626:
702:
75:
662:. The band of fewer than 53 warriors was able to hold off the 3,000 U.S. Army troops for several months, defeating them in combat several times. In April 1873, the Modoc left the Stronghold and began to splinter. Kintpuash and his group were the last to be captured, on June 4, 1873, when they voluntarily gave themselves up. U.S. government personnel had assured them that their people would be treated fairly and the warriors would be allowed to live on their own land.
1994:
2362:
249:
108:
1874:
90:
157:
44:
603:
The treaty required that the Modoc surrender their lands near Lost River, Tule Lake, and Lower
Klamath Lake in exchange for lands in the Upper Klamath Valley. They did so, under the leadership of Chief Schonchin. The Indian agent estimated the total population of the three tribes at about 2,000 when
617:(also called Captain Jack) led a band of Modoc to leave the reservation and return to their traditional homelands. They built a village near the Lost River. These Modoc had not been adequately represented in the treaty negotiations and wished to end the harassment by the Klamath on the reservation.
510:
in western Oregon. The new route was created to encourage
European-Americans to come to western Oregon, and to eliminate the hazards encountered on the Columbia Route. Since the Hudson's Bay Company controlled the Columbia Route, development of an alternate route enabled migration even if there was
599:
In return, the United States was to make a lump sum payment of $ 35,000, and annual payments totaling $ 80,000 over 15 years, as well as provide infrastructure and staff for a reservation. The treaty provided that if the
Indians drank or stored intoxicating liquor on the reservation, the payments
545:
Wright and a small group stayed on to avenge the deaths. He was a notorious Indian hater. Accounts differ as to what took place when Wright's party met the Modoc on the Lost River, but most agree that Wright planned to ambush them, which he did in
November 1852. Wright and his forces attacked,
607:
The land of the reservation did not provide enough food for both the
Klamath and the Modoc peoples. Illness and tension between the tribes increased. The Modoc requested a separate reservation closer to their ancestral home, but neither the federal nor the California government approved it.
555:
317:
estimated the Modoc population within
California as 500 at the year 1770. University of Oregon anthropologist Theodore Stern suggested that there had been a total of about 500 Modoc. In 1846, the population may have included "perhaps 600 warriors (an overestimate, probably)".
542:. After hearing his news, Yreka settlers organized a militia under Sheriff Charles McDermit, Jim Crosby, and Ben Wright. They went to the scene of the massacre to bury the dead and avenge their deaths. Crosby's party had a skirmish with a band of Modoc and returned to Yreka.
335:, they caught salmon during salmon runs and migrated seasonally to hunt and gather other food. In winter, they built earthen dugout lodges shaped like beehives, covered with sticks and plastered with mud, near lake shores with reliable sources of seeds from aquatic
692:
brought
Indians to speak to Indian rights groups in eastern cities. One of the delegations was from the Modoc and Klamath tribes. In 1909, the group in Oklahoma was given permission to return to Oregon. Several people did, but most stayed at their new home.
538:, killing all but three of the 65 people in the party. The Modoc took two young girls as captives. One or both of them may have been killed several years later by jealous Modoc women. The only man to survive the attack made his way to
518:
The opening of the
Applegate Trail appeared to bring the first regular contact between the Modoc and the European-American settlers, who had largely ignored their territory before. Many of the events of the
531:
From 1846 to 1873, thousands of emigrants entered the Modoc territory. Beginning in 1847, the Modoc raided the invading emigrants on the
Applegate Trail under the leadership of Old Chief Schonchin.
287:, that the federal government purchased for them. Originally they were placed on the Quapaw Indian Reservation in Oklahoma's far northeast corner. They are descendants of the band Captain Jack (
1360:
Western Oregon Plan
Revision Final Environmental Impact Statement For the Revision of the Resource Management Plans of the Western Oregon Bureau of Land Management Districts
268:, as well as the descendants of those who chose to return in 1909 to Oregon from Indian Territory in Oklahoma or Kansas. Since that time, many have followed the path of the
2350:
1982:
625:
181:
1960:
160:
Photo of Modoc Yellow Hammer taken by Joseph Andrew Shuck before 1904. From the Lena Robitaille Collection at the Oklahoma Historical Society Photo Archives.
2328:
1558:
2343:
2786:
1975:
1882:
1927:
1897:
2781:
701:
2766:
2336:
1945:
1917:
2366:
2761:
2756:
2565:
1968:
669:
earlier that year at a parley. Canby had violated agreements made with the Modoc. The Army sent the rest of the band to Oklahoma as
511:
trouble between the United States and the United Kingdom. The Applegate brothers became the first known white people in present-day
1912:
1331:
665:
The U.S. Army tried, convicted and executed Kintpuash and three of his warriors in October 1873 for the murder of Major General
1902:
1990:
1266:
1157:
1099:
1041:
991:
881:
854:
827:
169:
2358:
564:(Tobey) Riddle, a Modoc; and her husband Frank Riddle, with four Modoc women sitting in the front two rows. Photographed by
2585:
2776:
2505:
2378:
2525:
2450:
2395:
2390:
1718:
1295:
1203:
1176:
1130:
1022:
964:
935:
908:
791:
1821:
1998:
760:
1352:
304:
1932:
600:
could be withheld and that the United States could locate additional tribes on the reservation in the future.
593:
1867:
1469:. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. 80. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 18.
264:, in and around their ancestral homelands. This group includes those who stayed on the reservation during the
2660:
1152:. The Civilization of the American Indian (Fourth ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
458:
or Lower Lost River People Band. The Modoc have also been known as the Modok (Brandt and Davis-Kimball xvi).
959:. Bulletin (Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology). New York, New York: Dover Publications.
2069:
755:
651:
2540:
2415:
655:
512:
309:
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially.
48:
715:
The religion of the Modoc is not known in detail. The number five figured heavily in ritual, as in the
2475:
2425:
1439:
1167:
Stern, Theodore (June 1998). "Klamath and Modoc". In Walker, Deward E.; Sturtevant, William C. (eds.).
213:
1950:
2445:
2430:
1887:
2690:
2555:
2545:
2510:
739:
2485:
2267:
709:
471:
451:
292:
284:
2771:
2460:
2455:
261:
20:
783:
777:
534:
In September 1852, the Modoc destroyed an emigrant train at Bloody Point on the east shore of
2746:
735:
272:. The shared tribal government of the Klamath, Modoc and Yahooskin in Oregon is known as the
253:
1285:
1239:
2470:
1125:. The Civilization of the American Indian. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
1017:. The Civilization of the American Indian. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
678:
647:
1719:"Modoc NF History, 1945 -- Chapter II, Early History Emigrant Traills and Indian Warfare."
8:
2695:
585:
581:
361:
2645:
2625:
2535:
1119:
646:
was sent to Lost River to attempt to force Kintpuash's band back to the reservation. A
565:
546:
killing approximately 40 Modoc, in what came to be known as the "Ben Wright Massacre."
419:
1328:
1171:. Vol. 12, Plateau. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 446–456.
331:
Until the 19th century, when European explorers first encountered the Modoc, like all
2670:
2655:
2640:
2620:
2615:
1941:
1632:
1470:
1301:
1291:
1272:
1262:
1245:
1226:
1209:
1199:
1182:
1172:
1153:
1136:
1126:
1105:
1095:
1076:
1068:
1047:
1037:
1018:
1011:
997:
987:
970:
960:
954:
941:
931:
914:
904:
903:. Native American Resources series. Vol. IV. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
887:
877:
860:
850:
833:
823:
797:
787:
674:
589:
539:
507:
491:
467:
403:
369:
314:
1089:
220:, meaning "people". To distinguish between the tribes, the Modoc called themselves
2720:
2715:
2710:
2650:
2635:
2630:
2600:
2595:
2575:
2420:
2049:
1353:"Appendix O: Federally Recognized Indian Tribes with Interest in the Planning Area"
682:
670:
503:
209:
128:
2705:
2685:
2610:
2495:
2440:
2410:
2183:
1825:
1623:
Fisher, Don C. (June 1937). "Outline of Events in the History of the Modoc War".
1335:
817:
495:
487:
375:
332:
233:
177:
2751:
2725:
2680:
2675:
2605:
2570:
2229:
2054:
901:
Handbook of the American Frontier: Four Centuries of Indian-White Relationships
773:
743:
475:
355:
273:
269:
205:
185:
144:
132:
2262:
2740:
2550:
2520:
2515:
2400:
2282:
2234:
2162:
1072:
1051:
1001:
918:
864:
837:
731:
577:
348:
291:) led during the Modoc War. The federal government officially recognized the
248:
80:
1636:
1305:
1276:
1249:
1230:
1213:
1186:
1109:
945:
891:
801:
2665:
2500:
2490:
2033:
1474:
1140:
1080:
974:
689:
666:
499:
310:
193:
984:
Circle the Wagons!: Attacks on Wagon Trains in History and Hollywood Films
2312:
2302:
2167:
2080:
2059:
2019:
1818:
720:
385:
1067:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
2465:
2187:
2130:
2044:
2014:
1993:
659:
173:
2135:
584:. It required the tribes to cede the land bounded on the north by the
156:
2297:
2201:
2151:
2114:
2029:
643:
637:
629:
613:
573:
535:
520:
435:
347:
In addition to the Klamath, with whom they shared a language and the
288:
265:
148:
16:
Native American people originally from northern California and Oregon
2064:
818:
Arnold, James R.; Tucker, Spencer C.; Wiener, Roberta, eds. (2011).
779:
River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West
172:
people who historically lived in the area which is now northeastern
2435:
2370:
2361:
2246:
2240:
2124:
2109:
2039:
2024:
2009:
391:
280:
229:
189:
113:
1873:
1198:. Vol. III. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
746:; and numerous other places are named after this group of people.
2560:
2272:
2224:
2218:
2178:
2173:
2145:
2093:
2089:
2075:
925:
365:
1417:
498:, or South Emigrant Trail, in 1846. It connected a point on the
2700:
2530:
2307:
2256:
2251:
2208:
2193:
1856:
1631:(1). Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: National Park Service.
1362:. Bureau of Land Management. 1 February 2001. pp. 516–517.
1241:
Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs: for the Year 1865
560:
95:
1220:
719:, a five-night dance rite of passage for adolescent girls. A
554:
2480:
2405:
2317:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2140:
2104:
2099:
1237:
874:
Hiking Nevada: A Guide to Nevada's Greatest Hiking Adventures
381:
336:
27:
1225:. Washington, D.C.: Natural Resources Conservation Service.
2213:
2119:
2085:
1850:
1148:
Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2013).
494:, accompanied by 13 other white settlers, established the
820:
The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890
43:
1329:
2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.
1036:. Mustang, Oklahoma: Tate Publishing & Enterprises.
398:
to the south, in the meadows of the Pit River drainages.
1261:(Third ed.). New York, New York: Checkmark Books.
252:
Chief Yellow Hammer painted in traditional clothing by
1862:
986:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
1495:
1493:
1405:
A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
1150:
A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
1467:
The Aboriginal Population of America North of Mexico
1290:. Portland, Oregon: Printing house of A.G. Walling.
822:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
580:
tribes signed a treaty in 1864 that established the
295:
in 1978, and its constitution was approved in 1991.
723:was used for purification and mourning ceremonies.
650:broke out, and the Modoc escaped to what is called
572:The United States, the Klamath, the Modoc, and the
313:put the aboriginal population of the Modoc at 400.
243:
1507:
1505:
1490:
1223:Soil Survey of Douglas County Area, Oregon: Part I
1118:
1061:University of California Publications in Geography
1010:
926:Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert, eds. (2005).
876:(Second ed.). Helena, Montana: Falcon Press.
2738:
1244:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
1147:
1091:The Great Circle: A History of the First Nations
928:Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare
632:(Captain Jack), a Modoc leader in the Modoc War.
549:
402:The Modoc, Northern Paiute, and Achomawi shared
1502:
1792:
1790:
1444:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture
1345:
677:as their chief. The tribe's spiritual leader,
596:and Henley Lake back up to the 44th parallel.
481:
351:, the groups neighboring the Modoc home were:
2344:
1976:
1729:
1727:
1687:
1685:
1666:
1664:
982:Michno, Gregory F.; Michno, Susan J. (2009).
849:. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press.
588:, on the west and south by the ridges of the
1764:Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs
1734:Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1031:
981:
1787:
1721:U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
1538:
1121:Indians of the Pacific Northwest: A History
2351:
2337:
1983:
1969:
1828:, Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma official website
1724:
1682:
1661:
1287:Illustrated History of Lane County, Oregon
1857:Klamath Tribes: Klamath, Modoc, Yahooskin
1514:
1116:
1059:Pease, Robert W. (1965). "Modoc County".
1117:Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A. (1981).
1034:Jesse Applegate: A Dialogue With Destiny
700:
624:
553:
247:
155:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1283:
1256:
1221:U.S. Department of Agriculture (2004).
952:
782:. New York, New York: Viking. pp.
2739:
1622:
1552:
1550:
1464:
1407:, entries "Klamath Tribes" and "Modoc"
1259:Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes
1238:U.S. Office of Indian Affairs (1865).
1193:
1087:
1008:
871:
772:
2787:Native American history of California
2332:
1964:
1166:
1094:. New York, New York: Clarion Books.
1058:
956:Handbook of the Indians of California
930:. New York, New York: Facts on File.
898:
342:
2072:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
1940:
1556:
1384:
1032:Neiderheiser, Leta Lovelace (2010).
844:
592:, and on the east by lines touching
526:
67:Regions with significant populations
2782:History of Modoc County, California
1547:
1342:2011: 22. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
1340:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission.
558:L to R, standing: US Indian agent,
426:or Lower Klamath Lake People Band;
388:further down the Klamath River; and
298:
208:, spoke dialectic varieties of the
13:
2767:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
2666:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
1602:Soil Survey of Douglas County Area
1322:
1196:Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography
1169:Handbook of North American Indians
847:Scenic Routes & Byways: Oregon
766:
414:The known Modoc village sites are
216:. Both peoples called themselves
14:
2798:
1844:
188:in Oregon and the Modoc Tribe of
2762:Native American tribes in Oregon
2757:Indigenous peoples of California
2360:
1999:Indigenous peoples of California
1992:
1903:The New Student's Reference Work
1872:
1868:Modoc, Four Directions Institute
1863:Southern Oregon Digital Archives
1437:
761:Indigenous peoples of California
461:
244:Current population and geography
214:Plateau Penutian language family
204:The Modoc, like the neighboring
106:
88:
73:
42:
1831:
1812:
1803:
1778:
1769:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1673:
1652:
1643:
1616:
1607:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1481:
953:Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1976) .
681:, was also forced to remove to
305:Population of Native California
2170:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
1933:New International Encyclopedia
1458:
1431:
1410:
1398:
1375:
1366:
442:or Tule Lake People Band; and
409:
326:
180:. Currently, they include two
1:
1625:Nature Notes from Crater Lake
1446:. Oklahoma Historical Society
1315:
899:Heard, Joseph Norman (1997).
550:Treaty with the United States
474:, established trade with the
1559:"Klamath Indian Reservation"
756:Modoc traditional narratives
726:
620:
523:took place along the trail.
210:Klamathan/Lutuamian language
7:
1565:. Oregon Historical Society
1284:Walling, Albert G. (1884).
749:
656:Lava Beds National Monument
513:Lava Beds National Monument
482:Applegate Trail established
240:, meaning "Lake Dwellers".
199:
182:federally recognized tribes
10:
2803:
2777:History of the Great Basin
1888:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1809:Kessel and Wooster, p. 160
1563:The Oregon History Project
696:
635:
418:where Willow Creek enters
321:
302:
283:on a small reservation in
279:Two hundred Modoc live in
25:
18:
2584:
2377:
2005:
1009:Murray, Keith A. (1959).
652:Captain Jack's Stronghold
143:
138:
127:
122:
104:
86:
71:
66:
61:
56:
41:
1013:The Modocs and Their War
809:
740:Modoc County, California
260:About 600 Modoc live in
26:Not to be confused with
2631:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
2268:Plains and Sierra Miwok
2127:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
1951:The American Cyclopædia
1918:Encyclopædia Britannica
1851:Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma
1194:Thrapp, Dan L. (1988).
710:Milwaukee Public Museum
604:the treaty was signed.
293:Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma
285:Ottawa County, Oklahoma
2367:Native American tribes
1921:(11th ed.). 1911.
1784:Ruby and Brown, p. 211
1465:Mooney, James (1928).
1257:Waldman, Carl (2006).
872:Grubbs, Bruce (2006).
712:
642:In November 1872, the
633:
569:
470:, an explorer for the
262:Klamath County, Oregon
257:
228:meaning "South". The
161:
2237:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
2070:Eel River Athapaskans
1877:Texts on Wikisource:
1372:Waldman, pp. 134, 168
1088:Philip, Neil (2006).
736:Modoc National Forest
704:
628:
557:
358:on the Klamath River;
303:Further information:
251:
159:
139:Related ethnic groups
2661:Mescalero-Chiricahua
2416:Cheyenne and Arapaho
1837:Kroeber, pp. 320–321
1745:Neiderheiser, p. 260
1544:Kroeber, pp. 305–335
1418:"The Klamath Tribes"
679:Curley Headed Doctor
478:north of the Modoc.
472:Hudson's Bay Company
339:plants and fishing.
49:Toby "Winema" Riddle
19:For other uses, see
582:Klamath Reservation
378:east in the desert;
192:, now known as the
170:Indigenous American
38:
2431:Citizen Potawatomi
1859:, official website
1853:, official website
1824:2008-07-24 at the
1557:Donnelly, Robert.
1499:Stern, pp. 446–456
1334:2012-04-24 at the
845:Barr, Tom (2012).
713:
634:
570:
566:Eadweard Muybridge
420:Lower Klamath Lake
343:Neighboring groups
258:
212:, a branch of the
162:
51:(Modoc, 1848–1920)
36:
2734:
2733:
2656:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
2396:Alabama-Quassarte
2326:
2325:
1691:Murray, pp. 24–28
1670:Michno, pp. 90–91
1268:978-0-8160-6273-7
1159:978-0-8061-4024-7
1101:978-0-618-15941-3
1043:978-1-61739-229-0
993:978-0-7864-3997-3
883:978-0-7627-3417-7
856:978-0-7627-7956-7
829:978-1-85109-697-8
675:Scarfaced Charley
590:Cascade Mountains
540:Yreka, California
527:Emigrant invasion
508:Willamette Valley
492:Lindsay Applegate
468:Peter Skene Ogden
434:on the shores of
404:Goose Lake Valley
370:Cascade Mountains
315:Alfred L. Kroeber
154:
153:
2794:
2586:Tribal languages
2566:United Keetoowah
2496:Muscogee (Creek)
2456:Fort Sill Apache
2391:Absentee Shawnee
2365:
2364:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2329:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1937:
1922:
1907:
1892:
1876:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1649:Pease, pp. 60–66
1647:
1641:
1640:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1554:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1512:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1395:Pease, pp. 46–48
1393:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1326:
1309:
1280:
1253:
1234:
1217:
1190:
1163:
1144:
1124:
1113:
1084:
1055:
1028:
1016:
1005:
978:
949:
922:
895:
868:
841:
805:
683:Indian Territory
671:prisoners of war
504:Fort Hall, Idaho
448:Nushalt-Hagak-ni
364:Athabaskans and
299:Early population
232:, a band of the
222:Moatokni maklaks
112:
110:
109:
94:
92:
91:
79:
77:
76:
57:Total population
46:
39:
35:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2588:
2580:
2451:Eastern Shawnee
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2001:
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462:First contact
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81:United States
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
22:
2747:Modoc people
2556:Thlopthlocco
2259:(Gabrieliño)
2243:(Fernandeño)
2156:
2148:(Bear River)
1949:
1931:
1916:
1901:
1886:
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1814:
1805:
1797:
1780:
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1679:Heard, p. 33
1675:
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1628:
1624:
1618:
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1601:
1597:
1592:Barr, p. 275
1588:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1562:
1540:
1532:
1483:
1466:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1443:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1412:
1404:
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1377:
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1347:
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1324:
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1222:
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705:
690:Peter Cooper
687:
667:Edward Canby
664:
641:
612:
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606:
602:
598:
571:
559:
544:
533:
530:
517:
500:Oregon Trail
485:
465:
455:
447:
444:Wachamshwash
443:
439:
431:
427:
423:
415:
413:
401:
395:
346:
330:
311:James Mooney
308:
278:
259:
237:
225:
221:
217:
203:
194:Modoc Nation
176:and central
165:
163:
33:Ethnic group
2536:Sac and Fox
2263:TĂĽbatulabal
2081:Halchidhoma
2060:Coast Miwok
2020:Ahwahnechee
1942:Shea, J. G.
721:sweat lodge
410:Settlements
362:Rogue River
327:Pre-contact
254:E.A Burbank
131:, formerly
2741:Categories
2696:Potawatomi
2381:recognized
2188:Kucadikadi
2131:Lake Miwok
2045:Chemehuevi
2015:Acjachemen
1316:References
717:Shuyuhalsh
660:California
594:Goose Lake
506:, and the
452:Lost River
440:Pasganwa·s
424:Gombatwa·s
174:California
62:800 (2000)
2626:Chickasaw
2576:Wyandotte
2421:Chickasaw
2379:Federally
2298:Wukchumni
2202:Ramaytush
2198:Costanoan
2159:(Klamath)
2152:Mechoopda
2115:Kitanemuk
2050:Chimariko
2030:Bay Miwok
1944:(1879). "
1073:0068-6441
1052:701809610
1002:231671302
919:498503287
865:756579553
838:838905208
727:Namesakes
644:U.S. Army
638:Modoc War
630:Kintpuash
621:Modoc War
614:Kintpuash
574:Yahooskin
536:Tule Lake
521:Modoc War
486:Brothers
436:Tule Lake
422:, of the
396:Pit River
289:Kintpuash
266:Modoc War
149:Yahooskin
123:Languages
2671:Muscogee
2646:Delaware
2641:Comanche
2621:Cheyenne
2616:Cherokee
2541:Seminole
2476:Kickapoo
2471:Kialegee
2436:Comanche
2411:Cherokee
2371:Oklahoma
2247:Timbisha
2241:Tataviam
2125:Kumeyaay
2110:Kawaiisu
2040:Cahuilla
2025:Atsugewi
2010:Achomawi
1822:Archived
1796:Arnold,
1637:15927646
1535:, p. 507
1531:Arnold,
1332:Archived
1306:16696100
1277:67361229
1250:10495312
1231:58436713
1214:23583099
1187:39401371
1110:62330691
946:44509237
892:70915489
802:49796219
776:(2003).
750:See also
611:In 1870
576:band of
456:Goġewa·s
416:Agawesh,
392:Achomawi
281:Oklahoma
230:Achomawi
200:Language
190:Oklahoma
114:Oklahoma
2721:Wyandot
2716:Wichita
2711:Shawnee
2651:Koasati
2636:Choctaw
2601:Arapaho
2596:Alabama
2571:Wichita
2561:Tonkawa
2551:Shawnee
2426:Choctaw
2273:Vanyume
2230:Serrano
2225:Salinan
2219:Quechan
2179:Nomlaki
2174:Nisenan
2146:Mattole
2136:Luiseño
2094:Whilkut
2090:Chilula
2076:Esselen
2055:Chumash
1936:. 1905.
1906:. 1914.
1891:. 1921.
1819:History
1604:, p. 20
1569:11 June
1475:1729762
1450:28 June
1440:"Modoc"
1423:28 June
1141:7272798
1081:3714154
975:2972541
784:101–124
697:Culture
568:, 1873.
454:of the
450:on the
438:of the
366:Takelma
322:History
270:Klamath
256:, 1901.
238:Lutuami
224:, from
218:maklaks
206:Klamath
168:are an
145:Klamath
129:English
2706:Seneca
2701:Quapaw
2686:Pawnee
2681:Ottawa
2611:Cayuga
2531:Quapaw
2521:Peoria
2516:Pawnee
2511:Ottawa
2401:Apache
2383:tribes
2308:Yokuts
2283:Washoe
2257:Tongva
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