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were an important source of food for households, but also encompassed orchards, cemeteries and pleasure gardens, as well as providing plants for medicinal and cultural uses. For monasteries, gardens were sometimes important in supplying the monks' livelihoods, primarily because many of the plants had
77:
Many medical practices migrated, and assimilated, into medieval Europe from the
Islamic world as a result of the Islamic translation effort. As a result, gardening was particularly important for medicinal use. For example, when the peel of the poppy stalk was ground and mixed with honey, it could be
68:
When it came to the action of gardening itself, monks of this time typically would use astronomy and the stars to help in calculating the best time of year to plant their gardens as well as the best time to harvest. The tools that were used at the time were similar to those gardeners use today; for
64:
Incorporating irrigation and water sources was critical to keeping the garden alive. In some more complicated systems, the irrigation system used canals to control water-flow. This required that the water source be placed at the highest part of the garden so gravity could aid in the distribution of
60:
were used by all classes and were the most common type of fence. Occasionally, bushes were also used as fencing, as they provided both food and protection to the garden. Gardens were typically arranged to allow for visitors, and were constructed with pathways for easy access. However, it was not
108:
Monasteries would also rely on their gardens to grow the food the monks needed. There were even monastic gardens that tried to grow produce that was both medically beneficial and appetizing, with vegetables high in starch or in flavor being sought after the most. Some commonly found vegetables
78:
used as a plaster for wounds. Other herbs and plants, such as roses, lilies, sage, rosemary and other aromatic herbs, were used for internal complications, such as a headache or stomachache. Almonds were said to aid sleep, provoke urination, and induce menstruation.
85:, an abbess who lived in a monastery housing both men and women. Eventually she was elected magistra and would later care for her own secluded monastery. Besides her extensive writing, Hildegard was regularly visited by people throughout Europe, including
55:
Concerning the structure of the gardens, they often were enclosed with fences, walls or hedges in order to protect them from wild animals. Even though wealthier monasteries could construct walls that were made out of stone and brick,
367:
which depicts three garden areas and lists what was grown. Further evidence can be found in dilapidated ruins of old monastic infirmaries, where some flowers, like peonies, have been found growing in large patches.
300:
In most cases, cemetery gardens were also a type of garden found in medieval monasteries. The vegetation would provide fruit, such as apples or pears, as well as manual labor for the monks as was required by the
470:(c. 1305). The most important practical medieval work, still mostly about agriculture, and drawing heavily on classical sources. His experience came from buying a country estate, as a successful lawyer.
89:, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the empress of Byzantium, as well as the local community. Hildegard was seen as the âfirst woman physicianâ because of her work as a healer and medical writings.
65:
the water, with smaller canal channels branching out for greater distribution. This was more commonly used with raised bed gardens, as the channels could run in the pathways next to the beds.
687:"Peter Dendle and Alain Touwaide (eds), Health and healing from the medieval garden, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2008, pp. xiii, 256, illus., ÂŁ50.00, $ 95.00 (hardback 978-1-84383-363-5)"
632:"Peter Dendle and Alain Touwaide (eds), Health and healing from the medieval garden, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2008, pp. xiii, 256, illus., ÂŁ50.00, $ 95.00 (hardback 978-1-84383-363-5)"
393:(c. 800): listing the plants and estate style to be established throughout his empire. An imperial decree that leans heavily on classical sources; its impact is uncertain.
305:. Cemetery gardens, which tended to be very similar to generic orchards, acted as a symbol of Heaven and Paradise, thus providing spiritual meaning and righteous labor.
61:
uncommon for the gardens to outgrow the monastery walls, and many times the gardens extended outside of the monastery and would eventually include vineyards as well.
604:
898:
526:
1578:
516:
1970:
1004:
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In practice, monks used these medicinal herbs not only for themselves, but also to help heal the local community. One prominent healer was
97:
1767:
891:
829:
675:
Sweet, V. (1999). Hildegard of Bingen and the
Greening of Medieval Medicine. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 73(3): 381-403
69:
example, shears, rakes, hoes, spades, baskets, and wheel barrows were used by monks and are still pivotal to gardening today.
620:
McCluskey, S.C. (1990). Gregory of Tours, Monastic
Timekeeping, and Early Christian Attitudes to Astronomy. Isis, 81(1): 8-22
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211:
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436:. c. 1400: poem containing plant lists and outlining gardening practices, probably by a royal gardener
1818:
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460:. Fundamental enquiry into the nature of plants, only peripherally concerned with how to grow them.
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The Story of
Gardening from the Hanging Gardens of Babylon to the Hanging Gardens of New York
57:
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Wallis, F. (2010). Medieval
Medicine: A Reader. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press
2002:
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Voigts, L.E. (1979). Anglo-Saxon Plant
Remedies and the Anglo-Saxons. Isis, 70(2): 250-268
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730:"Benedictine Abbey of Christ in the Desert: Chapter 48: The Daily Manual Labor"
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497:(1580): another relevant commentary though written in the post medieval period
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756:"Medicines and Spices, with Special Reference to Medieval Monastic Accounts"
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multiple uses: for instance, peaches were used for closing wounds.
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1334:
1224:
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brings a surprisingly clear snapshot of gardening at the time of
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263:
172:
40:
321:
The majority of data about monastic gardens can be found in the
1563:
1556:
1551:
967:
378:
1652:
425:, poem by a 9th-century German monk, praising his garden at
1573:
1188:
490:(1534): includes commentary on past horticultural practices
243:
1501:
501:
377:"Apuleius", a late Roman translation of ancient Greek
407:. On farming rather than gardening. Translated into
349:
with the survival of three important documents: the
23:was used by many people and for multiple purposes.
381:
material, revived in
England from the 11th century.
16:
Kitchen garden and ornamental garden in a monastery
1984:
371:
101:Garden of the reconstructed monks' cell at the
906:
329:, textual documentation, and artworks such as
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567:
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1768:List of organic gardening and farming topics
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442:(14th century): compiled a list of plants
839:, watercolours of garden fruits, c. 1620
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456:, a book then wrongly believed to be by
312:
96:
30:
867:Marian's Medieval Gardening Author list
753:
1985:
684:
629:
590:
308:
880:
830:Penn State Medieval Garden recreation
724:
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502:Further reading on medieval gardening
495:Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry
1953:
212:Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus
1965:
295:
13:
719:
678:
14:
2014:
862:Garden blog at the Cloisters, NYC
823:
623:
1964:
1952:
1941:
1940:
1928:
477:(c. 1525): list of garden plants
473:'Fromond List', original titled
39:as recreated in 1966, featuring
795:
786:
872:Garden blog at High Bridge, NJ
747:
1:
555:
475:Herbys necessary for a gardyn
278:Heart Cabbage (Description -
50:
372:Primary sources on gardening
189:Daucus carota subsp. sativus
72:
35:Contemplative garden at the
7:
1799:Index of pesticide articles
543:
450:De vegetabilibus et plantis
10:
2019:
943:Climate-friendly gardening
805:, The British Museum Press
754:Jenkins, Marjorie (1976).
1922:
1844:
1819:Plant disease forecasting
1781:
1773:Vegan organic agriculture
1748:
1623:Genetically modified tree
1510:
1053:
918:
704:10.1017/s002572730000421x
649:10.1017/s002572730000421x
468:Ruralium Commodorum Liber
605:"Monastery Garden Plans"
488:The Booke of Husbandrie
429:and listing its plants.
399:, Late Roman author of
339:illuminated manuscripts
142:Cauliflower/Cole Wort (
92:
37:Mont Saint Michel Abbey
1758:Biodynamic agriculture
1695:Postharvest physiology
1643:Landscape architecture
1340:Indonesian home garden
685:Banham, Debby (2009).
630:Banham, Debby (2009).
434:The Feate of Gardening
318:
303:Rule of Saint Benedict
258:White/headed Cabbage (
105:
47:
1998:Garden design history
1005:Historic conservation
403:, sometimes known as
316:
100:
34:
1935:Gardening portal
1834:Aquamog weed remover
1809:List of insecticides
855:Capitulare de villis
837:Tradescant's Orchard
550:List of garden types
486:Master Fitzherbert,
452:(c. 1260): rewrites
390:Capitulare de villis
352:Capitulare de villis
325:, primarily through
221:Allium schoenoprasum
803:The Medieval Garden
521:The Medieval Garden
464:Piero de' Crescenzi
309:Historical evidence
228:Foeniculum azoricum
87:Henry II of England
83:Hildegard of Bingen
1804:List of fungicides
1569:Companion planting
848:, medieval cooking
846:Tacuinum Sanitatis
835:Bodleian Library,
801:Landsberg Sylvia,
527:Wright, Richardson
440:Friar Henry Daniel
319:
180:Brassica rapa rapa
128:Romanesco broccoli
106:
103:Mount Grace Priory
48:
1980:
1979:
1852:Community orchard
1678:drought tolerance
538:Mediaeval Gardens
517:Landsberg, Sylvia
512:Mediaeval Gardens
401:Opus agriculturae
343:early Middle Ages
293:
292:
262:Capitata group â
260:Brassica oleracea
237:Brassica oleracea
146:Botrytis group â
144:Brassica oleracea
126:Botrytis group â
124:Brassica oleracea
2010:
1968:
1967:
1956:
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1909:Plant collecting
1845:Related articles
1782:Plant protection
963:French intensive
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853:Karolus Magnus,
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732:. Archived from
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296:Cemetery gardens
205:Pastinaca sativa
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1993:Types of garden
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1899:Lists of plants
1894:List of gardens
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857:(Latin), c. 795
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483:(born c. 1528).
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427:Reichenau Abbey
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357:Walafrid Strabo
317:Plan of St Gall
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122:Roman Cabbage (
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1829:Weed control
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1648:Olericulture
1628:Hydroculture
1618:Fruticulture
1596:Floriculture
1525:Permaculture
1512:Horticulture
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2003:Monasteries
1971:WikiProject
1740:Monoculture
1735:Viticulture
1713:agriculture
1673:propagation
1613:HĂźgelkultur
1535:sustainable
1520:Agriculture
1462:Therapeutic
1442:Shakespeare
1253:Renaissance
1045:Xeriscaping
1040:Sustainable
1035:Square foot
1025:Proplifting
990:Garden tool
958:Foodscaping
493:T. Tusser,
481:Thomas Hill
385:Charlemagne
347:Charlemagne
327:archaeology
323:Middle Ages
269:Green Pea (
249:White Pea (
148:cauliflower
137:Allium cepa
1987:Categories
1633:Indigenous
1530:stock-free
1502:Zoological
1382:Pollinator
1275:Greenhouse
1218:Sharawadgi
1206:Vietnamese
1167:East Asian
1075:Australian
1030:Raised bed
995:Green wall
740:2014-05-13
556:References
454:De Plantis
411:verse as
363:, and the
203:Parsnips (
171:Shallots (
162:Rapeseed (
51:The garden
1904:Perennial
1867:Floristry
1814:Pesticide
1794:Herbicide
1789:Fungicide
1683:hardiness
1447:Shrubbery
1427:Sculpture
1248:landscape
1177:Cantonese
1152:Container
1147:Community
1115:Byzantine
1110:Butterfly
1100:Botanical
1000:Guerrilla
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938:Butterfly
933:Arboretum
928:Allotment
920:Gardening
912:gardening
815:), passim
792:Uglow, 31
780:0307-1243
713:0025-7273
658:0025-7273
458:Aristotle
415:. c. 1420
397:Palladius
331:paintings
187:Carrots (
178:Turnips (
109:include:
73:Medicinal
1947:Category
1857:Features
1763:Grafting
1723:forestry
1705:Tropical
1690:Pomology
1663:cuttings
1658:breeding
1492:Wildlife
1472:Tropical
1422:Scottish
1372:Pleasure
1360:Paradise
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1320:Medieval
1230:Floating
1184:Japanese
1135:Communal
1125:Colonial
1090:Biblical
1055:Types of
1020:Parterre
544:See also
423:Hortulus
361:Hortulus
359:'s poem
335:tapestry
226:Fennel (
219:Chives (
210:Radish (
155:Garlic (
1959:Commons
1872:Ikebana
1824:Pruning
1750:Organic
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1345:Persian
1335:Orchard
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1295:Keyhole
1290:Italian
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1085:Baroque
1057:gardens
1010:History
285:Beans (
280:Cabbage
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41:boxwood
1709:Urban
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1601:Canada
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1417:School
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1080:Back
910:and
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