336:. This first defense system, however, is not impenetrable. Viruses, bacteria, and the spores and hyphae of fungi can still enter the plant through injuries or through the natural openings in the epidermis, such as stomata. Once a pathogen invades, the plant mounts a chemical attack as a second line of defense that destroys the pathogens and prevents their spread from the site of infection. This second defense system is enhanced by the plant's inherited ability to recognize certain pathogens.
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structures) form on mummies lying on the ground. The apothecia discharge ascospores during the bloom period, but don't contribute to fruit infection later in season. Secondary
Infection: Spores produced on blighted blossoms provide a source of infection for ripening fruit. Infected fruit become covered with greyish spores which spread by wind and rain to healthy fruit. Insects may also contribute to the spread of brown rot spores.
344:). Some of these proteins are antimicrobial, attacking molecules in the cell wall of a bacterium. Others may function as signals that spread “news” of the infection to nearby cells. Infection also stimulates the cross-linking of molecules in the cell wall and the deposition of lignin, responses that set up a local barricade that slows spread of the pathogen to other parts of the plant.
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required for blossom infection depends upon the temperature. Humid wet conditions are when the fruit trees are most at risk from infection. Young green fruit can be infected just before autumn, but the infection often remains inactive until near maturity of the fruit. Brown rot can spread after harvest. Mature fruit can decay in only 2 days under warm conditions.
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Primarily treatment is chemical; using fungicidal sprays to control the spread of the fungus. Spraying occurs during all phases, blossoms, green fruit, and mature fruit. Stone fruit trees' only natural defences are “skin” and chemical reactions to being attacked by the fungi, but this is a limited
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Fruit rot appears as small, circular brown spots that increase rapidly in size causing the entire fruit to rot. Greyish spores appear in tufts on rotted areas. Infected fruit eventually turn into shrivelled, black mummies that may drop or remain attached to the tree through the winter. Brown rot
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Brown rot causes blossom blight, twig blight; twig canker and fruit rot. Brown rot is caused by a fungus that produces spores, and can be a major problem during particularly wet seasons. Prolonged wet weather during bloom may result in extensive blossom infection. The length of wet periods
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Overwintering: The fungus over-winters in mummified fruit on the ground or in the tree and in twig cankers. Spring
Infection: two types of spores are produced in spring which can infect blossoms. Conidia are produced on cankers and fruit mummies on the tree. Apothecia (small mushroom-like
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Blossom Blight: Infected blossoms wilt, shrivel and become covered with greyish mould. Petals may appear light brown or water-soaked. Blighted blossoms do not produce fruit. Dead blossoms may stick to spurs and twigs until harvest, providing a source of spores for the fruit rot phase.
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Elicitors: Oligosaccharins, derived from cellulose fragments released by cell wall damage, are one of the major classes of elicitors. Elicitors stimulate the production of antimicrobial compounds called phytoalexins. Infections also activate genes that produce PR proteins
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under the bark of the trunk or branches. Cankers are usually associated with the production of amber-coloured gum that contains bacteria and oozes on to the outer bark. Unfortunately, there are few control methods for fungal spores apart from copper sprays.
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Stone fruits such as apricot and peaches originated in China and spread through old trade routes 3–4000 years ago. Nectarines are more recent (at least 2000 years). Cherries and
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Orchard sanitation, removing fruit mummies and pruning any cankered or dead twigs will reduce inoculum levels, which will improve the effectiveness of fungicide sprays.
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Twig Blight and Canker: On peaches and apricots the infection may spread to twigs, causing brownish, oval cankers that may girdle and kill twigs.
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A plant's first line of defense against infection is the physical barrier of the plant's “skin”, the
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defence, so spraying and orchard sanitation are the best way to control spread of the fungus.
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Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J.B. (2005). Biology (7th ed). San
Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
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Ministry of
Agriculture. (2007. Brown rot of stone fruits. Retrieved October 27, 2007, from
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Whiting. J. R. (n.d.). Science behind your garden. Retrieved
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can be serious on injured fruit such as cherries split by rain.
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Trees exposed to cold in autumn and early spring can develop
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http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/tfipm/brownrot.htm
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380:. Species Fungorum. CAB International
859:06fd4d36-f985-4b40-99ef-4a86150fe74e
694:50484d8b-e3b7-4618-a848-fe7120f7a204
887:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
258:originated in Europe, although the
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40:Symptoms of brown rot on cherries
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402:http://www.gardenscience.co.nz
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342:pathogenesis-related proteins
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204:Norton & Ezekiel (1924)
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250:Stone fruit (summer fruit)
892:Stone fruit tree diseases
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46:Scientific classification
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882:Fungi described in 1883
374:"GSD Species Synonymy:
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209:Sclerotinia fructicola
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262:originated in China.
201:Sclerotinia americana
489:Monilinia fructicola
376:Monilinia fructicola
334:secondary plant body
227:Monilinia fructicola
155:Monilinia fructicola
25:Monilinia fructicola
742:Ciboria fructicola
438:2007-04-05 at the
378:(G. Winter) Honey"
326:primary plant body
300:
298:Brown rot on apple
193:Monilia fructicola
185:Ciboria fructicola
137:M. fructicola
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715:Open Tree of Life
481:Taxon identifiers
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16:Species of fungus
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382:. Retrieved
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653:NatureServe
601:iNaturalist
455:New Zealand
451:Fruit Facts
212:(G.Winter)
876:Categories
384:2014-05-07
360:References
307:Life cycle
236:Helotiales
103:Helotiales
83:Ascomycota
79:Division:
757:Q59538109
322:epidermis
290:Fruit rot
131:Species:
124:Monilinia
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
844:MycoBank
823:10696723
792:Fungorum
771:60019824
766:AusFungi
751:Wikidata
658:2.911897
640:MycoBank
619:10386798
575:Fungorum
525:BioLib:
518:60019823
513:AusFungi
504:Q6900282
498:Wikidata
436:Archived
330:periderm
328:and the
274:Symptoms
176:Synonyms
163:G.Winter
109:Family:
59:Domain:
810:2583316
593:2583315
348:Control
332:of the
324:of the
267:cankers
119:Genus:
99:Order:
89:Class:
856:NZOR:
849:184864
836:181696
797:184864
730:440614
727:uBio:
720:176417
691:NZOR:
645:236989
632:181695
606:360215
580:236989
567:MONIFC
554:188659
528:104796
232:fungus
216:(1906)
169:(1928)
818:IRMNG
707:16331
684:38448
614:IRMNG
541:6RNKK
167:Honey
73:Fungi
831:ITIS
805:GBIF
784:V54V
679:NCBI
627:ITIS
588:GBIF
562:EPPO
238:. A
214:Rehm
779:CoL
666:NBN
549:EoL
536:CoL
453:at
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
