716:
a jury of peers as under "common law" in the U.S. and Great
Britain. In accordance, after the accused heard the charges against them, they were called to testify on their own behalf. The defendants were represented by 24 attorneys. Fidel Castro assumed his own defense and lied under oath to avoid implicating rebels on trial. During the questioning of rebel witnesses, Castro raised accusations of the murder of prisoners by the military. In consequence, Moncada chief Col. Alberto del Rio Chaviano, impeded Castro from returning to court by claiming that he could not attend due to illness. The tribunal then separated Castro from the proceedings and granted him a separate trial. Nineteen rebels were found not guilty based on lack of evidence and their false testimony. Confessed leaders
679:
and two were wounded. Later the Cuban Army executed ten fugitive attackers. (According to Fidel Castro five were killed in the attack on the
Moncada Barracks, and 56 were executed later by the Batista regime in the attack on the Moncada Barracks and the Bayamo Barracks) Eighteen rebels captured in the Civil Hospital were immediately executed in the Moncada small-arms target range within two hours after the attack. Their corpses were strewn throughout the garrison to simulate death in combat. Thirty-four fleeing rebels captured during the next three days were murdered after admitting their participation. A handful of rebels, including Fidel Castro, escaped into the nearby countryside but were apprehended shortly thereafter.
152:
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616:, where they learned what the objective was. The plan was to secure the barracks and gain possession of the weapons stored within, and to use the building's army communications equipment to spread false messages for several hours to confuse the military. In the meantime, the weapons would be removed and hidden throughout the city to use in the continuing struggle, and
675:
autobiography, he claims that he drove his car into a group of soldiers at the gate who had realized an attack was in progress. The men in the cars behind him jumped out of their cars, believing they were inside the barracks, and the alarm was sounded before the barracks had been infiltrated. According to Castro, this was the fatal mistake in the operation.
609:, who suggested approaching his relative Florentino Fernandez Leon, a 26-year-old military hospital orderly in Jaimanitas. Fernandez agreed and received $ 200 to purchase surplus uniforms, weapons, and ammunition. He then pilfered from the military hospital laundry most of the blue uniforms needed to attire the rebels.
678:
Fifteen soldiers and three policemen were killed and 23 soldiers and five policemen wounded during the attack to the
Moncada Barracks. Nine rebels were killed in combat, 11 wounded, four of them by friendly fire, and 42 executed later. In the attack on Carlos M. de Cespedes Barracks, one soldier died
732:
received 13-year prison sentences. Twenty other rebels received 10-year sentences. Rebels Manuel
Lorenzo, Eduardo Rodriguez, and Orlando Cortez Gallardo, who refused to participate in the attack at the last moment, got three-year sentences. Dr. Melba Hernandez Rodriguez del Rey and HaydĂ©e SantamarĂa
715:
The trial in the
Santiago de Cuba Palace of Justice began on 21 September 1953 and ended on 6 October 1953, after eleven sessions. The Cuban Civil Code of Justice, based on the Napoleonic Code practiced in Europe and Latin America, has the verdict determined by a panel of three judges rather than by
666:
The group formed a 16-automobile caravan in order to give the appearance of being a delegation headed by a high-ranking officer sent from western Cuba. Their plan was that a first group of 25 men led by Abel
SantamarĂa would take the civilian hospital at the rear of the barracks, a second group of 6
763:
Two years later, in 1955, the mothers of some prisoners launched a campaign to free Castro and the other rebels imprisoned with him. As popular support for the rebels and opposition to
Batista's rule mounted, a group of political leaders, editors, and intellectuals signed a public appeal demanding
695:
The
Santiago de Cuba Urgency Tribunal indicted 122 defendants in Case 37 of 1953 to stand trial for 26 July insurrection. Fifty-one of the 99 rebel survivors who were captured were remanded for trial. Six indicted rebels remained in hiding. The other 65 defendants implicated throughout the island
674:
The attack began poorly. The caravan of automobiles became separated by the time it arrived at the barracks, and the car carrying the guerillas' heavy weapons got lost. Furthermore, many of the rebels who would have taken part in the attack were left behind for a lack of weapons. In Castro's
566:
military coup on 10 March 1952, Fidel Castro and his group began to train young men to engage in the struggle, along with other anti-Batista groups, against an illegitimate government. Castro claimed that they trained 1,200 men within a few months, training at the
545:
Youth rank and file of the lower middle class and working class. Of the 137 insurgents whose ages are known, the average age was 26, the same as that of Castro. Nine rebels were in their teens, 96 were in their twenties, 27 in their thirties, and five over 40. The
767:
The battle damage to the
Moncada barracks was quickly repaired by the military. After the revolution, it was converted into a school on January 28, 1960. Three weeks earlier, Fidel Castro personally drove the bulldozer that demolished the
764:
liberty for the prisoners. That year, the Cuban
Congress passed a bill granting general amnesty to political prisoners. After the bill was signed by Batista, the thirty imprisoned rebels were freed. They served 22 months in prison.
740:", which included part of his defense statement delivered during his sentencing; he received a 15-year sentence. A copy of the speech was smuggled page by page out of prison (Presidio Modelo). A friend from the 26 July attack,
550:
composition of the group was limited to two Africans and 12 Cubans of partial African ancestry, partly because most biracial Cubans identified with Batista, who was of mixed blood. Only two of the group were women,
671:(Fidel's brother), would take the Audiencia Building (Palacio de Justicia), and a third group of 90 men, led by Castro, would take the barracks, including the radio transmitter within it.
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directed by RaĂşl MartĂnez Ararás by order of Castro. The attack failed and the surviving revolutionaries were imprisoned. This armed attack is widely accepted as the beginning of the
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outer walls. In 1978, Castro ordered the massive perimeter walls rebuilt and converted half of the main building into the July 26 Historical Museum.
582:, sixty handguns of various models, a malfunctioning .45 caliber submachine gun, twenty-four rifles of different caliber, including eight Model 1898
729:
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Fidel Castro decided that army uniforms were needed for the Moncada attack. He discussed this with Calabazar cell leader Pedro Trigo Lopez
72:
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The men left the farm at 4:45 am on 26 July 1953, planning to attack at dawn. The date of the attack was specifically chosen because the
845:
Campoamor, Fernando. BibliografĂa del Asalto al Cuartel Moncada. La Habana: Instituto Cubano del Libro, 1975 (Bibliography, in Spanish)
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were mostly political leaders and opposition activists not involved in the rebellion. Fifteen of them, including deposed President
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525:. The date on which the attack took place, 26 July, was adopted by Castro as the name for his revolutionary movement,
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509:. On 26 July 1953, the barracks was the site of an armed attack by a small group of revolutionaries led by
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Castro Convicto: (La Verdadera Historia del Ataque al Cuartel Moncada y del Desembarco del "Granma").
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led a group of 136 rebels (with an additional 24 intending to take the barracks at
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Castro, a qualified lawyer, used his time in prison to write a speech entitled "
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863:"26th of July Movement | Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro & Che Guevara"
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529:(abbreviated as M-26-7), which eventually toppled the dictatorship of
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35:
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889:"HaydĂ©e SantamarĂa, Cuban Revolutionary: She Led by Transgression"
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The weapons included forty 12- and 16-gauge shotguns, thirty-five
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27:
Former military barracks attacked to begin the Cuban Revolution
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The night before the attack, the men gathered at a farm in
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radio station would be taken to broadcast the speeches of
712:, were underground or in exile and never went to court.
513:. That day a simultaneous attack was carried out on the
156:
The Moncada Barracks in 2013 after extensive renovation
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1073:
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Fidel Castro under arrest after the Moncada attack.
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1206:The Moncada Attack: Birth of the Cuban Revolution
887:Fuentes, Myrna Ivonne Wallace (1 February 2017).
1320:Tourist attractions in Santiago de Cuba Province
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1230:. Translated by Andrew Hurley. Penguin Books.
559:, both of whom went on to become politicians.
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1310:Buildings and structures in Santiago de Cuba
592:sawed-off 1892 .44-caliber Winchester rifles
541:Almost all of Fidel Castro's followers were
1300:Military operations of the Cuban Revolution
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1187:
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973:"Fidel Castro: The Cowardice of Autocracy"
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
751:
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825:Moncada, premier combat de Fidel Castro
667:men led by Lester Rodriguez, including
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1208:. University of South Carolina Press.
56:Please improve this article by adding
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819:
308:
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29:
1204:de la Cova, Antonio Rafael (2007).
893:Hispanic American Historical Review
827:(in French). Paris: Robert Laffont.
588:.30-06 Model 1903 Springfield rifle
24:
835:Miami: Ediciones Universal, 1991,
831:Navarrete Kindelán, Francisco J.,
804:
464:Second National Front of Escambray
25:
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297:61 killed (10 executed in Bayamo)
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580:Mosberg and Remington .22 rifles
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69:"Attack on the Moncada Barracks"
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926:Quinn, Sally (21 March 1977).
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137:Attack on the Moncada Barracks
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1:
1281:20.0263888889; -75.8191666667
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813:Cuba: Anatomy of a Revolution
756:A memorial of the attacks in
647:On 26 July 1953, at 5:15 am,
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299:57 prosecuted (6 in absentia)
58:secondary or tertiary sources
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598:with a folding metal stock.
7:
1315:History of Santiago de Cuba
1226:; Ramonet, Ignacio (2007).
1140:Castro & Ramonet (2007)
1116:Castro & Ramonet (2007)
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1080:Castro & Ramonet (2007)
1065:Castro & Ramonet (2007)
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960:Castro & Ramonet (2007)
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596:.30 caliber M1 Garand rifle
10:
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376:Havana Presidential Palace
1253:"History Will Absolve Me"
1118:, pp. 126–27, 129.
928:"'To Die Is Much Easier'"
655:), including his brother
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800:, the barracks' namesake
702:Aureliano Sánchez Arango
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661:Alberto del Rio Chaviano
571:and at firing ranges in
294:30 wounded (2 in Bayamo)
245:Alberto del Rio Chaviano
197:Rebels forced to retreat
738:History Will Absolve Me
708:, and Communist leader
292:19 killed (1 in Bayamo)
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232:Commanders and leaders
45:relies excessively on
1228:Fidel Castro: My Life
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639:are held on 25 July.
584:Krag–Jørgensen rifles
515:Carlos M. de Cespedes
287:Casualties and losses
1130:, pp. 119, 250.
744:later published it.
698:Carlos PrĂo Socarrás
569:University of Havana
501:named after General
1272: /
533:on 1 January 1959.
527:Movimiento 26 Julio
469:La Coubre explosion
459:Escambray rebellion
193:Government victory
1178:, pp. 203–24.
1154:, pp. 153–56.
1043:, pp. 166–67
962:, pp. 106–07
867:www.britannica.com
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278:(additional 24 in
1215:978-1-57003-672-9
1188:de la Cova (2007)
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1164:de la Cova (2007)
1152:de la Cova (2007)
1128:de la Cova (2007)
1104:de la Cova (2007)
1019:, pp. 48–49.
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1005:de la Cova (2007)
995:, pp. 112–13
798:Guillermo Moncada
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356:Domingo Goicuria
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107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
44:
1279: /
978:23 February
790:Cuba portal
726:Pedro Miret
718:RaĂşl Castro
669:RaĂşl Castro
537:Preparation
474:Bay of Pigs
445:Santa Clara
1294:Categories
1267:75°49′09″W
1264:20°01′35″N
850:References
770:crenelated
758:Cienfuegos
643:The attack
618:Santiago's
548:Afro-Cuban
396:Cienfuegos
381:Humboldt 7
80:newspapers
47:references
940:0190-8286
913:0018-2168
748:Aftermath
710:Blas Roca
564:Batista's
452:Aftermath
386:Corynthia
110:July 2021
945:3 August
872:17 April
823:(1965).
776:See also
637:Santiago
594:, and a
590:, three
491:barracks
435:Yaguajay
391:El Uvero
268:Strength
173:Location
633:fiestas
626:Batista
614:Siboney
94:scholar
1234:
1212:
938:
911:
839:
728:, and
653:Bayamo
573:Havana
562:After
519:Bayamo
412:Verano
280:Bayamo
256:
189:Result
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
683:Trial
440:Guisa
423:JigĂĽe
101:JSTOR
87:books
1232:ISBN
1210:ISBN
980:2022
947:2023
936:ISSN
909:ISSN
874:2024
837:ISBN
657:RaĂşl
586:, a
555:and
499:Cuba
485:The
182:Cuba
165:Date
73:news
901:doi
635:in
493:in
276:136
273:400
49:to
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1072:^
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91:·
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