Cloisonné - Knowledge

1015: 962: 573: 1031: 27: 1000: 933: 896: 728: 596: 638: 818: 782: 988: 616: 798: 911: 762: 169: 549: 1370: 192: 1389: 468: 354: 1354: 1086: 744: 55: 1077:. Fabergé developed a style of raised and contoured metal shapes rising from the base plate, which were filled, though more thinly than in most cloisonné (effectively painted), leaving the metal edges clear. This is usually called cloisonné or "raised cloisonné", though the appropriateness of the term might be disputed, as in other types of cloisonné the surface is smooth, which is not the case with these. 1094: 262:, are frequently described as using "enamel", many scholars doubt the glass paste was sufficiently melted to be properly so described, and use terms such as "glass-paste". It seems possible that in Egyptian conditions the melting point of the glass and gold were too close to make enamel a viable technique. Nonetheless, there appear to be a few actual examples of enamel, perhaps from the 1152:

completely before firing, which is done by putting the article, with its enamel fillings, in a kiln. The enamel in the cloisons will sink down a lot after firing, due to melting and shrinkage of the granular nature of the glass powder, much as sugar melting in an oven. This process is repeated until all cloisons are filled to the top of the wire edge.

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to adhere the cloison wires has fallen out of favor due to its difficulty, with the exception of some "purist contemporary enamellists" who create fine watch faces and high quality very expensive jewelry. Instead of soldering the cloisons to the base metal, the base metal is fired with a thin layer of clear enamel. The

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wire pattern may consist of several intricately constructed wire patterns that fit together into a larger design. Solder can be used to join the wires, but this causes the enamel to discolour and form bubbles later on. Most existing Byzantine enamels have soldered cloisons, however the use of solder

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is a related enameling technique which uses clear enamels and no metal backplate, producing an object that has the appearance of a miniature stained glass object - in effect cloisonné with no backing. Plique-a'-jour is usually created on a base of mica or thin copper which is subsequently peeled off

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began again to use much thinner wire more freely to allow much more complex designs to be used, with larger and less geometric compartments, which was only possible using enamel. These were still on relatively small objects, although numbers of plaques could be set into larger objects, such as the

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pieces mostly use garnet cloisonné, but this is sometimes combined with enamel in the same piece. A problem that adds to the uncertainty over early enamel is artefacts (typically excavated) that appear to have been prepared for enamel, but have now lost whatever filled the cloisons. This occurs in

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In Byzantine pieces, and even more in Chinese work, the wire by no means always encloses a separate color of enamel. Sometime a wire is used just for decorative effect, stopping in the middle of a field of enamel, and sometimes the boundary between two enamel colors is not marked by a wire. In the

658:(1425–35), which however show a full use of Chinese styles suggesting considerable experience in the technique. It was initially regarded with suspicion by Chinese connoisseurs, firstly as being foreign, and secondly as appealing to feminine taste. However, by the beginning of the 18th century the 113:

or affixing silver or gold as wires or thin strips placed on their edges. These remain visible in the finished piece, separating the different compartments of the enamel or inlays, which are often of several colors. Cloisonné enamel objects are worked on with enamel powder made into a paste, which

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Vitreous enamels in the different colors are ground to fine powders in an agate or porcelain mortar and pestle, then washed to remove the impurities that would discolor the fired enamel. The enamel is made from silica, niter, and lead oxide to which metallic oxides are added for coloring. These

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brooch with glass-paste in the gallery. Thick ribbons of gold were soldered to the base of the sunken area to be decorated to make the compartments, before adding the stones or paste. In the Byzantine world the technique was developed into the thin-wire style suitable only for enamel described

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which is ground again before application. Each color of enamel is prepared this way before it is used and then mixed with a very dilute solution of gum tragacanth. Using fine spatulas, brushes or droppers, the enameler places the fine colored powder into each cloison. The piece is left to dry

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backgrounds, and the saint illustrated here. The wires and enamels are then added as before. The outline of the design will be apparent on the reverse of the base plate. The transition between the two techniques occurs around 900 in Byzantine enamel, and 1000 in the West, though with important

486:, where the spaces for the enamel to fill are created by making recesses (using various methods) into the base object, rather than building up compartments from it, as in cloisonné. This happened during the 11th century in most centres in Western Europe, though not in Byzantium; the 541:

models, and other applications, though in these the metal base is normally cast with the compartments in place, so the use of the term cloisonné, though common, is questionable. That technique is correctly referred to by goldsmiths, metalsmiths and enamellists as champlevé.

932: 105:, glass and other materials were also used during older periods; indeed cloisonné enamel very probably began as an easier imitation of cloisonné work using gems. The resulting objects can also be called cloisonné. The decoration is formed by first adding compartments ( 1125:

and is usually about .010 x .040 inches in cross section. It is bent into shapes that define the colored areas. The bends are all done at right angles, so that the wire does not curve up. This is done with small pliers, tweezers, and custom-made jigs. The

961: 572: 221:, and the earliest enamel all used the cloisonné technique, placing the enamel within small cells with gold walls. This had been used as a technique to hold pieces of stone and gems tightly in place since the 3rd millennium BC, for example in 2063: 322:, as well as glass and enamel, with small thick-walled cloisons. Red garnets and gold made an attractive contrast of colours, and for Christians the garnet was a symbol of Christ. This type is now thought to have originated in the 653:

in the 13–14th centuries; the first written reference is in a book of 1388, where it is called "Dashi ware". No Chinese pieces clearly from the 14th century are known, the earliest datable pieces being from the reign of the

426:("full" enamel, literally "full melt") technique where the whole of a gold base plate is to be covered in enamel. The edges of the plate are turned up to form a reservoir, and gold wires are soldered in place to form the 1167:

wire when the enamel is molten, producing a concave appearance. Convex cloissoné is produced by overfilling each cloison, at the last firing. This gives each color area the appearance of slightly rounded mounds. Flat

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Byzantine plaque at right the first feature may be seen in the top wire on the saint's black sleeve, and the second in the white of his eyes and collar. Both are also seen in the Chinese bowl illustrated at top right.

833:, Japanese cloisonné enamel reached a technical peak, producing items more advanced than any that had existed before. The period from 1890 to 1910 was known as the "Golden age" of Japanese enamels. An early centre of 436:("sunk" enamel, literally "sunk melt") technique the parts of the base plate to hold the design are hammered down, leaving a surrounding gold background, as also seen in contemporary Byzantine icons and mosaics with 126:

techniques using thinner wires were developed to allow more pictorial images to be produced, mostly used for religious images and jewellery, and by then always using enamel. This was used in Europe, especially in

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In antiquity, the cloisonné technique was mostly used for jewellery and small fittings for clothes, weapons or similar small objects decorated with geometric or schematic designs, with thick cloison walls. In the

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is the most common. After all the cloisons are filled the enamel is ground down to a smooth surface with lapidary equipment, using the same techniques as are used for polishing cabochon stones. The top of the

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surrounding bare metal. In turn champlevé was replaced by the 14th or 15th century by painted enamels, once techniques were evolved that allowed the enamel to be painted onto a flat background without running.

1581:. There are disputes as to whether, or when, such materials were fired with the object, or fired separately first and then cut into pieces to be inlaid like gems. It seems both methods may have been used. See 298:

several different regions, from ancient Egypt to Anglo-Saxon England. Once enamel becomes more common, as in medieval Europe after about 1000, the assumption that enamel was originally used becomes safer.

251:, thicker strips form the cloisons, which remain small. In Egypt gemstones and enamel-like materials sometimes called "glass-paste" were both used. Although Egyptian pieces, including jewellery from the 595: 1454:

In French "cloison" is a general word for "compartment" or "partition" or "cell", in English the word is normally only used in the specialized context of cloisonné work, and apparently dentistry (

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We doubt if any form of the enameller's art can equal the work executed in Japan, which is distinguished by great freedom of design, and the most exquisite gradations of color.

999: 674:(1450–57), although 19th century or modern pieces are far more common. The Chinese industry seems to have benefited from a number of skilled Byzantine refugees fleeing the 281:

to the ancient Celts, but they essentially used the champlevé technique. Subsequently, enamel was just one of the fillings used for the small, thick-walled cloisons of the

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Two different techniques in Byzantine and European cloisonné enamel are distinguished, for which the German names are still typically used in English. The earliest is the

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cut to fit like the gems. Sometimes compartments filled with the different materials of cut stones or glass and enamel are mixed to ornament the same object, as in the

139:, but had then spread to China, where it was soon used for much larger vessels such as bowls and vases; the technique remains common in China to the present day, and 615: 2592: 1959: 874: 761: 1842:

This was improved further in the second of the 17th Century when copper--a more pliable metal--replaced bronze as the metal for both bases and cloisons.

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by the end of the 14th century, now using champlevé. Cloisonné barely returned until the 19th century, when it was used in revivalist styles by the

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with dropper after sintering cloisons. Upon completion the piece will be fired, then ground (repeating as necessary) then polished and electroplated

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fillings for the cloisons. A version of cloisonné technique is often used for lapel badges, logo badges for many objects such as cars, including

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The date of the change is uncertain, partly because Early Byzantine enamels were much forged in 19th century Russia, rather confusing historians.

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in 1453, although based on the name alone, it is far more likely China obtained knowledge of the technique from the middle east. In much Chinese

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include much garnet cloisonné, some using remarkably thin slices, enabling the patterned gold beneath to be seen. There is also imported

1673: 498:. Champlevé allowed increased expressiveness, especially in human figures, and was also cheaper, as the metal base was usually just 2304: 2221: 1369: 464:

effect by using two plates superimposed on each other, the upper one with the design outline cut out and the lower one left plain.

417:. The area to be enamelled was stamped to create the main depression, pricked to help the enamel adhere, and the cloisons added. 1742: 2460: 2428: 686:("Jingtai blue ware"), refers to this, and the Jingtai Emperor. Quality began to decline in the 19th century. Initially heavy 1566: 2567: 2456: 2424: 2359: 2326: 2205: 2178: 2151: 2122: 2086: 1898: 1535: 2545: 2914: 525:

Other ways of using the technique have been developed, but are of minor importance. In 19th century Japan it was used on

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and Byzantine plaques, dating from the 8th to 12th centuries, said to be the largest enamelled work of art in the world.

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work, but the enamel covers the whole plaque except for thick outlines around the figures and inscriptions, as in the

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are most often seen: concave, convex, and flat. The finishing method determines this final appearance. With concave

2629:, Department of Asian Art, in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–2004 2600: 2330: 1626: 698:

vessels were used, and the wire glued on before firing. The enamels compositions and the pigments change with time.

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workshop among the many Imperial factories. The most elaborate and highly valued Chinese pieces are from the early

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Japonisme and the rise of the modern art movement : the arts of the Meiji period : the Khalili collection

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The Japanese also produced large quantities from the mid-19th century, of very high technical quality. During the

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Bàràny-Oberschall, Magda de, "Localization of the Enamels of the Upper Hemisphere of the Holy Crown of Hungary",

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First the object to be decorated is made or obtained; this will normally be made by different craftspeople. The

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enamel and gilt bronze; the design was loosely based on Zhou Dynasty inlaid bronzes of the 5th–4th centuries BC

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spread to surrounding cultures and a particular type, often known as "garnet cloisonné" is widely found in the

118:. If gemstones or colored glass are used, the pieces need to be cut or ground into the shape of each cloison. 2404: 1319: 889:(七宝焼). Japanese enamels were regarded as unequalled thanks to the new achievements in design and colouring. 705:

is sometimes confused with Canton enamel, a type of painted enamel on copper that is more closely related to

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Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Medieval Antiquities: Jewelry, Enamels, and art of the Migration Period

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usually used for making the body is copper, since it is cheap, light and easily hammered and stretched, but

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the cloisons are not completely filled. Capillary action causes the enamel surface to curve up against the

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Namikawa Yasuyuki and Japanese Cloisonné The Allure of Meiji Cloisonné: The Aesthetic of Translucent Black

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Splendors of Meiji : treasures of imperial Japan : masterpieces from the Khalili Collection

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show a unique transitional phase, where the base plaque has hammered recesses for the design, as in

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and to have initially reached the Migration peoples as diplomatic gifts of objects probably made in

3679: 3669: 2961: 2783: 244: 1889:- Japanese spirit, Western techniques: Meiji period arts for the West". In Irvine, Gregory (ed.). 3592: 2685: 2661: 1230: 34:, from his daughter's grave, using shaped stones rather than enamel. Cloisonné inlays on gold of 2966: 2633:

An Interview with Contemporary Enamel Artist Laura Zell Demonstrating Basic Cloisonné Techniques

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in Kyoto is dedicated to the technique. A collection of 150 Chinese cloisonné pieces is at the

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of around 1156, contains both types, but the inner cloisonné sections were probably gifts from

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In medieval Western Europe cloisonné enamel technique was gradually overtaken by the rise of

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enamel objects using Chinese-derived styles were produced in the West from the 18th century.

797: 3664: 3329: 2986: 2632: 717:. This is painted on freehand and so does not use partitions to hold the colours separate. 382: 326: 311: 240: 158: 8: 3324: 1291: 252: 184: 1070: 1042: 483: 17: 2733: 2713: 2654: 2264: 2001: 191: 82: 1335: 978: 866: 3180: 2763: 2581: 2563: 2555: 2537: 2508: 2490: 2452: 2444: 2420: 2412: 2384: 2374: 2355: 2347: 2322: 2314: 2286: 2201: 2174: 2147: 2140: 2118: 2082: 1993: 1926: 1904: 1894: 1854: 1712:

Bàràny-Oberschall, 122–123; Lasko, 8—he prefers ""full" enamel" and ""sunk" enamel";

1582: 1531: 1472: 1425:, a similar technique for dying cloth, with pools of dye between ridges of temporary 1331: 1282: 1239: 1223: 1219: 1074: 923: 858: 810: 710: 625: 487: 2626: 901:

Matching Pair of Cloisonné Vases, c. 1800–1894, from the Oxford College Archives of

3090: 2919: 2873: 2793: 2259: 1946: 1578: 1563: 1415:, where the glass is melted onto the object, is also done without separating wires. 902: 881:. The Namikawa Yasuyuki Cloisonné Museum is specifically dedicated to it. In Japan 706: 378: 307: 286: 123: 1302:

Collections of Japanese cloisonné enamels are held at major museums including the

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Ross, 99, describing what appear to be trainee pieces in bronze, never completed.

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Chinese enameled and gilt candlestick from the 18th or 19th century, Qing dynasty

737:, 1736–1795. Shrine: Cloisonné enamel on copper alloy; Figure is copper with gems 714: 671: 582: 414: 370: 347: 294: 173: 128: 98: 77: 1089:

Adding cloisons according to the pattern previously transferred to the workpiece

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blue is usually the predominant colour, and the Chinese name for the technique,

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Further information on the artist and inventor of Contemporary Cloisonné:

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wire is polished so it is flush with the enamel and has a bright lustre. Some

3653: 3613: 3543: 3502: 3170: 2924: 2909: 2858: 2282: 1997: 1908: 534: 394: 389: 270: 2578:"The Work of Angels", Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6th-9th centuries AD 2388: 1790: 1587:

Enamelling: A Comparative Account of the Development and Practice of the Art

135:. By the 14th century this enamel technique had been replaced in Europe by 89:

objects with colored material held in place or separated by metal strips or

3638: 3633: 3628: 3580: 3533: 3363: 3309: 3095: 2976: 2936: 2828: 1212: 1189: 842: 749: 667: 519: 476: 323: 282: 196: 132: 59: 47: 1405: 136: 3586: 3575: 3465: 3304: 3254: 3249: 3165: 3007: 2883: 2833: 2708: 2703: 2475: 1288: 1264: 1038: 944: 830: 734: 602: 559: 410: 338: 266:(beginning 1070 BC) on. But it remained rare in both Egypt and Greece. 222: 31: 2005: 589:

with garnets, amethysts, and colored glass, and some cloisons now empty.

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On-site Analysis of Chinese Cloisonné Enamels from 15th to 19th century

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Eckens, Marie (September 1982). "The True Art of Cloisonne". Antiques.

1339: 1136: 1085: 1054: 437: 398: 374: 353: 342: 290: 278: 3110: 2637: 2489:, eds. Paul T. Nicholson, Ian Shaw, 2000, Cambridge University Press, 3555: 3548: 3419: 3414: 3394: 3319: 3244: 3238: 3219: 3115: 3056: 2971: 2868: 2803: 2778: 2768: 2698: 2677: 1941:

Toyoro Hida, Gregory Irvine, Kana Ooki, Tomoko Hana and Yukari Muro.

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British Museum Google Arts & Culture app. Retrieved 2 April 2019.

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was made in the same periods with similar results – compare the gold

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technique (see the gallery below for examples of this technique and

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The earliest undisputed objects known to use enamel are a group of

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Symbols of Excellence: Precious Materials as Expressions of Status

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includes 107 cloisonné enamel art works, including many works by

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with a thin film of gold, which will not tarnish as silver does.

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wire to the clear enamel. The gum burns off, leaving no residue.

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bodies were used, and the wires soldered, but later much lighter

530: 526: 503: 248: 229: 2641: 54: 3518: 3424: 3384: 3359: 3294: 3279: 3175: 3160: 3155: 3071: 3022: 3012: 2728: 2693: 1426: 1139:. When the gum has dried, the piece is fired again to fuse the 1114: 1093: 838: 806: 695: 687: 499: 430:. The enamel design therefore covers the whole plate. In the 406: 319: 233: 180: 110: 1733:

Earlier Western examples are few but include the cover of the

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jrs.2516/abstract

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English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products

1483:, a rather more restricted definition than some sources use. 3369: 3344: 3339: 3289: 3051: 1148: 1110: 1098: 1061:

was perhaps the only centre. The industry stopped with the

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slaying the dragon, 12th century cloisonné enamel on gold,

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The plaques with apostles of around the latter date on the

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The Byzantines perfected a unique form of cloisonné icons.

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From Byzantium or the Islamic world the technique reached

236:, dated to the 12th century BC, and using very thin wire. 217:

Cloisonné first developed in the jewellery of the ancient

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Cloisonné Articles and Tutorials at The Ganoksin Project

2482:, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 1972 (nb, 1st edn.) 318:" peoples of Europe, who used gemstones, especially red 2337:

The enamels of China and Japan, champlevé and cloisonné

2222:"Meiji No Takara – Treasures of Imperial Japan: Enamel" 2137: 1394:

Detail showing pattern and partially completed cloisons

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enamel in history at the time and was exhibited at the

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vessels with ceramic glazes, and it has been used with

2074: 1418: 981:(c. 1900), translucent plique-a-jour enamel on silver. 153:

refers to walls built with a regular mix of stone and

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developed from Byzantine models during the period of

2469:, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 41 (2010) 780–790. 2465:Kırmızı Burcu, Colomban Philippe, Béatrice Quette, 2373:. St. Petersburg, FL: Broughton International Inc. 346:below, which was imitated in Europe from about the 333:, then copied by their own goldsmiths. Glass-paste 203:

or "sunk" technique and the new thin-wire technique

2441:Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world 2139: 1641:Dark-age Britain: Studies Presented to E. T. Leeds 1147:ingredients are melted together, forming a glassy 670:, especially the reigns of the Xuande Emperor and 2554:, 4th edn, University of California Press, 1999, 2409:Sutton Hoo: the excavation of a royal ship-burial 2263:, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jun., 1949), pp. 121–126, 2104: 1408:, enamelling into hollows made in a metal surface 1020:Owari Cloisonne Enamel Octagon by Takemasa Tamura 993:Pair of Two-fold Screens 1900–1905, Nagoya, Japan 605:showing the unique transitional technique of the 3651: 877:became one of the leading companies of Japanese 471:French 16th-century mirror-back, with cloisonné/ 2193: 2166: 2068: 1057:, and has mainly survived in religious pieces. 2197:Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia 2111:Felicia Liban; Louise Mitchell (6 July 2012). 1893:. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 177. 1625:Late Antiquity, 464. See here for scientific 2662: 1135:wire is glued to the enamel surface with gum 2200:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 88–. 2131: 1962:. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from 1674:Purse lid from the ship-burial at Sutton Hoo 1278:, last pagan king of the Franks, died c. 481 2505:The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts 2344:China: a historical and cultural dictionary 1737:, the foot-reliquary of St Andrew made for 460:work). Some 10th-century pieces achieve a 2669: 2655: 1503:The Earliest Cloisonne Enamels from Cyprus 522:was developed, but was never very common. 502:and if gold was used, it was generally to 2593:"Japanese Cloisonné: the Seven Treasures" 2487:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology 2301:Glass on Metal, the Enamellist's Magazine 2187: 2170:An Opening: Twelve Love Stories about Art 2160: 1507:Glass on Metal, the Enamellist's Magazine 849:the leading producer. Later centres were 65:enamel bowl, using nine colours of enamel 1714:British Museum on using the German names 1328:Khalili Collection of Japanese Meiji Art 1222:, a large gold altarpiece with over 100 1092: 1084: 1029: 821:Production process of an enamel vase by 816: 796: 636: 466: 352: 190: 167: 53: 25: 1743:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire 1552:Pectoral and Necklace of Sithathoryunet 301: 16:For the They Might Be Giants song, see 3652: 2580:, 1989, British Museum Press, London, 2114:Cloisonné Enameling and Jewelry Making 2064:Example in the Cleveland Museum of Art 1884: 1829: 1637: 1521: 641:An 18th-century Chinese wine pot with 2650: 2411:, 2nd Edition, Seafarer Books, 1988, 2368: 2313:, Cambridge University Press, 1986, 2117:. Courier Corporation. pp. 92–. 1853:Osborne, 201–202; Nillson, Jan-Brik, 341:fitting with garnets (right) and the 195:Byzantine cloisonné enamel plaque of 76: 2638:About TAMURA SHIPPO Cloisonne Enamel 1501:Osborne, 331; Michaelides, Panicos, 1471:, p. xliii, 2004, Greenwood Press, 1215:, a 9th-century Anglo-Saxon ornament 2275:An Introduction to Medieval Enamels 1644:. Methuen – via Google Books. 511:was a great centre for both types. 13: 2173:. Wakefield Press. pp. 104–. 1878: 1316:Namikawa Yasuyuki Cloisonné Museum 1041:, opaque raised cloisonné enamel, 264:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt 109:in French) to the metal object by 23:Enamelling technique used on metal 14: 3691: 2615: 2075:John Blair; Nigel Ramsay (1991). 1550:Clark, 67-68. For an example see 1530:. Psychology Press. p. 259. 1257: 1121:wire is made from fine silver or 1080: 277:, and was perhaps carried by the 101:has been used, but inlays of cut 2138:Glenice Lesley Matthews (1984). 2081:. A&C Black. pp. 127–. 1960:"Japanese Cloisonné Manufacture" 1638:Harden, Donald Benjamin (1956). 1387: 1368: 1352: 1312:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 1013: 998: 986: 960: 931: 909: 894: 780: 760: 742: 726: 614: 594: 571: 547: 212: 179:(knife) hilt fitting, gold with 2239: 2214: 2095: 2057: 2048: 2039: 2015: 1977: 1952: 1947:The Mainichi Newspapers Co, Ltd 1935: 1915: 1869: 1860: 1847: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1784: 1775: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1727: 1718: 1706: 1697: 1688: 1679: 1666: 1657: 1648: 1631: 1619: 1610: 1274:The 5th century grave goods of 562:. Gold, pearls, with cloisonné 2396:Gardner's Art Through the Ages 2142:Enamels, Enameling, Enamelists 1925:p.122, p.132. Heibonsha, 2014 1601: 1592: 1557: 1544: 1528:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 1495: 1486: 1461: 1448: 1439: 1297: 873:and won many awards. In Kyoto 369:The dazzling technique of the 1: 2676: 2251: 1811:Sullivan, 239; Dillon, 58-59. 1320:G.W. Vincent Smith Art Museum 1229:the eyes of the 10th century 1117:or other metals may be used. 558:Brooch, c. 800, found in the 357:Plaque from the 10th-century 269:The technique appears in the 256: 2437:, Taylor & Francis, 1956 1253:from late 19th century Japan 953:World's Columbian Exposition 865:(renamed from Edo) resident 388:From about the 8th century, 273:of the northern and central 114:then needs to be fired in a 7: 1986:The Decorator and Furnisher 1522:Wilson, Nigel, ed. (2006). 1419: 1399: 1194: 775:burner, 17th-18th centuries 10: 3696: 2597:Victoria and Albert Museum 1754:Bàràny-Oberschall, 122-123 1378:artwork of Korea (namjung 1345: 1324:Springfield, Massachusetts 1308:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1304:Victoria and Albert Museum 1251:Khalili Imperial Garniture 1187: 940:Khalili Imperial Garniture 359:Cross of Otto and Mathilde 207: 15: 3606: 3568: 3511: 3433: 3204: 3141: 3080: 3042: 3035: 2995: 2897: 2851: 2844: 2684: 2485:Ogden, Jack, "Metal", in 2335:Cosgrove, Maynard Giles, 1885:Irvine, Gregory (2013). " 1281:The 5th-century Germanic 1199: 1063:Mongol invasion of Russia 1025: 869:exhibited their works at 2194:Rayner W. Hesse (2007). 2167:Stephanie Radok (2012). 2146:. Chilton Book Company. 1984:"Japanese Art Enamels". 1433: 792: 632: 411:background of plain gold 365:cloisonné enamel on gold 3171:Nickel silver (alpacca) 1231:Golden Madonna of Essen 97:. In recent centuries, 2503:Osborne, Harold (ed), 1589:, 7-10, 1907, Batsford 1469:Architecture of Greece 1271:), and several others. 1205:The 8th-century Irish 1102: 1090: 1046: 1006:Ando Cloisonné Company 847:Ando Cloisonné Company 826: 823:Ando Cloisonné Company 814: 676:Fall of Constantinople 646: 479: 403:Saint Mark's Cathedral 366: 204: 188: 148:Byzantine architecture 66: 51: 3512:Other natural objects 2523:Oxford History of Art 2339:, London, Hale, 1974. 1833:Orange Coast Magazine 1791:Cleveland mirror-back 1763:Campbell, 13 figure 7 1310:in New York, and the 1096: 1088: 1045:, Russia, before 1896 1033: 885:enamels are known as 857:, and Kyoto resident 820: 800: 733:Chinese shrine for a 640: 607:Holy Crown of Hungary 475:backed onto glass or 470: 446:Holy Crown of Hungary 413:, as in contemporary 356: 232:rings from Graves in 199:, c. 1100, using the 194: 171: 57: 29: 2987:Wire wrapped jewelry 2967:Repoussé and chasing 2295:Carpenter, Woodrow, 1467:Darling, Janina K., 566:, enamel, and glass. 383:Sutton Hoo purse-lid 373:dress fittings from 327:Eastern Roman Empire 312:Migration Period art 302:Byzantium and Europe 239:In the jewellery of 187:, partially cleaned. 159:Pammakaristos Church 3660:Artistic techniques 3529:Ebonite (vulcanite) 2576:Susan Youngs (ed), 2550:Sullivan, Michael, 2480:Ars Sacra, 800–1200 2433:Harden, Donald B., 2369:Earle, Joe (1999). 2346:, Routledge, 1998, 2226:Khalili Collections 1554:Metropolitan Museum 1292:Treasure of Gourdon 1246:and champlevé work. 253:Tomb of Tutankhamun 185:Staffordshire Hoard 2874:Jewellery designer 2519:Early Medieval Art 2273:Campbell, Marian. 1627:materials analysis 1583:Day, Lewis Foreman 1569:2018-01-15 at the 1516:2009-04-12 at the 1103: 1091: 1049:The first Russian 1047: 827: 815: 647: 581:6th-century eagle- 480: 441:earlier examples. 367: 348:Carolingian period 205: 189: 172:Early 7th century 78:[klwazɔne] 67: 52: 3647: 3646: 3564: 3563: 3434:Organic gemstones 3031: 3030: 2627:Chinese Cloisonné 2568:978-0-520-21877-2 2552:The arts of China 2544:, 9780884023012, 2528:Ross, Marvin C., 2525:, 2002, Oxford UP 2497:, 9780521452571, 2457:978-0-674-51173-6 2425:978-0-85036-241-1 2407:, Barbara Green, 2360:978-0-7007-0439-2 2342:Dillon, Michael, 2327:978-0-521-30264-7 2207:978-0-313-33507-5 2180:978-1-74305-043-9 2153:978-0-8019-7285-0 2124:978-0-486-13600-4 2101:Matthews, 146-147 2088:978-1-85285-326-6 1900:978-0-500-23913-1 1537:978-0-415-97334-2 1332:Namikawa Yasuyuki 1283:Treasure of Pouan 1240:Stavelot Triptych 1235:The 12th century 1220:Khakhuli triptych 924:Namikawa Yasuyuki 859:Namikawa Yasuyuki 811:Namikawa Yasuyuki 711:Chinese porcelain 707:overglaze enamels 488:Stavelot Triptych 415:Byzantine mosaics 183:cloisonné inlay. 151:cloisonné masonry 83:ancient technique 3687: 3675:Jewellery making 3091:Britannia silver 3040: 3039: 2849: 2848: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2599:. Archived from 2517:Nees, Lawrence, 2435:Dark-age Britain 2392: 2309:Clark, Grahame, 2297:Cloisonné Primer 2260:The Art Bulletin 2246: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2145: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2072: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2019: 2013: 2012: 1992:(5): 170. 1893. 1981: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1956: 1950: 1939: 1933: 1921:Yūji Yamashita. 1919: 1913: 1912: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1772:Osborne, 332-334 1770: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1579:Egyptian faience 1561: 1555: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1465: 1459: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1424: 1391: 1372: 1356: 1287:The 6th-century 1263:The Pectoral of 1155:Three styles of 1071:House of Fabergé 1043:House of Fabergé 1017: 1002: 990: 964: 935: 913: 903:Emory University 898: 784: 764: 746: 730: 618: 598: 575: 551: 484:champlevé enamel 379:millefiori glass 308:Byzantine enamel 287:Migration Period 261: 258: 243:, including the 124:Byzantine Empire 80: 75: 18:Cloisonné (song) 3695: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3680:Vitreous enamel 3670:Decorative arts 3650: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3602: 3560: 3549:Spondylus shell 3507: 3429: 3200: 3186:Stainless steel 3137: 3121:Sterling silver 3081:Precious metal 3076: 3044:Precious metals 3027: 2991: 2893: 2840: 2680: 2675: 2618: 2606: 2604: 2591: 2381: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2029: 2023:"TAMURA SHIPPO" 2021: 2020: 2016: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1967: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1940: 1936: 1920: 1916: 1901: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857:, Gotheburg.com 1855:"Canton enamel" 1852: 1848: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1781:Campbell, 38-40 1780: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1739:Egbert of Trier 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1672:Ness, 110–114; 1671: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1571:Wayback Machine 1562: 1558: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1518:Wayback Machine 1505:, article from 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1466: 1462: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1413:vitreous enamel 1402: 1395: 1392: 1383: 1373: 1364: 1357: 1348: 1336:Namikawa Sosuke 1306:in London, the 1300: 1260: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1083: 1065:but revived in 1028: 1021: 1018: 1009: 1003: 994: 991: 982: 979:Namikawa Sōsuke 965: 956: 936: 927: 914: 905: 899: 867:Namikawa Sōsuke 795: 788: 785: 776: 765: 756: 747: 738: 731: 715:enamelled glass 672:Jingtai Emperor 635: 628: 619: 610: 599: 590: 576: 567: 552: 304: 259: 245:pectoral jewels 215: 210: 165:is an example. 99:vitreous enamel 85:for decorating 73: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 3693: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3610:Related topics 3607: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3211: 3209: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2982:Wire sculpture 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2855: 2853: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2673: 2666: 2659: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2635: 2630: 2624: 2617: 2616:External links 2614: 2613: 2612: 2588: 2574: 2548: 2534:Dumbarton Oaks 2526: 2515: 2501: 2483: 2473: 2463: 2438: 2431: 2401: 2393: 2379: 2366: 2340: 2333: 2307: 2293: 2283:V&A Museum 2271: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2238: 2213: 2206: 2186: 2179: 2159: 2152: 2130: 2123: 2103: 2094: 2087: 2067: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2014: 1976: 1951: 1945:, pp.182-188, 1934: 1931:978-4582922172 1914: 1899: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1846: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1795: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1747: 1745:; Lasko, 84-85 1735:Lindau Gospels 1726: 1717: 1705: 1696: 1687: 1678: 1665: 1656: 1647: 1630: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1591: 1575:Ceramics Today 1564:Egyptian Paste 1556: 1543: 1536: 1509:, April 1989, 1494: 1485: 1460: 1447: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1416: 1409: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1386: 1384: 1374: 1367: 1365: 1358: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1285: 1279: 1272: 1259: 1258:Gems and glass 1256: 1255: 1254: 1247: 1233: 1227: 1216: 1209: 1207:Ardagh Chalice 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1082: 1081:Modern process 1079: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1012: 1010: 1004: 997: 995: 992: 985: 983: 966: 959: 957: 947:, the largest 937: 930: 928: 915: 908: 906: 900: 893: 794: 791: 790: 789: 786: 779: 777: 766: 759: 757: 748: 741: 739: 732: 725: 660:Kangxi Emperor 656:Xuande Emperor 634: 631: 630: 629: 620: 613: 611: 600: 593: 591: 577: 570: 568: 553: 546: 509:Limoges enamel 496:Constantinople 331:Constantinople 303: 300: 260: 1325 BC 214: 211: 209: 206: 93:, normally of 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3692: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3614:Body piercing 3612: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3503:Tortoiseshell 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2859:Bench jeweler 2857: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2642:TAMURA SHIPPO 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2603:on 2009-02-23 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2586:0-7141-0554-6 2583: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560:0-520-21877-9 2557: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2542:0-88402-301-X 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2507:, 1975, OUP, 2506: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449:0-674-51173-5 2446: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417:0-85036-241-5 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405:Charles Green 2402: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352:0-7007-0439-6 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:0-521-30264-1 2316: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2303:, June 1995, 2302: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2242: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2163: 2155: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2134: 2126: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2098: 2090: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2071: 2065: 2060: 2051: 2042: 2028: 2027:TAMURA SHIPPO 2024: 2018: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1966:on 2015-10-03 1965: 1961: 1955: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1872: 1863: 1856: 1850: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1820:Dillon, 58-59 1817: 1808: 1799: 1793:(illustrated) 1792: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1700: 1691: 1682: 1675: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1643: 1642: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1573:article from 1572: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1553: 1547: 1539: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1477:9780313321528 1474: 1470: 1464: 1457: 1451: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1183:electroplated 1180: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1100: 1095: 1087: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1001: 996: 989: 984: 980: 976: 975:Shōtai Shippō 972: 969: 963: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941: 934: 929: 925: 921: 918: 912: 907: 904: 897: 892: 891: 890: 888: 884: 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Retrieved 2601:the original 2577: 2572:Google books 2551: 2546:Google books 2529: 2518: 2504: 2499:google books 2486: 2479: 2476:Lasko, Peter 2466: 2461:Google books 2440: 2434: 2429:Google books 2408: 2370: 2364:Google books 2343: 2336: 2331:Google Books 2310: 2300: 2296: 2274: 2258: 2241: 2229:. Retrieved 2225: 2216: 2196: 2189: 2169: 2162: 2141: 2133: 2113: 2106: 2097: 2077: 2070: 2059: 2054:Osborne, 680 2050: 2045:Osborne, 677 2041: 2030:. Retrieved 2026: 2017: 2009: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1968:. Retrieved 1964:the original 1954: 1942: 1937: 1922: 1917: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1849: 1841: 1831: 1825: 1816: 1807: 1798: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1750: 1729: 1724:Campbell, 11 1720: 1708: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1668: 1663:Green, 87-88 1659: 1650: 1640: 1633: 1621: 1616:Osborne, 331 1612: 1607:Osborne, 331 1603: 1594: 1586: 1574: 1559: 1546: 1527: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1492:Osborne, 331 1488: 1481:google books 1468: 1463: 1458:, "Cloison") 1450: 1445:Osborne, 331 1441: 1379: 1375: 1363:enamel beads 1360: 1301: 1243: 1242:, combining 1213:Alfred Jewel 1190:Tom Ebersold 1178: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1145: 1140: 1132: 1127: 1118: 1104: 1050: 1048: 974: 970: 948: 945:Meiji period 938: 919: 886: 882: 878: 871:World's fair 843:Owari Domain 834: 828: 802: 768: 752: 750:Qing dynasty 719: 702: 700: 683: 679: 668:Ming Dynasty 663: 648: 642: 601:Plaque with 524: 520:rock crystal 513: 481: 477:rock crystal 461: 457: 453: 449: 443: 432: 431: 427: 422: 421: 419: 387: 368: 362: 334: 324:Late Antique 305: 283:Late Antique 268: 238: 227: 216: 200: 197:St Demetrios 150: 145: 140: 133:Ottonian art 120: 106: 69: 68: 62: 60:Ming Dynasty 48:lapis lazuli 30:Pectoral of 3665:Chinese art 3576:Art jewelry 3400:Tiger's eye 3305:Labradorite 3255:Chrysocolla 3250:Chrysoberyl 3166:Mokume-gane 3143:Base metals 2915:centrifugal 2884:Silversmith 2759:Ferronnière 2709:Belt buckle 2704:Belly chain 2590:"V&A": 1887:Wakon Yosai 1654:Youngs, 173 1577:. See also 1520:. See also 1411:Polychrome 1298:Collections 1289:Merovingian 1276:Childeric I 1265:Tutankhamun 1039:silver gilt 1008:, (c. 1910) 926:(1845–1927) 922:Enamel, by 887:shippō-yaki 845:, with the 841:during the 813:(1845–1927) 735:Bodhisattva 603:Saint Peter 560:Netherlands 533:and modern 462:senkschmelz 458:vollschmelz 454:vollschmelz 450:senkschmelz 433:Senkschmelz 423:Vollschmelz 371:Anglo-Saxon 363:Vollschmelz 339:Anglo-Saxon 295:Anglo-Saxon 223:Mesopotamia 201:senkschmelz 174:Anglo-Saxon 129:Carolingian 32:Senusret II 3654:Categories 3410:Tourmaline 3355:Prasiolite 3230:Aventurine 3101:Crown gold 3003:Draw plate 2952:Metal clay 2889:Watchmaker 2879:Lapidarist 2864:Clockmaker 2739:Collar pin 2734:Chatelaine 2607:2009-08-30 2513:0198661134 2495:0521452570 2380:1874780137 2291:0112903851 2252:References 2245:Earle, 254 2032:2022-03-16 1970:2015-10-29 1875:Earle, 252 1836:. p. 1741:, and the 1598:Ogden, 166 1340:Ando Jubei 1137:tragacanth 1075:Khlebnikov 1055:Kievan Rus 684:jingtailan 609:(see text) 579:Visigothic 438:gold glass 399:altarpiece 395:Pala d'Oro 375:Sutton Hoo 343:Visigothic 291:Sutton Hoo 289:style. At 279:Sarmatians 146:In Middle 50:, 1880s BC 42:, garnet, 3556:Toadstone 3493:Operculum 3420:Variscite 3415:Turquoise 3395:Tanzanite 3330:Moonstone 3325:Marcasite 3320:Malachite 3245:Carnelian 3220:Amazonite 3207:gemstones 3181:Pinchbeck 3126:Argentium 3116:Shibuichi 3057:Palladium 3036:Materials 2972:Soldering 2962:Polishing 2937:Engraving 2932:Enameling 2898:Processes 2869:Goldsmith 2804:Tie chain 2779:Neck ring 2769:Lapel pin 2678:Jewellery 1998:2150-6256 1909:853452453 1802:Carpenter 1694:Ross, 217 1406:Champlevé 1380:cloisonné 1376:Cloisonné 1361:cloisonné 1244:cloisonné 1179:cloisonné 1175:cloisonné 1170:cloisonné 1165:cloisonné 1161:cloisonné 1157:cloisonné 1141:cloisonné 1133:cloisonné 1128:cloisonné 1123:fine gold 1119:Cloisonné 1051:cloisonné 1035:Tea caddy 971:Cloisonne 949:cloisonné 920:Cloisonne 883:cloisonné 879:cloisonné 835:cloisonné 831:Meiji era 825:in Nagoya 803:cloisonné 769:cloisonné 753:cloisonné 703:cloisonné 680:cloisonné 664:cloisonné 643:cloisonné 622:St George 564:almandine 492:Mosan art 350:onwards. 335:cloisonné 316:barbarian 230:Mycenaean 219:Near East 141:cloisonné 137:champlevé 111:soldering 103:gemstones 87:metalwork 70:Cloisonné 63:cloisonné 44:turquoise 36:carnelian 3624:Gemology 3598:Fineness 3589:(purity) 3524:Bog-wood 3471:Precious 3451:Ammolite 3390:Sunstone 3380:Sodalite 3375:Sapphire 3335:Obsidian 3275:Fluorite 3265:Diopside 3225:Amethyst 3205:Mineral 3196:Tungsten 3191:Titanium 3106:Electrum 3062:Platinum 2947:Kazaziye 2942:Filigree 2920:lost-wax 2819:Toe ring 2809:Tie clip 2784:Pectoral 2774:Necklace 2749:Cufflink 2724:Bracelet 2719:Bolo tie 2699:Barrette 2536:, 2006, 2389:42476594 2277:, 1983, 2231:27 March 2006:25582341 1567:Archived 1524:"Enamel" 1514:Archived 1400:See also 1224:Georgian 1195:Examples 1181:wire is 1067:Novgorod 973:Enamel, 955:in 1893. 875:Namikawa 767:Chinese 701:Chinese 556:Dorestad 428:cloisons 314:of the " 275:Caucasus 249:pharaohs 163:Istanbul 107:cloisons 81:) is an 58:Chinese 40:feldspar 3619:Fashion 3593:Finding 3441:Abalone 3350:Peridot 3315:Larimar 3300:Kyanite 3285:Howlite 3270:Emerald 3260:Diamond 3133:Tumbaga 3111:Shakudō 3067:Rhodium 3018:Mandrel 2957:Plating 2910:Casting 2905:Carving 2814:Tie pin 2789:Pendant 2764:Genital 2754:Earring 2403:Green: 2299:, from 2269:3047226 1923:明治の細密工芸 1866:V&A 1359:Modern 1346:Gallery 1097:Adding 805:enamel 773:incense 771:enamel 626:Georgia 585:, from 535:acrylic 531:lacquer 527:pottery 320:garnets 247:of the 208:History 74:French: 3583:(mass) 3519:Bezoar 3425:Zircon 3385:Spinel 3360:Quartz 3295:Jasper 3280:Garnet 3176:Pewter 3161:Copper 3156:Bronze 3083:alloys 3072:Silver 3023:Pliers 3013:Hammer 2925:vacuum 2852:People 2845:Making 2829:pocket 2729:Brooch 2694:Anklet 2584: 2566: 2558: 2540: 2511: 2493: 2455: 2447: 2423: 2415: 2387: 2377: 2358: 2350: 2325: 2317: 2305:online 2289: 2267: 2204: 2177: 2150: 2121: 2085: 2004: 1996: 1949:, 2017 1929: 1907: 1897: 1534: 1511:online 1475: 1427:resist 1338:, and 1326:. The 1314:. The 1200:Enamel 1115:silver 1026:Russia 839:Nagoya 807:censer 801:Kyoto 696:copper 688:bronze 662:had a 583:fibula 500:copper 407:Venice 397:, the 293:, the 234:Cyprus 181:garnet 3587:Carat 3581:Carat 3569:Terms 3544:Shell 3498:Pearl 3488:Nacre 3478:Ivory 3466:Black 3461:Coral 3456:Copal 3446:Amber 3405:Topaz 3364:smoky 3235:Beryl 3215:Agate 3151:Brass 2996:Tools 2834:strap 2824:Watch 2799:Tiara 2744:Crown 2714:Bindi 2686:Forms 2265:JSTOR 2002:JSTOR 1434:Notes 1429:paste 1421:Yūzen 1269:image 1237:Mosan 1107:metal 968:Tokyo 917:Kyoto 863:Tokyo 851:Kyoto 793:Japan 713:, or 692:brass 651:China 633:China 587:Spain 155:brick 3539:Hair 3370:Ruby 3345:Opal 3340:Onyx 3290:Jade 3052:Gold 3008:File 2794:Ring 2582:ISBN 2564:ISBN 2556:ISBN 2538:ISBN 2509:ISBN 2491:ISBN 2453:ISBN 2445:ISBN 2421:ISBN 2413:ISBN 2385:OCLC 2375:ISBN 2356:ISBN 2348:ISBN 2323:ISBN 2315:ISBN 2287:ISBN 2281:for 2279:HMSO 2233:2020 2202:ISBN 2175:ISBN 2148:ISBN 2119:ISBN 2083:ISBN 1994:ISSN 1927:ISBN 1905:OCLC 1895:ISBN 1532:ISBN 1473:ISBN 1249:The 1218:The 1211:The 1149:frit 1111:gold 1099:frit 1073:and 1059:Kiev 861:and 853:and 837:was 755:dish 554:The 504:gild 285:and 177:seax 131:and 116:kiln 95:gold 91:wire 3483:Jet 3239:red 1456:OED 1322:in 1267:, ( 977:by 855:Edo 809:by 709:on 690:or 539:BMW 401:in 361:in 255:of 161:in 3656:: 2640:- 2595:. 2570:, 2562:, 2532:, 2521:, 2478:, 2451:, 2427:, 2419:, 2398:, 2383:. 2362:, 2354:, 2329:, 2321:, 2285:, 2224:. 2025:. 2008:. 2000:. 1990:21 1988:. 1903:. 1840:. 1838:96 1585:, 1526:. 1479:, 1334:, 1113:, 1037:, 943:. 490:, 405:, 385:. 257:c. 46:, 38:, 3366:) 3362:( 3241:) 3237:( 2670:e 2663:t 2656:v 2610:. 2459:, 2391:. 2235:. 2210:. 2183:. 2156:. 2127:. 2091:. 2035:. 1973:. 1911:. 1540:. 1382:) 72:( 20:.

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