
435:
Already in 1997, Henry
Maguire had argued that the plaques were intended to be sewn to a leather or cloth backing, and suggested a belt, for which there are some sources, or diadem. He related the dancers to a "chorus of graces" supposed, at least in Byzantine
251:
plates were found. It is also possible that the seven plates were fastened to a fabric cap. The coarse finish of the decoration, the low purity of the gold plates and the presence of errors in the depiction of the clothing and in the inscriptions are notable.
242:
387:. According to their inscriptions they represent the Virtues of "η αλιθηα" (ἡ ἀλήθεια, Sincerity) and "η τα<π>ινοσις" (ἡ ταπείνωσις, Humility). Sincerity holds a cross in one hand and points to her mouth, while Humility crosses her arms over her chest.
263:. On the plate to the left is his wife, Zoe. On the plate to the right, is Zoe's sister, Theodora. On the smaller panels to the right and left of the Empresses are two dancing female figures. The smallest plates depict the personifications of two
463:
written a century earlier describes how the emperor was presented with a crown on returning after a victory, which he then wore on his right arm. Dawson suggested that the most likely recipients in
Constantine IX's reign were
372:
professional dancers may be contradicted by the haloes on their heads, which indicates that they belong to the sacred realm. However, sacred dancing is rare in
Christianity, at least before the Renaissance, and the
254:
The central and largest plate shows Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus, who was Byzantine Emperor from 1042 to 1055. A Greek inscription on the panel reads: Κῶνστάντινος Αυτοκράτο<ρ> Ρομεον ο Μονομαχο<ς>,
399:
In 1937 Magda von Bárány-Oberschall investigated the enameled gold plates. The size of the crown formed from the plates led her to argue that it had to be a Byzantine consort's crown from the eleventh century.
151:
The general assumption was for long that the crown "seems almost certainly to be a female crown and was presumably a gift to the wife of a Hungarian king", or to the king himself. In 1045 the
568:
148:. These medallions lack holes for nails, unlike the gold plates. In the view of Magda von Bárány-Oberschall and most scholars they almost certainly do not belong to the Monomachus Crown.
349:
hanging diagonally from a belt. Zoe, who was 64 years old in 1042 is depicted in an idealised way as a young woman. Their inscriptions read: "Θέοδώρα ἡ ἐυσαιβεστατι Αυγουστα,"
825:
Nicolas Oikonomidès, La couronne dite de Constantin Monomaque, Travaux et Mémoires (Centre de Recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance) 12 (1994) S. 241–262
174:
According to the traditional account, Andrew or his queen would have received the crown from Constantine IX at this juncture. He was in need of a new crown, since
376:
is most unusual in a context to do with public imperial ceremony and coronation, where the Byzantines placed great stress on the emperor as God's agent on earth.
465:
773:
Magda von Bárány-Oberschall, "Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája. The Crown of the Emperor Constantine Monomachos." Budapest 1937, pp. 86 ff.
440:, to form a ring around the emperor, dancing and singing his praises. The motifs of birds and plants are metaphors for the virtues of the emperor.
727:
329:
is a broad collar decorated with pearls and gemstones. The three members of the imperial family wear red shoes on their feet and stand atop a
544:
927:
443:
In 2009 Timothy Dawson elaborated on these arguments, proposing that the crown was actually a ceremonial armband, a grand version of an
450:
814:
Magda von Bárány-Oberschall: Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája. The Crown of the Emperor Constantine Monomachos. Budapest 1937
1004:
487:
records that the emperor sat between the two empresses to view the procession, which the placement of the plaques may reflect. The
317:
is a sash, richly decorated with gemstones, pearls and embroidery which wraps around the shoulders and hips. One end of the
514:
529:
556:
944:
752:
715:
666:
935:
Etele Kiss. "The State of Research into the Monomachos Crown and Some Further Thoughts." in Olenka Z. Pevny (Ed.):
460:
206:
was also crowned with this crown. Other, very different, possibilities have been suggested and are covered below.
966:
921:
445:
175:
138:
268:
218:
1050:
734:
Wien 1966, pp. 199-200; the oldest elements of the present Holy Crown are now usually dated to the 1070s.
1040:
1025:
Die byzantinische Emailkunst: Vom 5. bis 13. Jahrhundert. Beiträge zur Kunst des christlichen Ostens.
130:
75:
63:
234:. Possibly this was a futile attempt to recover the buried crown near the ford of Ivanka pri Nitre.
1060:
639:
379:
Two even smaller panels each depict a female figure with a halo on a plain golden background, with
403:
363:
125:
535:
470:
83:
1045:
690:
970:
416:
948:
491:
is a medieval variation, more often part of coronation regalia, which may also be relevant.
199:
106:
19:
1055:
984:
Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája. The Crown of the Emperor Constantine Monomachos.
745:Überlieferung und Auftrag. Festschrift für Michel de Ferdinandy zum sechzigsten Geburtstag.
708:Überlieferung und Auftrag. Festschrift für Michel de Ferdinandy zum sechzigsten Geburtstag.
483:
at the Battle of Ostrobos on 2 February 1043, or the emperor himself on the same occasion.
420:
crown contrasts strongly with the Holy Crown of Hungary. He suspected the forger came from
191:
179:
743:
Julius Grexa, '"Die Probleme der ungarischen Königskrone." In Josef Gerhard Farkas (Ed.):
137:
were the two smaller cloisonné medallions found with the crown plaques, with busts of the
8:
706:
Julius Grexa, "Die Probleme der ungarischen Königskrone." in Josef Gerhard Farkas (Ed.):
575:
352:
271:
on their heads and (except for the Virtues) are surrounded by flowering vines, birds and
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145:
79:
47:
962:
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183:
164:
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28:
98:
989:
Iwan Bach, Sándor Mihalik. "Problematik der Rekonstruktion der Monomachos-Krone,"
955:
The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261
484:
480:
958:
496:
384:
91:
39:
1018:
Travaux et Mémoires, Centre de Recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance
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429:
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had been married to Irene (Maria), a daughter of Constantine IX since 1046.
500:
59:
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110:
258:
187:
231:
730:
casts doubt on the idea that this original crown was made in Rome in
432:, thus explaining the presence of the dancers, one area of debate. .
340:
330:
324:
318:
312:
303:
295:
55:
437:
105:, then Nyitraivánka in Hungary. If it is a crown, it is, with the
102:
87:
67:
97:
The group was unearthed in 1860 by a farmer in what is now called
1016:
Nicolas Oikonomidès. "La couronne dite de Constantin Monomaque,"
885:
380:
336:
280:
272:
214:
71:
479:
who was a surprising success as a general, for his victory over
695:
Ungarn-Jahrbuch. Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Hungarologie
488:
476:
421:
412:
286:
264:
210:
74:. It consists of seven gold plates depicting Byzantine Emperor
222:
217:
in order to seek the protection of his brother-in-law Emperor
996:
Etele Kiss. "Új eredmények a Monomachus-korona kutatásában?"
297:
227:
213:
and escaped with the crown and treasure in the direction of
178:
had captured the original crown (supposedly donated to king
195:
829:
Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Jahrgang
638:
Also called Agmunda, she would become the mother of King
291:
221:. Soldiers of Geza apprehended him as he was fording the
937:
Perceptions of Byzantium and Its Neighbours (843–1261).
1027:
Vol. 4. Bongers, Recklinghausen 1967, pp. 98–106.
961:, William D. Wixom, 1997, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
831:
51. 1995, Heft 2, Besprechungen und Anzeigen, Nr. 187
367:
Personification of Humility (left) and Dancer (right)
916:, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 2nd edn. 1979,
424:, without however being able to put a name to him.
323:falls to his hem, the other is tied around it. The
109:of a few decades later (also in Budapest) and the
659:Die ungarische Staatsbildung und Ostmitteleuropa.
1032:
803:The Crown of the Emperor Constantine Monomachos.
657:(PDF-Datei; 370 kB) in Ferenc Glatz (Ed.):
503:thereafter. All these are speculative accounts.
117:, one of only three surviving Byzantine crowns.
616:
614:
612:
610:
896:
894:
691:"Corona Regia – Corona Regni – Sacra Corona."
339:of an Empress with the female version of the
929:The Monomachos Crown – Towards a Resolution.
607:
394:
198:. According to popular legend this was the
891:
278:The Emperor is depicted standing, with the
1005:A Monomakhos-korona és I. András koronázás
800:Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája.
794:
792:
790:
788:
661:Europa Institut Budapest, Budapest 2002,
649:
647:
402:
383:on either side of them, symbolising the
362:
241:
124:
18:
808:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
360:. The Greek of both is full of errors.
1033:
993:, IX, Budapest 1963, pp. 513–514.
852:
785:
644:
284:in his right hand and in his left the
1000:XLVI, Budapest 1997, pp. 125–162
356:and "Ζώη οι ευσαιβαῖστάτη Αυγουστα,"
672:
655:"Ungarn und Rus' um das Jahr 1000."
345:costume, including the shield-like
13:
976:
308:, Byzantine symbols of rulership.
14:
1072:
914:Early Christian and Byzantine Art
54:) is a set of pieces of engraved
932:Byzantina Symmeikta, Athen 2009.
578:'s Byzantine crown, 12th century
567:
555:
543:
528:
513:
461:Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
209:In 1057 Solomon was besieged by
1020:, 12 (1994) pp. 241–262, 8
879:
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550:Dancer and ἡ ἀλήθεια, Sincerity
335:. Both women wear the complete
798:Magda von Bárány-Oberschall,
721:
700:
632:
623:
598:
589:
497:sack of Constantinople in 1204
237:
1:
982:Magda von Bárány-Oberschall.
906:
261:of the Romans, the Monomachos
163:, a daughter of Grand Prince
129:The central panel, depicting
341:
331:
325:
319:
313:
304:
296:
7:
10:
1077:
969:, 9780870997778, no. 145,
747:Pressler, Wiesbaden 1972,
732:Die heilige Krone Ungarns.
710:Pressler, Wiesbaden 1972,
693:(PDF-Datei; 2,56 MB)
506:
358:Zoe the Most Pious Augusta
120:
26:
395:Authenticity and function
131:Constantine IX Monomachus
76:Constantine IX Monomachus
64:Hungarian National Museum
58:goldwork, decorated with
43:
805:Budapest 1937 pp. 60–78.
697:, Band 7, 1976. S. 45–46
583:
449:given to soldiers as an
351:Theodora the Most Pious
194:and had sent it back to
27:Not to be confused with
408:
368:
247:
133:
86:, two dancers and two
51:
24:
991:Acta historiae artium
653:Alexander Nasarenko,
407:The crown from behind
406:
366:
245:
200:Holy Crown of Hungary
128:
107:Holy Crown of Hungary
22:
501:period of Latin rule
466:Stephanos Pergamenos
430:triumphal procession
44:Στέμμα του Μονομάχου
23:The Monomachus Crown
953:Maguire, Henry, in
689:Szabolcs de Vajay,
576:Constance of Aragon
417:Nicolas Oikonomidès
294:decoration and the
267:. The figures have
186:in 1000) from King
115:Constance of Aragon
88:allegorical figures
1051:Kingdom of Hungary
998:Folia Archeologica
409:
369:
248:
190:in 1045 after the
134:
52:Monomakhosz-korona
25:
1041:Individual crowns
926:Dawson, Timothy.
823:Franz Tinnefeld:
184:Pope Silvester II
165:Yaroslav the Wise
161:Anastasia of Kiev
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912:Beckwith, John,
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167:, whose brother
99:Ivanka pri Nitre
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36:Monomachus Crown
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977:Further reading
939:New York 2000,
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192:Battle of Ménfő
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62:enamel, in the
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16:Byzantine crown
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1012:) pp. 289–314.
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1056:1040s works
957:, Editors,
900:Dawson, 190
876:Dawson, 189
629:Kiss, 60-64
595:Kiss, 60-62
469: [
374:iconography
238:Description
111:kamelaukion
78:, his wife
1035:Categories
967:0870997777
922:0140560335
907:References
888:, 17.22.19
728:Josef Deér
475:, a court
188:Samuel Aba
169:Vsevolod I
1010:XXI (2014
499:, or the
381:cypresses
347:thorakion
332:suppedion
326:maniakion
305:maniakion
273:cypresses
180:Stephen I
176:Henry III
153:Hungarian
94:in 1042.
60:cloisonné
56:Byzantine
48:Hungarian
764:Kiss, 63
718:, p. 416
669:, S. 199
604:Kiss, 62
574:Empress
536:Theodora
520:Empress
438:rhetoric
219:Henry IV
159:married
157:Andrew I
139:apostles
103:Slovakia
84:Theodora
68:Budapest
886:Zonaras
640:Solomon
507:Gallery
446:armilla
353:Augusta
337:regalia
281:labarum
265:Virtues
259:Emperor
232:Šintava
215:Pozsony
204:Solomon
121:History
72:Hungary
965:
943:
920:
858:Dawson
751:
714:
665:
489:armill
477:eunuch
453:. The
422:Venice
287:akakia
211:Geza I
146:Andrew
584:Notes
473:]
451:award
428:in a
413:Greek
342:loros
320:loros
314:loros
298:loros
269:halos
228:Nitra
155:King
142:Peter
40:Greek
1008:FONS
963:ISBN
941:ISBN
918:ISBN
840:Kiss
782:Kiss
749:ISBN
712:ISBN
663:ISBN
311:The
302:and
230:and
196:Rome
144:and
34:The
522:Zoe
459:of
292:ivy
223:Váh
182:by
113:of
101:in
80:Zoe
66:in
1037::
947:,
893:^
827:,
787:^
674:^
646:^
609:^
471:de
275:.
70:,
50::
46:;
42::
538:,
38:(
31:.
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