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experienced 21 failures. The 8K78M was a generally reliable vehicle with most failures caused by the Block L and no Block I's malfunctioned on a launch after 1968. There was only a single failure of the first two stages, which occurred in 2005 on one of the last 8K78Ms flown. That 21 June, an attempted launch of a
Molniya satellite from Plesetsk went awry. The launch went entirely according to plan until T+298 seconds when the Block I shut down after just eight seconds of operation. The launcher, which was at an altitude of 180 km (111 miles), reentered the atmosphere, broke up, and impacted near the town of
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coincidence, this happened simultaneous with the scheduled Block A staging at T+290 seconds, but the shock from the pump disintegration prevented the separation command from being sent. Block I ignited while still attached to Block A but the dead weight of the spent core stage dragged it off course and the AVD system, sensing the improper flight trajectory, issued an automatic shutdown command. The final flight of a
Molniya-M lofted an Oko
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414:) fail en route to their respective planetary targets. As such, work began at the Korolev Bureau to improve the basic 8K78 vehicle. The core and strap-ons received the up-rated 8D74M engines and the Kosberg Bureau completely redesigned the Block I stage. The Block L engine was also slightly enhanced. The first six 8K78Ms built used
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engines which were shared with the Soyuz booster. Molniya boosters flown after the adaption of the new 11A511U core in 1973 used the improved 11D511 first stage engines. While 11A511U cores flown on other R-7 vehicles switched to a shorter instrument packet, the
Molniya continued using the old "long"
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The original 8K78 booster had been the product of a rushed development program and its launch record was no better than the 8K72 Luna booster of 1958β1960. As 1962 ended, there had been 12 launches of 8K78s, ten of which failed (five Block L failures, four Block I failures, and one failure caused by
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in 1975. The investigation ultimately found a quite different cause. The Block A experienced a racing fuel regulator starting at T+26 seconds that caused premature RP-1 depletion and turbopump overspeed from the pump running empty. The pump disintegrated, tearing up the engine compartment. By
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but the existing stock of 8K78s had not been used up yet and they continued to fly until 1967. By 1966, the 8K78M hardware was standardized across the board for all R-7 based vehicles with the exception of
Voskhod boosters that used the less powerful RD-0107 engine. It made 297 launches and
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This
Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
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on 30 September 2010 despite some apprehension that the launch vehicle, manufactured in 2005, had exceeded its storage life. It was replaced by the
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booster by the 1970s due to increasing mass and complexity. For most of its operational life, the
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791:"Molnia-M carrier lifts off from Plesetsk with military satellite"
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
406:The two successful launches had had their probes (
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765:"Russia sends military satellite into space"
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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142:Drawing of the Molniya-M carrier rocket
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855:Comparison of orbital launch systems
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507:missile defense spacecraft, had a
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41:needs additional citations for
3110:Cancelled (no launch attempts)
850:List of orbital launch systems
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763:Mu, Xuequan (1 October 2010).
1:
736:"The R-7 family of launchers"
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793:. ITAR-TASS. 2 December 2008
16:Soviet space launcher rocket
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767:. Xinhua. Archived from
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617:Blok-SO-L / S1.5400
590:Molniya-M (Blok-VL)
582:Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
501:Molniya-M (Blok-2BL)
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3600:R-7 (rocket family)
3590:2010 in spaceflight
3585:1964 in spaceflight
711:Gunter's Space Page
630:Molniya-M (Blok-ML)
609:Blok-2BL / S1.5400
601:Blok-MVL / S1.5400
556:Blok-B,V,G,D / 4 Γ
553:Molniya-M (Blok-L)
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674:Spaceflight portal
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935:Firefly Alpha
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106:November 2021
98:
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77:
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70:
67: β
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3384:Launch sites
3313:Soyuz/Vostok
3294:
3190:R-7 Semyorka
2959:Soyuz/Vostok
2904:
2453:Thorad-Agena
2126:Soyuz/Vostok
2071:
930:Falcon Heavy
795:. Retrieved
785:
775:30 September
773:. Retrieved
769:the original
743:. Retrieved
739:
714:. Retrieved
710:
707:"R-7 Family"
629:
627:
520:
512:
500:
496:
490:
477:eccentricity
458:
425:
405:
393:
386:R-7 Semyorka
378:Soviet Union
373:
372:designation
357:
355:
328:First flight
270:Launch sites
173:Soviet Union
159:Manufacturer
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3176:R-7 rockets
1943:LauncherOne
1894:Kaituozhe-1
1671:Black Arrow
1423:Orbex Prime
1322:Hyperbola-2
1287:Antares 330
987:Kaituozhe 2
960:Hyperbola-1
654:Kosmos 2469
650:Kosmos 2446
646:Kosmos 2430
644:spacecraft
336:Last flight
312:Success(es)
65:"Molniya-M"
3579:Categories
3371:Soyuz 2-1v
1948:Long March
1852:Feng Bao 1
1465:Tianlong-3
1391:New Line 1
1349:Long March
1297:Cyclone-4M
1237:Tianlong-2
1215:2.1b / STB
1210:2.1a / STA
1153:Pegasus XL
1019:Long March
992:Kinetica 1
915:Chollima-1
797:2 December
745:31 October
716:23 October
688:References
624:Retirement
539:Strap-ons
525:Block SO-L
437:Soyuz 18-1
320:Failure(s)
243:Comparable
76:newspapers
3537:2020β2024
3532:2015β2019
3527:2010β2014
3522:2005β2009
3517:2000β2004
3512:1995β1999
3507:1990β1994
3502:1985β1989
3497:1980β1984
3492:1975β1979
3487:1970β1974
3482:1965β1969
3477:1960β1964
3472:1957β1959
3435:Vostochny
3428:Site 43/4
3423:Site 43/3
3418:Site 16/2
3413:Site 41/1
3401:Site 31/6
3295:Molniya-M
3272:Vostok-2M
3117:Tsyklon-4
2047:Paektusan
1676:Conestoga
1433:Red Dwarf
1386:New Glenn
1317:Gravity-2
1307:Epsilon S
940:Gravity-1
574:Blok-L /
568:Blok-I /
562:Blok-A /
509:Block 2BL
483:regions.
467:and also
358:Molniya-M
211:(672,000
3565:(engine)
3546:See also
3464:Launches
3408:Plesetsk
3396:Site 1/5
3391:Baikonur
3343:Soyuz-FG
3338:Soyuz-U2
3267:Vostok-2
3262:Vostok-K
3257:Vostok-L
3183:Missiles
3057:Proton-K
3030:original
2927:original
2804:Proton-M
2591:original
2581:Vanguard
2564:Proton-K
2537:original
2385:Ablestar
2370:Terran 1
2328:original
2187:Rocket 3
2094:original
1904:original
1830:Falcon 9
1825:Falcon 1
1781:IV Heavy
1497:Zuljanah
1460:Terran R
1443:Block 1B
1428:Pallas-1
1332:Kuaizhou
1292:Bloostar
1232:Starship
1183:Shavit 2
1168:Qaem 100
1158:Proton-M
1116:Minotaur
997:Kuaizhou
920:Electron
888:Ariane 6
660:See also
638:Meridian
564:RD-108MM
558:RD-107MM
548:Stage 3
545:Stage 2
542:Stage 1
536:Version
517:Block ML
487:Variants
446:Plesetsk
408:Venera 1
391:(ICBM).
376:, was a
286:Plesetsk
274:Baikonur
207:305,000
196:Diameter
148:Function
3440:Site 1S
3353:Soyuz-2
3333:Soyuz-U
3328:Soyuz-M
3323:Soyuz-L
3290:Molniya
3282:Molniya
3234:Voskhod
3224:Sputnik
3025:Tsyklon
3020:Start-1
2969:Voskhod
2964:Sputnik
2900:Molniya
2853:Energia
2841:Retired
2832:Yenisei
2777:Soyuz-2
2743:Russian
2656:Classes
2527:Tsyklon
2365:Start-1
2136:Voskhod
2131:Sputnik
2067:Molniya
2052:Pilot-2
1889:Juno II
1803:Epsilon
1798:Energia
1788:Diamant
1664:Centaur
1513:Antares
1506:Retired
1455:Soyuz-7
1448:Block 2
1381:Neutron
1371:Miura 5
1205:Soyuz-2
1198:Block 1
1188:Simorgh
965:Jielong
893:Atlas V
864:Current
682:Molniya
576:S1.5400
570:RD-0110
527:stage.
493:Block L
465:Molniya
450:Soyuz-2
433:Tobolsk
420:RD-0110
416:RD-0108
362:Russian
265:Retired
247:Soyuz-2
151:Medium
90:scholar
3563:RD-107
3447:Guiana
3244:Vostok
3229:Polyot
3132:Medium
3122:Proton
3067:Strela
3052:UR-500
3008:Shtil'
2974:Vostok
2917:Polyot
2858:Kosmos
2827:Irtysh
2760:Angara
2753:Active
2739:Soviet
2640:Zhuque
2574:Strela
2532:R-36-O
2475:II GLV
2463:SLV-2H
2458:SLV-2G
2446:DSV-2U
2424:Burner
2360:SS-520
2355:Sparta
2323:Shavit
2214:Saturn
2175:Shtil'
2141:Vostok
2084:Polyot
2042:Naro-1
1931:Lambda
1899:Kosmos
1884:Juno I
1808:Europa
1582:Athena
1545:Ariane
1485:Zhuque
1475:Vega E
1327:Irtysh
1264:Zhuque
982:KAIROS
871:Angara
523:had a
515:had a
461:Proton
454:Fregat
428:Luna 7
412:Mars 1
366:ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ
262:Status
251:Fregat
233:Family
220:Stages
184:Height
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3318:Soyuz
3305:Soyuz
3127:Light
3074:Zenit
3062:Rokot
3013:Volna
2922:Soyuz
2848:Dnepr
2603:Zenit
2598:VLS-1
2569:Rokot
2470:Titan
2441:Delta
2402:Agena
2350:SPARK
2236:Scout
2192:Safir
2180:Volna
2089:Soyuz
1879:H-IIB
1793:Dnepr
1681:Delta
1659:Agena
1649:SLV-3
1644:LV-3B
1599:Atlas
1173:Qased
1148:OS-M1
950:H-IIA
898:Ceres
481:polar
444:from
374:8K78M
345:[
97:JSTOR
83:books
3252:Luna
3094:3SLB
3003:R-29
2895:Luna
2822:Amur
2792:2-1v
2787:2.1b
2782:2.1a
2741:and
2628:3SLB
2586:Vega
2515:CT-3
2500:IIIE
2495:IIID
2490:IIIC
2485:IIIB
2480:IIIA
2380:Able
2375:Thor
2276:X-2B
2266:X-3M
2256:X-2M
2170:R-29
2062:Luna
2037:N-II
2015:3SII
1914:2/2I
1874:H-II
1862:Mk I
1857:GSLV
1840:v1.1
1835:v1.0
1761:5000
1756:4000
1751:3000
1746:2000
1741:1000
1736:0100
1654:Able
1577:ASLV
1538:230+
1480:Zero
1406:OS-M
1401:Nova
1396:NGLV
1312:Eris
1302:Deca
1247:Vega
1242:Unha
1227:SSLV
1220:2-1v
1163:PSLV
1143:Nuri
1111:LVM3
1044:3B/E
945:GSLV
799:2008
777:2010
747:2023
718:2023
628:The
410:and
370:GRAU
356:The
293:41/1
289:16/2
281:31/6
204:Mass
179:Size
69:news
3452:ELS
3089:3SL
2890:R-7
2765:1.2
2623:3SL
2618:2FG
2510:23G
2505:34D
2340:SLV
2316:G-1
2311:F-1
2306:E-1
2301:A-1
2296:D-1
2291:B-1
2271:X-4
2261:X-3
2251:X-2
2241:X-1
2057:R-7
2032:N-I
1869:H-I
1771:III
1639:III
1614:E/F
1533:230
1528:130
1523:120
1518:110
1470:VLM
1438:SLS
1376:MLV
1193:SLS
1178:RS1
1104:11H
876:1.2
642:Oko
505:Oko
469:Oko
315:276
307:297
277:1/5
237:R-7
52:by
3581::
3099:3F
3084:2M
3047:UR
2994:2M
2952:FG
2947:U2
2885:N1
2878:3M
2868:2I
2799:UR
2770:A5
2633:3F
2613:2M
2520:IV
2224:IB
2207:1B
2202:1A
2161:2M
2119:U2
2099:FG
2027:N1
2010:3S
2005:3H
2000:3C
1995:4S
1990:Mu
1983:4A
1978:3B
1968:2E
1963:2A
1958:1D
1936:4S
1924:3M
1818:II
1776:IV
1766:II
1634:II
1592:II
1364:12
1359:10
1342:31
1337:21
1126:IV
1099:11
1089:7A
1079:6A
1069:5B
1059:4C
1054:4B
1049:3C
1039:3A
1034:2F
1029:2D
1024:2C
1012:11
1007:1A
955:H3
908:1S
881:A5
755:^
738:.
726:^
709:.
695:^
456:.
364::
323:21
297:43
295:,
291:,
279:,
213:lb
209:kg
189:ft
3168:e
3161:t
3154:v
3079:2
3040:3
3035:2
2989:2
2984:K
2979:L
2942:U
2937:M
2932:L
2910:L
2905:M
2873:3
2863:1
2731:e
2724:t
2717:v
2645:1
2608:2
2547:3
2542:2
2434:2
2429:1
2417:D
2412:B
2407:A
2395:2
2390:1
2333:1
2286:A
2281:B
2229:V
2219:I
2197:1
2156:2
2151:K
2146:L
2114:U
2109:M
2104:L
2077:L
2072:M
2020:V
1973:3
1953:1
1919:3
1909:1
1813:I
1731:N
1726:M
1721:L
1716:J
1711:G
1706:E
1701:D
1696:C
1691:B
1686:A
1629:I
1624:H
1619:G
1609:D
1604:B
1587:I
1570:5
1565:4
1560:3
1555:2
1550:1
1490:3
1416:4
1411:2
1354:9
1269:2
1252:C
1136:C
1131:V
1121:I
1094:8
1084:7
1074:6
1064:5
1002:1
975:3
970:1
903:1
831:e
824:t
817:v
801:.
779:.
749:.
720:.
452:/
360:(
349:]
249:/
223:3
215:)
191:)
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:Β·
87:Β·
80:Β·
73:Β·
46:.
23:.
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