Modoc War - Knowledge

1185: 792: 1479: 1493: 102: 165: 1467: 36: 977:, the soldiers never saw any Modoc. Occupying excellent positions, the Modoc repulsed troops advancing from the west and east. A general retreat of troops was ordered at the end of the day. In the attack, the U.S. Army lost 35 men killed, and 5 officers and 20 enlisted men wounded. Captain Jack's band included approximately 150 Modoc, including women and children. Of that number, there were only 52 warriors. The Modoc suffered no casualties in the fighting, as they had the advantage of terrain and local knowledge over the militia. 1148: 903:

the Modoc away. This version claimed that some warriors held their ground while the women and children loaded their boats and paddled south; that Scarfaced Charley, who spoke good English, was foul-tempered from lack of sleep, because he'd been gambling all night and was possibly drunk—but, since there was a warrant out for his arrest on a false murder charge, he wasn't going to go quietly. The official report, however, concealed that the operation had been badly managed, as Captain Jackson later admitted.

763: 920: 3273: 1519: 632: 912: 1507: 2325: 816:, Commanding General of the Department of the Columbia, to move Captain Jack's band to Yainax on the Klamath Reservation, his recommended site for their use. Canby forwarded Meacham's request to General Schofield, Commanding General of the Pacific, suggesting that before using force, peaceful efforts should be made. Jack had asked to talk to Meacham, but he sent his brother John Meacham in his place. 1422: 1197:), in a flat area surrounded by ridges, Captain Thomas and his party were attacked by 22 Modoc led by Scarfaced Charley. Some of the troops fled in disorder. Those who remained to fight were either killed or wounded. US casualties included four officers killed and two wounded, one dying within a few days, and 13 enlisted men killed and 16 wounded. 1162:

of troops on April 16 was under heavy fire from the Modoc positions. That night the troops succeeded in cutting the Modoc off from their water supply at the shore of Tule Lake. By the morning of April 17 everything was in readiness for the final attack on the Stronghold. When the order was given to advance, the troops charged into the Stronghold.

662:, the future chief also known as Captain Jack, survived the attack but lost some of his family.) To try to end the American encroachment, some Modoc chose to attack the next whites they encountered. In September 1852 the Modoc attacked a wagon train of some 65 men, women, and children on their way to California. 779:, longtime rivals, began to steal the Modoc lumber. The Modoc complained, but the US Indian agent could not protect them against the Klamath. Captain Jack's band moved to another part of the reservation. Several attempts were made to find a suitable location, but the Klamath continued to harass the band. 1554:

Over the years, various individuals and groups have made efforts to memorialize the death of General E.R.S. Canby, the only general to be killed in the Indian Wars. The wooden cross is a replica of an original erected by a U.S. soldier in 1882, nine years after the event. Some of the same troops whom

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After the fighting along the shoreline of Tule Lake on the afternoon and night of April 16, the Modoc defending the Stronghold realized that their water supply had been cut off by the troops commanding the shoreline. On April 17, before the troops had begun to charge the Stronghold, the Modoc escaped

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for a reservation. Captain Jack got up and walked away a few steps. The two Modoc Brancho (Barncho) and Slolux, armed with rifles, ran forward from hiding. Captain Jack turned, giving the signal to fire. His first shot killed General Canby. Reverend Thomas fell mortally wounded. Dyar and Frank Riddle

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On April 8, just as the commissioners were starting for the peace tent, the signal tower on the bluff above Gillem's Camp received a message; it said that the lookout had seen five Modoc warriors at the peace tent and about 20 armed Modoc hiding among the rocks nearby. The commissioners realized that

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and Hooker Jim, they put pressure on Jack to kill the peace commission. They believed that if the Americans lost their leaders, the Army would leave. They shamed Jack for his continuing negotiations by dressing him in women's clothing during council meetings. Rather than lose his position as chief of

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Accounts vary regarding the first clash. One version: that the soldiers and militia had gotten drunk in Klamath Falls and arrived at the Lost River camp disorganized and were outfought; that, furthermore, the militia arrived last and retreated first, with one casualty; and that the Army did not drive

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Wishing to avoid conflict, Captain Jack agreed to go to the reservation, but the situation became tense when Jackson demanded that the Modoc chief surrender his weapons. Although Captain Jack had never fought the Army, he was alarmed at this command, but he finally agreed to put down his weapons. The

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and led an abusive harassment against the white settlers who had occupied the area. The small Modoc group of about 43 Indians demanded rent for the occupation of their land, which most settlers paid. After a few attempts to negotiate in behalf of the complaining settlers, including failed attempts by

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Valley. In return, the Indians would receive food, blankets, and clothing for as many years as would be required to establish themselves. Allen David signed for the Klamath, while Old Schonchin and Kintpuash for the Modoc. Looking around for something to give emphasis to his pledge, Schonchin pointed

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NO. 108 BATTLE OF LAND'S RANCH-1872 - One of the engagements of the Modoc War took place on December 21, 1872, on what was then known as the Land's Ranch. Army supply wagons, escorted by cavalrymen, had reached camp in safety, but several of the soldiers who had dropped behind were suddenly attacked

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The U.S. Army prepared to attack the Stronghold. On April 15 a general attack began, troops advancing from Gillem's camp on the west and Mason's camp at Hospital Rock, northeast of the Stronghold. Fighting continued throughout the day, the troops remaining in position during the night. Each advance

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serving as interpreters, Meacham met Captain Jack at the peace tent; it was erected about one mile east of Gillem's Camp. The meeting lasted several hours. Captain Jack asked for the lava beds to be given to them as a reservation. The meeting ended with no agreement. After Meacham returned to camp,

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and Rev. Eleazer Thomas, and wounded two others, mistakenly believing this would encourage the Americans to leave. The Modoc fled back to the lava beds. After U.S. forces were reinforced, some Modoc warriors surrendered and Captain Jack and the last of his band were captured. Jack and five warriors

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On April 2, the commission and Captain Jack met in the lava beds midway between the Stronghold and Gillem's Camp. At this meeting Captain Jack proposed: (1) Complete pardon of all Modoc; (2) Withdrawal of all troops; and (3) The right to select their own reservation. The Peace Commission proposed:

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as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon. He "knew almost nothing of the background of the situation and had never met Jack or the Modocs" but was charged with "getting the Modocs to leave Lost River." In turn, Odeneal appointed a new US Indian agent, who was also unfamiliar with the parties

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When soldiers suddenly appeared at the meeting, the Modoc warriors fled, leaving behind their women and children. Meacham placed the women and children in wagons and started for the reservation. He allowed "Queen Mary", Captain Jack's sister, to go meet with Captain Jack to persuade him to move to

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sprawled in blood. He sounded an alarm and immediately the camp realized they were under attack by Native Americans, estimated to be several dozen in number. By the time the assailants were beaten off, two other members of Frémont's group were dead. The one dead attacker was judged to be a Klamath

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On December 21, a Modoc party scouting from the Stronghold attacked an ammunition wagon at Land's Ranch. By January 15, 1873, the U.S. Army had 400 troops in the field near the Lava Beds. The greatest concentration of troops was at Van Brimmer's ranch, 12 miles west of the Stronghold. Troops were

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and Lieutenant Frazier A. Boutelle, of company B, 1st Cavalry. They drew their revolvers and shot at each other, both missing. The rest of the Modocs scrambled for their weapons, and briefly fought before fleeing toward California. After driving the remaining Modoc from the camp, Captain Jackson

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that Captain Jack's Modoc band be given a separate reservation at Yainax, in the lower southern part of the reservation. Pending a decision, Meacham instructed Captain Jack to remain at Clear Lake. Oregon settlers complained that Modoc warriors roamed the countryside raiding the homesteads; they

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One badly wounded man escaped to the Oregon settlements in Willamette Valley and told of the attack. His report spread quickly and Oregon volunteers who later reached the scene, reported bodies of men, women and children mutilated and scattered for more than a mile along the lake shore and their

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about the possibility of war with Mexico. Reviewing the messages, Frémont neglected the customary measure of posting a watchman for the camp. Carson was concerned but "apprehended no danger". Later that night Carson was awakened by the sound of a thump. Jumping up, he saw his friend and fellow

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Steele went to the Stronghold. After a night in the Stronghold, Steele returned to Fairchild's ranch and informed the Peace Commission that the Modoc were planning treachery, and that all efforts of the commission would be useless. Meacham wired the Secretary of the Interior, informing him of

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Rounds of hostilities continued in the area as American settlers continued to encroach on Modoc land and urged the government to take over the territory. Warriors of the Klamath and the Yahooskin also attacked settlers and migrants in efforts to repulse them. In 1864 the United States and the

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to arrange for a council with Captain Jack, which the latter refused. On July 6, 1872, the US Commissioner of Indian Affairs repeated his direction to Superintendent Odeneal to move Captain Jack and his band to the Klamath Reservation, peacefully if possible, but forcibly if necessary. Minor

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At first light on May 10, the Modoc attacked an Army encampment at Dry Lake. The troops charged, routing the Modoc. Casualties among the Army included five men killed, two of whom were Warm Spring Scouts, and twelve men wounded. The Modoc reported five warriors killed. Among the five was

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to the distant butte and dramatically declared, "That mountain shall fall, before Schonchin will again raise his hand against his white brother." The old chief kept his word, although his brother and Kintpuash repudiated signing the treaty and left the reservation with a few followers.

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The tragedy of Dokdokwas is deepened by the fact that most scholars now agree that Frémont and Carson, in their blind vindictiveness, probably chose the wrong tribe to lash out against: In all likelihood the band of native Americans that had killed were from the neighboring

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the Modoc were planning an attack and decided to stay at Gillem's. Rev. Thomas insisted on arranging a date for another meeting with Captain Jack. On April 10, the commission sent a message asking Captain Jack to meet with them at the peace tent on the following morning.

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he sent a message to Captain Jack, asking that he meet the commission at the peace tent on April 8. While delivering this message, the Modoc interpreter Tobey Riddle learned of the Modoc plan to kill the peace commissioners. On her return, she warned the commissioners.

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through an unguarded crevice. During the fighting at the Stronghold, April 15–17, US casualties included one officer and six enlisted men killed, and thirteen enlisted men wounded. Modoc casualties were two boys, reported to have been killed when they tried to open a

1433:. These include Captain Jack's Stronghold, where numerous cracks, ridges, and knobs were used by the Modoc to defend their positions. In addition there are numerous Modoc fortified outposts, smoke-stained caves occupied by the Modoc during the months of the war, 927:

For some months, Captain Jack had boasted that in the event of war, he and his band could successfully defend themselves in an area in the lava beds on the south shore of Tule Lake. The Modoc retreated there after the Battle of Lost River. Today it is called

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Captain Jack, Schonchin John, Black Jim, Boston Charley, Brancho (Barncho) and Slolux were tried by a military court for the murders of Canby and Thomas, and attacks on Meacham and others. The six Modoc were convicted, and sentenced to death on July 8.

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Although the council's results were inconclusive, Otis resolved to remove Jack's band of Modoc to the Klamath Reservation. As he needed reinforcements, he recommended waiting until later in the year, when he could put the Modoc at a disadvantage.

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On April 26, Captain Evan Thomas commanding five officers, sixty-six troops and fourteen Warm Spring Scouts left Gillem's camp on a reconnaissance of the lava beds to locate the Modoc. While they were eating lunch at the base of Sand Butte (now

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H. Sides reports the massacre included women and children. Dunlay reports that Carson said, "I directed their houses to be set on fire" and "We gave them something to remember ... the women and children we did not interfere with." (Dunlay,

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In 1870, Captain Jack and his band of nearly 200 left the reservation and returned to Lost River. During the months that his band had been on the reservation, a number of settlers had taken up former Modoc land in the Lost River region.

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over $ 400,000; a very expensive war in terms of lives and dollars, considering the small number of opposing forces. In contrast, the estimated cost to purchase the land requested by the Modoc for a separate reservation was $ 20,000.

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On February 19, the Peace Commission held its first meeting at Fairchild's ranch, west of the lava beds. A messenger was sent to arrange a meeting with Captain Jack. He agreed that if the commission would send John Fairchild and

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On October 3, 1873, Captain Jack and his three lead warriors were hanged at Fort Klamath. The remainder of the band of Modoc Indians, consisting of 39 men, 64 women, and 60 children, as prisoners of war were sent to the

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petitioned Meacham to return the Modoc to the Klamath Reservation. In part, the Modoc raided for food; the US did not adequately supply them. Captain Jack and his band did better in their old territory with hunting.

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and Klamath Lake, on May 10, 1846. Accounts by scholars vary, but they agree that the attack completely destroyed the village structures; Sides reports the expedition killed women and children as well as warriors.

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With the death of Ellen's Man, dissent arose among the Modoc, who began to split apart. A group led by Hooker Jim surrendered to the Army and agreed to help them capture Captain Jack. In return, they received

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escaped by running. Meacham fell seriously wounded, but Toby Riddle saved his life and interrupted warriors intending to scalp him by yelling, "The soldiers are coming!" The Modoc warriors broke off and left.

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skirmishes occurred during the summer and early fall, but some of the settlers in California were sympathetic to the Modoc, as they had gotten along well with them before. The Modoc felt mistreated.

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The Commissioner of Indian Affairs never responded to Meacham's request for a separate reservation for the Modoc. After hearing more complaints from settlers, Meacham instead requested General

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selected by the government; (2) That the Modoc guilty of killing the settlers be surrendered and tried for murder. After much discussion, the meeting broke up with no resolution.

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a few years later undermined public confidence in President Grant's peace policy. There was renewed public sentiment to use force against the American Indians to suppress them.

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Captain Jack, his wife, and young daughter were captured by army scouts; Captain William F. Drannan, U.S. Army and Scout George Jones, U.S. Army in Langell's valley, June 4.

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directed US Superintendent T. B. Odeneal to move Captain Jack and his Modoc to the reservation if practicable. He was to ensure the tribe was protected from the Klamath.

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were offered the chance to return to the Klamath Reservation. Twenty-nine people returned to Oregon; the Modoc of Oregon and their descendants became part of the

5544: 667: 993:, appointed a Peace Commission to negotiate with Captain Jack. The Commission consisted of Alfred B. Meacham, the former superintendent for Oregon as chairman; 695:, Modoc, and Yahooskin band—over 1000 Indians, mostly Klamath—signed a treaty, by which the Indians ceded millions of acres of lands and the US established the 6379: 6281: 5815: 5364: 5334: 5094: 3447: 532:. They achieved separate federal recognition and were granted some land in Oklahoma. There are two federally recognized Modoc tribes: in Oregon and Oklahoma. 5493: 718: 5908: 2543: 1331:. The volunteer companies had withdrawn from the field. A small number of civilians were used as runners and packers. Col. Alvin C. Gillem was in command. 892:

ordered a retreat to await reinforcements. One soldier had been killed and seven wounded in the encounter; the Modoc lost two killed and three wounded.

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approved the death sentence for Captain Jack, Schonchin John, Black Jim and Boston Charley; Brancho and Slolux were committed to life imprisonment on

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retreated from the battlefield to the Lava Beds south of Tule Lake. In attacks on November 29 and November 30, they killed a total of 18 settlers.

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After the Modoc left the Stronghold, US troops built fortifications to protect against their possible return. The Thomas-Wright battlefield, near

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On April 11, General Canby, Alfred B. Meacham, Rev. E. Thomas, and L. S. Dyar, with Frank and Toby Riddle as interpreters, met with Captain Jack,

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In the First Battle of the Stronghold, January 17, 1873, there were approximately 400 Army troops in the field. The troops included U. S. Army

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were tried for the murders of the two peace commissioners. Jack and three warriors were executed and two others sentenced to life in prison.

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In the Second Battle of the Stronghold, April 17, 1873, approximately 530 troops were engaged. These included U. S. Army infantry, cavalry,

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Agent Lindsay Applegate in 1864–6 and Superintendent Huntington in 1867, the Modoc finally relocated in 1869 following a council between

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Note: This article was adapted from a series of articles by Don C. Fisher and John E. Doerr Jr., published in the public domain

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units; Oregon and California volunteer companies, and some Klamath Indian Scouts. Lt. Col. Frank Wheaton commanded all troops.

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Acknowledging the bad feeling between the Modoc and the Klamath, Meacham recommended to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in

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Drannan, William F, "Thirty One Years on the Plains and in the Mountains" Rhodes & M'Clure Publishing Co. Chicago, 1899

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Following the successful Modoc attack, many soldiers called for Col. Gillem to be removed. On May 2, Bvt. Brigadier General

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the reservation. She succeeded. Once on the reservation, Captain Jack and his band prepared to make their permanent home at

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Including the four Modoc executed at Fort Klamath, Captain Jack's band suffered the loss of seventeen warriors killed.

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were appointed as interpreters. Toby Riddle (sometimes spelled as Tobey) was a Modoc woman and a cousin of Kintpuash.

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On April 5, Captain Jack requested a meeting with Meacham. Accompanied by John Fairchild and Judge Rosborough, with

524:(pre-statehood Oklahoma), where they were held as prisoners of war until 1909, settled on reservation land with the 50: 5138: 5133: 5042: 4746: 4716: 4607: 4582: 4468: 4433: 4319: 4294: 4185: 4066: 3937: 3303: 3007: 2936: 2484: 1452:, is a feature of the monument; as is the site of Gillem's camp, the former military cemetery, Hospital Rock, and 6140: 6071: 6013: 5923: 5850: 5640: 5472: 5411: 5318: 5153: 5078: 5052: 4961: 3124: 3112: 2588: 2583: 2568: 1328: 1247: 1142: 948:

was in command of all troops, including regular army as well as volunteer companies from California and Oregon.

5194: 2860: 2503: 2428: 2399: 1568: 968: 101: 6468:"The Origin and Authorship of the Bancroft Pacific States Publications: A History of a History (part 1)" 6558: 6260: 5959: 5825: 5450: 5344: 5148: 3745: 3516: 3210: 2674: 619:. By April 1851, 2,000 miners had arrived in "Thompson's Dry Diggings" through the southern route of the old 2356: 573:

fishing village named Dokdokwas, that most likely had nothing to do with the attack, at the junction of the

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Although the Modoc initially had no trouble with Americans, after the murders of settlers in a raid by the

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On April 3, 1872, Major Elmer Otis held a council with Captain Jack at Lost River Gap, near what is now

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Canby had commanded at the Lava Beds were fighting other Indian Wars, and public interest ran high.

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Historical Atlas of California, used with permission of the University of Oklahoma dead Press, 1975

500:, also known as Captain Jack, led 52 warriors in a band of more than 150 Modoc people who left the 421: 44: 2026: 1048:

was established at the edge of the lava beds, two and one-half miles west of the Stronghold. Col.

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was added to the commission. Jesse Applegate and Samuel Case resigned and were replaced by Rev.

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in 1843. On the night of May 9, 1846, Frémont received a message brought to him by Lieutenant

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Steele's opinion. The Secretary instructed Meacham to continue negotiations for peace. Judge

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In the middle of the crisis, the Commission of Indian Affairs replaced Meacham, appointing

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by Indians hiding among the rocks above the road. Two men were killed and several wounded.

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Don C. Fisher and John E. Doerr, Jr., "Outline of Events in the History of the Modoc War"

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The Modoc began to turn on Captain Jack, who still hoped for a peaceful solution. Led by

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was placed in command of all troops, including those at Hospital Rock commanded by Col.

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U.S. soldiers inspect Captain Jack's cave in the Lava Beds. 1873 Edward Muybridge photo

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During the Modoc War, the Modoc had no more than 53 warriors engaged in the fighting.

1208:, reported to relieve Gillem of command, and assume control of the army in the field. 541: 540:

The first known explorers from the United States to go through the Modoc country were

6363: 6217: 5876: 5466: 5232: 5037: 3750: 3532: 2909: 2469: 2278: 2264: 2246: 2180: 2112: 2084: 1973: 1886: 1022: 888: 740: 600: 353: 6320: 6267: 6147: 6134: 6124: 6084: 5866: 5810: 5767: 5762: 5678: 5554: 5225: 5032: 3621: 3599: 3589: 3355: 3186: 3129: 2899: 2833: 2806: 2791: 2454: 2415: 2177:

Remembering the Modoc War: Redemptive Violence and the Making of American Innocence

2149: 1540: 1453: 1278: 1262: 1250:

ordered the Modoc to be held for trial. The Army took Captain Jack and his band as

1130: 973:

On the morning of January 17, 1873, troops advanced on the Stronghold. Hindered by

800: 521: 447: 358: 218: 185: 1188:

Warm Spring Indian scouts in the Lava Beds with their leader, Donald McKay, center

6424: 6314: 6237:

The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution

6129: 6019: 5954: 5845: 5691: 5661: 5625: 5143: 3594: 3345: 3066: 2948: 2919: 2679: 2221:

Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959; reprint 1965, 1979 and more

2004: 1952: 1926: 1844: 1822: 1778: 1739: 1695: 1297: 1251: 1227:, a prominent man in the band. This was the first defeat of the Modoc in battle. 1147: 1049: 994: 986: 655: 635: 363: 318: 1086:

the band, Captain Jack agreed to attack the commission if no progress was made.

338: 6498: 6288: 6112: 5437: 3626: 3616: 3350: 3255: 2613: 2097: 1946: 1290: 1170:

and it exploded. Several Modoc women were reported to have died from sickness.

1155: 1111: 776: 692: 620: 604: 570: 406: 393: 6487: 6389: 6353: 6254: 5949: 5732: 5696: 5656: 3631: 3481: 3228: 2818: 1933:

Volume 10, No. 2 – July 1937, Crater Lake Institute, accessed 1 November 2011

1414: 1274: 1018: 945: 828: 820: 730:

While the old Modoc chief remained in the reservation, Kintpuash returned to

549: 416: 230: 194: 189: 169: 2337: 1837: 1688: 6429: 6399: 6191: 5830: 5742: 5518: 5281: 5158: 3636: 3574: 3559: 3554: 3216: 2362: 1460:

provides self-guided trail maps for two walking tours of the battle field.

1002: 869: 813: 762: 647: 513: 475: 333: 214: 204: 27:

1872–73 conflict between the Native American Modoc people and the U.S. Army

2169:

A Plea for the Indians: With Facts and Features of the Late War in Oregon.

6222: 5630: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3192: 2757: 1094: 1064: 1006: 919: 756: 639: 272: 2368: 2195:, Boston: J. P. Dale & Co., (1875), at Internet Archive, online text 2148: 1429:

Battlefields of the Modoc War are among the outstanding features of the

1246:

General Davis prepared to execute Captain Jack and his leaders, but the

6348: 6204: 2823: 2237:, Marnell and Company, 1914, Internet Archives, online text with photos 1167: 896: 557: 545: 483: 127: 1966:

The Modoc War: A Story of Genocide at the Dawn of America's Gilded Age

944:

also stationed at Land's ranch, 10 miles east of the Stronghold. Col.

682:, the brother of the Modoc chief, was one of the natives who escaped. 623:

to test their luck, which took them straight through Modoc territory.

3569: 3288: 1324: 736: 710: 674:

led by an Indian fighter named Ben Wright killed 41 Modoc at a peace

659: 505: 497: 431: 181: 6524:

Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America in California

2261:

River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West

1129:

US efforts for peace ended when the Modoc killed the commissioners.

106:

Engraving of soldiers recovering the bodies of the slain May 3, 1873

6414: 3564: 3542: 2526: 2384: 1994:

Frontier regulars: the United States Army and the Indian, 1866-1891

1548: 1317: 1309: 1282: 1266: 775:

Shortly after the Modoc started building their homes, however, the

529: 343: 248: 2234:

The Indian History of the Modoc War, and the Causes that Led to It

631: 504:. Occupying defensive positions throughout the lava beds south of 2062:

The Indian History of the Modoc War and the Causes that Led to It

1313: 1232: 911: 671: 525: 6529:

Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America in Oregon

5200:

Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866

751:. Meacham was from Oregon, and knew Captain Jack and the Modoc. 1438: 1434: 1296:

The historian Robert Utley believes that the Modoc War and the

675: 487: 131: 2338:

Warren A. Beck and Ynez D. Hasse, "Indian Wars: The Modoc War"

1285:). In 1909, after Oklahoma had become a state, members of the 1059: 3443:

United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction

2361:, Documentary on the Modoc War produced by students from the 2340:, California State Military Museum, first published in their 1442: 1710:

This account is described in Dunlay p. 115, and Sides p. 78.

1658: 1656: 1654: 1235:

for the murders of settlers at Tule Lake, Canby and Thomas.

951:

On January 16, troops from Land's ranch, commanded by Col.

937: 933: 6211:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

1915: 1913: 666:

wagons plundered and burned. The location became known as

6420:

Technological and industrial history of the United States

2179:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014. 1651: 974: 717:

regions of California, and moved to a reservation in the

566:

Lake native. Frémont's group fell into "an angry gloom."

2138:

Winema and the Modoc War: One Woman's Struggle for Peace

1882:

1965; reprint, University of Oklahoma Press, 1984, p. 71

2243:

A Chronological History of the Oregon War, 1850 to 1878

1910: 1816:

Modoc NF History, 1945 – Chapter I, General Description

1303: 864:

On November 27, Superintendent Odeneal requested Major

494:

photographed the early part of the US Army's campaign.

6380:

African American founding fathers of the United States

6282:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

3448:

United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction

2104:, vol. 1 & 2, University of Nebraska Press, 1995. 1337:

The casualty lists for the Modoc War are as follows:

884:

rest of the Modoc warriors began to follow his lead.

4954:

The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women

2202:"en:The Californian/Volume 1/In the Lava Beds" 1534: 807: 2226:

Hell With the Fire Out: A History of the Modoc War,

2027:

californiahistoricallandmarks.com Landmarks chl-108

887:Suddenly an argument erupted between Modoc warrior 5205:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 2347:Gary Brecher, "The Modocs: A Beautiful Little War" 1628: 1626: 1136: 4996:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act 2192:Wigwam and Warpath; or, The Royal Chief in Chains 1578:California Historical Landmark number 108 reads: 1558: 962: 520:The remaining 153 Modoc of the band were sent to 6485: 2016:California Parks, California Historical Landmark 1025:as the judge had been friendly to Captain Jack. 685: 607:from southern Oregon. The discovery sparked the 2275:Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West 1623: 1611:California Historical Landmarks in Modoc County 535: 5340:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 2126:, vol. x, nº 1–3, National Park Service, 1937. 1783:, Lava Beds Natural History Association, 1975. 845:On May 14, Odeneal sent Ivan D. Applegate and 770: 747:, sub-agent at Yainax on the reservation; and 670:. In another round of retaliation, California 5314:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 3304: 2400: 2042:United States Army Center of Military History 1943:Reports of the Otis Conference, 3 April 1873; 1742:Las Mariposas Civil War – TheCivilWarDays.com 980: 288: 2240: 1413:The Modoc War is estimated to have cost the 1254:to Fort Klamath, where they arrived July 4. 1133:marks the site where Canby and Thomas died. 906: 705:as their leader, gave up their lands in the 599:, a mule train packer, discovered gold near 2363:Advanced Laboratory for Visual Anthropology 2172:Third Edition. New York: John Beeson, 1858. 2124:Nature Notes from Crater Lake National Park 1105: 1074:(1) That Captain Jack and his band go to a 389:Round Valley Settler Massacres of 1856–1859 3311: 3297: 2407: 2393: 595:" missed the Modoc country, in March 1851 302: 295: 281: 100: 5872:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 2329:Map of the campaigns during the Modoc War 1870: 1868: 1866: 1831: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1773: 1771: 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 6395:History of the United States (1865–1917) 2720:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 2710:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 2143: 1539:A memorial plaque and a reproduction of 1420: 1327:and the U.S. Army Wasco Scouts from the 1183: 1146: 1058: 918: 910: 790: 761: 630: 43:This article includes a list of general 2297:Devil's Backbone: The Modoc War, 1872–3 1963: 1826:United States Department of Agriculture 1173: 853: 786: 14: 6486: 6054:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era 5100:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 3318: 2365:at California State University, Chico. 2198: 2159:This chapter was primarily written by 2078: 2072:, University of Nebraska Press, 2000. 1874: 1863: 1804: 1786: 1768: 1425:Commemorative Plaque for Edward Canby. 6544:Native American history of California 6339:Women's suffrage in the United States 5028:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction 3292: 2388: 1606:Native American history of California 1211: 923:Captain Jack's Stronghold 1992. {NPS} 471:), was an armed conflict between the 276: 6519:Indian wars of the American Old West 5446:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 5134:Confederates surrender at Appomattox 4946:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 2878:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant 2629:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 2414: 2245:. Anchorage, AK: White Stone Press. 1945:and Otis to Odeneal, 11 April 1872. 1304:Appendix to history of the Modoc War 626: 29: 6534:History of Modoc County, California 6302:United Daughters of the Confederacy 5433:American Woman Suffrage Association 5428:National Woman Suffrage Association 5355:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson 3654:Women during the Reconstruction era 2065:, Printed by Marnell and Co., 1914. 1687:Beck, Warren A. and Ynez D. Hasse. 1063:L to R, standing: US Indian agent, 650:during the late nineteenth century. 569:In retaliation, Frémont attacked a 24: 6344:Labor history of the United States 5380:South Carolina readmitted to Union 5377:North Carolina readmitted to Union 5360:Impeachment managers investigation 5299:Constitutional conventions of 1867 4975:National Women's Rights Convention 2306:, Berkley Trade Publications, 1999 2130: 1847:, California State Military Museum 932:. The Modoc took advantage of the 412:California's Pitt River Expedition 245:1,000 infantry, scouts and cavalry 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 6590: 6549:Native American history of Oregon 5585:United States expedition to Korea 5292:Reconstruction military districts 3061:Grant Cottage State Historic Site 2785:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 2310: 2199:Bunker, William Mitchell (1880). 2140:, Prologue Magazine, Spring 2005. 1699:California State Military Museum. 1567:and the Old Alturas Highway is a 1535:Canby's memorial plaque and cross 1121:Angrily, Schonchin John demanded 955:, skirmished with the Modoc near 936:ridges, cracks, depressions, and 808:Failure of US to respond to Modoc 265:83 soldiers and volunteers killed 5139:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 3433:African-American representatives 3272: 3271: 2445:Grant and the American Civil War 2323: 2150:"19: Some Indian Episodes" 2083:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1964:McNally, Robert Aquinas (2017). 1885:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1517: 1505: 1491: 1477: 1465: 1241: 403:Northeast California Indian Wars 163: 34: 6459: 6141:Black Reconstruction in America 6014:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 5924:1876 State of the Union Address 5851:1875 State of the Union Address 5778:1874 State of the Union Address 5702:1873 State of the Union Address 5641:1872 State of the Union Address 5590:1871 State of the Union Address 5529:1870 State of the Union Address 5478:1869 State of the Union Address 5473:First transcontinental railroad 5412:1868 State of the Union Address 5319:1867 State of the Union Address 5154:1865 State of the Union Address 5079:1864 State of the Union Address 5053:1863 State of the Union Address 4962:Woman in the Nineteenth Century 2228:New York: Faber and Faber, 1998 2038:"Named Campaigns – Indian Wars" 2020: 2009: 1986: 1957: 1936: 1899:from the original on 2016-05-12 1850: 1640:from the original on 2010-08-08 1329:Warm Springs Indian Reservation 1143:Second Battle of the Stronghold 1137:Second Battle of the Stronghold 725: 6554:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 5214:Petition for Universal Freedom 5195:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 2429:President of the United States 1931:Nature Notes From Crater Lake, 1755: 1745: 1726: 1713: 1704: 1681: 1569:California Historical Landmark 1559:California Historical Landmark 1152:The Modocs in Their Stronghold 969:First Battle of the Stronghold 963:First battle of the Stronghold 739:(also known as Captain Jack); 13: 1: 6261:A Visit from the Old Mistress 5960:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 5826:Specie Payment Resumption Act 5451:Board of Indian Commissioners 5383:Louisiana readmitted to Union 5345:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 5209:Tennessee readmitted to Union 5043:Women's Loyal National League 3746:Straight-Out Democratic Party 3517:Confederate States of America 2675:Specie Payment Resumption Act 1616: 686:Great Treaty of Council Grove 436:Mojave Desert Indian Campaign 5887:Battle of the Little Bighorn 5371:Arkansas readmitted to Union 5277:Knights of the White Camelia 5239:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 5185:New Orleans Massacre of 1866 5159:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 5117:Special Field Orders No. 15 4940:Slavery in the United States 2549:State of the Union addresses 1970:University of Nebraska Press 1689:The Modoc War, 1872 to 1873. 895:A small band of Modoc under 840:Commission of Indian Affairs 536:Events leading up to the war 399:Second Pitt River Expedition 384:Klamath and Salmon River War 7: 6474:Oregon Historical Quarterly 6405:Race (human categorization) 5795:United States v. Cruikshank 5386:Alabama readmitted to Union 5374:Florida readmitted to Union 3118:1922 Grant Memorial coinage 2299:, New York: Macmillan, 1991 1589: 1545:Lava Beds National Monument 1472:Schonchin and Captain Jack 1431:Lava Beds National Monument 1261:On September 10, President 1204:, the new commander of the 771:Mistreatment by the Klamath 510:Lava Beds National Monument 118:July 6, 1872 – June 4, 1873 10: 6595: 6579:1870s in the United States 6539:History of the Great Basin 5606:General Mining Act of 1872 5575:New York custom house ring 5565:Meridian race riot of 1871 5509:Naturalization Act of 1870 2814:Naturalization Act of 1870 2705:U.S. Department of Justice 2665:General Mining Act of 1872 2375:Oregon Public Broadcasting 2373:, Documentary produced by 2289: 2070:Kit Carson and the Indians 1565:California State Route 139 1215: 1206:Department of the Columbia 1177: 1140: 981:Peace Commission appointed 966: 857: 603:while traveling along the 6442: 6372: 6331: 6247: 6198:Been in the Storm So Long 6118:William Archibald Dunning 6078:The American Commonwealth 6046: 6039: 5968: 5932: 5859: 5786: 5748:Election Massacre of 1874 5710: 5649: 5598: 5537: 5486: 5456:Public Credit Act of 1869 5420: 5395:Fourth Reconstruction Act 5327: 5304:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 5254: 5167: 5087: 5061: 5048:New York City draft riots 5018:Emancipation Proclamation 5010: 4927: 4920: 4870: 3892: 3846: 3800: 3693:National Union Convention 3673: 3666: 3525: 3502: 3438:Reconstruction Amendments 3428:African-American senators 3333: 3326: 3250: 3171: 3138: 3016: 2998: 2957: 2887: 2869: 2846: 2745: 2725:Yellowstone National Park 2688: 2645:Public Credit Act of 1869 2637: 2599: 2502: 2437: 2422: 2379:Oregon Historical Society 2322: 2317: 2219:The Modocs and Their War, 2079:Murray, Keith A. (1984). 1880:The Modocs and Their War, 1875:Murray, Keith A. (1959). 1529: 991:Secretary of the Interior 930:Captain Jack's Stronghold 907:Fortifying the Stronghold 766:Major General E.R.S Canby 379:Sacramento River Massacre 314: 254: 236: 175: 151: 110: 99: 94: 5914:Safe burglary conspiracy 5801:Civil Rights Act of 1875 5580:Civil service commission 5180:Memphis massacre of 1866 5175:Civil Rights Act of 1866 4991:Confiscation Act of 1862 4986:Confiscation Act of 1861 3741:Liberal Republican Party 3423:Conservative Republicans 2927:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage 2829:Civil Rights Act of 1875 2737:Electoral Commission Act 2715:Civil Service Commission 2377:in cooperation with the 2358:The Beginning of the End 2200: 2081:The Modocs and Their War 1106:Murder at the peace tent 868:, commanding officer at 611:area to expand from the 422:Bitter Spring Expedition 6410:Reconstruction Treaties 6229:A Nation Under Our Feet 6177:From Slavery to Freedom 6007:Williams v. Mississippi 5991:United States v. Harris 5882:Great Sioux War of 1876 5821:Yazoo City Riot of 1875 5723:Battle of Liberty Place 5611:Crédit Mobilier scandal 5560:Alcorn State University 5499:Enforcement Act of 1870 5365:Articles of impeachment 5272:Indian Peace Commission 5190:Swing Around the Circle 5127:Freedmen's Bureau bills 4969:Seneca Falls Convention 3698:Radical Democracy Party 3649:Freedman's Savings Bank 2797:Enforcement Act of 1870 2155:California Inter Pocula 2060:Riddle, Jeff C. Davis. 1992:Robert Marshall Utley, 1634:"INDIAN WARS Campaigns" 1287:Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma 617:Northeastern California 444:Calloway Affair of 1880 427:Owens Valley Indian War 64:more precise citations. 6385:Forty acres and a mule 6108:Walter Lynwood Fleming 5893:United States v. Reese 5550:Second Enforcement Act 3780:Prohibition Convention 3512:Southern United States 3088:Ohio Statehouse statue 2802:Second Enforcement Act 2765:Native American policy 2494:Commanding generalship 1601:Modoc War topics index 1573:Battle of Land's Ranch 1512:Boston Charley in 1873 1426: 1189: 1158: 1070: 924: 916: 796: 767: 651: 591:Although most of the " 589: 374:Sutter Buttes Massacre 324:Bloody Island Massacre 306:California Indian Wars 176:Commanders and leaders 6359:Civil rights movement 6295:The Birth of a Nation 5904:Centennial Exposition 5758:Black Hills Gold Rush 5673:Slaughter-House Cases 5545:Ku Klux Klan hearings 5023:General Order No. 143 3642:James Mitchell Ashley 3263:Rutherford B. Hayes → 2700:Judiciary Act of 1869 2650:Copyright Act of 1870 2544:Judicial appointments 2241:Smith, J. L. (2010). 2161:Frances Fuller Victor 2145:Bancroft, Hubert Howe 1596:Indian Campaign Medal 1458:National Park Service 1424: 1187: 1150: 1062: 922: 914: 878:Klamath Falls, Oregon 794: 765: 634: 580: 369:Kabyai Creek Massacre 349:Bridge Gulch Massacre 255:Casualties and losses 143:United States victory 6559:Events in California 5940:Electoral Commission 5816:Clifton Riot of 1875 5570:Treaty of Washington 5262:Tenure of Office Act 5220:National Labor Union 4935:American Indian Wars 3785:Electoral Commission 3775:Greenback Convention 3538:Free people of color 3478:Federal bureaucracy 3418:Moderate Republicans 3223:Ulysses S. Grant III 3205:Ulysses S. Grant Jr. 3199:Frederick Dent Grant 3181:Hannah Simpson Grant 3031:Presidential library 2856:Bid for a third term 2655:Currency Act of 1870 2609:Treaty of Washington 1733:John Charles Fremont 1543:have been set up at 1180:Battle of Sand Butte 1174:Battle of Sand Butte 860:Battle of Lost River 854:Battle of Lost River 787:Return to Lost River 609:California Gold Rush 542:John Charles Frémont 329:El Dorado Indian War 262:39 warriors captured 6514:1870s in California 6289:D. W. Griffith 6274:The Leopard's Spots 6164:The American Crisis 6098:Columbia University 6065:The Prostrate State 6059:James Shepherd Pike 5976:Posse Comitatus Act 5899:Trader post scandal 5687:Coinage Act of 1873 5461:Black Friday (1869) 5309:Peonage Act of 1867 5287:Reconstruction Acts 5267:Command of Army Act 5002:Militia Act of 1862 3413:Radical Republicans 3361:Rutherford B. Hayes 3235:Ulysses S. Grant IV 3211:Jesse Root Grant II 3140:Cultural depictions 3103:U.S. Postage stamps 3093:Philadelphia statue 3073:U.S. Capitol statue 2660:Funding Act of 1870 2517:Second inauguration 2475:Richmond–Petersburg 2295:Johnston, Terry C. 2190:Meacham, Alfred B. 2111:, Doubleday, 2006. 719:Upper Klamath River 697:Klamath Reservation 554:Archibald Gillespie 502:Klamath Reservation 490:from 1872 to 1873. 467:(also known as the 6569:1873 in California 6564:1872 in California 6308:Gone with the Wind 6171:John Hope Franklin 6027:Disenfranchisement 5999:Plessy v. Ferguson 5983:Civil Rights Cases 5945:Compromise of 1877 5836:Wheeler Compromise 5753:Vicksburg massacre 5738:Timber Culture Act 5728:Coushatta massacre 5667:Timber Culture Act 5621:Star Route scandal 5504:Justice Department 5401:Georgia v. Stanton 5390:Opelousas massacre 4981:American Civil War 3790:Compromise of 1877 3492:Justice Department 3456:Federal judiciary 3335:Federal government 3320:Reconstruction era 3152:(2002 documentary) 3098:San Francisco bust 3049:General Grant tree 2670:Timber Culture Act 2512:First inauguration 2353:, 23 February 2007 2003:2016-04-28 at the 1951:2014-05-29 at the 1925:2012-05-26 at the 1843:2006-11-08 at the 1821:2014-05-29 at the 1777:Harry V. Sproull. 1738:2012-07-23 at the 1694:2006-11-08 at the 1664:"Modoc Indian War" 1427: 1354:Officers (U.S.A.) 1218:Battle of Dry Lake 1212:Battle of Dry Lake 1202:Jefferson C. Davis 1190: 1159: 1071: 925: 917: 797: 768: 715:Lower Klamath Lake 652: 492:Eadweard Muybridge 480:United States Army 260:17 warriors killed 211:Jefferson C. Davis 208:Edwin Cooley Mason 6455: 6454: 6438: 6437: 6364:American frontier 6218:Kenneth M. Stampp 6035: 6034: 5877:Ellenton massacre 5718:Brooks–Baxter War 5467:Ex parte McCardle 5233:Ex parte Milligan 5122:Freedmen's Bureau 5038:National Bank Act 4916: 4915: 3751:Victoria Woodhull 3662: 3661: 3533:African Americans 3504:State governments 3487:Freedmen's Bureau 3286: 3285: 3167: 3166: 3160:(2020 miniseries) 3125:Grant High School 2842: 2841: 2624:Korean Expedition 2334: 2333: 2259:Solnit, Rebecca. 2217:Murray, Keith A. 2185:978-1-4696-1860-9 2109:Blood and Thunder 1878:Keith A. Murray, 1828:, Forest Service. 1763:Blood and Thunder 1408: 1407: 889:Scarfaced Charley 838:On April 12, the 745:Ivan D. Applegate 741:Alfred B. Meacham 646:, a chief of the 627:First hostilities 556:, from President 486:and southeastern 456: 455: 354:Yontoket Massacre 271: 270: 147: 146: 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 6586: 6479: 6478: 6470: 6463: 6321:Race and Reunion 6268:Thomas Dixon Jr. 6158:William R. Brock 6148:C. Vann Woodward 6135:W. E. B. Du Bois 6125:Charles A. Beard 6085:Claude G. Bowers 6044: 6043: 5867:Hamburg massacre 5846:Pratt & Boyd 5811:Mississippi Plan 5768:Anti-Moiety Acts 5763:Sanborn incident 5555:Ku Klux Klan Act 5226:Ex parte Garland 5033:Ten percent plan 4925: 4924: 3671: 3670: 3622:Thaddeus Stevens 3607:Republican Party 3600:Samuel J. Tilden 3590:Bourbon Democrat 3585:Democratic Party 3356:Ulysses S. Grant 3331: 3330: 3313: 3306: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3275: 3274: 3256:← Andrew Johnson 3241:Julia Dent Grant 3187:Jesse Root Grant 3149:Ulysses S. Grant 3130:U.S. Grant Hotel 3014: 3013: 2942:speeding arrests 2915:White Haven home 2834:Page Act of 1875 2807:Ku Klux Klan Act 2792:Enforcement Acts 2597: 2596: 2432: 2416:Ulysses S. Grant 2409: 2402: 2395: 2386: 2385: 2327: 2326: 2315: 2314: 2302:Riddle, Paxton. 2256: 2232:Riddle, Jeff C. 2214: 2204: 2158: 2152: 2136:Bales, Rebecca. 2107:Sides, Hampton, 2094: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2044:. Archived from 2029: 2024: 2018: 2013: 2007: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1961: 1955: 1940: 1934: 1917: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1872: 1861: 1854: 1848: 1835: 1829: 1813: 1802: 1795: 1784: 1780:Modoc Indian War 1775: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1666:. Archived from 1660: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1630: 1524:Scarface Charley 1521: 1509: 1495: 1481: 1469: 1340: 1339: 1279:Indian Territory 1263:Ulysses S. Grant 1252:prisoners of war 1031:A. M. Rosborough 824:and conditions. 801:Washington, D.C. 749:William.C. McKay 597:Abraham Thompson 575:Williamson River 563:Basil Lajeunesse 522:Indian Territory 508:(in present-day 482:in northeastern 448:Round Valley War 359:Achulet Massacre 309: 307: 297: 290: 283: 274: 273: 223: 186:Scarface Charley 168: 167: 166: 112: 111: 104: 92: 91: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6574:1870s in Oregon 6509:1870s conflicts 6484: 6483: 6482: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6434: 6425:White supremacy 6368: 6327: 6315:David W. Blight 6243: 6153:Joel Williamson 6130:Howard K. Beale 6031: 6020:Giles v. Harris 5964: 5955:Desert Land Act 5928: 5855: 5782: 5706: 5692:Long Depression 5662:Colfax massacre 5645: 5626:Salary Grab Act 5594: 5533: 5514:Kirk–Holden war 5482: 5416: 5323: 5250: 5163: 5144:Shaw University 5083: 5069:Wade–Davis Bill 5057: 5006: 4912: 4866: 3888: 3842: 3796: 3676: 3658: 3595:Horatio Seymour 3521: 3505: 3498: 3346:Abraham Lincoln 3336: 3322: 3317: 3287: 3282: 3246: 3243:(granddaughter) 3163: 3134: 3078:Brooklyn relief 3067:The Peacemakers 3012: 2994: 2953: 2883: 2865: 2848:Post-presidency 2838: 2780:Great Sioux War 2741: 2732:Post Office Act 2691: 2684: 2680:Desert Land Act 2638:Economic policy 2633: 2595: 2498: 2438:Military career 2433: 2424: 2418: 2413: 2324: 2313: 2292: 2253: 2224:Quinn, Arthur. 2207:The Californian 2175:Cothran, Boyd. 2133: 2131:Further reading 2102:Kit Carson Days 2098:Sabin, Edwin L. 2091: 2051: 2049: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2010: 2005:Wayback Machine 1991: 1987: 1980: 1962: 1958: 1953:Wayback Machine 1941: 1937: 1927:Wayback Machine 1918: 1911: 1902: 1900: 1893: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1851: 1845:Wayback Machine 1836: 1832: 1823:Wayback Machine 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1776: 1769: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1746: 1740:Wayback Machine 1731: 1727: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1696:Wayback Machine 1686: 1682: 1673: 1671: 1662: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1592: 1561: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1522: 1513: 1510: 1501: 1496: 1487: 1482: 1473: 1470: 1306: 1298:Great Sioux War 1293:Confederation. 1244: 1220: 1214: 1182: 1176: 1145: 1139: 1108: 1050:Alvan C. Gillem 995:Jesse Applegate 987:Columbus Delano 985:On January 25, 983: 971: 965: 909: 862: 856: 810: 789: 773: 728: 688: 656:Pit River Tribe 636:Schonchin Butte 629: 538: 473:Native American 457: 452: 364:Asbill Massacre 319:Gila Expedition 310: 305: 303: 301: 266: 261: 246: 229: 225: 219: 213: 209: 207: 203: 201: 197: 188: 184: 164: 162: 135: 134:, United States 105: 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6592: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6481: 6480: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6317: 6312: 6304: 6299: 6291: 6286: 6278: 6270: 6265: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6233: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6207: 6202: 6194: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6168: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6113:Dunning School 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6091:The Tragic Era 6087: 6082: 6074: 6069: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6047:Historiography 6041: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6016: 6011: 6003: 5995: 5987: 5979: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5919:1876 elections 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5773:1874 elections 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5636:1872 elections 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5524:1870 elections 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5494:15th Amendment 5490: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5407:1868 elections 5404: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5342: 5337: 5335:14th Amendment 5331: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5246:1866 elections 5242: 5241: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5095:13th Amendment 5091: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5074:1864 elections 5071: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4958: 4950: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4874: 4872: 4871:U.S. elections 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4784: 4776: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4199: 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3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3351:Andrew Johnson 3348: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3267: 3266: 3259: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3177: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3153: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3083:Chicago statue 3080: 3075: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3046: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3026:Grant Memorial 3022: 3020: 3011: 3010: 3004: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2770:"Peace Policy" 2762: 2761: 2760: 2753:Reconstruction 2749: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2605: 2603: 2601:Foreign policy 2594: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2411: 2404: 2397: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2366: 2354: 2344: 2332: 2331: 2320: 2319: 2318:External image 2312: 2311:External links 2309: 2308: 2307: 2300: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2271: 2257: 2251: 2238: 2229: 2222: 2215: 2196: 2187: 2173: 2166:Beeson, John. 2164: 2141: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2105: 2095: 2089: 2076: 2073: 2066: 2057: 2031: 2030: 2019: 2008: 1985: 1978: 1972:. p. 57. 1956: 1935: 1909: 1891: 1862: 1856:Davis Riddle, 1849: 1830: 1803: 1797:Davis Riddle, 1785: 1767: 1754: 1744: 1725: 1712: 1703: 1680: 1650: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1560: 1557: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1485:Shacknasty Jim 1483: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1464: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1387:Indian Scouts 1384: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1305: 1302: 1291:Klamath Tribes 1248:War Department 1243: 1240: 1216:Main article: 1213: 1210: 1178:Main article: 1175: 1172: 1156:wood engraving 1141:Main article: 1138: 1135: 1112:Boston Charley 1107: 1104: 1083:Schonchin John 1035:Eleazer Thomas 982: 979: 967:Main article: 964: 961: 908: 905: 858:Main article: 855: 852: 809: 806: 788: 785: 772: 769: 727: 724: 687: 684: 680:John Schonchin 642:named for Old 628: 625: 621:Emigrant Trail 605:Siskiyou Trail 544:together with 537: 534: 465:Modoc Campaign 454: 453: 451: 450: 445: 442: 437: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 407:Bald Hills War 404: 401: 396: 394:Tule River War 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 315: 312: 311: 300: 299: 292: 285: 277: 269: 268: 263: 257: 256: 252: 251: 243: 239: 238: 234: 233: 192: 178: 177: 173: 172: 160: 154: 153: 149: 148: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 126: 124: 120: 119: 116: 108: 107: 97: 96: 88: 87: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6591: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6504:Modoc Plateau 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6476: 6475: 6469: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390:Habeas corpus 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6256: 6255:Winslow Homer 6253: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185:After Slavery 6182: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5950:Nez Perce War 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5841:Delano affair 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5733:Red River War 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697:Comstock laws 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5657:Panic of 1873 5655: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 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3893:Gubernatorial 3891: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3632:Benjamin Wade 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3555:Carpetbaggers 3553: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3482:Edwin Stanton 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3279: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3229:Chapman Grant 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3042:General Grant 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746:Social policy 2744: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2450:Fort Donelson 2448: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2370:The Modoc War 2367: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2321: 2316: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2284: 2283:1-59416-016-3 2280: 2276: 2273:Yenne, Bill. 2272: 2270: 2269:0-670-03176-3 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2252:9781456485993 2248: 2244: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2117:0-385-50777-1 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2090:0-8061-1331-6 2086: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068:Dunlay, Tom, 2067: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2048:on 2010-11-09 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1998:p. 206 online 1995: 1989: 1981: 1979:9781496201799 1975: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1939: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1898: 1894: 1892:9780806113319 1888: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1859: 1853: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1772: 1764: 1758: 1748: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1716: 1707: 1701:(10 Feb 2008) 1700: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1670:on 2016-08-11 1669: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:Canby's Cross 1520: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1454:Canby's 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F. Bernard 949: 947: 946:Frank Wheaton 941: 939: 935: 931: 921: 913: 904: 900: 898: 893: 890: 885: 881: 879: 875: 874:James Jackson 871: 867: 861: 851: 848: 843: 841: 836: 832: 830: 829:Olene, Oregon 825: 822: 821:T. B. Odeneal 817: 815: 805: 802: 793: 784: 780: 778: 764: 760: 758: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 723: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 703: 698: 694: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 663: 661: 657: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 624: 622: 618: 614: 613:Sierra Nevada 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 588: 586: 579: 576: 572: 571:Klamath Tribe 567: 564: 559: 555: 551: 550:Billy Chinook 547: 543: 533: 531: 527: 523: 518: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 474: 470: 469:Lava Beds War 466: 462: 449: 446: 443: 441: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 417:Mendocino War 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 313: 308: 298: 293: 291: 286: 284: 279: 278: 275: 264: 259: 258: 253: 250: 244: 241: 240: 235: 232: 231:Billy Chinook 228: 224: 222: 216: 212: 206: 202:Reuben Benard 200: 196: 195:Frank Wheaton 193: 191: 190:Shaknasty Jim 187: 183: 180: 179: 174: 171: 170:United States 161: 159: 156: 155: 150: 142: 139: 138: 133: 129: 125: 122: 121: 117: 114: 113: 109: 103: 98: 93: 84: 81: 73: 63: 59: 53: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 6472: 6461: 6430:Whitecapping 6400:Paramilitary 6373:Other topics 6354:Jim Crow era 6319: 6306: 6293: 6280: 6272: 6259: 6235: 6227: 6209: 6196: 6192:Leon Litwack 6183: 6175: 6162: 6139: 6103:John Burgess 6089: 6076: 6063: 6018: 6005: 5997: 5989: 5981: 5891: 5831:Whiskey Ring 5793: 5743:White League 5679: 5671: 5615: 5519:Shoffner Act 5465: 5438: 5399: 5282:Pulaski riot 5231: 5224: 5212: 4960: 4952: 4944: 4788: 4780: 3675:Presidential 3637:John Bingham 3575:White League 3560:Ku Klux Klan 3327:Participants 3270: 3261: 3254: 3217:Nellie Grant 3155: 3147: 3065: 3041: 3008:Bibliography 2949:Grant's Tomb 2937:Horsemanship 2905:Boyhood home 2876: 2819:Comstock Act 2774: 2614: 2369: 2357: 2350: 2341: 2303: 2296: 2274: 2260: 2242: 2233: 2225: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2191: 2176: 2168: 2154: 2123: 2108: 2101: 2080: 2069: 2061: 2050:. 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C. Mason 1015:Bob Whittle 1007:Toby Riddle 999:Samuel Case 757:Modoc Point 640:cinder cone 62:introducing 6488:Categories 6349:Gilded Age 6205:Eric Foner 5909:Cattellism 5806:Red Shirts 4921:Key events 3847:U.S. House 3580:Red Shirts 3237:(grandson) 3231:(grandson) 3225:(grandson) 3219:(daughter) 3036:Grant Park 2983:convention 2968:convention 2900:Birthplace 2895:Early life 2861:World tour 2824:Poland Act 2690:Government 2504:Presidency 2480:Appomattox 2304:Lost River 2052:2010-07-12 1903:2015-11-12 1674:2016-06-22 1644:2010-07-12 1617:References 1571:# 108 the 1499:Hooker Jim 1437:for their 1376:Civilians 1168:cannonball 1154:, an 1873 1044:In April, 1039:L. S. Dyar 1001:. General 897:Hooker Jim 866:John Green 847:L. S. Dyar 732:Lost River 707:Lost River 558:James Polk 546:Kit Carson 484:California 267:46 wounded 199:John Green 128:California 70:April 2008 45:references 18:Modoc Wars 6494:Modoc War 5969:Aftermath 5680:Virginius 5616:Modoc War 3667:Elections 3612:Stalwarts 3570:Redeemers 3369:Congress 3113:$ 50 bill 3018:Memorials 2958:Elections 2775:Modoc War 2460:Vicksburg 2351:The Exile 1860:, p. 252. 1723:, p. 492. 1719:Fremont, 1325:artillery 1123:Hot Creek 737:Kintpuash 711:Tule Lake 702:Schonchin 660:Kintpuash 644:Schonchin 506:Tule Lake 498:Kintpuash 463:, or the 461:Modoc War 440:Modoc War 432:Snake War 249:howitzers 182:Kintpuash 95:Modoc War 6447:Category 6415:Suffrage 5350:Timeline 3565:Scalawag 3543:Freedman 3277:Category 3189:(father) 3183:(mother) 3108:Currency 2988:election 2973:election 2527:Grantism 2522:Scandals 2470:Overland 2277:, 2005. 2147:(1888). 2001:Archived 1949:Archived 1923:Archived 1897:Archived 1841:Archived 1819:Archived 1736:Archived 1692:Archived 1638:Archived 1590:See also 1549:Tulelake 1349:Wounded 1318:howitzer 1310:infantry 1283:Oklahoma 1267:Alcatraz 561:trapper 530:Oklahoma 478:and the 344:Yuma War 237:Strength 123:Location 6477:. 1903. 6040:Aspects 5439:Alabama 5105:Address 4928:Prelude 3884:1876–77 3879:1874–75 3874:1872–73 3869:1870–71 3864:1868–69 3859:1866–67 3854:1864–65 3838:1876–77 3833:1874–75 3828:1872–73 3823:1870–71 3818:1868–69 3813:1866–67 3808:1864–65 2692:reforms 2615:Alabama 2539:Cabinet 2534:Pardons 2290:Fiction 2263:, 2003 1996:(1984) 1858:History 1799:History 1765:, p. 87 1761:Sides, 1721:Memoirs 1435:corrals 1398:TOTALS 1346:Killed 1314:cavalry 1233:amnesty 777:Klamath 693:Klamath 672:militia 526:Shawnee 221:† 58:improve 6332:Legacy 6324:(2001) 6311:(1939) 6298:(1915) 6285:(1905) 6277:(1902) 6264:(1876) 6248:Memory 6240:(2019) 6232:(2003) 6214:(1988) 6201:(1979) 6188:(1965) 6180:(1947) 6167:(1963) 6144:(1935) 6094:(1929) 6081:(1888) 6068:(1874) 6023:(1903) 6010:(1898) 6002:(1896) 5994:(1883) 5986:(1883) 5978:(1878) 5682:Affair 5441:Claims 4998:(1862) 4977:(1850) 4971:(1848) 4965:(1839) 4957:(1838) 4949:(1792) 3526:Others 3195:(wife) 3173:Family 3000:Legacy 2617:Claims 2455:Shiloh 2281: 2267: 2249: 2183: 2115: 2087: 1976: 1889: 1752:p.117) 1530:Legacy 1456:. 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