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966:, the soldiers never saw any Modoc. Occupying excellent positions, the Modoc repulsed troops advancing from the west and east. A general retreat of troops was ordered at the end of the day. In the attack, the U.S. Army lost 35 men killed, and 5 officers and 20 enlisted men wounded. Captain Jack's band included approximately 150 Modoc, including women and children. Of that number, there were only 52 warriors. The Modoc suffered no casualties in the fighting, as they had the advantage of terrain and local knowledge over the militia.
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the Modoc away. This version claimed that some warriors held their ground while the women and children loaded their boats and paddled south; that
Scarfaced Charley, who spoke good English, was foul-tempered from lack of sleep, because he'd been gambling all night and was possibly drunk—but, since there was a warrant out for his arrest on a false murder charge, he wasn't going to go quietly. The official report, however, concealed that the operation had been badly managed, as Captain Jackson later admitted.
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805:, Commanding General of the Department of the Columbia, to move Captain Jack's band to Yainax on the Klamath Reservation, his recommended site for their use. Canby forwarded Meacham's request to General Schofield, Commanding General of the Pacific, suggesting that before using force, peaceful efforts should be made. Jack had asked to talk to Meacham, but he sent his brother John Meacham in his place.
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1186:), in a flat area surrounded by ridges, Captain Thomas and his party were attacked by 22 Modoc led by Scarfaced Charley. Some of the troops fled in disorder. Those who remained to fight were either killed or wounded. US casualties included four officers killed and two wounded, one dying within a few days, and 13 enlisted men killed and 16 wounded.
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of troops on April 16 was under heavy fire from the Modoc positions. That night the troops succeeded in cutting the Modoc off from their water supply at the shore of Tule Lake. By the morning of April 17 everything was in readiness for the final attack on the
Stronghold. When the order was given to advance, the troops charged into the Stronghold.
651:, the future chief also known as Captain Jack, survived the attack but lost some of his family.) To try to end the American encroachment, some Modoc chose to attack the next whites they encountered. In September 1852 the Modoc attacked a wagon train of some 65 men, women, and children on their way to California.
768:, longtime rivals, began to steal the Modoc lumber. The Modoc complained, but the US Indian agent could not protect them against the Klamath. Captain Jack's band moved to another part of the reservation. Several attempts were made to find a suitable location, but the Klamath continued to harass the band.
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Over the years, various individuals and groups have made efforts to memorialize the death of
General E.R.S. Canby, the only general to be killed in the Indian Wars. The wooden cross is a replica of an original erected by a U.S. soldier in 1882, nine years after the event. Some of the same troops whom
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After the fighting along the shoreline of Tule Lake on the afternoon and night of April 16, the Modoc defending the
Stronghold realized that their water supply had been cut off by the troops commanding the shoreline. On April 17, before the troops had begun to charge the Stronghold, the Modoc escaped
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for a reservation. Captain Jack got up and walked away a few steps. The two Modoc
Brancho (Barncho) and Slolux, armed with rifles, ran forward from hiding. Captain Jack turned, giving the signal to fire. His first shot killed General Canby. Reverend Thomas fell mortally wounded. Dyar and Frank Riddle
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On April 8, just as the commissioners were starting for the peace tent, the signal tower on the bluff above Gillem's Camp received a message; it said that the lookout had seen five Modoc warriors at the peace tent and about 20 armed Modoc hiding among the rocks nearby. The commissioners realized that
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and Hooker Jim, they put pressure on Jack to kill the peace commission. They believed that if the
Americans lost their leaders, the Army would leave. They shamed Jack for his continuing negotiations by dressing him in women's clothing during council meetings. Rather than lose his position as chief of
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Accounts vary regarding the first clash. One version: that the soldiers and militia had gotten drunk in
Klamath Falls and arrived at the Lost River camp disorganized and were outfought; that, furthermore, the militia arrived last and retreated first, with one casualty; and that the Army did not drive
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Wishing to avoid conflict, Captain Jack agreed to go to the reservation, but the situation became tense when
Jackson demanded that the Modoc chief surrender his weapons. Although Captain Jack had never fought the Army, he was alarmed at this command, but he finally agreed to put down his weapons. The
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and led an abusive harassment against the white settlers who had occupied the area. The small Modoc group of about 43 Indians demanded rent for the occupation of their land, which most settlers paid. After a few attempts to negotiate in behalf of the complaining settlers, including failed attempts by
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Valley. In return, the
Indians would receive food, blankets, and clothing for as many years as would be required to establish themselves. Allen David signed for the Klamath, while Old Schonchin and Kintpuash for the Modoc. Looking around for something to give emphasis to his pledge, Schonchin pointed
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NO. 108 BATTLE OF LAND'S RANCH-1872 - One of the engagements of the Modoc War took place on
December 21, 1872, on what was then known as the Land's Ranch. Army supply wagons, escorted by cavalrymen, had reached camp in safety, but several of the soldiers who had dropped behind were suddenly attacked
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The U.S. Army prepared to attack the Stronghold. On April 15 a general attack began, troops advancing from Gillem's camp on the west and Mason's camp at Hospital Rock, northeast of the Stronghold. Fighting continued throughout the day, the troops remaining in position during the night. Each advance
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serving as interpreters, Meacham met Captain Jack at the peace tent; it was erected about one mile east of Gillem's Camp. The meeting lasted several hours. Captain Jack asked for the lava beds to be given to them as a reservation. The meeting ended with no agreement. After Meacham returned to camp,
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and Rev. Eleazer Thomas, and wounded two others, mistakenly believing this would encourage the Americans to leave. The Modoc fled back to the lava beds. After U.S. forces were reinforced, some Modoc warriors surrendered and Captain Jack and the last of his band were captured. Jack and five warriors
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On April 2, the commission and Captain Jack met in the lava beds midway between the Stronghold and Gillem's Camp. At this meeting Captain Jack proposed: (1) Complete pardon of all Modoc; (2) Withdrawal of all troops; and (3) The right to select their own reservation. The Peace Commission proposed:
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as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon. He "knew almost nothing of the background of the situation and had never met Jack or the Modocs" but was charged with "getting the Modocs to leave Lost River." In turn, Odeneal appointed a new US Indian agent, who was also unfamiliar with the parties
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When soldiers suddenly appeared at the meeting, the Modoc warriors fled, leaving behind their women and children. Meacham placed the women and children in wagons and started for the reservation. He allowed "Queen Mary", Captain Jack's sister, to go meet with Captain Jack to persuade him to move to
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sprawled in blood. He sounded an alarm and immediately the camp realized they were under attack by Native Americans, estimated to be several dozen in number. By the time the assailants were beaten off, two other members of Frémont's group were dead. The one dead attacker was judged to be a Klamath
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On December 21, a Modoc party scouting from the Stronghold attacked an ammunition wagon at Land's Ranch. By January 15, 1873, the U.S. Army had 400 troops in the field near the Lava Beds. The greatest concentration of troops was at Van Brimmer's ranch, 12 miles west of the Stronghold. Troops were
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and Lieutenant Frazier A. Boutelle, of company B, 1st Cavalry. They drew their revolvers and shot at each other, both missing. The rest of the Modocs scrambled for their weapons, and briefly fought before fleeing toward California. After driving the remaining Modoc from the camp, Captain Jackson
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that Captain Jack's Modoc band be given a separate reservation at Yainax, in the lower southern part of the reservation. Pending a decision, Meacham instructed Captain Jack to remain at Clear Lake. Oregon settlers complained that Modoc warriors roamed the countryside raiding the homesteads; they
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One badly wounded man escaped to the Oregon settlements in Willamette Valley and told of the attack. His report spread quickly and Oregon volunteers who later reached the scene, reported bodies of men, women and children mutilated and scattered for more than a mile along the lake shore and their
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about the possibility of war with Mexico. Reviewing the messages, Frémont neglected the customary measure of posting a watchman for the camp. Carson was concerned but "apprehended no danger". Later that night Carson was awakened by the sound of a thump. Jumping up, he saw his friend and fellow
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Steele went to the Stronghold. After a night in the Stronghold, Steele returned to Fairchild's ranch and informed the Peace Commission that the Modoc were planning treachery, and that all efforts of the commission would be useless. Meacham wired the Secretary of the Interior, informing him of
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Rounds of hostilities continued in the area as American settlers continued to encroach on Modoc land and urged the government to take over the territory. Warriors of the Klamath and the Yahooskin also attacked settlers and migrants in efforts to repulse them. In 1864 the United States and the
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to arrange for a council with Captain Jack, which the latter refused. On July 6, 1872, the US Commissioner of Indian Affairs repeated his direction to Superintendent Odeneal to move Captain Jack and his band to the Klamath Reservation, peacefully if possible, but forcibly if necessary. Minor
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At first light on May 10, the Modoc attacked an Army encampment at Dry Lake. The troops charged, routing the Modoc. Casualties among the Army included five men killed, two of whom were Warm Spring Scouts, and twelve men wounded. The Modoc reported five warriors killed. Among the five was
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to the distant butte and dramatically declared, "That mountain shall fall, before Schonchin will again raise his hand against his white brother." The old chief kept his word, although his brother and Kintpuash repudiated signing the treaty and left the reservation with a few followers.
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The tragedy of Dokdokwas is deepened by the fact that most scholars now agree that Frémont and Carson, in their blind vindictiveness, probably chose the wrong tribe to lash out against: In all likelihood the band of native Americans that had killed were from the neighboring
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the Modoc were planning an attack and decided to stay at Gillem's. Rev. Thomas insisted on arranging a date for another meeting with Captain Jack. On April 10, the commission sent a message asking Captain Jack to meet with them at the peace tent on the following morning.
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he sent a message to Captain Jack, asking that he meet the commission at the peace tent on April 8. While delivering this message, the Modoc interpreter Tobey Riddle learned of the Modoc plan to kill the peace commissioners. On her return, she warned the commissioners.
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through an unguarded crevice. During the fighting at the Stronghold, April 15–17, US casualties included one officer and six enlisted men killed, and thirteen enlisted men wounded. Modoc casualties were two boys, reported to have been killed when they tried to open a
1422:. These include Captain Jack's Stronghold, where numerous cracks, ridges, and knobs were used by the Modoc to defend their positions. In addition there are numerous Modoc fortified outposts, smoke-stained caves occupied by the Modoc during the months of the war,
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For some months, Captain Jack had boasted that in the event of war, he and his band could successfully defend themselves in an area in the lava beds on the south shore of Tule Lake. The Modoc retreated there after the Battle of Lost River. Today it is called
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Captain Jack, Schonchin John, Black Jim, Boston Charley, Brancho (Barncho) and Slolux were tried by a military court for the murders of Canby and Thomas, and attacks on Meacham and others. The six Modoc were convicted, and sentenced to death on July 8.
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Although the council's results were inconclusive, Otis resolved to remove Jack's band of Modoc to the Klamath Reservation. As he needed reinforcements, he recommended waiting until later in the year, when he could put the Modoc at a disadvantage.
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On April 26, Captain Evan Thomas commanding five officers, sixty-six troops and fourteen Warm Spring Scouts left Gillem's camp on a reconnaissance of the lava beds to locate the Modoc. While they were eating lunch at the base of Sand Butte (now
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H. Sides reports the massacre included women and children. Dunlay reports that Carson said, "I directed their houses to be set on fire" and "We gave them something to remember ... the women and children we did not interfere with." (Dunlay,
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In 1870, Captain Jack and his band of nearly 200 left the reservation and returned to Lost River. During the months that his band had been on the reservation, a number of settlers had taken up former Modoc land in the Lost River region.
1107:, Schonchin John, Black Jim, and Hooker Jim. After some talk, during which it became evident that the Modoc were armed, General Canby informed Captain Jack that the commission could not meet his terms until orders came from Washington.
820:. At the council, Major Otis presented Captain Jack with some settlers who complained about the behavior of Jack's men. Captain Jack countered that the Modoc were abused and unjustly accused of crimes which other Indians had committed.
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over $ 400,000; a very expensive war in terms of lives and dollars, considering the small number of opposing forces. In contrast, the estimated cost to purchase the land requested by the Modoc for a separate reservation was $ 20,000.
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On February 19, the Peace Commission held its first meeting at Fairchild's ranch, west of the lava beds. A messenger was sent to arrange a meeting with Captain Jack. He agreed that if the commission would send John Fairchild and
501:), those few warriors resisted for months the more numerous United States Army forces sent against them, which were reinforced with artillery. In April 1873 at a peace commission meeting, Captain Jack and others killed General
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1885:
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On October 3, 1873, Captain Jack and his three lead warriors were hanged at Fort Klamath. The remainder of the band of Modoc Indians, consisting of 39 men, 64 women, and 60 children, as prisoners of war were sent to the
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petitioned Meacham to return the Modoc to the Klamath Reservation. In part, the Modoc raided for food; the US did not adequately supply them. Captain Jack and his band did better in their old territory with hunting.
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and Klamath Lake, on May 10, 1846. Accounts by scholars vary, but they agree that the attack completely destroyed the village structures; Sides reports the expedition killed women and children as well as warriors.
929:, all such natural features being ideal from the standpoint of defense. At the time the 52 Modoc warriors occupied the Stronghold, Tule Lake bounded the Stronghold on the north and served as a source of water.
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With the death of Ellen's Man, dissent arose among the Modoc, who began to split apart. A group led by Hooker Jim surrendered to the Army and agreed to help them capture Captain Jack. In return, they received
1115:
escaped by running. Meacham fell seriously wounded, but Toby Riddle saved his life and interrupted warriors intending to scalp him by yelling, "The soldiers are coming!" The Modoc warriors broke off and left.
1006:, two settlers, to the edge of the lava beds he would talk to them. When Fairchild and Whittle went to the lava beds, Captain Jack told them he would talk with the commission if they would return with Judge
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skirmishes occurred during the summer and early fall, but some of the settlers in California were sympathetic to the Modoc, as they had gotten along well with them before. The Modoc felt mistreated.
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The Commissioner of Indian Affairs never responded to Meacham's request for a separate reservation for the Modoc. After hearing more complaints from settlers, Meacham instead requested General
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selected by the government; (2) That the Modoc guilty of killing the settlers be surrendered and tried for murder. After much discussion, the meeting broke up with no resolution.
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a few years later undermined public confidence in President Grant's peace policy. There was renewed public sentiment to use force against the American Indians to suppress them.
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Captain Jack, his wife, and young daughter were captured by army scouts; Captain William F. Drannan, U.S. Army and Scout George Jones, U.S. Army in Langell's valley, June 4.
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directed US Superintendent T. B. Odeneal to move Captain Jack and his Modoc to the reservation if practicable. He was to ensure the tribe was protected from the Klamath.
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were offered the chance to return to the Klamath Reservation. Twenty-nine people returned to Oregon; the Modoc of Oregon and their descendants became part of the
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982:, appointed a Peace Commission to negotiate with Captain Jack. The Commission consisted of Alfred B. Meacham, the former superintendent for Oregon as chairman;
684:, Modoc, and Yahooskin band—over 1000 Indians, mostly Klamath—signed a treaty, by which the Indians ceded millions of acres of lands and the US established the
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521:. They achieved separate federal recognition and were granted some land in Oklahoma. There are two federally recognized Modoc tribes: in Oregon and Oklahoma.
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1320:. The volunteer companies had withdrawn from the field. A small number of civilians were used as runners and packers. Col. Alvin C. Gillem was in command.
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ordered a retreat to await reinforcements. One soldier had been killed and seven wounded in the encounter; the Modoc lost two killed and three wounded.
517:. Some at that point were allowed to return to the Klamath Reservation in Oregon. Most Modoc (and their descendants) stayed in what became the state of
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647:, an American militia unit, not familiar with the Indian peoples, retaliated by attacking an innocent Modoc village, killing men, women and children. (
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approved the death sentence for Captain Jack, Schonchin John, Black Jim and Boston Charley; Brancho and Slolux were committed to life imprisonment on
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retreated from the battlefield to the Lava Beds south of Tule Lake. In attacks on November 29 and November 30, they killed a total of 18 settlers.
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After the Modoc left the Stronghold, US troops built fortifications to protect against their possible return. The Thomas-Wright battlefield, near
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On April 11, General Canby, Alfred B. Meacham, Rev. E. Thomas, and L. S. Dyar, with Frank and Toby Riddle as interpreters, met with Captain Jack,
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In the First Battle of the Stronghold, January 17, 1873, there were approximately 400 Army troops in the field. The troops included U. S. Army
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869:) and by a band of militiamen arrived in Jack's camp on Lost River about a mile above Emigrant Crossing (now Merrill, Oregon) on November 29.
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were tried for the murders of the two peace commissioners. Jack and three warriors were executed and two others sentenced to life in prison.
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In the Second Battle of the Stronghold, April 17, 1873, approximately 530 troops were engaged. These included U. S. Army infantry, cavalry,
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Agent Lindsay Applegate in 1864–6 and Superintendent Huntington in 1867, the Modoc finally relocated in 1869 following a council between
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865:, commanding 40 troops, left Fort Klamath for Captain Jack's camp on Lost River. The troops, reinforced by citizens from Linkville (now
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1540:. The names of all the fallen (both Modoc and US Army) are listed at Gillem's Camp; another historical marker is at the Lava Beds.
732:, the US Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon that replaced Huntington; O.C. Knapp, the US Indian agent on the reservation;
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Note: This article was adapted from a series of articles by Don C. Fisher and John E. Doerr Jr., published in the public domain
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units; Oregon and California volunteer companies, and some Klamath Indian Scouts. Lt. Col. Frank Wheaton commanded all troops.
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Acknowledging the bad feeling between the Modoc and the Klamath, Meacham recommended to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in
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Drannan, William F, "Thirty One Years on the Plains and in the Mountains" Rhodes & M'Clure Publishing Co. Chicago, 1899
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Following the successful Modoc attack, many soldiers called for Col. Gillem to be removed. On May 2, Bvt. Brigadier General
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the reservation. She succeeded. Once on the reservation, Captain Jack and his band prepared to make their permanent home at
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Including the four Modoc executed at Fort Klamath, Captain Jack's band suffered the loss of seventeen warriors killed.
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were appointed as interpreters. Toby Riddle (sometimes spelled as Tobey) was a Modoc woman and a cousin of Kintpuash.
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On April 5, Captain Jack requested a meeting with Meacham. Accompanied by John Fairchild and Judge Rosborough, with
513:(pre-statehood Oklahoma), where they were held as prisoners of war until 1909, settled on reservation land with the
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was in command of all troops, including regular army as well as volunteer companies from California and Oregon.
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6457:"The Origin and Authorship of the Bancroft Pacific States Publications: A History of a History (part 1)"
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608:. By April 1851, 2,000 miners had arrived in "Thompson's Dry Diggings" through the southern route of the old
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fishing village named Dokdokwas, that most likely had nothing to do with the attack, at the junction of the
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Although the Modoc initially had no trouble with Americans, after the murders of settlers in a raid by the
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861:, to furnish sufficient troops to compel Captain Jack to move to the reservation. On November 28 Captain
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On April 3, 1872, Major Elmer Otis held a council with Captain Jack at Lost River Gap, near what is now
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3071:
3014:
2773:
2713:
2633:
2381:
2367:
1865:
563:
367:
1544:
Canby had commanded at the Lava Beds were fighting other Indian Wars, and public interest ran high.
994:, commander in the Pacific Northwest, was appointed to serve the commission as counselor. Frank and
6562:
6497:
5902:
5789:
5568:
5168:
5163:
4979:
4974:
2915:
2817:
2331:
Historical Atlas of California, used with permission of the University of Oklahoma dead Press, 1975
489:, also known as Captain Jack, led 52 warriors in a band of more than 150 Modoc people who left the
410:
33:
2015:
1037:
was established at the edge of the lava beds, two and one-half miles west of the Stronghold. Col.
6398:
6217:
5995:
5979:
5870:
5711:
5548:
5487:
5178:
4957:
3137:
2785:
2768:
2438:
1275:
862:
695:
688:, within the boundaries of present-day Oregon. Under the treaty terms, the Modoc, with Old Chief
573:
415:
146:
1022:
was added to the commission. Jesse Applegate and Samuel Case resigned and were replaced by Rev.
576:... The Klamaths were culturally related to the Modocs, but the two tribes were bitter enemies.
6492:
6373:
6262:
6096:
5881:
5538:
3500:
3106:
2790:
2720:
2034:
1622:
362:
312:
293:
50:
541:
in 1843. On the night of May 9, 1846, Frémont received a message brought to him by Lieutenant
6347:
6283:
5892:
5746:
5706:
5661:
5011:
3630:
3161:
2920:
2688:
2638:
2149:
1584:
1507:
1446:
1018:
Steele's opinion. The Secretary instructed Meacham to continue negotiations for peace. Judge
866:
357:
337:
1721:
5208:
5110:
4923:
3600:
3526:
3475:
3211:
3193:
3187:
3169:
3037:
3029:
3024:
2643:
2453:
2133:
1410:
1168:
848:
808:
In the middle of the crisis, the Commission of Indian Affairs replaced Meacham, appointing
601:
597:
581:
317:
215:
2190:
1656:
1573:
by Indians hiding among the rocks above the road. Two men were killed and several wounded.
1495:
8:
6225:
6152:
6086:
6047:
5964:
5887:
5675:
5502:
5449:
5383:
5297:
5275:
5255:
5057:
4990:
3401:
3349:
3251:
3223:
3076:
3042:
2648:
2468:
2463:
2156:
1909:
Don C. Fisher and John E. Doerr, Jr., "Outline of Events in the History of the Modoc War"
1070:
The Modoc began to turn on Captain Jack, who still hoped for a peaceful solution. Led by
720:
685:
542:
490:
2178:
2048:
1058:(Tobey) and her husband Frank Riddle (interpreter), with four Modoc women in front, 1873
1041:
was placed in command of all troops, including those at Hospital Rock commanded by Col.
6482:
6159:
5987:
5971:
5933:
5824:
5741:
5726:
5716:
5655:
5609:
5389:
5378:
4969:
3778:
3308:
3145:
2893:
2741:
2658:
2537:
2448:
2317:
1589:
1258:. Grant ordered that the remainder of Captain Jack's band be held as prisoners of war.
1206:
1190:
1064:
904:
U.S. soldiers inspect Captain Jack's cave in the Lava Beds. 1873 Edward Muybridge photo
703:
480:
468:
199:
2004:
1323:
During the Modoc War, the Modoc had no more than 53 warriors engaged in the fighting.
1197:, reported to relieve Gillem of command, and assume control of the army in the field.
530:
529:
The first known explorers from the United States to go through the Modoc country were
6352:
6206:
5865:
5455:
5221:
5026:
3739:
3521:
2898:
2458:
2267:
2253:
2235:
2169:
2101:
2073:
1962:
1875:
1011:
877:
729:
589:
342:
6309:
6256:
6136:
6123:
6113:
6073:
5855:
5799:
5756:
5751:
5667:
5543:
5214:
5021:
3610:
3588:
3578:
3344:
3175:
3118:
2888:
2822:
2795:
2780:
2443:
2404:
2166:
Remembering the Modoc War: Redemptive Violence and the Making of American Innocence
2138:
1529:
1442:
1267:
1251:
1239:
ordered the Modoc to be held for trial. The Army took Captain Jack and his band as
1119:
962:
On the morning of January 17, 1873, troops advanced on the Stronghold. Hindered by
789:
510:
436:
347:
207:
174:
1177:
Warm Spring Indian scouts in the Lava Beds with their leader, Donald McKay, center
6413:
6303:
6226:
The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution
6118:
6008:
5943:
5834:
5680:
5650:
5614:
5132:
3583:
3334:
3055:
2937:
2908:
2668:
2210:
Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959; reprint 1965, 1979 and more
1993:
1941:
1915:
1833:
1811:
1767:
1728:
1684:
1286:
1240:
1216:, a prominent man in the band. This was the first defeat of the Modoc in battle.
1136:
1038:
983:
975:
644:
624:
352:
307:
1075:
the band, Captain Jack agreed to attack the commission if no progress was made.
327:
6487:
6277:
6101:
5426:
3615:
3605:
3339:
3244:
2602:
2086:
1935:
1279:
1159:
and it exploded. Several Modoc women were reported to have died from sickness.
1144:
1100:
765:
681:
609:
593:
559:
395:
382:
6476:
6378:
6342:
6243:
5938:
5721:
5685:
5645:
3620:
3470:
3217:
2807:
1922:
Volume 10, No. 2 – July 1937, Crater Lake Institute, accessed 1 November 2011
1403:
1263:
1007:
934:
817:
809:
719:
While the old Modoc chief remained in the reservation, Kintpuash returned to
538:
405:
219:
183:
178:
158:
2326:
1826:
1677:
6418:
6388:
6180:
5819:
5731:
5507:
5270:
5147:
3625:
3563:
3548:
3543:
3205:
2351:
1449:
provides self-guided trail maps for two walking tours of the battle field.
991:
858:
802:
751:
636:
502:
464:
322:
203:
193:
16:
1872–73 conflict between the Native American Modoc people and the U.S. Army
2158:
A Plea for the Indians: With Facts and Features of the Late War in Oregon.
6211:
5619:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3181:
2746:
1083:
1053:
995:
908:
745:
628:
261:
2357:
2184:, Boston: J. P. Dale & Co., (1875), at Internet Archive, online text
2137:
1418:
Battlefields of the Modoc War are among the outstanding features of the
1235:
General Davis prepared to execute Captain Jack and his leaders, but the
6337:
6193:
2812:
2226:, Marnell and Company, 1914, Internet Archives, online text with photos
1156:
885:
546:
534:
472:
116:
1955:
The Modoc War: A Story of Genocide at the Dawn of America's Gilded Age
933:
also stationed at Land's ranch, 10 miles east of the Stronghold. Col.
671:, the brother of the Modoc chief, was one of the natives who escaped.
612:
to test their luck, which took them straight through Modoc territory.
3558:
3277:
1313:
725:
699:
663:
led by an Indian fighter named Ben Wright killed 41 Modoc at a peace
648:
494:
486:
420:
170:
6513:
Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America in California
2250:
River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West
1118:
US efforts for peace ended when the Modoc killed the commissioners.
95:
Engraving of soldiers recovering the bodies of the slain May 3, 1873
6403:
3553:
3531:
2515:
2373:
1983:
Frontier regulars: the United States Army and the Indian, 1866-1891
1537:
1306:
1298:
1271:
1255:
764:
Shortly after the Modoc started building their homes, however, the
518:
332:
237:
2223:
The Indian History of the Modoc War, and the Causes that Led to It
620:
493:. Occupying defensive positions throughout the lava beds south of
2051:
The Indian History of the Modoc War and the Causes that Led to It
1302:
1221:
900:
660:
514:
6518:
Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America in Oregon
5189:
Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866
740:. Meacham was from Oregon, and knew Captain Jack and the Modoc.
1427:
1423:
1285:
The historian Robert Utley believes that the Modoc War and the
664:
476:
120:
2327:
Warren A. Beck and Ynez D. Hasse, "Indian Wars: The Modoc War"
1274:). In 1909, after Oklahoma had become a state, members of the
1048:
3432:
United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction
2350:, Documentary on the Modoc War produced by students from the
2329:, California State Military Museum, first published in their
1431:
1699:
This account is described in Dunlay p. 115, and Sides p. 78.
1647:
1645:
1643:
1224:
for the murders of settlers at Tule Lake, Canby and Thomas.
940:
On January 16, troops from Land's ranch, commanded by Col.
926:
922:
6200:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
1904:
1902:
655:
wagons plundered and burned. The location became known as
6409:
Technological and industrial history of the United States
2168:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
1640:
963:
706:
regions of California, and moved to a reservation in the
555:
Lake native. Frémont's group fell into "an angry gloom."
2127:
Winema and the Modoc War: One Woman's Struggle for Peace
1871:
1965; reprint, University of Oklahoma Press, 1984, p. 71
2232:
A Chronological History of the Oregon War, 1850 to 1878
1899:
1805:
Modoc NF History, 1945 – Chapter I, General Description
1292:
853:
On November 27, Superintendent Odeneal requested Major
483:
photographed the early part of the US Army's campaign.
6369:
African American founding fathers of the United States
6271:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
3437:
United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction
2093:, vol. 1 & 2, University of Nebraska Press, 1995.
1326:
The casualty lists for the Modoc War are as follows:
873:
rest of the Modoc warriors began to follow his lead.
4943:
The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women
2191:"en:The Californian/Volume 1/In the Lava Beds"
1523:
796:
2215:
Hell With the Fire Out: A History of the Modoc War,
2016:
californiahistoricallandmarks.com Landmarks chl-108
876:Suddenly an argument erupted between Modoc warrior
5194:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866
2336:Gary Brecher, "The Modocs: A Beautiful Little War"
1617:
1615:
1125:
4985:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
2181:Wigwam and Warpath; or, The Royal Chief in Chains
1567:California Historical Landmark number 108 reads:
1547:
951:
509:The remaining 153 Modoc of the band were sent to
6474:
2005:California Parks, California Historical Landmark
1014:as the judge had been friendly to Captain Jack.
674:
596:from southern Oregon. The discovery sparked the
2264:Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West
1612:
1600:California Historical Landmarks in Modoc County
524:
5329:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
2115:, vol. x, nº 1–3, National Park Service, 1937.
1772:, Lava Beds Natural History Association, 1975.
834:On May 14, Odeneal sent Ivan D. Applegate and
759:
736:, sub-agent at Yainax on the reservation; and
659:. In another round of retaliation, California
5303:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
3293:
2389:
2031:United States Army Center of Military History
1932:Reports of the Otis Conference, 3 April 1873;
1731:Las Mariposas Civil War – TheCivilWarDays.com
969:
277:
2229:
1402:The Modoc War is estimated to have cost the
1243:to Fort Klamath, where they arrived July 4.
1122:marks the site where Canby and Thomas died.
895:
694:as their leader, gave up their lands in the
588:, a mule train packer, discovered gold near
2352:Advanced Laboratory for Visual Anthropology
2161:Third Edition. New York: John Beeson, 1858.
2113:Nature Notes from Crater Lake National Park
1094:
1063:(1) That Captain Jack and his band go to a
378:Round Valley Settler Massacres of 1856–1859
3300:
3286:
2396:
2382:
584:" missed the Modoc country, in March 1851
291:
284:
270:
89:
5861:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
2318:Map of the campaigns during the Modoc War
1859:
1857:
1855:
1820:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1762:
1760:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
6384:History of the United States (1865–1917)
2709:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
2699:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
2132:
1528:A memorial plaque and a reproduction of
1409:
1316:and the U.S. Army Wasco Scouts from the
1172:
1135:
1047:
907:
899:
779:
750:
619:
32:This article includes a list of general
2286:Devil's Backbone: The Modoc War, 1872–3
1952:
1815:United States Department of Agriculture
1162:
842:
775:
6475:
6043:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era
5089:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
3307:
2354:at California State University, Chico.
2187:
2148:This chapter was primarily written by
2067:
2061:, University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
1863:
1852:
1793:
1775:
1757:
1414:Commemorative Plaque for Edward Canby.
6533:Native American history of California
6328:Women's suffrage in the United States
5017:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
3281:
2377:
1595:Native American history of California
1200:
912:Captain Jack's Stronghold 1992. {NPS}
460:), was an armed conflict between the
265:
6508:Indian wars of the American Old West
5435:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
5123:Confederates surrender at Appomattox
4935:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
2867:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant
2618:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
2403:
2234:. Anchorage, AK: White Stone Press.
1934:and Otis to Odeneal, 11 April 1872.
1293:Appendix to history of the Modoc War
615:
18:
6523:History of Modoc County, California
6291:United Daughters of the Confederacy
5422:American Woman Suffrage Association
5417:National Woman Suffrage Association
5344:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
3643:Women during the Reconstruction era
2054:, Printed by Marnell and Co., 1914.
1676:Beck, Warren A. and Ynez D. Hasse.
1052:L to R, standing: US Indian agent,
639:during the late nineteenth century.
558:In retaliation, Frémont attacked a
13:
6333:Labor history of the United States
5369:South Carolina readmitted to Union
5366:North Carolina readmitted to Union
5349:Impeachment managers investigation
5288:Constitutional conventions of 1867
4964:National Women's Rights Convention
2295:, Berkley Trade Publications, 1999
2119:
1836:, California State Military Museum
921:. The Modoc took advantage of the
401:California's Pitt River Expedition
234:1,000 infantry, scouts and cavalry
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
6579:
6538:Native American history of Oregon
5574:United States expedition to Korea
5281:Reconstruction military districts
3050:Grant Cottage State Historic Site
2774:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
2299:
2188:Bunker, William Mitchell (1880).
2129:, Prologue Magazine, Spring 2005.
1688:California State Military Museum.
1556:and the Old Alturas Highway is a
1524:Canby's memorial plaque and cross
1110:Angrily, Schonchin John demanded
944:, skirmished with the Modoc near
925:ridges, cracks, depressions, and
797:Failure of US to respond to Modoc
254:83 soldiers and volunteers killed
5128:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
3422:African-American representatives
3261:
3260:
2434:Grant and the American Civil War
2312:
2139:"19: Some Indian Episodes"
2072:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1953:McNally, Robert Aquinas (2017).
1874:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1506:
1494:
1480:
1466:
1454:
1230:
392:Northeast California Indian Wars
152:
23:
6448:
6130:Black Reconstruction in America
6003:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
5913:1876 State of the Union Address
5840:1875 State of the Union Address
5767:1874 State of the Union Address
5691:1873 State of the Union Address
5630:1872 State of the Union Address
5579:1871 State of the Union Address
5518:1870 State of the Union Address
5467:1869 State of the Union Address
5462:First transcontinental railroad
5401:1868 State of the Union Address
5308:1867 State of the Union Address
5143:1865 State of the Union Address
5068:1864 State of the Union Address
5042:1863 State of the Union Address
4951:Woman in the Nineteenth Century
2217:New York: Faber and Faber, 1998
2027:"Named Campaigns – Indian Wars"
2009:
1998:
1975:
1946:
1925:
1888:from the original on 2016-05-12
1839:
1629:from the original on 2010-08-08
1318:Warm Springs Indian Reservation
1132:Second Battle of the Stronghold
1126:Second Battle of the Stronghold
714:
6543:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
5203:Petition for Universal Freedom
5184:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
2418:President of the United States
1920:Nature Notes From Crater Lake,
1744:
1734:
1715:
1702:
1693:
1670:
1558:California Historical Landmark
1548:California Historical Landmark
1141:The Modocs in Their Stronghold
958:First Battle of the Stronghold
952:First battle of the Stronghold
728:(also known as Captain Jack);
1:
6250:A Visit from the Old Mistress
5949:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
5815:Specie Payment Resumption Act
5440:Board of Indian Commissioners
5372:Louisiana readmitted to Union
5334:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
5198:Tennessee readmitted to Union
5032:Women's Loyal National League
3735:Straight-Out Democratic Party
3506:Confederate States of America
2664:Specie Payment Resumption Act
1605:
675:Great Treaty of Council Grove
425:Mojave Desert Indian Campaign
5876:Battle of the Little Bighorn
5360:Arkansas readmitted to Union
5266:Knights of the White Camelia
5228:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866
5174:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
5148:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
5106:Special Field Orders No. 15
4929:Slavery in the United States
2538:State of the Union addresses
1959:University of Nebraska Press
1678:The Modoc War, 1872 to 1873.
884:A small band of Modoc under
829:Commission of Indian Affairs
525:Events leading up to the war
388:Second Pitt River Expedition
373:Klamath and Salmon River War
7:
6463:Oregon Historical Quarterly
6394:Race (human categorization)
5784:United States v. Cruikshank
5375:Alabama readmitted to Union
5363:Florida readmitted to Union
3107:1922 Grant Memorial coinage
2288:, New York: Macmillan, 1991
1578:
1534:Lava Beds National Monument
1461:Schonchin and Captain Jack
1420:Lava Beds National Monument
1250:On September 10, President
1193:, the new commander of the
760:Mistreatment by the Klamath
499:Lava Beds National Monument
107:July 6, 1872 – June 4, 1873
10:
6584:
6568:1870s in the United States
6528:History of the Great Basin
5595:General Mining Act of 1872
5564:New York custom house ring
5554:Meridian race riot of 1871
5498:Naturalization Act of 1870
2803:Naturalization Act of 1870
2694:U.S. Department of Justice
2654:General Mining Act of 1872
2364:Oregon Public Broadcasting
2362:, Documentary produced by
2278:
2059:Kit Carson and the Indians
1554:California State Route 139
1204:
1195:Department of the Columbia
1166:
1129:
970:Peace Commission appointed
955:
846:
592:while traveling along the
6431:
6361:
6320:
6236:
6187:Been in the Storm So Long
6107:William Archibald Dunning
6067:The American Commonwealth
6035:
6028:
5957:
5921:
5848:
5775:
5737:Election Massacre of 1874
5699:
5638:
5587:
5526:
5475:
5445:Public Credit Act of 1869
5409:
5384:Fourth Reconstruction Act
5316:
5293:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
5243:
5156:
5076:
5050:
5037:New York City draft riots
5007:Emancipation Proclamation
4999:
4916:
4909:
4859:
3881:
3835:
3789:
3682:National Union Convention
3662:
3655:
3514:
3491:
3427:Reconstruction Amendments
3417:African-American senators
3322:
3315:
3239:
3160:
3127:
3005:
2987:
2946:
2876:
2858:
2835:
2734:
2714:Yellowstone National Park
2677:
2634:Public Credit Act of 1869
2626:
2588:
2491:
2426:
2411:
2368:Oregon Historical Society
2311:
2306:
2208:The Modocs and Their War,
2068:Murray, Keith A. (1984).
1869:The Modocs and Their War,
1864:Murray, Keith A. (1959).
1518:
980:Secretary of the Interior
919:Captain Jack's Stronghold
896:Fortifying the Stronghold
755:Major General E.R.S Canby
368:Sacramento River Massacre
303:
243:
225:
164:
140:
99:
88:
83:
5903:Safe burglary conspiracy
5790:Civil Rights Act of 1875
5569:Civil service commission
5169:Memphis massacre of 1866
5164:Civil Rights Act of 1866
4980:Confiscation Act of 1862
4975:Confiscation Act of 1861
3730:Liberal Republican Party
3412:Conservative Republicans
2916:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage
2818:Civil Rights Act of 1875
2726:Electoral Commission Act
2704:Civil Service Commission
2366:in cooperation with the
2347:The Beginning of the End
2189:
2070:The Modocs and Their War
1095:Murder at the peace tent
857:, commanding officer at
600:area to expand from the
411:Bitter Spring Expedition
6399:Reconstruction Treaties
6218:A Nation Under Our Feet
6166:From Slavery to Freedom
5996:Williams v. Mississippi
5980:United States v. Harris
5871:Great Sioux War of 1876
5810:Yazoo City Riot of 1875
5712:Battle of Liberty Place
5600:Crédit Mobilier scandal
5549:Alcorn State University
5488:Enforcement Act of 1870
5354:Articles of impeachment
5261:Indian Peace Commission
5179:Swing Around the Circle
5116:Freedmen's Bureau bills
4958:Seneca Falls Convention
3687:Radical Democracy Party
3638:Freedman's Savings Bank
2786:Enforcement Act of 1870
2144:California Inter Pocula
2049:Riddle, Jeff C. Davis.
1981:Robert Marshall Utley,
1623:"INDIAN WARS Campaigns"
1276:Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma
606:Northeastern California
433:Calloway Affair of 1880
416:Owens Valley Indian War
53:more precise citations.
6374:Forty acres and a mule
6097:Walter Lynwood Fleming
5882:United States v. Reese
5539:Second Enforcement Act
3769:Prohibition Convention
3501:Southern United States
3077:Ohio Statehouse statue
2791:Second Enforcement Act
2754:Native American policy
2483:Commanding generalship
1590:Modoc War topics index
1562:Battle of Land's Ranch
1501:Boston Charley in 1873
1415:
1178:
1147:
1059:
913:
905:
785:
756:
640:
580:Although most of the "
578:
363:Sutter Buttes Massacre
313:Bloody Island Massacre
295:California Indian Wars
165:Commanders and leaders
6348:Civil rights movement
6284:The Birth of a Nation
5893:Centennial Exposition
5747:Black Hills Gold Rush
5662:Slaughter-House Cases
5534:Ku Klux Klan hearings
5012:General Order No. 143
3631:James Mitchell Ashley
3252:Rutherford B. Hayes →
2689:Judiciary Act of 1869
2639:Copyright Act of 1870
2533:Judicial appointments
2230:Smith, J. L. (2010).
2150:Frances Fuller Victor
2134:Bancroft, Hubert Howe
1585:Indian Campaign Medal
1447:National Park Service
1413:
1176:
1139:
1051:
911:
903:
867:Klamath Falls, Oregon
783:
754:
623:
569:
358:Kabyai Creek Massacre
338:Bridge Gulch Massacre
244:Casualties and losses
132:United States victory
6548:Events in California
5929:Electoral Commission
5805:Clifton Riot of 1875
5559:Treaty of Washington
5251:Tenure of Office Act
5209:National Labor Union
4924:American Indian Wars
3774:Electoral Commission
3764:Greenback Convention
3527:Free people of color
3467:Federal bureaucracy
3407:Moderate Republicans
3212:Ulysses S. Grant III
3194:Ulysses S. Grant Jr.
3188:Frederick Dent Grant
3170:Hannah Simpson Grant
3020:Presidential library
2845:Bid for a third term
2644:Currency Act of 1870
2598:Treaty of Washington
1722:John Charles Fremont
1532:have been set up at
1169:Battle of Sand Butte
1163:Battle of Sand Butte
849:Battle of Lost River
843:Battle of Lost River
776:Return to Lost River
598:California Gold Rush
531:John Charles Frémont
318:El Dorado Indian War
251:39 warriors captured
6503:1870s in California
6278:D. W. Griffith
6263:The Leopard's Spots
6153:The American Crisis
6087:Columbia University
6054:The Prostrate State
6048:James Shepherd Pike
5965:Posse Comitatus Act
5888:Trader post scandal
5676:Coinage Act of 1873
5450:Black Friday (1869)
5298:Peonage Act of 1867
5276:Reconstruction Acts
5256:Command of Army Act
4991:Militia Act of 1862
3402:Radical Republicans
3350:Rutherford B. Hayes
3224:Ulysses S. Grant IV
3200:Jesse Root Grant II
3129:Cultural depictions
3092:U.S. Postage stamps
3082:Philadelphia statue
3062:U.S. Capitol statue
2649:Funding Act of 1870
2506:Second inauguration
2464:Richmond–Petersburg
2284:Johnston, Terry C.
2179:Meacham, Alfred B.
2100:, Doubleday, 2006.
708:Upper Klamath River
686:Klamath Reservation
543:Archibald Gillespie
491:Klamath Reservation
479:from 1872 to 1873.
456:(also known as the
6558:1873 in California
6553:1872 in California
6297:Gone with the Wind
6160:John Hope Franklin
6016:Disenfranchisement
5988:Plessy v. Ferguson
5972:Civil Rights Cases
5934:Compromise of 1877
5825:Wheeler Compromise
5742:Vicksburg massacre
5727:Timber Culture Act
5717:Coushatta massacre
5656:Timber Culture Act
5610:Star Route scandal
5493:Justice Department
5390:Georgia v. Stanton
5379:Opelousas massacre
4970:American Civil War
3779:Compromise of 1877
3481:Justice Department
3445:Federal judiciary
3324:Federal government
3309:Reconstruction era
3141:(2002 documentary)
3087:San Francisco bust
3038:General Grant tree
2659:Timber Culture Act
2501:First inauguration
2342:, 23 February 2007
1992:2016-04-28 at the
1940:2014-05-29 at the
1914:2012-05-26 at the
1832:2006-11-08 at the
1810:2014-05-29 at the
1766:Harry V. Sproull.
1727:2012-07-23 at the
1683:2006-11-08 at the
1653:"Modoc Indian War"
1416:
1343:Officers (U.S.A.)
1207:Battle of Dry Lake
1201:Battle of Dry Lake
1191:Jefferson C. Davis
1179:
1148:
1060:
914:
906:
786:
757:
704:Lower Klamath Lake
641:
481:Eadweard Muybridge
469:United States Army
249:17 warriors killed
200:Jefferson C. Davis
197:Edwin Cooley Mason
6444:
6443:
6427:
6426:
6353:American frontier
6207:Kenneth M. Stampp
6024:
6023:
5866:Ellenton massacre
5707:Brooks–Baxter War
5456:Ex parte McCardle
5222:Ex parte Milligan
5111:Freedmen's Bureau
5027:National Bank Act
4905:
4904:
3740:Victoria Woodhull
3651:
3650:
3522:African Americans
3493:State governments
3476:Freedmen's Bureau
3275:
3274:
3156:
3155:
3149:(2020 miniseries)
3114:Grant High School
2831:
2830:
2613:Korean Expedition
2323:
2322:
2248:Solnit, Rebecca.
2206:Murray, Keith A.
2174:978-1-4696-1860-9
2098:Blood and Thunder
1867:Keith A. Murray,
1817:, Forest Service.
1752:Blood and Thunder
1397:
1396:
878:Scarfaced Charley
827:On April 12, the
734:Ivan D. Applegate
730:Alfred B. Meacham
635:, a chief of the
616:First hostilities
545:, from President
475:and southeastern
445:
444:
343:Yontoket Massacre
260:
259:
136:
135:
79:
78:
71:
6575:
6468:
6467:
6459:
6452:
6310:Race and Reunion
6257:Thomas Dixon Jr.
6147:William R. Brock
6137:C. Vann Woodward
6124:W. E. B. Du Bois
6114:Charles A. Beard
6074:Claude G. Bowers
6033:
6032:
5856:Hamburg massacre
5835:Pratt & Boyd
5800:Mississippi Plan
5757:Anti-Moiety Acts
5752:Sanborn incident
5544:Ku Klux Klan Act
5215:Ex parte Garland
5022:Ten percent plan
4914:
4913:
3660:
3659:
3611:Thaddeus Stevens
3596:Republican Party
3589:Samuel J. Tilden
3579:Bourbon Democrat
3574:Democratic Party
3345:Ulysses S. Grant
3320:
3319:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3264:
3263:
3245:← Andrew Johnson
3230:Julia Dent Grant
3176:Jesse Root Grant
3138:Ulysses S. Grant
3119:U.S. Grant Hotel
3003:
3002:
2931:speeding arrests
2904:White Haven home
2823:Page Act of 1875
2796:Ku Klux Klan Act
2781:Enforcement Acts
2586:
2585:
2421:
2405:Ulysses S. Grant
2398:
2391:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2303:
2291:Riddle, Paxton.
2245:
2221:Riddle, Jeff C.
2203:
2193:
2147:
2141:
2125:Bales, Rebecca.
2096:Sides, Hampton,
2083:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2033:. Archived from
2018:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1950:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1861:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1824:
1818:
1802:
1791:
1784:
1773:
1769:Modoc Indian War
1764:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1655:. Archived from
1649:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1619:
1513:Scarface Charley
1510:
1498:
1484:
1470:
1458:
1329:
1328:
1268:Indian Territory
1252:Ulysses S. Grant
1241:prisoners of war
1020:A. M. Rosborough
813:and conditions.
790:Washington, D.C.
738:William.C. McKay
586:Abraham Thompson
564:Williamson River
552:Basil Lajeunesse
511:Indian Territory
497:(in present-day
471:in northeastern
437:Round Valley War
348:Achulet Massacre
298:
296:
286:
279:
272:
263:
262:
212:
175:Scarface Charley
157:
156:
155:
101:
100:
93:
81:
80:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6563:1870s in Oregon
6498:1870s conflicts
6473:
6472:
6471:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6440:
6423:
6414:White supremacy
6357:
6316:
6304:David W. Blight
6232:
6142:Joel Williamson
6119:Howard K. Beale
6020:
6009:Giles v. Harris
5953:
5944:Desert Land Act
5917:
5844:
5771:
5695:
5681:Long Depression
5651:Colfax massacre
5634:
5615:Salary Grab Act
5583:
5522:
5503:Kirk–Holden war
5471:
5405:
5312:
5239:
5152:
5133:Shaw University
5072:
5058:Wade–Davis Bill
5046:
4995:
4901:
4855:
3877:
3831:
3785:
3665:
3647:
3584:Horatio Seymour
3510:
3494:
3487:
3335:Abraham Lincoln
3325:
3311:
3306:
3276:
3271:
3235:
3232:(granddaughter)
3152:
3123:
3067:Brooklyn relief
3056:The Peacemakers
3001:
2983:
2942:
2872:
2854:
2837:Post-presidency
2827:
2769:Great Sioux War
2730:
2721:Post Office Act
2680:
2673:
2669:Desert Land Act
2627:Economic policy
2622:
2584:
2487:
2427:Military career
2422:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2313:
2302:
2281:
2242:
2213:Quinn, Arthur.
2196:The Californian
2164:Cothran, Boyd.
2122:
2120:Further reading
2091:Kit Carson Days
2087:Sabin, Edwin L.
2080:
2040:
2038:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1994:Wayback Machine
1980:
1976:
1969:
1951:
1947:
1942:Wayback Machine
1930:
1926:
1916:Wayback Machine
1907:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1834:Wayback Machine
1825:
1821:
1812:Wayback Machine
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1765:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1729:Wayback Machine
1720:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1685:Wayback Machine
1675:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1581:
1550:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1490:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1295:
1287:Great Sioux War
1282:Confederation.
1233:
1209:
1203:
1171:
1165:
1134:
1128:
1097:
1039:Alvan C. Gillem
984:Jesse Applegate
976:Columbus Delano
974:On January 25,
972:
960:
954:
898:
851:
845:
799:
778:
762:
717:
677:
645:Pit River Tribe
625:Schonchin Butte
618:
527:
462:Native American
446:
441:
353:Asbill Massacre
308:Gila Expedition
299:
294:
292:
290:
255:
250:
235:
218:
214:
208:
202:
198:
196:
192:
190:
186:
177:
173:
153:
151:
124:
123:, United States
94:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6581:
6571:
6570:
6565:
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6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6470:
6469:
6446:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6306:
6301:
6293:
6288:
6280:
6275:
6267:
6259:
6254:
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6240:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6222:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6196:
6191:
6183:
6178:
6170:
6162:
6157:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6102:Dunning School
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6080:The Tragic Era
6076:
6071:
6063:
6058:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6036:Historiography
6030:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6005:
6000:
5992:
5984:
5976:
5968:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5908:1876 elections
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5762:1874 elections
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5665:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5625:1872 elections
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5513:1870 elections
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5483:15th Amendment
5479:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5424:
5419:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5396:1868 elections
5393:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5331:
5326:
5324:14th Amendment
5320:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5235:1866 elections
5231:
5230:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5206:
5199:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5086:
5084:13th Amendment
5080:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5063:1864 elections
5060:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4860:U.S. elections
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4773:
4765:
4760:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
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4074:
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4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
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4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
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3955:
3954:
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3934:
3929:
3924:
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3914:
3909:
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3899:
3894:
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3883:
3879:
3878:
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3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:Lyman Trumbull
3613:
3608:
3606:Charles Sumner
3603:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
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3503:
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3473:
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3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Andrew Johnson
3337:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3072:Chicago statue
3069:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3015:Grant Memorial
3011:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2759:"Peace Policy"
2751:
2750:
2749:
2742:Reconstruction
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2594:
2592:
2590:Foreign policy
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2355:
2343:
2333:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2308:
2307:External image
2301:
2300:External links
2298:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2260:
2246:
2240:
2227:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2185:
2176:
2162:
2155:Beeson, John.
2153:
2130:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2094:
2084:
2078:
2065:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2020:
2019:
2008:
1997:
1974:
1967:
1961:. p. 57.
1945:
1924:
1898:
1880:
1851:
1845:Davis Riddle,
1838:
1819:
1792:
1786:Davis Riddle,
1774:
1756:
1743:
1733:
1714:
1701:
1692:
1669:
1639:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1549:
1546:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1474:Shacknasty Jim
1472:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1453:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:Indian Scouts
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1294:
1291:
1280:Klamath Tribes
1237:War Department
1232:
1229:
1205:Main article:
1202:
1199:
1167:Main article:
1164:
1161:
1145:wood engraving
1130:Main article:
1127:
1124:
1101:Boston Charley
1096:
1093:
1072:Schonchin John
1024:Eleazer Thomas
971:
968:
956:Main article:
953:
950:
897:
894:
847:Main article:
844:
841:
798:
795:
777:
774:
761:
758:
716:
713:
676:
673:
669:John Schonchin
631:named for Old
617:
614:
610:Emigrant Trail
594:Siskiyou Trail
533:together with
526:
523:
454:Modoc Campaign
443:
442:
440:
439:
434:
431:
426:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
396:Bald Hills War
393:
390:
385:
383:Tule River War
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
304:
301:
300:
289:
288:
281:
274:
266:
258:
257:
252:
246:
245:
241:
240:
232:
228:
227:
223:
222:
181:
167:
166:
162:
161:
149:
143:
142:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
115:
113:
109:
108:
105:
97:
96:
86:
85:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6580:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6493:Modoc Plateau
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6465:
6464:
6458:
6451:
6447:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:Habeas corpus
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6245:
6244:Winslow Homer
6242:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:After Slavery
6171:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5939:Nez Perce War
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5830:Delano affair
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5722:Red River War
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:Comstock laws
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5646:Panic of 1873
5644:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:New Departure
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:Gubernatorial
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3704:
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3031:General Grant
3028:
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3018:
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3004:
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2735:Social policy
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2439:Fort Donelson
2437:
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2399:
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2361:
2360:
2359:The Modoc War
2356:
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2349:
2348:
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2328:
2325:
2324:
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2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2273:
2272:1-59416-016-3
2269:
2265:
2262:Yenne, Bill.
2261:
2259:
2258:0-670-03176-3
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2241:9781456485993
2237:
2233:
2228:
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2224:
2219:
2216:
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2209:
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2128:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:0-385-50777-1
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2079:0-8061-1331-6
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:Dunlay, Tom,
2056:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2037:on 2010-11-09
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:p. 206 online
1984:
1978:
1970:
1968:9781496201799
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1905:
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1887:
1883:
1881:9780806113319
1877:
1873:
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1842:
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1718:
1711:
1705:
1696:
1690:(10 Feb 2008)
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1659:on 2016-08-11
1658:
1654:
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1569:
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1565:
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1559:
1555:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:Canby's Cross
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:Canby's Cross
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:United States
1400:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1354:Enlisted Men
1353:
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1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
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1324:
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1300:
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1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:Quapaw Agency
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1231:After the war
1228:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1175:
1170:
1160:
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1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1120:Canby's Cross
1116:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1105:Bogus Charley
1102:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Gillem's Camp
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:Elijah Steele
1005:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
967:
965:
959:
949:
947:
946:Hospital Rock
943:
942:R. F. Bernard
938:
936:
935:Frank Wheaton
930:
928:
924:
920:
910:
902:
893:
889:
887:
882:
879:
874:
870:
868:
864:
863:James Jackson
860:
856:
850:
840:
837:
832:
830:
825:
821:
819:
818:Olene, Oregon
814:
811:
810:T. B. Odeneal
806:
804:
794:
791:
782:
773:
769:
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749:
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611:
607:
603:
602:Sierra Nevada
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
577:
575:
568:
565:
561:
560:Klamath Tribe
556:
553:
548:
544:
540:
539:Billy Chinook
536:
532:
522:
520:
516:
512:
507:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
458:Lava Beds War
455:
451:
438:
435:
432:
430:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:Mendocino War
404:
402:
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273:
268:
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264:
253:
248:
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242:
239:
233:
230:
229:
224:
221:
220:Billy Chinook
217:
213:
211:
205:
201:
195:
191:Reuben Benard
189:
185:
184:Frank Wheaton
182:
180:
179:Shaknasty Jim
176:
172:
169:
168:
163:
160:
159:United States
150:
148:
145:
144:
139:
131:
128:
127:
122:
118:
114:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
98:
92:
87:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
6461:
6450:
6419:Whitecapping
6389:Paramilitary
6362:Other topics
6343:Jim Crow era
6308:
6295:
6282:
6269:
6261:
6248:
6224:
6216:
6198:
6185:
6181:Leon Litwack
6172:
6164:
6151:
6128:
6092:John Burgess
6078:
6065:
6052:
6007:
5994:
5986:
5978:
5970:
5880:
5820:Whiskey Ring
5782:
5732:White League
5668:
5660:
5604:
5508:Shoffner Act
5454:
5427:
5388:
5271:Pulaski riot
5220:
5213:
5201:
4949:
4941:
4933:
4777:
4769:
3664:Presidential
3626:John Bingham
3564:White League
3549:Ku Klux Klan
3316:Participants
3259:
3250:
3243:
3206:Nellie Grant
3144:
3136:
3054:
3030:
2997:Bibliography
2938:Grant's Tomb
2926:Horsemanship
2894:Boyhood home
2865:
2808:Comstock Act
2763:
2603:
2358:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2292:
2285:
2263:
2249:
2231:
2222:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2180:
2165:
2157:
2143:
2112:
2097:
2090:
2069:
2058:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:the original
2011:
2000:
1982:
1977:
1954:
1948:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1890:. Retrieved
1870:
1866:
1846:
1841:
1822:
1790:, pp. 28–30.
1787:
1768:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1695:
1687:
1672:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:the original
1631:. Retrieved
1571:
1566:
1561:
1551:
1542:
1527:
1487:
1473:
1439:Hardin Butte
1436:
1417:
1401:
1398:
1325:
1322:
1311:
1296:
1284:
1260:
1249:
1245:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1188:
1184:Hardin Butte
1180:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1117:
1109:
1098:
1089:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1054:
1032:
1016:
1000:
992:Edward Canby
973:
961:
939:
931:
915:
890:
883:
875:
871:
859:Fort Klamath
852:
833:
826:
822:
815:
807:
803:Edward Canby
800:
787:
784:Captain Jack
770:
763:
742:
718:
715:Captain Jack
689:
678:
657:Bloody Point
653:
642:
637:Modoc people
579:
570:
557:
528:
508:
503:Edward Canby
485:
465:Modoc people
457:
453:
449:
447:
428:
328:Garra Revolt
323:Mariposa War
231:120 warriors
216:Donald McKay
209:
204:Edward Canby
194:Alvan Gillem
141:Belligerents
65:
56:
37:
6212:Steven Hahn
6061:James Bryce
5620:Amnesty Act
5101:Black Codes
3790:U.S. Senate
3537:Politicians
3459:Waite Court
3454:Chase Court
3449:Taney Court
3331:Presidents
3182:Julia Grant
2921:Galena home
2899:Schoolhouse
2747:Amnesty Act
2474:Court House
2454:Chattanooga
2420:(1869–1877)
1827:"Modoc War"
1536:outside of
1214:Ellen's Man
1084:Toby Riddle
1065:reservation
1043:E. C. Mason
1004:Bob Whittle
996:Toby Riddle
988:Samuel Case
746:Modoc Point
629:cinder cone
51:introducing
6477:Categories
6338:Gilded Age
6194:Eric Foner
5898:Cattellism
5795:Red Shirts
4910:Key events
3836:U.S. House
3569:Red Shirts
3226:(grandson)
3220:(grandson)
3214:(grandson)
3208:(daughter)
3025:Grant Park
2972:convention
2957:convention
2889:Birthplace
2884:Early life
2850:World tour
2813:Poland Act
2679:Government
2493:Presidency
2469:Appomattox
2293:Lost River
2041:2010-07-12
1892:2015-11-12
1663:2016-06-22
1633:2010-07-12
1606:References
1560:# 108 the
1488:Hooker Jim
1426:for their
1365:Civilians
1157:cannonball
1143:, an 1873
1033:In April,
1028:L. S. Dyar
990:. General
886:Hooker Jim
855:John Green
836:L. S. Dyar
721:Lost River
696:Lost River
547:James Polk
535:Kit Carson
473:California
256:46 wounded
188:John Green
117:California
59:April 2008
34:references
6483:Modoc War
5958:Aftermath
5669:Virginius
5605:Modoc War
3656:Elections
3601:Stalwarts
3559:Redeemers
3358:Congress
3102:$ 50 bill
3007:Memorials
2947:Elections
2764:Modoc War
2449:Vicksburg
2340:The Exile
1849:, p. 252.
1712:, p. 492.
1708:Fremont,
1314:artillery
1112:Hot Creek
726:Kintpuash
700:Tule Lake
691:Schonchin
649:Kintpuash
633:Schonchin
495:Tule Lake
487:Kintpuash
452:, or the
450:Modoc War
429:Modoc War
421:Snake War
238:howitzers
171:Kintpuash
84:Modoc War
6436:Category
6404:Suffrage
5339:Timeline
3554:Scalawag
3532:Freedman
3266:Category
3178:(father)
3172:(mother)
3097:Currency
2977:election
2962:election
2516:Grantism
2511:Scandals
2459:Overland
2266:, 2005.
2136:(1888).
1990:Archived
1938:Archived
1912:Archived
1886:Archived
1830:Archived
1808:Archived
1725:Archived
1681:Archived
1627:Archived
1579:See also
1538:Tulelake
1338:Wounded
1307:howitzer
1299:infantry
1272:Oklahoma
1256:Alcatraz
550:trapper
519:Oklahoma
467:and the
333:Yuma War
226:Strength
112:Location
6466:. 1903.
6029:Aspects
5428:Alabama
5094:Address
4917:Prelude
3873:1876–77
3868:1874–75
3863:1872–73
3858:1870–71
3853:1868–69
3848:1866–67
3843:1864–65
3827:1876–77
3822:1874–75
3817:1872–73
3812:1870–71
3807:1868–69
3802:1866–67
3797:1864–65
2681:reforms
2604:Alabama
2528:Cabinet
2523:Pardons
2279:Fiction
2252:, 2003
1985:(1984)
1847:History
1788:History
1754:, p. 87
1750:Sides,
1710:Memoirs
1424:corrals
1387:TOTALS
1335:Killed
1303:cavalry
1222:amnesty
766:Klamath
682:Klamath
661:militia
515:Shawnee
210:†
47:improve
6321:Legacy
6313:(2001)
6300:(1939)
6287:(1915)
6274:(1905)
6266:(1902)
6253:(1876)
6237:Memory
6229:(2019)
6221:(2003)
6203:(1988)
6190:(1979)
6177:(1965)
6169:(1947)
6156:(1963)
6133:(1935)
6083:(1929)
6070:(1888)
6057:(1874)
6012:(1903)
5999:(1898)
5991:(1896)
5983:(1883)
5975:(1883)
5967:(1878)
5671:Affair
5430:Claims
4987:(1862)
4966:(1850)
4960:(1848)
4954:(1839)
4946:(1838)
4938:(1792)
3515:Others
3184:(wife)
3162:Family
2989:Legacy
2606:Claims
2444:Shiloh
2270:
2256:
2238:
2172:
2104:
2076:
1965:
1878:
1741:p.117)
1519:Legacy
1445:. The
1432:horses
1428:cattle
1305:, and
1055:Winema
986:, and
665:parley
477:Oregon
206:
129:Result
121:Oregon
36:, but
6488:Modoc
4754:1876
4692:1875
4620:1874
4563:1873
4476:1872
4409:1871
4342:1870
4275:1869
4193:1868
4141:1867
4079:1866
4022:1865
3960:1864
3888:1863
3202:(son)
3196:(son)
3190:(son)
3146:Grant
3043:grove
2968:1872
2953:1868
2859:Books
1332:Rank
1080:Frank
1012:Yreka
927:caves
604:into
590:Yreka
582:49ers
574:Modoc
147:Modoc
5922:1877
5849:1876
5776:1875
5700:1874
5639:1873
5588:1872
5527:1871
5476:1870
5410:1869
5317:1868
5244:1867
5157:1866
5077:1865
5051:1864
5000:1863
4897:1876
4892:1874
4887:1872
4882:1870
4877:1868
4872:1866
4867:1864
4778:Nov.
4770:Apr.
3749:1876
3715:1872
3696:1868
3672:1864
3033:ship
2909:farm
2877:Life
2578:1876
2573:1875
2568:1874
2563:1873
2558:1872
2553:1871
2548:1870
2543:1869
2415:18th
2268:ISBN
2254:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2202:(2).
2170:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2074:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1430:and
1082:and
1026:and
923:lava
702:and
627:, a
537:and
448:The
119:and
104:Date
4776:CT
4768:CT
3759:RNC
3754:DNC
3725:RNC
3720:DNC
3706:RNC
3701:DNC
3677:DNC
1552:On
1393:47
1390:73
1368:16
1360:42
1357:48
1266:in
1010:of
964:fog
6479::
6460:.
4849:WV
4844:VT
4839:SC
4834:RI
4829:NC
4824:MO
4819:MI
4814:ME
4809:MA
4804:LA
4799:KS
4794:IN
4789:IL
4784:FL
4763:CO
4758:AL
4746:WI
4741:OH
4736:OH
4731:MN
4726:ME
4721:MD
4716:MA
4711:KY
4706:IA
4701:CT
4696:CA
4684:VT
4679:SC
4674:OR
4669:NV
4664:NJ
4659:MO
4654:MI
4649:ME
4644:MA
4639:KS
4634:DE
4629:CT
4624:AL
4612:WI
4607:VA
4602:TX
4597:OH
4592:MS
4587:MN
4582:ME
4577:MA
4572:IA
4567:CT
4555:WV
4550:VT
4545:SC
4540:RI
4535:PA
4530:NC
4525:MO
4520:MI
4515:ME
4510:MA
4505:LA
4500:IN
4495:IL
4490:FL
4485:CT
4480:AL
4468:WI
4463:RI
4458:OH
4453:NJ
4448:MN
4443:ME
4438:MD
4433:MA
4428:KY
4423:IA
4418:CT
4413:CA
4401:WV
4396:VT
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4386:RI
4381:OR
4376:MO
4371:MI
4366:ME
4361:MA
4356:DE
4351:CT
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4334:WI
4329:VT
4324:VA
4319:RI
4314:PA
4309:OH
4304:MS
4299:MN
4294:ME
4289:MA
4284:IA
4279:CT
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4252:NJ
4247:NC
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4232:ME
4227:MA
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4217:IN
4212:IL
4207:FL
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3974:IN
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3952:WV
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3942:VT
3937:VA
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3917:MN
3912:MA
3907:KY
3902:CT
3897:CA
3892:AL
3397:45
3392:44
3387:43
3382:42
3377:41
3372:40
3367:39
3362:38
2338:,
2198:.
2194:.
2142:.
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2029:.
1957:.
1918:,
1901:^
1884:.
1854:^
1795:^
1777:^
1759:^
1642:^
1625:.
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1382:0
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