222:
212:
119:
974:
1725:
1793:, and several forts in Quhistan. Lambsar fell in January 1257 after a cholera outbreak. Gerdkuh resisted much longer. The Mongols had built permanent structures and houses around this fortress, the ruins of which, together with two types of stones used for the Nizari and Mongol mangonels, are still extant today. On 15 December 1270, during the reign of Abaqa, the garrison of Gerdkuh surrendered from want of clothing. It was thirteen years after the fall of Alamut, and seventeen years after its first siege by Kitbuqa; the Mongols killed the surviving garrison but did not destroy the fortress. In the same year, an unsuccessful assassination attempt on
1550:, all of which were on top of high peaks. Nevertheless, the strength of the fortification impressed the Mongols, who surveyed it from various angles to find a weak point. Since the winter was approaching, Hülegü was advised by the majority of his lieutenants to postpone the siege, but he decided to proceed. Preliminary bombardments were performed for three days by mangonels from a nearby hilltop with casualties on both sides. A direct Mongol assault on the fourth day was repulsed. The Mongols then used heavier siege engines hurling javelins dipped in burning pitch and set up additional mangonels all around the fortifications.
373:
357:
340:
327:
310:
293:
282:
172:
1580:
1356:
1706:, Mongolia, due to his failure to hand over Lambsar and Gerdkuh, and ordered his return to his homeland. In the way, he and his small retinue were executed by their Mongol escort. Möngke meanwhile issued a general massacre of all Nizari Ismailis, including all of Khurshah's family as well as the garrisons. Khurshah's relatives who were kept at Qazvin were killed by Qaraqai Bitikchi, while Ötegü-China summoned the Nizaris of Quhistan to gatherings and slaughtered about 12,000 people. Möngke's order reflects an earlier order by
1109:
108:
320:
379:
366:
350:
333:
303:
1591:
1327:, the designated future Imam. According to Persian historians, the Nizari elites had planned a "coup" against Muhammad in order to replace him with Khurshah who would subsequently enter into immediate negotiations with the Mongols, but Khurshah fell ill before implementing this plan. Nevertheless, on December 1 or 2, 1255, Muhammad died under suspicious circumstances and was succeeded by Khurshah who was in his late twenties.
1133:
1682:
1457:
1557:, who took it personally to Khurshah, asking for his signature, but Khurshah was hesitant. After several days, Hülegü began another bombardment and on 19 November, Khurshah and his entourage descended from the fortress and surrendered. The evacuation of the fortress continued until the next day. A small part of the garrison refused to surrender and fought in a
864:, who was present in the campaign as an official under Hulegu. Juvayni has dedicated the concluding one-third of his history to this campaign, depicting it as the pinnacle of the Mongol conquest in the Muslim lands. His account contains inconsistencies and exaggerations and has been "corrected" based on other sources. Other sources include the
1628:
in all circumstances. Hülegü surrounded Alamut with his army, and
Khurshah unsuccessfully attempted to persuade its commander to surrender. Hülegü left a large force under Balaghai to besiege Alamut, and himself together with Khurshah set out to besiege the nearby Lambsar. Muqaddam al-Din eventually
1488:
and offered the surrender of all strongholds except Alamut and
Lambsar, and again asked for a year's delay for Khurshah to visit Hülegü in person. Meanwhile, Khurshah ordered Gerdkuh and the fortresses of Quhistan to surrender, which their chiefs did, but the garrison of Gerdkuh continued to resist.
1632:
Juvayni describes the difficulty by which the
Mongols dismantled the plastered walls and lead-covered ramparts of Alamut. The Mongols had to set fire to the buildings and then destroy them piece by piece. He also notes the extensive chambers, galleries, and deep tanks, replete with wine, vinegar,
1342:
districts which deterred him from supervising the campaign. He instructed
Kitbuqa and Köke Ilgei in May 1256 to attack Tun again, which was sacked after a week-long siege, and almost all its inhabitants were massacred. The Mongol commanders then regrouped with Hülegü and attacked
1276:) his temporary headquarters, and sent messengers to the local Mongol and non-Mongol rulers in Persia, announcing his presence as the Great Khan's viceroy and asking for assistance against the Nizaris, with the punishment of refusal being their utter destruction. In Autumn 1255,
1825:
with heavy casualties on both sides. Nevertheless, the possible
Ilkhanate authority over the region must have been eradicated in 1335 after the death of the last ruler of the Ilkhanate. By 1368, Daylam was governed by Kiya Sayf al-Din, a member of the
1697:
where he sent messages to the Syrian Nizari stronghold instructing them to surrender, but they did not act, believing that the Imam was acting under duress. As his position became intolerable, Khurshah asked Hülegü to be allowed to go meet
2873:
Mediæval
Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: pt. 3. Explanation of a Mongol-Chinese mediæval map of central and western Asia. pt. 4 Chinese intercourse with the countries of central and western Asia during the fifteenth and sixteenth
1624:. Despite the small size of the fortress and its garrison, Alamut was stone-built (unlike Maymun-Diz), well-provisioned, and featured a reliable water supply. However, the Nizari faith demands the faithful pay absolute obedience to the
1086:, with the highest priority being the conquest of the Nizari state and the Abbasid Caliphate. Elaborate preparations were made, and Hülegü did not set out until 1253, and actually arrived in Persia more than two years later. In 1253,
1094:
in
Mongolia, was struck by the security precautions there, reportedly in response to the more than forty assassins who had been sent there to assassinate Möngke; it is possible that the assassination attempt was merely rumored.
943:
297:
1248:
and several other castles in Qumis fell as well. In
December 1253, Girdkuh's garrison audaciously sallied at night and killed a hundred Mongols, including Büri. Gerdkuh was on the verge of falling due to an outbreak of
1508:
Numerous negotiations between the Nizari Imam and Hülegü were futile. Apparently, the Nizari Imam sought to at least keep the main Nizari strongholds, while the
Mongols were adamant that the Nizaris must fully submit.
1054:
to Persia, instructing him to dedicate one-fifth of the forces there to reduce rebellious territories, beginning with the Nizari state. Güyük himself had intended to participate but died shortly afterward. A Mongol
1808:
recaptured the Alamut Castle, but the
Mongols reclaimed it a year later. Just like other groups in the nearby regions, the Nizaris too were still able to retain a (semi)-independent state in their heartland of
1334:) in January 1256 and entered Quhistan in April 1256. Hülegü chose Tun, which had not been reduced effectively by Kitbuqa, as his first target. An obscure incident occurred while Hülegü was passing through the
837:
Many of the surviving Nizaris scattered throughout Western, Central, and South Asia. Little is known about them afterward, but their communities maintain some sort of independence in their heartland of
1501:. Khurshah sent his 7- or 8-years-old son as a show of good faith, but he was sent back due to his young age. Khurshah then sent his second brother Shahanshah (Shahin Shah), who met the Mongols at
1204:?). In August 1253, he sent raiding parties to the Tarem and Rudbar districts with little results. Afterward they attacked and slaughtered the inhabitants of Mansuriah and Alabeshin (Alah beshin).
1673:
Juvayni noted the impregnability and self-sufficiency of Alamut and the other Nizari fortresses. Rashid al-Din similarly writes of the good fortune of Mongols in their war against the Nizaris.
456:
1484:
fortress and was apparently playing for time; by resisting longer, the arrival of winter could have stopped the Mongol campaigning. He sent his vizier Kayqubad; they met the Mongols in
1611:
1378:. Yasur replied that the Imam personally should visit Hülegü's camp. Skrimishes are recorded between Yasur and the Nizaris of Rudbar: on June 12, he was defeated in a battle on Mount
360:
1072:, began to implement the former's schemes. Möngke's decision followed anti-Nizari urges by Sunnis in the Mongol court, new anti-Nizari complaints (such as that of Shams al-Din,
1601:
Khurshah instructed all Nizari castles of the Rusbar valley to capitulate, evacuate, and dismantle their forts. All castles (around forty) subsequently capitulated, except
1748:
As the centralized government of the Nizaris was disestablished, the Nizaris either were killed or had abandoned their traditional strongholds. Many of them migrated to
1760:. Little is known about the history of the Ismailis in this stage, until two centuries later, when they again began to grow as scattered communities under regional
3323:
1868:
Virani, Shafique N. (2003). "The Eagle Returns: Evidence of Continued Isma?ili Activity at Alamut and in the South Caspian Region Following the Mongol Conquests".
449:
930:, who restored Alamut suzerainty over the Nizaris in Syria. After the Mongol invasion of Persia, many Sunni and Shia Muslims (including the prominent scholar
3251:
1553:
Later that month, Kuhrshah sent a message offering his surrender on the condition of the immunity of him and his family. Hülegü's royal decree was sent by
1062:
442:
1082:), and warnings from the local Mongol commanders in Persia. In 1252, Möngke entrusted the mission of conquering the rest of Western Asia to his brother
1368:
As soon as he had been in power, Khurshah announced the Nizari leadership's willingness to submit to the Mongol rule to the nearest Mongol commander,
3318:
1831:
1315:
The inexorable Mongol advances in Quhistan caused consternation among the Nizari leadership. The relationship had already deteriorated between Imam
4272:
4194:
3657:
1636:
After examining Alamut's famous library, Juvayni saved "copies of the Qur'an and other choice books" as well as "astronomical instruments such as
810:
Hülegü's campaign began with attacks on strongholds in Quhistan and Qumis amidst intensified internal dissensions among Nizari leaders under Imam
927:
1168:
230:
1797:
is attributed to the Nizaris, who had earlier spoken of their total annihilation. By 1273, all the Syrian Nizari castles were also captured by
1539:
4362:
834:, and those in Syria continued to resist. Möngke Khan later ordered a general massacre of all Nizaris, including Khurshah and his family.
4357:
4277:
1827:
1233:
3801:
731:
1702:
in Mongolia, promising that he would persuade the remaining Ismaili fortresses to surrender. Möngke rebuked him after visiting him in
3569:
3561:
1648:, complete and partial astrolabes, and others", and burned the other books "which related to their heresy and error". He also picked
788:
602:
518:
1989:
1201:
1571:
An inexplicable aspect of the events for historians is why Alamut made no effort to assist their besieged comrades in Maymun-Diz.
4312:
4257:
3048:
2890:
Virani, Shafique N.; Virani, Assistant Professor Departments of Historical Studies and the Study of Religion Shafique N. (2007).
826:
ceased hostilities too and was dismantled. The Nizari state was thus disestablished, although several individual forts, notably
818:, began a long series of negotiations in face of the implacable Mongol advance. In 1256, the Imam capitulated while besieged in
3809:
736:
3865:
2978:
2953:
2926:
2901:
2840:
2785:
2760:
2726:
2698:
2643:
2585:
2533:
2508:
2478:
2426:
2390:
2362:
2300:
2270:
2192:
2161:
2127:
2096:
2068:
2028:
1960:
1922:
756:
4377:
4372:
4367:
3841:
3817:
3616:
3582:
3266:
751:
741:
549:
4387:
4342:
4337:
4307:
3600:
3553:
2560:
1664:), which interested him, but he claims he burnt it after reading it. Juvayni has extensively cited its contents in his
539:
513:
221:
211:
118:
3634:
3849:
3777:
3761:
2673:
822:
and ordered his followers to do likewise according to his agreement with Hülegü. Despite being difficult to capture,
725:
680:
675:
3833:
3793:
1693:
By 1256, Hülegü almost eliminated the Persian Nizaris as an independent military force. Khurshah was then taken to
721:
710:
700:
506:
2044:
4407:
3857:
3785:
3691:
3527:
1618:, possibly because their commanders thought the Imam had issued orders under duress and was practicing a sort of
1183:, the main Nizari stronghold there. His army consisted of 5,000 (probably Mongol) cavalrymen and 5,000 (probably
714:
706:
497:
1046:, Shihab al-Din and Shams al-Din, to Mongolia on the occasion of the enthronement of the new Mongol Great Khan,
4282:
3908:
3753:
3665:
3590:
3261:
1480:. The center was under Hulegu himself. Meanwhile, Hülegü sent another warning to Khurshah. Khurshah was at the
690:
619:
544:
534:
492:
466:
1724:
1027:
to forge a Muslim–Christian alliance against the Mongols, but this was unsuccessful. The European kings later
4332:
4267:
4238:
3964:
3935:
3825:
3308:
3281:
3276:
989:
973:
746:
4402:
3745:
3543:
3286:
3271:
695:
573:
1804:
In 1275, a Nizari force under a son of Khurshah (titled Naw Dawlat or Abu Dawlat) and a descendant of the
4287:
3916:
3884:
3735:
3683:
3535:
3041:
2043:
B. Hourcade, “Alamüt,” Encyclopædia Iranica, I/8, pp. 797–801; an updated version is available online at
1382:
near Alamut, where the Nizari forces had been mustered, but managed to harass the Nizaris of the region.
1261:
sent by the Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad in the summer of 1254. The impregnable fort resisted for many years
657:
652:
624:
597:
592:
53:
1359:
Hulegu and his army marching against the Nizari castles in 1256. Persian miniature from a manuscript of
1004:
to the Mongols; the Nizaris had recently taken control of the city after the fall of the Khwarezmshahs.
4382:
4352:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4302:
4297:
4262:
1713:
Hülegü then moved with the bulk of his army to Azerbaijan, officially established his own khanate (the
1625:
1232:
In July 1253, Kitbuqa who had been in Quhistan, pillaged, slaughtered, and seized probably temporarily
992:, direct confrontations began between the Nizaris under Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad and the Mongols under
2806:
1912:
3769:
3727:
3710:
3644:
3624:
3608:
3370:
1418:
1137:
666:
642:
578:
568:
563:
215:
30:
1564:
The Nizari leadership's decision to surrender was apparently influenced by outside scholars such as
1217:
at a leisurely pace and increased his number in his way. He was accompanied by two of his ten sons,
4292:
1741:
527:
4397:
3675:
1766:
s in Iran, Afghanistan, Badakhshan, Syria, and India. The Nizaris of Syria were tolerated by the
1718:
800:
761:
647:
3313:
3034:
1561:
in a high domed building in the fortress; they were defeated and slaughtered after three days.
1468:
and Rudbar from three directions. The right wing, under Buqa Temür and Köke Ilgei, marched via
1316:
1028:
1016:
978:
967:
871:
811:
286:
2943:
2663:
2633:
2498:
2468:
2290:
2178:
2147:
1950:
4056:
4000:
3333:
2891:
4392:
3956:
3948:
3428:
2619:
2184:
1666:
1565:
1324:
955:
931:
903:
902:. By establishing strategic and self-sufficient mountain strongholds, they had established
866:
856:
815:
784:
372:
356:
344:
339:
326:
314:
309:
292:
281:
175:
171:
8:
4347:
4204:
3158:
2153:
2119:
1805:
1779:
1729:
1728:
The Nizaris were still active after the Alamut Period. The assassination attempt against
1633:
honey, and other goods. During the pillage, one man was almost drowned in a honey store.
1527:
and encircled the fortress with his forces by marching over the Alamut mountains via the
1518:
1505:. But Hülegü demanded the dismantling of the Nizari fortifications to show his goodwill.
1401:
1209:
1024:
985:
918:
1997:
1225:, his brother Subedei, who died en route, his wives Öljei and Yisut, and his stepmother
3080:
3015:
1893:
1305:
1087:
1020:
911:
179:
161:
4026:
3358:
3298:
2689:
Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, J. A.; Boyle, John Andrew; Frye, Richard Nelson (1968).
1579:
1355:
3393:
3019:
2974:
2949:
2922:
2897:
2836:
2781:
2756:
2722:
2694:
2669:
2639:
2581:
2556:
2529:
2504:
2474:
2422:
2386:
2358:
2296:
2266:
2188:
2157:
2123:
2092:
2064:
2024:
1956:
1918:
1885:
1794:
1770:
and held a few castles under Mamluk suzerainty. The Mamluks may have employed Nizari
1645:
1594:
1554:
1293:
1128:. The garrison resisted for 17 years, long after the surrender of the Nizari leaders.
1125:
1012:
861:
149:
2112:
Waterson, James (2008). "1: A House Divided: The Origins of the Ismaili Assassins".
791:
and a series of Nizari–Mongol conflicts. The campaign was ordered by the Great Khan
3940:
3900:
3353:
3007:
1877:
1657:
1473:
1414:
1361:
1297:
1245:
1197:
614:
265:
153:
122:
57:
1330:
To reach Iran, Hülegü had entered via the Chaghatai khaganate, crossing the Oxus (
378:
365:
349:
332:
302:
4034:
2550:
2352:
2149:
The Elite: The Story of Special Forces – From Ancient Sparta to the War on Terror
2143:
2113:
2058:
1835:
1822:
1434:
1285:
1047:
1035:
996:. The latter had just begun to conquer the rest of Persia. Soon the Nizaris lost
165:
1990:"The Mediaeval Ismailis of the Iranian Lands | The Institute of Ismaili Studies"
685:
434:
3303:
2045:
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alamut-valley-alborz-northeast-of-qazvin-
1985:
1818:
1786:
1686:
1649:
1615:
1543:
1528:
1494:
1438:
1309:
1257:, it survived the epidemic and was saved by the arrival of reinforcements from
1254:
1176:
1001:
879:
827:
137:
65:
4047:
4021:
3011:
2971:
The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation
2893:
The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation
1699:
1430:
1108:
1069:
993:
792:
195:
4251:
4108:
4039:
3346:
3164:
3057:
1889:
1785:
Resistance by the Nizaris in Persia was still ongoing in some forts, notably
1775:
1767:
1602:
1584:
1535:
1534:
Maymun-Diz could have been attacked by mangonels; that was not the case with
1442:
1258:
907:
823:
319:
97:
4103:
1426:
225:
4008:
3448:
3365:
3341:
3256:
3190:
3113:
3093:
1814:
1707:
1477:
1391:
1386:
1335:
1289:
1226:
1157:
966:. The Imam died in the same year and was succeeded by his 9-years-old son,
959:
404:
145:
112:
107:
3453:
2998:
Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (2020). "Mongol Diplomacy of the Alamut Period".
2601:
2233:
2208:
1050:. But the latter dismissed them, and soon dispatched reinforcements under
4174:
4123:
4083:
4052:
3153:
2209:"Magiran | روزنامه ایران (1392/07/02): ناگفته هایی از عظیم ترین دژ فردوس"
1749:
1490:
1339:
1320:
1144:
1083:
796:
200:
2833:
Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the struggle against the Crusades
1774:
s against their own enemies, notably the attempted assassination of the
4219:
4128:
3478:
3463:
3200:
1897:
1753:
1607:
1558:
1524:
1481:
1469:
1277:
1273:
1218:
1175:
and killed their inhabitants, and in May they attacked the district of
899:
819:
259:
249:
141:
4088:
4078:
3443:
3423:
3418:
3377:
1714:
1703:
1641:
1502:
1410:
1396:
1395:
s, and new commanders were added. Many of them were the relatives of
1344:
1331:
1269:
1152:
1091:
1051:
895:
804:
1881:
1590:
4214:
3433:
3293:
3175:
2234:"Magiran | روزنامه شرق (1390/01/15) : قلعه ای در دل کوه فردوس"
1485:
1446:
1281:
1172:
1163:
1043:
1038:
and many Muslim rulers, sent a diplomatic mission under the Nizari
935:
133:
61:
1838:. The Nizaris also re-established their Imamate at the village of
4184:
4179:
4169:
4154:
3458:
3413:
3408:
3195:
3185:
3123:
2778:
The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
1839:
1798:
1790:
1762:
1737:
1620:
1547:
1498:
1450:
1433:'s family is mentioned. Hülegü had with him a thousand squads of
1301:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1222:
1180:
1148:
1132:
1113:
1103:
997:
923:
843:
831:
254:
235:
205:
157:
3026:
1681:
1193:
4164:
4138:
4133:
3468:
3438:
3398:
3148:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3088:
2876:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, Limited. p. 110.
1842:, where they are recorded to be active in the 14–15th century.
1810:
1694:
1465:
1422:
1379:
1375:
1323:, and his advisors and Nizari leaders, as well as with his son
1184:
1118:
1079:
1065:, was reportedly assassinated by the Nizaris around this time.
1034:
In 1246, the Nizari Imam, together with the new Abbasid caliph
891:
839:
127:
69:
814:
whose policy was fighting against the Mongols. His successor,
4209:
4189:
4118:
4098:
4093:
4073:
4013:
3180:
3170:
3118:
1757:
1406:
1370:
1171:). In April 1253, they captured several Nizari fortresses in
1057:
1008:
963:
3594:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
1196:
to besiege Gerdkuh, and himself attacked the nearby Mihrin (
4159:
4113:
3473:
3403:
2449:
History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century ..
1710:. Around 100,000 people are estimated to have been killed.
1523:
On 8 November 1256, Hülegü set up camp on a hilltop facing
1189:
1074:
803:
was intended to establish a new khanate in the region—the
4199:
2807:"Il-Khanidas i. Dynastic History – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
2442:
2440:
2438:
1676:
1456:
429:
est. 100,000 Ismailis were executed in the 1257 massacres
1472:. The left wing, under Tegüder and Kitbuqa, marched via
1464:
The Mongols campaigned against the Nizari heartland of
1007:
The Nizari Imam sought anti-Mongol alliances as far as
2555:. Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy. p. 20.
2435:
1019:
sent a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings
3324:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
2945:
The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven
1350:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2688:
2578:
Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500–1500
1830:, an Ismaili dynasty. He was attacked and killed by
944:
Nasir al-Din Abu al-Fath Abd al-Rahim ibn Abi Mansur
2115:
The Ismaili Assassins: A History of Medieval Murder
1597:
depicting Hülegü and the Mongols dismantling Alamut
1460:
The Nizari heartland: the regions Alamut and Rudbar
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2712:
2710:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
3319:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
2794:
2376:
2374:
2256:
2254:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
799:. The campaign against the Nizaris and later the
464:
16:Part of the Mongol conquest of Persia (1253–1256)
4249:
1955:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 418–420.
1531:valley and appearing at the foot of Maymun-Diz.
1409:representing the Golden Horde came Quli (son of
949:
3739:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
2735:
2707:
2496:
2399:
2354:Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria
2284:
2282:
2263:Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria
1629:capitulated after a few days in December 1256.
2657:
2655:
2497:Sneath, David; Kaplonski, Christopher (2010).
2462:
2460:
2458:
2371:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2251:
1931:
1312:, acknowledged their service with many gifts.
1104:Campaign against Quhistan, Qumis, and Khurasan
3042:
2885:
2883:
2870:
2668:. New York: Burt Franklin. pp. 104–109.
2665:History of the Mongols: The Mongols of Persia
2492:
2490:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1489:The Mongols continued to advance and reached
450:
3222:
2889:
2279:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
2973:. Oxford University Press. pp. 32–34.
2921:. Cambridge University Press. p. 301.
2896:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 32.
2775:
2769:
2755:. Cambridge University Press. p. 429.
2721:. Cambridge University Press. p. 427.
2693:. Cambridge University Press. p. 481.
2652:
2580:. Leicester University Press. p. 158.
2528:. Cambridge University Press. p. 264.
2523:
2473:. Cambridge University Press. p. 423.
2455:
2421:. Cambridge University Press. p. 422.
2082:
2080:
1011:, France, and England: in 1238, he and the
3049:
3035:
2997:
2919:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines
2880:
2753:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines
2719:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines
2487:
2470:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines
2419:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines
2380:
2309:
1969:
1952:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines
1689:collapsed in 1257 after a cholera outbreak
1187:) infantrymen. Kitbuqa left an army under
457:
443:
2941:
2635:Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index
2552:Ismāʻīlī contributions to Islamic culture
2526:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
2383:The Mongols and the Armenians (1220–1335)
2265:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 177–182.
1852:
1574:
1120:La Flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient
789:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
2855:
2288:
2111:
2077:
1910:
1870:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1821:in 1307, which was successful but was a
1740:, contributed to the termination of the
1723:
1685:The resistance in the major fortress of
1680:
1589:
1578:
1455:
1354:
1131:
1107:
1090:, a Flemish priest sent on a mission to
972:
4273:Wars involving the Nizari Ismaili state
2916:
2830:
2750:
2716:
2661:
2575:
2466:
2416:
2357:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 75–85.
2142:
2018:
1948:
1268:In September 1255, Hülegü arrived near
1213:in Mongolia and began his march with a
934:) had taken refuge with the Nizaris of
4250:
3669:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
3628:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
2968:
2776:Nicolle, David; Hook, Richard (1998).
2638:. Taylor & Francis. p. 510b.
2350:
2260:
2089:The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam
1867:
1677:Massacres of the Nizaris and aftermath
1512:
1280:joined him. All of the rulers of Rum (
1147:'s advance guard under the command of
842:and their Imamate reappeared later in
3988:
3499:
3221:
3068:
3030:
2176:
2086:
2056:
2021:Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis
438:
132:Supported by the local dynasties of:
3500:
3252:Administrative divisions and vassals
2631:
2548:
1098:
4363:History of Razavi Khorasan province
3519:
2948:. Simon and Schuster. p. 115.
2858:History of the Order of Assassins.
2835:. Hambledon Continuum. p. 36.
2780:. Brockhampton Press. p. 129.
2446:
1984:
1732:in June 1272, probably by a Syrian
1661:
781:Mongol campaign against the Nizaris
403:1,000 squads of Chinese and Muslim
24:Mongol campaign against the Nizaris
13:
4358:History of South Khorasan province
4278:Sieges involving the Mongol Empire
2991:
2060:The Mongol World Empire, 1206–1370
1445:and Muslim) skilled in the use of
1389:, his army had enlarged into five
1351:Campaign against Rudbar and Alamut
1319:, who was reportedly afflicted by
921:had been succeeded by the Persian
14:
4419:
3056:
2860:Funk & Wagnalls. p. 138.
2662:Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle (1888).
2500:The History of Mongolia (3 Vols.)
2381:Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (2010).
2292:Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan
1207:In October 1253, Hülegü left his
2503:. Global Oriental. p. 329.
2023:. Scarecrow Press. p. xxx.
1911:Campbell, Anthony (2008-12-11).
1813:. This continued at least until
1612:Muqaddam al-Din Muhammad Mubariz
377:
371:
364:
355:
348:
338:
331:
330:Vizier Shams al-Din Gilaki
325:
318:
308:
301:
291:
280:
220:
210:
170:
117:
106:
3069:
2962:
2935:
2910:
2864:
2849:
2824:
2682:
2625:
2612:
2594:
2569:
2542:
2517:
2226:
2201:
2170:
2136:
854:The main primary source is the
4313:1256 disestablishments in Asia
4258:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
2105:
2050:
2037:
2012:
1904:
906:within the territories of the
376:Qadi Tajuddin Mardanshah
1:
4239:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3936:Division of the Mongol Empire
2691:The Cambridge History of Iran
2549:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1977).
2524:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
1845:
950:Early Nizari–Mongol relations
885:
2969:Virani, Shafique N. (2007).
1654:Sargudhasht-i Bābā Sayyidinā
1425:tribesmen also joined under
795:and was led by his brother,
7:
3186:Manghit / Mangudai
2180:A New Introduction to Islam
2057:Boyle, John Andrew (1977).
298:Nasir al-Din ibn Abi Mansur
10:
4424:
4378:History of Tehran province
4373:History of Qazvin province
4368:History of Semnan province
3989:
3965:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
2871:Bretschneider, E. (1910).
2047:(accessed on 17 May 2014).
1516:
1413:), Balagha, and Tutar. The
849:
787:) began in 1253 after the
783:of the Alamut period (the
720:Hungary and Croatia (
4388:Prisoner of war massacres
4343:1253 in the Mongol Empire
4338:1251 in the Mongol Empire
4308:1256 in the Mongol Empire
4236:
4147:
4066:
3999:
3995:
3984:
3928:
3877:
3780:(1223 / 1236–40)
3726:
3703:
3686:(1257 / 1284–88)
3656:
3581:
3526:
3515:
3495:
3386:
3332:
3309:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
3244:
3240:
3217:
3132:
3079:
3075:
3064:
3012:10.1163/24685623-12340078
2942:Wasserman, James (2001).
2183:(2nd ed.). Hoboken:
2177:Brown, Daniel W. (2011).
954:In 1221, the Nizari Imam
860:written by the historian
705:Poland and Bohemia (
672:
665:
634:
586:
558:East Asia (other regions)
557:
526:
505:
486:
481:
476:
428:
415:
388:
186:
88:
36:
31:Mongol conquest of Persia
28:
23:
2917:Daftary, Farhad (2007).
2751:Daftary, Farhad (1992).
2717:Daftary, Farhad (1992).
2467:Daftary, Farhad (1992).
2451:. 文殿閣書莊. pp. 95–97.
2417:Daftary, Farhad (1992).
2289:Komaroff, Linda (2006).
2019:Daftary, Farhad (2012).
1949:Daftary, Farhad (1992).
3262:Invasions and conquests
3181:Paiza / Gerege
2856:Franzius, Enno (1969).
2831:Nicolle, David (2007).
2632:Meri, Josef W. (2006).
2087:Lewis, Bernard (2011).
1914:The Assassins of Alamut
1155:) with 12,000 men (one
1119:
1116:, from a manuscript of
4408:Persecution of Muslims
3919:(1260 / 1301)
3647:(1274 / 1281)
3314:Franco-Mongol alliance
2602:"Tarkikh – E – Imamat"
2385:. Brill. p. 125.
2351:Willey, Peter (2005).
2295:. Brill. p. 123.
2261:Willey, Peter (2005).
1745:
1690:
1598:
1587:
1575:Capitulation of Alamut
1461:
1365:
1308:, and supposedly also
1272:. He then made Kish (
1244:. A few months later,
1200:) castle and Shah (in
1140:
1138:Ghal'eh Kuh of Ferdows
1129:
984:After the fall of the
981:
872:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
812:Muhammad III of Alamut
187:Commanders and leaders
176:Nizari state of Alamut
4283:Sieges involving Iran
2811:www.iranicaonline.org
2576:Kwanten, Luc (1979).
2185:John Wiley & Sons
2063:. Variorum Reprints.
1834:, the founder of the
1727:
1684:
1593:
1582:
1459:
1358:
1135:
1111:
1031:against the Muslims.
976:
898:, itself a branch of
416:Casualties and losses
4333:13th century in Iran
4268:Nizari Ismaili state
3810:Serbia and Bulgaria
2154:Simon & Schuster
1917:. Lulu. p. 50.
1817:'s campaign against
1667:Tarikh-i Jahangushay
1325:Rukn al-Din Khurshah
904:a state of their own
857:Tarikh-i Jahangushay
816:Rukn al-Din Khurshah
785:Nizari Ismaili state
467:Mongol invasions and
345:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
315:Rukn al-Din Khurshah
4403:Religious massacres
4057:Khagans of the Yuan
3786:Poland and Bohemia
3562:Khwarazmian Empire
3287:Society and economy
2120:Pen and Sword Books
1806:Khwarezmian dynasty
1519:Siege of Maymun-Diz
1513:Siege of Maymun-Diz
1317:Ala al-Din Muhammad
1068:Güyük's successor,
1025:Edward I of England
988:as a result of the
986:Khwarezmian dynasty
979:Ala al-Din Muhammad
968:Ala al-Din Muhammad
958:sent emissaries to
919:Rashid al-Din Sinan
914:empires of Persia.
876:Tarikh-i Tabaristan
737:Bulgaria and Serbia
287:Ala al-Din Muhammad
4288:13th-century Islam
3802:Holy Roman Empire
3257:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
1746:
1691:
1599:
1588:
1462:
1421:. A contingent of
1417:forces were under
1385:As Hülegü reached
1366:
1179:and laid siege to
1151:crossed the Oxus (
1141:
1130:
1088:William of Rubruck
1063:Chagatai the Elder
1029:joined the Mongols
1021:Louis IX of France
982:
956:Jalal al-Din Hasan
942:) of Quhistan was
70:Rudbar, and Alamut
54:Nizari strongholds
4383:Massacres in Iran
4353:Medieval Khorasan
4328:Conflicts in 1276
4323:Conflicts in 1275
4318:Conflicts in 1270
4303:Conflicts in 1256
4298:Conflicts in 1253
4263:Invasions of Iran
4245:
4244:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3957:Kaidu–Kublai war
3949:Berke–Hulagu war
3941:Toluid Civil War
3722:
3721:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3294:House of Borjigin
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
2980:978-0-19-804259-4
2955:978-1-59477-873-5
2928:978-1-139-46578-6
2903:978-0-19-531173-0
2842:978-1-84725-146-6
2787:978-1-86019-407-8
2762:978-0-521-42974-0
2728:978-0-521-42974-0
2700:978-0-521-06936-6
2645:978-0-415-96692-4
2620:Jami' al-Tawarikh
2587:978-0-7185-1180-7
2535:978-1-108-42489-9
2510:978-90-04-21635-8
2480:978-0-521-42974-0
2428:978-0-521-42974-0
2392:978-90-04-18635-4
2364:978-1-85043-464-1
2302:978-90-474-1857-3
2272:978-1-85043-464-1
2194:978-1-4443-5772-1
2163:978-1-4711-5664-9
2129:978-1-78346-150-9
2098:978-0-297-86333-5
2070:978-0-86078-002-1
2030:978-0-8108-6164-0
1962:978-0-521-42974-0
1924:978-1-4092-0863-1
1780:Edward of England
1730:Edward of England
1662:سرگذشت بابا سیدنا
1646:armillary spheres
1595:Persian miniature
1555:Ata-Malik Juvayni
1126:Hayton of Corycus
1099:Hülegü's campaign
1042:s (governors) of
917:In 1192 or 1193,
894:were a branch of
867:Jami' al-Tawarikh
862:Ata-Malik Juvayni
801:Abbasid Caliphate
774:
773:
769:
768:
732:Holy Roman Empire
433:
432:
84:
83:
4415:
4043:
4030:
4027:Töregene Khatun
4017:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3985:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3714:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3670:
3648:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3547:
3539:
3524:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3497:
3496:
3459:Shangdu (Xanadu)
3449:Sarai Batu/Berke
3354:Chagatai Khanate
3242:
3241:
3219:
3218:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3065:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3000:Eurasian Studies
2985:
2984:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2803:
2792:
2791:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2748:
2733:
2732:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2464:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2433:
2432:
2414:
2397:
2396:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2348:
2307:
2306:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2144:Fiennes, Ranulph
2140:
2134:
2133:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2000:on 3 August 2016
1996:. Archived from
1982:
1967:
1966:
1946:
1929:
1928:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1865:
1663:
1437:(probably north
1415:Chagatai Khanate
1362:Jami al-Tawarikh
1136:The mountain of
1122:
938:. The governor (
752:Byzantine Thrace
479:
478:
471:
459:
452:
445:
436:
435:
381:
375:
368:
359:
352:
342:
335:
329:
322:
312:
305:
295:
284:
270:
224:
214:
174:
123:Chagatai Khanate
121:
111:
110:
38:
37:
21:
20:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4293:1255 beginnings
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4224:
4143:
4062:
4041:
4028:
4015:
3991:
3972:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3924:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3873:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3762:Volga Bulgaria
3755:
3747:
3738:
3736:
3718:
3712:
3699:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3652:
3646:
3636:
3627:
3625:
3618:
3617:Southern China
3610:
3602:
3601:Northern China
3593:
3591:
3577:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3545:
3537:
3511:
3510:
3483:
3382:
3359:House of Ögedei
3328:
3299:House of Ögedei
3267:Destructiveness
3236:
3235:
3205:
3142:
3128:
3071:
3060:
3055:
2994:
2992:Further reading
2989:
2988:
2981:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2888:
2881:
2869:
2865:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2795:
2788:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2749:
2736:
2729:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2606:www.ismaili.net
2600:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2465:
2456:
2445:
2436:
2429:
2415:
2400:
2393:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2349:
2310:
2303:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2259:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2238:www.magiran.com
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2213:www.magiran.com
2207:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2187:. p. 229.
2175:
2171:
2164:
2156:. p. 135.
2141:
2137:
2130:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1986:Daftary, Farhad
1983:
1970:
1963:
1947:
1932:
1925:
1909:
1905:
1882:10.2307/3217688
1866:
1853:
1848:
1836:Karkiya dynasty
1832:Sayyid Ali Kiya
1823:pyrrhic victory
1679:
1577:
1521:
1515:
1435:siege engineers
1429:. No member of
1353:
1143:In March 1253,
1106:
1101:
990:Mongol invasion
952:
888:
852:
777:
776:
775:
770:
636:
472:
468:
465:
463:
405:siege engineers
400:
384:
361:Muqaddam al-Din
274:
266:
105:
102:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4398:Anti-Ismailism
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4045:
4040:Oghul Qaimish
4037:
4032:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3993:
3992:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3632:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3304:Mongol Armenia
3301:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3006:(2): 310–326.
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2961:
2954:
2934:
2927:
2909:
2902:
2879:
2863:
2848:
2841:
2823:
2793:
2786:
2768:
2761:
2734:
2727:
2706:
2699:
2681:
2674:
2651:
2644:
2624:
2611:
2593:
2586:
2568:
2562:978-0500973554
2561:
2541:
2534:
2516:
2509:
2486:
2479:
2454:
2434:
2427:
2398:
2391:
2370:
2363:
2308:
2301:
2278:
2271:
2250:
2225:
2200:
2193:
2169:
2162:
2135:
2128:
2104:
2097:
2076:
2069:
2049:
2036:
2029:
2011:
1968:
1961:
1930:
1923:
1903:
1876:(2): 351–370.
1850:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1719:sacked Baghdad
1678:
1675:
1652:'s biography,
1640:s (part of an
1576:
1573:
1517:Main article:
1514:
1511:
1352:
1349:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
951:
948:
887:
884:
880:Ibn Isfandiyar
851:
848:
772:
771:
767:
766:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
718:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
681:Volga Bulgaria
678:
670:
669:
663:
662:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
638:
632:
631:
630:
629:
628:
627:
617:
612:
611:
610:
600:
595:
588:
584:
583:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
559:
555:
554:
553:
552:
547:
542:
537:
530:
524:
523:
522:
521:
516:
509:
503:
502:
501:
500:
495:
488:
484:
483:
477:
474:
473:
462:
461:
454:
447:
439:
431:
430:
426:
425:
422:
418:
417:
413:
412:
409:
408:
407:
399:
398:
394:
391:
390:
386:
385:
383:
382:
369:
353:
336:
323:
306:
289:
277:
275:
273:
272:
262:
257:
252:
247:
244:
241:
238:
233:
228:
218:
208:
203:
198:
192:
189:
188:
184:
183:
168:
131:
130:
125:
115:
101:
100:
94:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:Mongol victory
78:
74:
73:
52:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4420:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4240:
4235:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Chagatai Khan
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3983:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3818:Latin Empire
3816:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3347:Northern Yuan
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Imperial Seal
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3165:Pax Mongolica
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:Mongol Empire
3052:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2711:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2675:9781605201351
2671:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2656:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2046:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2015:
1999:
1995:
1994:www.iis.ac.uk
1991:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:Bahri Mamluks
1765:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1742:Ninth Crusade
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:, but unlike
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1112:The Siege of
1110:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1061:(commander),
1060:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
975:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:Nasr al-Ajami
926:
925:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
868:
863:
859:
858:
847:
845:
841:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
727:
723:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
671:
668:
664:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
633:
626:
623:
622:
621:
618:
616:
613:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
589:
585:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
556:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
529:
525:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
508:
504:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
485:
480:
475:
470:
460:
455:
453:
448:
446:
441:
440:
437:
427:
423:
420:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
396:
395:
393:
392:
387:
380:
374:
370:
367:
362:
358:
354:
351:
346:
341:
337:
334:
328:
324:
321:
316:
311:
307:
304:
299:
294:
290:
288:
283:
279:
278:
276:
271:
269:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
191:
190:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
129:
126:
124:
120:
116:
114:
109:
104:
103:
99:
98:Mongol Empire
96:
95:
93:
92:
87:
79:
76:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
47:
43:
40:
39:
35:
32:
27:
22:
4009:Genghis Khan
3892:
3778:Kievan Rus'
3756:(1237–1300s)
3748:(1237–1300s)
3592:Western Xia
3554:Qara Khitai
3387:Major cities
3366:Golden Horde
3342:Yuan dynasty
3229:Organization
3163:
3114:Khong Tayiji
3003:
2999:
2970:
2964:
2944:
2937:
2918:
2912:
2892:
2872:
2866:
2857:
2851:
2832:
2826:
2814:. Retrieved
2810:
2777:
2771:
2752:
2718:
2690:
2684:
2664:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2577:
2571:
2551:
2544:
2525:
2519:
2499:
2469:
2448:
2447:霍渥斯 (1888).
2418:
2382:
2353:
2291:
2262:
2241:. Retrieved
2237:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:
2203:
2179:
2172:
2152:. New York:
2148:
2138:
2118:. Barnsley:
2114:
2107:
2088:
2059:
2052:
2039:
2020:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:the original
1993:
1951:
1913:
1906:
1873:
1869:
1803:
1784:
1771:
1761:
1747:
1736:employed by
1733:
1717:), and then
1712:
1708:Chingiz Khan
1692:
1672:
1665:
1653:
1650:Hasan Sabbah
1637:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1606:
1600:
1583:The rock of
1570:
1563:
1552:
1540:Nevisar Shah
1533:
1522:
1507:
1463:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1329:
1314:
1267:
1262:
1231:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1188:
1162:
1156:
1142:
1117:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1039:
1036:Al-Musta'sim
1033:
1017:Al-Mustansir
1006:
983:
960:Genghis Khan
953:
939:
922:
916:
900:Shia Muslims
889:
875:
865:
855:
853:
836:
809:
780:
778:
742:Latin Empire
608:Nizari state
607:
587:Western Asia
507:Central Asia
267:
113:Golden Horde
89:Belligerents
29:Part of the
4393:Politicides
4084:Sartaq Khan
4053:Kublai Khan
4048:Möngke Khan
4022:Ögedei Khan
4001:Great Khans
3967:(1314–1318)
3959:(1268–1301)
3911:(1260–1323)
3895:(1253–1256)
3878:Middle East
3772:(1238–1239)
3713:(1221–1327)
3572:(1219–1256)
3564:(1219–1221)
3546:(1264–1308)
3538:(1207-1308)
3404:Azov (Azaq)
3070:Terminology
1750:Afghanistan
1399:. From the
1321:melancholia
1263:(see below)
1070:Möngke Khan
994:Ögedei Khan
912:Khwarezmian
870:written by
545:Eastern Xia
535:Western Xia
514:Qara Khitai
196:Möngke Khan
4348:Tabaristan
4252:Categories
4220:Nogai Khan
4104:Özbeg Khan
4035:Güyük Khan
3929:Civil wars
3917:Palestine
3826:Lithuania
3746:Circassia
3479:Xacitarxan
3464:Soltaniyeh
3201:Darughachi
1846:References
1754:Badakhshan
1608:sipahsalar
1559:last stand
1525:Maymun-Diz
1482:Maymun-Diz
1470:Tabaristan
1427:Buqa Temür
1294:Azerbaijan
1278:Arghun Aqa
1274:Shahrisabz
1169:Köke Ilgei
1048:Güyük Khan
910:and later
886:Background
820:Maymun-Diz
691:Durdzuketi
676:Kievan Rus
296:Muhtasham
264:Büri
260:Arghun Aqa
231:Köke Ilgei
226:Buqa Temür
150:Azerbaijan
138:Tabaristan
4089:Orda Khan
4079:Batu Khan
3943:(1260–64)
3887:(1241–43)
3885:Anatolia
3860:(1287–88)
3852:(1285–86)
3844:(1264–65)
3836:(1259–60)
3828:(1258–59)
3804:(1241–42)
3796:(1241–42)
3788:(1240–41)
3764:(1229–36)
3754:Chechnya
3694:(1300–02)
3658:Southeast
3637:(1253–56)
3619:(1235–79)
3611:(1231–60)
3603:(1211–34)
3556:(1216–18)
3544:Sakhalin
3504:Campaigns
3454:Saray-Jük
3444:Samarkand
3419:Karakorum
3378:Ilkhanate
3136:Political
3020:219012875
2874:centuries
2091:. Orion.
1890:0003-0279
1828:Kushaijis
1782:in 1271.
1721:in 1258.
1715:Ilkhanate
1704:Karakoram
1642:astrolabe
1447:mangonels
1397:Batu Khan
1374:Yasur in
1332:Amu Darya
1270:Samarqand
1198:Mehrnegar
1161:plus two
1153:Amu Darya
1092:Karakorum
1052:Eljigidei
1040:muhtasham
940:muhtasham
805:Ilkhanate
747:Lithuania
696:Circassia
637:invasions
625:Palestine
593:Caucassus
469:conquests
411:10–20,000
180:Assassins
68:, Tarem,
44:1253–1256
4215:Boroldai
4195:Khubilai
4175:Bo'orchu
4148:Military
4042:(regent)
4029:(regent)
4016:(regent)
3901:Baghdad
3850:Hungary
3794:Hungary
3737:Georgia
3684:Vietnam
3536:Siberia
3434:Maragheh
3334:Khanates
3282:Religion
3277:Military
3226:Politics
3176:Kurultai
3139:Military
2146:(2019).
2004:31 March
1776:Crusader
1495:Damavand
1486:Firuzkuh
1282:Anatolia
1173:Quhistan
1167:s under
1164:mingghan
1044:Quhistan
977:Coin of
936:Quhistan
896:Ismailis
874:and the
598:Anatolia
574:Sakhalin
519:Khwarezm
389:Strength
134:Anatolia
62:Quhistan
58:Khurasan
49:Location
4185:Boroqul
4180:Guo Kan
4170:Negudar
4155:Subutai
4055: (
3893:Alamut
3866:Serbia
3858:Poland
3842:Thrace
3834:Poland
3770:Alania
3635:Yunnan
3570:Persia
3528:Central
3507:Battles
3414:Bolghar
3409:Bukhara
3394:Almalik
3196:Kheshig
3124:Tarkhan
1898:3217688
1840:Anjudan
1815:Öljaitü
1799:Baibars
1795:Juvayni
1791:Gerdkuh
1787:Lambsar
1778:Prince
1738:Baibars
1687:Lambsar
1658:Persian
1621:taqiyya
1616:Lambsar
1605:(under
1566:al-Tusi
1548:Gerdkuh
1544:Lambsar
1529:Taleqan
1499:Shahdiz
1451:naphtha
1439:Chinese
1419:Tegüder
1380:Siyalan
1310:Armenia
1306:Georgia
1302:Shirvan
1255:Lambsar
1251:cholera
1242:Turshiz
1238:Ferdows
1223:Yoshmut
1181:Gerdkuh
1149:Kitbuqa
1114:Gerdkuh
1015:caliph
1013:Abbasid
998:Damghan
932:al-Tusi
892:Nizaris
850:Sources
844:Anjudan
832:Gerdkuh
828:Lambsar
762:Gazaria
686:Cumania
658:Vietnam
653:Siberia
615:Baghdad
424:Minimal
397:250,000
343:Khwaja
268:†
255:Yoshmut
243:Balagha
236:Guo Kan
216:Tegüder
206:Kitbuqa
166:Armenia
162:Georgia
158:Shirvan
4165:Muqali
4139:Ghazan
4134:Arghun
4124:Hulegu
4014:Tolui
3990:People
3951:(1262)
3909:Syria
3903:(1258)
3868:(1291)
3820:(1242)
3812:(1242)
3728:Europe
3711:India
3692:Burma
3678:(1293)
3667:Burma
3645:Japan
3626:Tibet
3609:Korea
3469:Tabriz
3439:Qarshi
3399:Avarga
3245:Topics
3149:Jarlig
3109:Jinong
3104:Khanum
3099:Khatun
3089:Khagan
3081:Titles
3018:
2977:
2952:
2925:
2900:
2839:
2784:
2759:
2725:
2697:
2672:
2642:
2584:
2559:
2532:
2507:
2477:
2425:
2389:
2361:
2299:
2269:
2191:
2160:
2126:
2095:
2067:
2027:
1959:
1921:
1896:
1888:
1811:Daylam
1756:, and
1734:fida'i
1700:Möngke
1695:Qazvin
1614:) and
1603:Alamut
1585:Alamut
1536:Alamut
1497:, and
1478:Semnan
1474:Khuwar
1466:Alamut
1443:Khitan
1431:Ögedei
1387:Bistam
1376:Qazvin
1259:Alamut
1246:Mehrin
1240:) and
1202:Qasran
1145:Hülegü
1084:Hülegü
1080:Qazvin
908:Seljuq
840:Daylam
824:Alamut
797:Hülegü
793:Möngke
757:Serbia
726:Second
711:Second
701:Alania
667:Europe
620:Levant
603:Persia
498:Second
363:
347:
317:
300:
201:Hülegü
128:Oirats
77:Result
4210:Kadan
4205:Bayan
4190:Jelme
4129:Abaqa
4119:Kebek
4099:Toqta
4094:Berke
4074:Jochi
4067:Khans
3704:South
3676:Java
3429:Majar
3371:Wings
3191:Tümen
3171:Yassa
3154:Örtöö
3119:Noyan
3016:S2CID
2816:1 May
2243:3 May
2218:3 May
1894:JSTOR
1819:Gilan
1772:fedai
1758:Sindh
1638:kursi
1423:Oirat
1407:Jochi
1392:tümen
1371:noyan
1340:Khwaf
1298:Arran
1227:Doquz
1219:Abaqa
1215:tümen
1185:Tajik
1177:Qumis
1158:tümen
1058:noyan
1009:China
1002:Qumis
964:Balkh
722:First
715:Third
707:First
643:India
635:Other
579:Tibet
569:Korea
564:Japan
528:China
493:First
487:Burma
421:Heavy
313:Imam
285:Imam
250:Abaqa
246:Tutar
154:Arran
66:Qumis
4160:Jebe
4114:Duwa
3583:East
3520:Asia
3474:Ukek
3424:Dadu
3232:Life
3159:Orda
3094:Khan
2975:ISBN
2950:ISBN
2923:ISBN
2898:ISBN
2837:ISBN
2818:2020
2782:ISBN
2757:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2695:ISBN
2670:ISBN
2640:ISBN
2582:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2245:2020
2220:2020
2189:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2124:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2025:ISBN
2006:2020
1957:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1886:ISSN
1763:da'i
1626:Imam
1546:and
1476:and
1449:and
1411:Orda
1402:ulus
1338:and
1336:Zawa
1290:Iraq
1286:Fars
1221:and
1210:orda
1194:Büri
1190:amir
1075:qadi
1023:and
924:da'i
890:The
779:The
648:Java
550:Song
482:Asia
240:Quli
146:Iraq
142:Fars
41:Date
4200:Aju
3008:doi
1878:doi
1874:123
1644:),
1503:Rey
1491:Lar
1405:of
1345:Tus
1284:),
1234:Tun
1124:by
1078:of
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