695:
684:
20:
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1171:(Chabi), converted to Buddhism and influenced Kublai's religious view. During Kublai's expedition into Yunnan, his number two, Uriyangkhadai, had to station in Tibet in 1254-55 possibly to suppress war-like tribes in Tibet. Hulegu appointed his representative, Kokochu, in Tibet in mid-1250s while marching towards Iran. Since then, the Ilkhans had had possessions in Tibet.
1259:" relations. This meant administrative management and military assistance from the khan and assistance from the lama in spiritual issues. Tibet was conquered by the Mongols before the Mongol invasion of South China. After the conquest of the Song dynasty, Kublai Khan consolidated Tibet into the new Yuan dynasty, but Tibet was administrated under the
1783:
were executed and
Tibetans visiting Dzungar officials were forced to stick their tongues out so the Dzungars could tell if the person recited constant mantras (which was said to make the tongue black or brown). This allowed them to pick the Nyingmapa and Bonpos, who recited many magic-mantras. This
1045:
A third view is that the troops were sent as raids and "looting parties", and that the goal of the campaign was to pillage the "wealth amassed in the
Tibetan monasteries". This is disputed, as the Mongols deliberately avoided attacking certain monasteries, a questionable decision if their only goal
744:
in 1206, which is considered anachronistic; there is no evidence of Mongol-Tibetan encounters prior to the military campaign in 1240. The first confirmed campaign is the invasion of Tibet by the Mongol general Doorda
Darkhan in 1240, a campaign of 30,000 troops that resulted in 500 casualties. The
1029:
One view, considered the most traditional, is that the attack was a retaliation on Tibet caused by the
Tibetan refusal to pay tribute. Wylie points out that the Tibetans stopped paying tribute in 1227, while Doorda Darkhan's invasion was in 1240, suggesting that the Mongols, not known for their
1104:
mentioned earlier, there seems to be no evidence to prove the presence of Mongol troops in central Tibet during the two decades that 'Phags-pa Lama was away from Sa-skya (1244-65). During those years, external campaigns of conquest and internal feuds between scions of the sons of
Chinggis Khan
1162:
lama (1235â80), and Phyag-na rDo-rje (1239-67) from the late Godan's ordo in
Liangzhou. Khubilai Khan first met 'Phags-pa lama in 1253, presumably to bring the Sa-skya lama who resided in Köden's domain, and who was a symbol of Tibetan surrender, to his own camp. At first Kublai remained
1271:
prohibited
Mongols from marrying Chinese, but left both the Chinese and Tibetan legal and administrative systems intact. Though most government institutions established by Kublai Khan in his court resembled the ones in earlier Chinese dynasties, Tibet never adopted the
1030:
empathy, would not wait over a decade to respond. The text from which this claim is based on also makes other anachronistic mistakes, insisting that
Genghis was planning to attack Tibet prior to Doorda Darkhan's invasion, when the real campaign was against the
1041:
campaign meant to evaluate the political situation in Tibet. The
Mongols hoped to find a single monarch with whom they could threaten into submission, but instead found a Tibet that was religiously and politically divided, without a central government.
1746:
Amdo, meanwhile, became home to the
Khoshuts. The descendants of GĂŒshi Khan continued to rule as Dharma kings (chogyals) of Tibet, although they were eclipsed by the Dalai Lama and his regent for long periods. In 1717, however, the
1026:. After he met Godan, Sakya Pandita died there leaving his two nephews. Sakya Pandita convinced other monasteries in Central Tibet to align with the Mongols. The Mongols kept them as hostages referring symbolic surrender of Tibet.
987:(Dor-ta)". The expedition was "the first instance of military conflict between the two nations". The attack consisted of 30,000 men (possibly much smaller than that) and resulted in 500 casualties, along with the burning of the
817:
plotted to invade Tibet in 1206, but was dissuaded when the Tibetans promised to pay tribute to the Mongols. Modern scholars consider the account to be anachronistic and factually wrong. Genghis' campaign was targeted at the
1533:
He has traditionally been portrayed as evil by the Geluk sect. On the other hand, the Mongolian movie "Tsogt taij" (1945) treated him as a national hero. It reflected the communist regime's attitude toward Tibetan Buddhism.
1174:
In 1265 Qongridar ravaged the Tufan/mDo-smad area, and from 1264 to 1275 several campaigns pacified the Tibetan and Yi peoples of Xifan around modern Xichang. By 1278 Mongol myriarchies: tumens and postroads reached through
1081:
in the same year. Some sources say there was a Mongolian invasion in 1251, in retribution for a failure to pay tribute, or in 1251-2 'to take formal possession of the country'. In order to strengthen his control over
745:
campaign was smaller than the full-scale invasions used by the Mongols against large empires. The purpose of this attack is unclear, and is still in debate among Tibetologists. Then in the late 1240s Mongol prince
4114:
1105:
occupied the attention of the Mongols. Tibet, whose formidable terrain was politically fragmented by local lords and lamas, posed no military threat to the Mongols, and it was all but ignored by them."
1090:
in 1251. Two attacks are mentioned, one led by Dörbetei, the other by Qoridai, and the double campaign struck fear into the Tibetans. Tibetan sources however only mention an attack on a place called
1002:
However, modern studies find that the oldest sources credit the Mongol scouts with burning Rgyal-lha-khang only, while a large number of Rwa-sgreng monks were slain. The bKaâ-brgyud-pa monasteries of
999:, that much is in agreement among Tibetologists. However, the purpose of invasion is disputed among Tibetan scholars, partly because of the abundance of anachronistic and factually erroneous sources.
1094:. Wyle is sceptical however of all of these sources, arguing that the lack of substantive evidence for an invasion raises doubts about the extent of Mongol movements in Tibet proper.' He concludes:-
1815:, another descendant of GĂŒshi Khan, defended Amdo against Qing dynasty's attempts to extend its rule into Tibet, but was crushed in the following year. Thus, Amdo fell under Chinese domination.
1763:), a great-grandson of GĂŒshi Khan and the fifth Dharma king of Tibet. The Dzungars deposed a pretender to the position of the Dalai Lama who had previously been promoted by Lha-bzang Khan. The
1158:
school politely refused to stay with him, preferring his brother the Khagan, in 1253 Prince Kubilai summoned to his court the Sa-skya-pa hierarch's two nephews, Blo-gros rGyal-mtshan, known as
826:, not Tibet, and there was certainly no tribute being paid to the Mongols prior to 1240. There is no evidence of interaction between the two nations prior to Doorda Darkhan's invasion in 1240.
757:, who urged other leading Tibetan figures to submit to Mongol authority. This is generally considered to have marked the beginning of Mongol rule over Tibet, as well as the establishment of
1053:. In 1244, the Mongols returned to Tibet. They invited Sakya Pandita to Godan's camp, where he agreed to capitulate Tibet, after the Mongols threatened a full-scale invasion of the region.
1283:
Buddhist monks from Tibet were popular and well respected in Mongol-ruled Iran (the Ilkhanate), Mongolia, China (the Yuan) and Central Asia (the Chagatai Khanate). Towards the end of the
51:
2090:
Wylie, ibid.p.323: 'it is suggested here that references in Chinese sources pertain to campaigns in peripheral areas and that there was no Mongol invasion of central Tibet at that time.'
394:
1267:
lama a degree political authority, but retained control over the administration and military of the region. As efforts to rule both territories while preserving Mongol identity,
1049:
Whatever the purpose of the invasion, the Mongols withdrew in 1241, as all the Mongol princes were recalled back to Mongolia in preparation for the appointment of a successor to
2121:
4079:
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1507:(Qinghai Lake) and moved his base there. By request from Shamar Rabjampa he sent an army under his son Arslan to central Tibet in 1635. However, Arslan attacked his ally, the
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4104:
1881:
Wylie. p.106, '...erred in identifying Tibet as the country against Chinggis launched that early campaign. His military objective was the Tangut kingdom of Hsi-hsia.'
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44:
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Wylie. p.104: 'To counterbalance the political power of the lama, Khubilai appointed civil administrators at the Sa-skya to supervise the Mongol regency.'
37:
380:
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under Mongolian administrative rule, but the region was granted with a degree of political autonomy. Kublai Khan would later include Tibet into his
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of Genghis Khan. Many Mongol aristocrats including Khagan himself seem to have sought blessings of prominent Tibetan lamas. Möngke Khan patronized
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1415:
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to help the Karma sect although Ligdan Khan died in 1634 before they joined. But Tsogtu pursued the campaign. In the same year he conquered the
919:
4046:
2297:
Haines, R Spencer (2018). "Charismatic Authority in Context: An Explanation of Guushi Khan's Swift Rise to Power in the Early 17th Century".
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to Tibet. In the next year a decisive war between Tsogtu Khuntaiji and TörĂŒ Bayikhu ended in the latter's victory and Tsoghtu was killed.
1742:
The Dzungar and Kalmyk states (a fragment of the map of the Russian Empire of Peter the Great, created by a Swedish soldier in c. 1725).
1330:
Victory of Oirat's Khoshut Khanate increased power of Gelug-Buddhism and fall Karma Kagyu and fall of the campaign prince Choghtu force.
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1795:. The Emperor retaliated in 1718, but his military expedition suffered inadequate logistics and was annihilated by the Dzungars at the
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Sa-skya Pandita died in 1251 and his master Godan Khan possibly died at the same time (or, according to other sources, after 1253).
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and Rgyal-lha-khang. The campaign was smaller than the full-scale invasions used by the Mongols against large empires. According to
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habit of sticking one's tongue out as a mark of respect on greeting someone has remained a Tibetan custom until recent times.
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3245:
2391:
1207:
1115:. The Central Tibetan monasteries submitted to the Mongols. Möngke divided the lands of Tibet between his relatives as their
352:
1872:
Wylie. p.107, 'the statement that the 1240 expedition was a punitive raid for failure to pay tribute is without foundation.'
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and paid homage to Gelukpa monasteries instead of destroying them. Arslan was eventually assassinated by Choghtu's order.
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1491:. Known as an intellectual, he embraced the Karma sect and built monasteries and castles. He submitted himself to
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1935:
Shakabpa. p.61: 'thirty thousand troops, under the command of Leje and Dorta, reached Phanpo, north of Lhasa.'
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Wylie. p.105: 'Why would Chinggis plan an invasion of Tibet as soon as he became Khan of the Mongols in 1206.'
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4180:
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was confirmed. Gushi khan granted to the Dalai Lama authority over Tibet from Dartsedo to Ladakh. The title "
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1946:
his grandson Godan Khan invaded Tibet with 30,000 men and destroyed several Buddhist monasteries north of
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was dispatched by the Emperor and met with rapid success. The Manchus expelled Tsewang Rabtan's force from
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Mongols withdrew. All Mongol generals were called back to Mongolia to appoint a successor to Ogedai Khan.
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dynasty, were spared because Doorda himself was a Tangut Buddhist. The âBri-gung abbot or, according to
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with them from Kumbum to Lhasa and he was installed as the 7th Dalai Lama in 1721. In 1723
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8:
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around 1615, and it was not long before they became involved in the conflict between the
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followed in 1641â42, when GĂŒshi Khan invaded Central Tibet and defeated the indigenous
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reports that he saw Chinese, Tibetan, and Indian Buddhist monks at the capital city,
1007:
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1248:, and the region remained administratively separate from the conquered provinces of
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2274:. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, pp. 48-9. Shambhala. Boston & London.
2253:. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, pp. 48-9. Shambhala. Boston & London.
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had encouraged Mongolian lamas to prevent any non-dGe-lugs-pa teaching among the
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2010:
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Wylie. p.106, 'the first instance of military conflict between the two nations'
1808:
1788:
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1716:
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1263:(Xuanzheng Yuan), separate from the Chinese provinces. The Mongols granted the
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According to the Tibetan traditional view, the khan and the lama established "
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China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries
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Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 37, no. 1, 1977, pp. 103â133.
2384:
Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-tibetan Relations
1792:
1755:'s brother Tsering Dondup, invaded Tibet. The invaders defeated and killed
1655:
1518:
The Geluk sect asked for help TörĂŒ Bayikhu (GĂŒshi Khan), the leader of the
1504:
1287:
in the mid-14th century, Tibet regained its independence from the Mongols.
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1249:
1245:
1112:
814:
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lasted until the mid-14th century, when the Yuan dynasty began to crumble.
766:
741:
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1232:
Tibet within the Yuan dynasty under the top-level department known as the
979:'s younger brother, "delegated the command of the Tibetan invasion to the
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1569:" itself had previously been bestowed upon the third lama of the Gelug
1566:
1495:, last grand khan of the Mongols. He took part in Ligdan's campaign to
1488:
968:
746:
576:
4285:
1508:
1484:(1581-1637), the Khalkha prince who supported the Karma Kagyu school.
1037:
Another theory, supported by Wylie, is that the military action was a
788:. Since then the Mongols had intervened in Tibetan politics until the
773:, nephew of Sakya Pandita. The Sakya-Mongol administrative system and
4531:
4245:
4080:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
4075:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
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Resurfacing of the struggle between Dzungar Khanate and Qing dynasty
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2555:
1787:
The Dzungar invasion was a challenge to the imperial policy of the
1748:
1527:
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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
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988:
842:
813:
According to one traditional Tibetan account, the Mongol emperor
611:
2406:
1738:
1139:
in the Middle East, sent lavish gifts to both âBri-gung and the
1086:, Möngke made Qoridai commander of the Mongol and Han troops in
761:
between Mongols and Tibetans. These relations were continued by
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3513:
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2818:
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in 1720 and the troops were hailed as liberators. They brought
1523:
1453:
1132:
1087:
1078:
1061:
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1018:, the Rwa-sgreng abbot, suggested the Mongols had invited the
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confederation. In 1636 Törö Bayikhu led the Khoshuts and the
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1120:
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877:
23:
2974:(1205 / 1207 / 1209â10 / 1225â27)
1988:, 2 Volumes, Rome: La Libreria dello Stato, Vol. II, p. 652.
1537:
With his crushing victory over Tsogtu, GĂŒshi Khan conquered
4280:
4275:
3775:
3539:
3493:
2853:
2783:
2224:
Dai Matsui - A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate
1646:
1538:
1477:
789:
1775:, thus losing initial Tibetan goodwill towards them. Many
4511:
3579:
2299:
Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies
784:
Mongols again conquered the region and established the
4130:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
4115:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
1468:
schools. At the request of the Gelug school, in 1637,
740:. The earliest is the alleged plot to invade Tibet by
2704:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
2311:
The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama
1111:
In 1252-53 Qoridai invaded Tibet, reaching as far as
2052:
Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500â1500
1100:"Excluding the 1252 attack against the unidentified
402:
1056:
2699:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
2305:. International Association of Mongolists: 24â31.
837:submitted to the Mongols campaigning against the
829:The earliest real Mongol contact with the ethnic
59:
4828:
2399:The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted
1982:The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted
1557:), i.e. the King of Dharma, or Teaching, by the
3119:(1220â22 / 1226â31 / 1237â64)
2034:
2032:
1958:
1956:
1581:), and means, in Mongolian, "Ocean of Wisdom."
1487:Tsogtu Khuntaiji had established a base on the
2116:
2114:
2054:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979) p.74.
1999:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1922:
1920:
1918:
1791:, since Lha-bzang Khan had been allied to the
1553:Dynasty. After his victory he was proclaimed (
4047:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
3643:
2422:
1298:The Ligdan Khan and prince Choghtu's campaign
717:
388:
45:
2602:
2029:
1965:
1953:
1131:suborder and the âBri-gung Monastery, while
2355:. (2001) University of Pennsylvania Press.
2111:
1915:
1561:. With these events the establishment of a
1290:
3650:
3636:
2429:
2415:
2233:Norbu, Namkhai. (1980). "Bon and Bonpos".
2168:
1901:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire
769:and granted authority over whole Tibet to
724:
710:
395:
381:
52:
38:
1143:suborder's gDan-sa-thel monastery. Later
2200:A Brief History of Chinese Civilization.
1737:
1727:
1227:
1060:
833:came in 1236, when a Tibetan chief near
775:Yuan administrative rule over the region
18:
4829:
3804:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
3049:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
3008:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
2296:
2151:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1261:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1234:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
3885:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
3631:
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2448:
2410:
848:
376:
33:
4012:1938â1939 German expedition to Tibet
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2632:Administrative divisions and vassals
2899:
2353:The history of the Mongol conquests
935:Leaders of the Rwa-sgreng monastery
13:
3990:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3945:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
3657:
2327:(1983) Univ. of California Press.
1835:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1771:. The Dzungars soon began to loot
14:
4908:
4897:13th century in the Mongol Empire
4027:Protests and uprisings since 1950
4017:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
2436:
2339:Historical dictionary of Mongolia
2213:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
2202:Thomson Wadsworth, (c)2006, p 174
1984:, pp.110; Tucci, Giuseppe (1949)
856:Doorda Darkhan's Tibetan campaign
4847:Wars involving the Mongol Empire
4135:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
4125:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
1381:Northern khalkha's Khanate force
1092:Bod kyi-mon-mkhar-mgpon-po-gdong
808:
693:
682:
560:
4882:Wars involving the Yuan dynasty
4110:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
2449:
2264:
2240:
2227:
2218:
2205:
2192:
2177:
2159:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2041:
2020:
2004:
1991:
1974:
1057:1244 invasion under Möngke Khan
780:In the early 17th century, the
4887:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
4365:Patron and priest relationship
4331:Central Tibetan Administration
4140:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
2372:(1967) Yale University Press.
1938:
1929:
1906:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1801:A second and larger expedition
1376:Chahar Mongolian Khanate force
759:patron and priest relationship
1:
4730:Historical and cultural sites
4095:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
3619:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3316:Division of the Mongol Empire
2015:Central Tibet and the Mongols
1845:
1577:(not to be confused with the
1010:, with their old link to the
4842:Military history of Mongolia
4070:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
2270:Richardson, Hugh E. (1984).
2189:, pp. 139. Psychology Press.
1850:
1217:
26:under Mongol rule, 1240-1354
7:
4090:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
3980:British expedition to Tibet
3970:Nepal-Tibet War (1855â1856)
3940:Battle of the Salween River
2566:Manghit / Mangudai
2370:Tibet: A Political History.
1818:
1797:Battle of the Salween River
967:In 1240, the Mongol Prince
803:
10:
4913:
4463:Postage and postal history
3915:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
3369:
3345:Esen BuqaâAyurbarwada war
2289:
1731:
1579:Altan Khans of the Khalkha
1221:
316:Hungary and Croatia (
4837:Military history of Tibet
4793:
4649:
4492:
4485:
4458:
4449:
4415:
4318:
4309:
4268:
4166:
4162:
4153:
4062:
3925:Mongol invasions of Tibet
3905:
3709:
3678:
3669:
3616:
3527:
3446:
3379:
3375:
3364:
3308:
3257:
3160:(1223 / 1236â40)
3106:
3083:
3066:(1257 / 1284â88)
3036:
2961:
2906:
2895:
2875:
2766:
2712:
2689:ByzantineâMongol Alliance
2624:
2620:
2597:
2512:
2459:
2455:
2444:
1661:
1632:
1596:
1592:Mongol invasions of Tibet
1591:
1437:
1424:
1389:
1338:
1302:
1297:
1240:Tibet was subdued to the
1214:) as far west as Litang.
1195:
1154:Although, Karmapa of the
952:
939:
913:
896:
860:
855:
765:, who founded the Mongol
738:Mongol invasions of Tibet
415:
301:Poland and Bohemia (
268:
261:
242:
210:
152:
102:
81:
76:
71:
4323:Tibet Autonomous Region
4085:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
4037:1987â1989 Tibetan unrest
2341:(2003) Scarecrow Press.
1291:Post imperial expedition
1167:, but his chief khatun,
1151:, of the Mongol Empire.
1034:kingdom of Western Xia.
637:13th and 14th Dalai Lama
4430:TAR People's Government
4390:Serfs' Emancipation Day
3930:TibetâLadakhâMughal war
2642:Invasions and conquests
2561:Paiza / Gerege
2386:(1997) Westview Press.
2351:Saunders, John Joseph.
2237:, December, 1980, p. 8.
2174:Laird 2006, pp. 114-117
1986:Tibetan Painted Scrolls
1102:Mon-mkmar-mgon-po-gdong
4872:18th-century conflicts
4862:17th-century conflicts
4852:13th-century conflicts
4100:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
4054:Special Frontier Force
3299:(1260 / 1301)
3027:(1274 / 1281)
2694:Franco-Mongol alliance
2382:Smith, Warren W., Jr.
1759:(the last khan of the
1743:
1676:Prince Tsewang Arabtan
1662:Commanders and leaders
1545:). The unification of
1390:Commanders and leaders
1237:
1107:
1070:
914:Commanders and leaders
27:
16:Invasions of 1206â1723
4877:18th century in Tibet
4867:17th century in Tibet
4857:13th century in Tibet
4473:QinghaiâTibet railway
4468:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
4435:TAR People's Congress
4407:IndiaâTibet relations
4380:Independence movement
4032:1959 Tibetan uprising
3920:Battle of Dafei River
3768:Era of Fragmentation
2337:Sanders, Alan J. K.
2272:Tibet and its History
2251:Tibet and its History
2198:Schirokauer, Conrad.
2017:. Rome: IsIMEO, p. 8.
1840:Tibet under Qing rule
1825:Tibet under Yuan rule
1741:
1728:Intervention in Tibet
1438:Casualties and losses
1274:imperial examinations
1231:
1224:Tibet under Yuan rule
1098:
1064:
953:Casualties and losses
771:Drogon Chogyal Phagpa
22:
4781:Traditional medicine
3995:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3816:Relations with Ming
3786:Relations with Song
3758:Relations with Tang
3696:European exploration
3190:Serbia and Bulgaria
2313:(2006) Grove Press.
2186:China's Tibet Policy
1799:not far from Lhasa.
1671:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
1482:Choghtu Khong Tayiji
1472:, the leader of the
958:Minimal (or no loss)
673:European exploration
627:MingâTibet relations
592:Era of Fragmentation
62:Mongol invasions and
4425:Regional Government
4402:CIA Tibetan program
4385:Serfdom controversy
4269:Traditional regions
4120:Simla Accord (1914)
4042:2008 Tibetan unrest
3866:List of Qing ambans
3811:Phagmodrupa dynasty
3437:Khagans of the Yuan
3166:Poland and Bohemia
2942:Khwarazmian Empire
2667:Society and economy
2099:Wylie, ibid. p.326.
1119:in accordance with
736:There were several
602:Phagmodrupa dynasty
525:Bulgaria and Serbia
333:Bulgaria and Serbia
4892:Invasions of Tibet
4739:(ceremonial scarf)
4710:Dzong architecture
4527:Imperial Preceptor
4397:Sovereignty debate
4343:Etymology of Tibet
3955:Lhasa riot of 1750
3950:Jinchuan campaigns
3935:Battle of Dartsedo
3853:Qing dynasty rule
3796:Yuan dynasty rule
3770:(9thâ13th century)
3182:Holy Roman Empire
2637:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
2396:Wylie, Turrell V.
2247:Richardson, Hugh E
2081:Petech 2003 p.342.
1744:
1681:Galdan Tseren Khan
1238:
1071:
849:1240-1241 invasion
28:
4824:
4823:
4789:
4788:
4481:
4480:
4445:
4444:
4348:Foreign relations
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4149:
4148:
4005:QinghaiâTibet War
3975:Sikkim expedition
3965:DograâTibetan War
3960:Sino-Nepalese War
3895:political leaders
3873:Post-Qing to 1950
3826:Rinpungpa dynasty
3737:(7thâ9th century)
3625:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3337:KaiduâKublai war
3329:BerkeâHulagu war
3321:Toluid Civil War
3102:
3101:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2674:House of Borjigin
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2392:978-0-8133-3280-2
2323:Rossabi, Morris.
1944:Sanders. p. 309,
1734:DzungarâQing Wars
1725:
1724:
1628:
1627:
1511:army. He met the
1450:
1449:
1334:
1333:
1236:(Xuanzheng Yuan).
1127:(1204â83) of the
965:
964:
892:
891:
734:
733:
607:Rinpungpa dynasty
533:
532:
370:
369:
365:
364:
328:Holy Roman Empire
4904:
4809:
4802:
4740:
4517:Tibetan Buddhism
4490:
4489:
4456:
4455:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4022:Battle of Chamdo
4000:Sino-Tibetan War
3856:
3819:
3799:
3789:
3771:
3761:
3748:List of emperors
3738:
3720:
3701:Historical money
3676:
3675:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3423:
3410:
3407:Töregene Khatun
3397:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3094:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3050:
3028:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2927:
2919:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2877:
2876:
2839:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2829:Sarai Batu/Berke
2734:Chagatai Khanate
2622:
2621:
2599:
2598:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2445:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2306:
2283:
2268:
2262:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2127:. Archived from
2126:
2118:
2109:
2108:Wylie p.323-324.
2106:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1980:Turrel J. Wylie
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1559:Fifth Dalai Lama
1513:fifth Dalai Lama
1458:Tibetan Buddhism
1304:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1197:
1189:
997:Turrell V. Wylie
983:general, Doorda
932:
862:
861:
853:
852:
726:
719:
712:
700:China portal
698:
697:
696:
687:
686:
663:Historical money
564:
554:
536:
535:
410:
409:
397:
390:
383:
374:
373:
348:Byzantine Thrace
74:
73:
66:
54:
47:
40:
31:
30:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4785:
4738:
4645:
4477:
4441:
4411:
4324:
4297:
4264:
4241:Tibetan Plateau
4236:Rongbuk Glacier
4222:Yarlung Tsangpo
4145:
4058:
3985:Batang uprising
3907:
3901:
3854:
3848:Khoshut Khanate
3836:Ganden Phodrang
3831:Tsangpa dynasty
3817:
3797:
3787:
3769:
3759:
3736:
3730:Yarlung dynasty
3718:
3705:
3665:
3656:
3626:
3621:
3604:
3523:
3442:
3421:
3408:
3395:
3371:
3352:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3304:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3253:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3142:Volga Bulgaria
3135:
3127:
3118:
3116:
3098:
3092:
3079:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3032:
3026:
3016:
3007:
3005:
2998:
2997:Southern China
2990:
2982:
2981:Northern China
2973:
2971:
2957:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2925:
2917:
2891:
2890:
2863:
2762:
2739:House of Ăgedei
2708:
2679:House of Ăgedei
2647:Destructiveness
2616:
2615:
2585:
2522:
2508:
2451:
2440:
2435:
2405:
2309:Laird, Thomas.
2292:
2287:
2286:
2269:
2265:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2122:"Archived copy"
2120:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2011:Petech, Luciano
2009:
2005:
1996:
1992:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1830:Khoshut Khanate
1821:
1761:Khoshut Khanate
1736:
1730:
1721:
1695:
1691:Loupsang Danzan
1686:Tsering Dhondup
1652:
1642:Dzungar Khanate
1616:
1587:
1563:Khoshut Khanate
1420:
1385:
1369:
1365:Khoshut Khanate
1348:Khoshut Khanate
1322:
1293:
1226:
1220:
1179:
1145:William Rubruck
1059:
991:monasteries of
945:30,000 soldiers
922:
880:
851:
811:
806:
786:Khoshut Khanate
730:
694:
692:
689:Asia portal
681:
622:Ganden Phodrang
617:Khoshut Khanate
612:Tsangpa dynasty
582:Yarlung dynasty
572:Neolithic Tibet
552:
545:
534:
529:
511:
481:
411:
404:
403:
401:
371:
366:
243:Other invasions
67:
63:
60:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4910:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4754:
4742:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4688:wall paintings
4685:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4619:Tibetan people
4616:
4614:Social classes
4611:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4578:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4514:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4251:Nature Reserve
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4195:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3890:PRC annexation
3882:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3691:List of rulers
3688:
3682:
3680:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3420:Oghul Qaimish
3417:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3012:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2684:Mongol Armenia
2681:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2614:
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2610:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
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2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
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2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2394:
2380:
2363:
2349:
2335:
2321:
2307:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2263:
2239:
2235:Tibetan Review
2226:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2040:
2028:
2019:
2003:
1990:
1973:
1964:
1952:
1937:
1928:
1914:
1905:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1813:Lobzang Danjin
1809:KĂ€lzang Gyatso
1789:Kangxi Emperor
1765:5th Dalai Lama
1757:Lha-bzang Khan
1753:Tsewang Rabtan
1732:Main article:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1717:Lha-bzang Khan
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
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1644:
1638:
1635:
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1622:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
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1602:
1594:
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1448:
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1336:
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1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1222:Main article:
1219:
1216:
1141:Phag-mo-gru-pa
1135:, khan of the
1109:
1108:
1058:
1055:
1039:reconnaissance
963:
962:
959:
955:
954:
950:
949:
946:
942:
941:
937:
936:
933:
920:Doorda Darkhan
916:
915:
911:
910:
905:
899:
898:
894:
893:
890:
889:
886:
882:
881:
876:
874:
870:
869:
866:
858:
857:
850:
847:
831:Tibetan people
810:
807:
805:
802:
732:
731:
729:
728:
721:
714:
706:
703:
702:
678:
677:
676:
675:
670:
668:List of rulers
665:
660:
652:
651:
647:
646:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
587:Tibetan Empire
584:
579:
574:
566:
565:
557:
556:
547:
546:
539:
531:
530:
528:
527:
522:
521:
520:
509:
508:
507:
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492:
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485:
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432:
422:
416:
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392:
385:
377:
368:
367:
363:
362:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
314:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
277:Volga Bulgaria
274:
266:
265:
259:
258:
257:
256:
251:
244:
240:
239:
238:
237:
232:
221:
214:
212:Southeast Asia
208:
207:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
184:
183:
178:
173:
168:
156:
150:
149:
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135:
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118:
113:
106:
100:
99:
98:
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92:
85:
79:
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72:
69:
68:
57:
56:
49:
42:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4909:
4898:
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4883:
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4261:
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4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
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4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
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3802:
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3800:
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3699:
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3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Chagatai Khan
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
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3445:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
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3413:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3363:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3198:Latin Empire
3196:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2883:
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2878:
2874:
2860:
2857:
2855:
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2850:
2847:
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2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2727:Northern Yuan
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Imperial Seal
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:Pax Mongolica
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:Mongol Empire
2432:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2378:0-9611474-1-5
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:Shakabpa, W.D
2364:
2362:
2361:0-8122-1766-7
2358:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:0-8108-4434-6
2344:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:0-520-04383-9
2330:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:0-8021-1827-5
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2281:
2280:0-87773-376-7
2277:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2259:0-87773-376-7
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2134:on 2015-09-23
2130:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1997:C. P. Atwood
1994:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1912:Wylie. p.110.
1909:
1902:
1899:C. P. Atwood
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
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1802:
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1590:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:(present-day
1540:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:tribe of the
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:converted to
1455:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1416:Arslang Tayji
1413:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1379:
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1371:
1366:
1363:
1362:
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1354:
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1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1278:Neo-Confucian
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:priest-patron
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:Mongol Empire
1235:
1230:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1067:Mongol Empire
1063:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1024:Sakya Pandita
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
960:
957:
956:
951:
947:
944:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
918:
917:
912:
909:
906:
904:
903:Mongol Empire
901:
900:
895:
887:
884:
883:
879:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
863:
859:
854:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
816:
809:Prior to 1240
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:Sakya Pandita
752:
748:
743:
739:
727:
722:
720:
715:
713:
708:
707:
705:
704:
701:
690:
685:
680:
679:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
653:
649:
648:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
567:
563:
559:
558:
555:
549:
548:
543:
538:
537:
526:
523:
519:
516:
515:
514:
510:
506:
503:
502:
501:
498:
496:
493:
489:
486:
484:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
421:
420:Volga Bulgars
418:
417:
414:
407:
398:
393:
391:
386:
384:
379:
378:
375:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
267:
264:
260:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
241:
236:
233:
230:
226:
222:
220:
217:
216:
215:
213:
209:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
155:
151:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
134:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
105:
101:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
84:
80:
75:
70:
65:
55:
50:
48:
43:
41:
36:
35:
32:
25:
21:
4756:
4749:
4735:
4683:sand mandala
4675:
4668:
4609:Sinicization
4581:Panchen Lama
4576:Lhamo La-tso
4559:Ganden Tripa
4353:Human rights
4227:Grand Canyon
4207:Namcha Barwa
4200: /
3924:
3878:Tibetan Army
3776:Guge kingdom
3389:Genghis Khan
3158:Kievan Rus'
3136:(1237â1300s)
3128:(1237â1300s)
3004:
2972:Western Xia
2934:Qara Khitai
2767:Major cities
2746:Golden Horde
2722:Yuan dynasty
2609:Organization
2543:
2494:Khong Tayiji
2398:
2383:
2369:
2352:
2338:
2324:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2271:
2266:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2220:
2212:
2211:Rossabi, M.
2207:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2183:Dawa Norbu.
2179:
2170:
2161:
2136:. Retrieved
2129:the original
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2072:Wylie. p.111
2068:
2063:Wylie. p.107
2059:
2051:
2048:Kwanten, Luc
2043:
2038:Wylie. p.110
2026:Wylie. p.112
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:Wylie. p.103
1967:
1962:Wylie. p.104
1945:
1940:
1931:
1926:Wylie. p.106
1908:
1900:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1793:Qing dynasty
1786:
1745:
1656:Qing dynasty
1633:Belligerents
1624:Qing victory
1536:
1532:
1517:
1486:
1451:
1358:
1357:
1339:Belligerents
1285:Yuan dynasty
1282:
1254:
1250:Song dynasty
1246:Yuan dynasty
1239:
1211:
1203:
1173:
1153:
1125:Karma Baqshi
1110:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1072:
1048:
1046:was profit.
1044:
1036:
1028:
1001:
966:
897:Belligerents
828:
815:Genghis Khan
812:
792:conquest of
779:
767:Yuan dynasty
742:Genghis Khan
737:
735:
494:
442:Eastern Liao
408:'s campaigns
338:Latin Empire
187:
126:Nizari state
83:Central Asia
4693:wall murals
4597:Catholicism
4181:Environment
3855:(1720â1912)
3818:(1368â1644)
3798:(1270â1350)
3719:(Neolithic)
3717:Prehistory
3464:Sartaq Khan
3433:Kublai Khan
3428:Möngke Khan
3402:Ăgedei Khan
3381:Great Khans
3347:(1314â1318)
3339:(1268â1301)
3291:(1260â1323)
3275:(1253â1256)
3258:Middle East
3152:(1238â1239)
3093:(1221â1327)
2952:(1219â1256)
2944:(1219â1221)
2926:(1264â1308)
2918:(1207-1308)
2784:Azov (Azaq)
2450:Terminology
1573:lineage by
1493:Ligdan Khan
1480:, defeated
1466:Karma Kagyu
1404:Ligdan Khan
1269:Kublai Khan
1180: [
1156:Karma Kagyu
1121:Great Jasag
1075:Möngke Khan
1051:Ogedai Khan
1012:Western Xia
975:'s son and
923: [
839:Jin dynasty
824:Western Xia
822:kingdom of
763:Kublai Khan
551:History of
467:Kievan Rus'
425:Jin dynasty
406:Ăgedei Khan
176:Eastern Xia
166:Western Xia
90:Qara Khitai
4831:Categories
4776:Tibetology
4745:Literature
4564:Dalai Lama
4417:Government
4375:Tibet Area
4370:Golden Urn
4336:Parliament
3861:Lifan Yuan
3788:(960â1279)
3725:Zhangzhung
3710:Chronology
3600:Nogai Khan
3484:Ăzbeg Khan
3415:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
3309:Civil wars
3297:Palestine
3206:Lithuania
3126:Circassia
2859:Xacitarxan
2844:Soltaniyeh
2581:Darughachi
2249:. (1984).
2138:2013-10-24
1846:References
1575:Altan Khan
1567:Dalai Lama
1489:Tuul river
1470:GĂŒshi Khan
1396:GĂŒshi Khan
1359:by support
1280:policies.
1022:hierarch,
577:Zhangzhung
447:Khwarazmia
287:Durdzuketi
272:Kievan Rus
4758:Chronicle
4720:Festivals
4532:Dpon-chen
4502:Languages
4497:Education
4246:Changtang
4188:Mountains
4155:Geography
4063:Documents
3908:conflicts
3760:(618â907)
3679:Overviews
3469:Orda Khan
3459:Batu Khan
3323:(1260â64)
3267:(1241â43)
3265:Anatolia
3240:(1287â88)
3232:(1285â86)
3224:(1264â65)
3216:(1259â60)
3208:(1258â59)
3184:(1241â42)
3176:(1241â42)
3168:(1240â41)
3144:(1229â36)
3134:Chechnya
3074:(1300â02)
3038:Southeast
3017:(1253â56)
2999:(1235â79)
2991:(1231â60)
2983:(1211â34)
2936:(1216â18)
2924:Sakhalin
2884:Campaigns
2834:Saray-JĂŒk
2824:Samarkand
2799:Karakorum
2758:Ilkhanate
2516:Political
1851:Citations
1777:Nyingmapa
1751:, led by
1707:Yongzheng
1604:1688-1755
1443:minimally
1310:1634-1637
1218:Aftermath
1204:mdo khams
1165:shamanist
1160:âPhags-Pa
1149:Karakorum
1117:appanages
1008:âBri-gung
1004:sTag-lung
993:Rwa-sgreáč
798:Dzungaria
632:Qing rule
597:Yuan rule
477:Sit River
343:Lithuania
292:Circassia
154:East Asia
143:Palestine
111:Caucassus
104:West Asia
64:conquests
4816:Category
4700:Calendar
4634:Diaspora
4507:Religion
4311:Politics
4212:Tanggula
4202:Changtse
3906:Wars and
3781:Tsongkha
3743:Timeline
3686:Timeline
3663:articles
3595:Boroldai
3575:Khubilai
3555:Bo'orchu
3528:Military
3422:(regent)
3409:(regent)
3396:(regent)
3281:Baghdad
3230:Hungary
3174:Hungary
3117:Georgia
3064:Vietnam
2916:Siberia
2814:Maragheh
2714:Khanates
2662:Religion
2657:Military
2606:Politics
2556:Kurultai
2519:Military
2147:cite web
1819:See also
1749:Dzungars
1712:Qianlong
1609:Location
1528:Dzungars
1478:Koko Nor
1474:Khoshuts
1425:Strength
1315:Location
1129:Karma-pa
940:Strength
873:Location
804:Invasion
794:Mongolia
749:invited
691:•
658:Timeline
650:See also
642:PRC rule
542:a series
540:Part of
198:Sakhalin
116:Anatolia
95:Khwarezm
4800:Outline
4764:writers
4705:Cuisine
4670:thangka
4651:Culture
4624:Changpa
4539:Nyingma
4486:Society
4451:Economy
4286:Ă-Tsang
4260:Valleys
4218:Rivers
4193:Kailash
3753:Lönchen
3735:Empire
3671:History
3565:Boroqul
3560:Guo Kan
3550:Negudar
3535:Subutai
3435: (
3273:Alamut
3246:Serbia
3238:Poland
3222:Thrace
3214:Poland
3150:Alania
3015:Yunnan
2950:Persia
2908:Central
2887:Battles
2794:Bolghar
2789:Bukhara
2774:Almalik
2576:Kheshig
2504:Tarkhan
2290:Sources
2013:(1990)
2001:, p.538
1903:, p.538
1769:Mongols
1647:Kokonur
1555:chogyal
1551:Tsangpa
1543:Qinghai
1520:Khoshut
1505:Kokonor
1503:around
1430:unknown
1414:Prince
1410:Choghtu
1408:Prince
1252:China.
1196:àœàœàœŒàŒàœàœàœŠ
1192:Tibetan
1137:Mongols
1113:Damxung
1077:became
1069:in 1259
989:Kadampa
948:Unknown
843:Sichuan
835:Wenxian
513:Hungary
505:Legnica
483:Kozelsk
462:Armenia
457:Georgia
435:Caizhou
430:Kaifeng
358:Gazaria
282:Cumania
254:Siberia
223:Burma (
219:Vietnam
133:Baghdad
4751:Annals
4715:Emblem
4677:tsakli
4549:Jonang
4198:Lhotse
4142:(2008)
3841:Kashag
3661:
3545:Muqali
3519:Ghazan
3514:Arghun
3504:Hulegu
3394:Tolui
3370:People
3331:(1262)
3289:Syria
3283:(1258)
3248:(1291)
3200:(1242)
3192:(1242)
3108:Europe
3091:India
3072:Burma
3058:(1293)
3047:Burma
3025:Japan
3006:Tibet
2989:Korea
2849:Tabriz
2819:Qarshi
2779:Avarga
2625:Topics
2529:Jarlig
2489:Jinong
2484:Khanum
2479:Khatun
2469:Khagan
2461:Titles
2390:
2376:
2359:
2345:
2331:
2317:
2278:
2257:
1781:Bonpos
1702:Kangxi
1649:rebels
1621:Result
1454:Oirats
1433:50 000
1327:Result
1212:dokham
1177:Dokham
1169:Chabui
1133:Hulagu
1088:Turpan
1079:Khagan
1032:Tangut
1016:Petech
985:Darqan
981:Tangut
973:Ăgedei
885:Result
820:Tangut
544:on the
500:Poland
472:Ryazan
452:Goryeo
353:Serbia
322:Second
307:Second
297:Alania
263:Europe
229:Second
138:Levant
121:Persia
4807:Index
4771:Music
4736:Khata
4639:Names
4629:Yolmo
4602:Islam
4554:Gelug
4544:Kagyu
4522:Sakya
4325:(TAR)
4291:Ngari
4176:Fauna
4171:Flora
3659:Tibet
3590:Kadan
3585:Bayan
3570:Jelme
3509:Abaqa
3499:Kebek
3479:Toqta
3474:Berke
3454:Jochi
3447:Khans
3084:South
3056:Java
2809:Majar
2751:Wings
2571:TĂŒmen
2551:Yassa
2534:Ărtöö
2499:Noyan
2282:(pbk)
2261:(pbk)
2215:, p56
2132:(PDF)
2125:(PDF)
1948:Lhasa
1805:Tibet
1773:Lhasa
1614:Tibet
1571:tulku
1547:Tibet
1524:Oirat
1509:Tsang
1501:TĂŒmed
1497:Tibet
1462:Gelug
1446:heavy
1353:Tibet
1320:Tibet
1265:Sakya
1200:Wylie
1188:]
1084:Tibet
1020:Sakya
977:GĂŒyĂŒk
969:Godan
931:]
908:Tibet
878:Tibet
782:Oirat
753:lama
751:Sakya
747:Godan
553:Tibet
495:Tibet
318:First
311:Third
303:First
249:India
225:First
203:Japan
193:Korea
188:Tibet
161:China
24:Tibet
4725:Flag
4664:rugs
4586:list
4569:list
4358:LGBT
4281:Kham
4276:Amdo
3540:Jebe
3494:Duwa
2963:East
2900:Asia
2854:Ukek
2804:Dadu
2612:Life
2539:Orda
2474:Khan
2388:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2315:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2153:link
1779:and
1601:Date
1539:Amdo
1464:and
1452:The
1307:Date
1065:The
1006:and
868:1240
865:Date
796:and
790:Qing
518:Mohi
488:Kiev
235:Java
181:Song
77:Asia
4659:Art
4512:Bon
3580:Aju
1476:in
1276:or
1208:THL
961:500
841:in
171:Jin
4833::
2368:.
2303:52
2301:.
2149:}}
2145:{{
2113:^
2050:,
2031:^
1955:^
1917:^
1210::
1206:,
1202::
1198:,
1194::
1186:fr
1184:;
1182:zh
971:,
929:ja
927:;
925:ru
845:.
800:.
320:,
309:,
305:,
227:,
3651:e
3644:t
3637:v
3439:)
2430:e
2423:t
2416:v
2155:)
2141:.
1190:(
725:e
718:t
711:v
396:e
389:t
382:v
324:)
313:)
231:)
53:e
46:t
39:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
