Peopling of the Americas

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migration from Asia with a probable pause in Beringia, plus later bi-directional gene flow. Some studies focusing on craniofacial morphology have previously argued that Paleoamerican remains have been described as closer to Australo-Melanesians and Polynesians than to the modern series of Native Americans, suggesting two entries into the Americas, an early one occurring before a distinctive East Asian morphology developed (referred to in the paper as the "Two Components Model"). Another "third model", the "Recurrent Gene Flow" (RGF) model, attempts to reconcile the two, arguing that circumarctic gene flow after the initial migration could account for morphological changes. It specifically re-evaluates the original report on the Hoya Negro skeleton which supported the RGF model, the authors disagreed with the original conclusion which suggested that the skull shape did not match those of modern Native Americans, arguing that the "skull falls into a subregion of the morphospace occupied by both Paleoamericans and some modern Native Americans."

5406:, p. 188: "Mal'ta's population -- the ancient Northern Siberians, seems to have encountered the daughter East Asian population described at the beginning of this chapter around 25,000 years ago and interbred with them."..."We're not sure where this interaction took place. Some archaeologists believe that it occurred in East Asia, suggesting that this is where the Siberians moved during the LGM"..."There's also a case to be made for this interaction having taken place bear the Lake Baikal region in Siberia from genetic evidence, too. The ancient Paleo-Siberians, as mentioned earlier in this chapter, split from the East Asian ancestors of Native Americans by about 25,000 years ago. They are known to us from the genomes of an Upper Paleolithic person from the Lake Baikal region known to us from the genomes of an Upper Paleolithic from the Lake Baikal region known as UKY and a person from Northeastern Siberia dating to about 9,800 years ago known as Kolyma1." 12013: 5418:, pp. 188–189: "But other archaeologists and geneticists argue that the meeting of the two grandparent populations of Native Americans occurred because people moved north, not south, in response to the LGM. In this scenario, Paleo-Siberian descendants, like UKY, could have been the result of a southward repopulation of Siberia out of Beringia. The reason for this is because both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of Native Americans show that they had been isolated from all other populations for a prolonged period of time, during which they developed the genetic traits found only in Native American populations. This finding, initially based on classical genetic markers and mitochondrial evidence, came to be known as the Beringian Incubation, the Beringian Pause or the Beringian Standstill hypothesis." 371:, shows a marked shift from tree and shrub pollen to herb pollen prior to 30,000 BP, as herb tundra replaced boreal forest and shrub steppe going into the LGM. A similar record of tree/shrub pollen being replaced with herb pollen as the LGM approached was recovered near the Kolyma River in Arctic Siberia. The abandonment of the northern regions of Siberia due to rapid cooling or the retreat of game species with the onset of the LGM has been proposed to explain the lack of archaeological sites in that region dating to the LGM. The pollen record from the Alaskan side shows shifts between herb/shrub and shrub tundra prior to the LGM, suggesting less dramatic warming episodes than those that allowed forest colonization on the Siberian side. Diverse, though not necessarily plentiful, 5976:"These studies have all reached the same conclusion and suggest that haplogroup X2a is likely to have originated in the same population(s) as the other American founder haplogroups, by virtue of having comparable coalescence dates and demographic histories" ... "X2a has not been found anywhere in Eurasia, and phylogeography gives us no compelling reason to think it is more likely to come from Europe than from Siberia. Furthermore, analysis of the complete genome of Kennewick Man, who belongs to the most basal lineage of X2a yet identified, gives no indication of recent European ancestry and moves the location of the deepest branch of X2a to the West Coast, consistent with X2a belonging to the same ancestral population as the other founder mitochondrial haplogroups." 1061:), and among Caribbean and South American isolates. A subtype "B" has been identified in Japan and India. In 1995, Native Americans in coastal British Columbia were found to have both subtypes A and B. Bone marrow specimens from an Andean mummy about 1500 years old were reported to have shown the presence of the A subtype. The finding ignited controversy, with contention that the sample DNA was insufficiently complete for the conclusion and that the result reflected modern contamination. However, a re-analysis indicated that the DNA sequences were consistent with, but not definitely from, the "cosmopolitan clade" (subtype A). The presence of subtypes A and B in the Americas is suggestive of a Native American source population related to the Ainu ancestors, the 5394:"Current estimates suggest that approximately 63% of the First Peoples' ancestry comes from the East Asian group and the rest from the Ancient North Siberians. We're not sure where this interaction took place. Some archaeologists believe that it occurred in East Asia, suggesting that this is where the Siberians moved during the LGM" "There's also a case to be made for this interaction having taken place bear the Lake Baikal region in Siberia from genetic evidence, too" "But other archaeologists and geneticists argue that the meeting of the two grandparent populations of Native Americans occurred because people moved north, not south, in response to the LGM" 604:

marks and the geologic association of bones at the Bluefish Cave and Old Crow Flats sites, and the related Bonnet Plume site, have been called into question. No evidence of human remains have been discovered at these sites. In addition to disputed archaeological sites, support for pre-LGM human presence has been found in lake sediment records of northern Alaska. Biomarker and microfossil analyses of sediments from Lake E5 and Burial Lake in suggest human presence in eastern Beringia as early as 34,000 years ago. These analyses are indeed compelling in that they corroborate the inferences made from the Bluefish Cave and Old Crow Flats sites.

693:(RHS) has dated human occupation of eastern Arctic Siberia to 31,300 BP. That date has been interpreted by some as evidence that migration into Beringia was imminent, lending credence to occupation of Beringia during the LGM. However, the Yana RHS date is from the beginning of the cooling period that led into the LGM. A compilation of archaeological site dates throughout eastern Siberia suggest that the cooling period caused a retreat of humans southwards. Pre-LGM lithic evidence in Siberia indicate a settled lifestyle that was based on local resources, while post-LGM lithic evidence indicate a more migratory lifestyle. 295: 1232: 8885: 8440: 353: 5507:"The pattern observed in the mtDNA data by Tamm and colleagues has yet to emerge with equal clarity in either Y-DNA or autosomal DNA. The lack of a similar pattern in the Y-DNA data conceivably reflects different histories of the paternal and maternal lineages—a pattern found in other parts of the world (e.g., southern Asia).33 Some support for the standstill hypothesis in autosomal DNA may be found in the distribution of an allele at a microsatellite locus on chromosome 9 (D9S1120) which exhibits a pattern similar to that seen in the mtDNA data.34" 1161: 5301:" Raghavan et al. used outgroup f3-statistics to show that Mal'ta1 was most closely related to present-day Native Americans. This pattern led to a model in which the dispersal of humans to the Americas originated in a population in Siberia derived from a mixture of two distinct ancestries, one associated with East Asians today and another associated with Mal'ta1. Recent studies of DNA from ancient Siberians provided direct evidence of admixed populations in Siberia that are closely related to the Native American lineage." 748:(mtDNA haplogroups) characteristic of Native American populations. Models of molecular evolution rates were used to estimate the ages at which Native American DNA lineages branched off from their parent lineages in Asia and to deduce the ages of demographic events. One model (Tammetal 2007) based on Native American mtDNA Haplotypes (Figure 2) proposes that migration into Beringia occurred between 30,000 and 25,000 BP, with migration into the Americas occurring around 10,000 to 15,000 years after isolation of the small 752:. Another model (Kitchen et al. 2008) proposes that migration into Beringia occurred approximately 36,000 BP, followed by 20,000 years of isolation in Beringia. A third model (Nomatto et al. 2009) proposes that migration into Beringia occurred between 40,000 and 30,000 BP, with a pre-LGM migration into the Americas followed by isolation of the northern population following closure of the ice-free corridor. Evidence of Australo-Melanesians admixture in Amazonian populations was found by Skoglund and Reich (2016). 728: 1050:) is a virus transmitted through exchange of bodily fluids and from mother to child through breast milk. The mother-to-child transmission mimics a hereditary trait, although such transmission from maternal carriers is less than 100%. The HTLV virus genome has been mapped, allowing identification of four major strains and analysis of their antiquity through mutations. The highest geographic concentrations of the strain HLTV-1 are in sub-Saharan Africa and Japan. In Japan, it occurs in its highest concentration on 367:. Prior to the Last Glacial Maximum, climates in eastern Siberia fluctuated between conditions approximating present day conditions and colder periods. The pre-LGM warm cycles in Arctic Siberia saw flourishes of megafaunas. The oxygen isotope record from the Greenland Ice Cap suggests that these cycles after about 45,000 BP lasted anywhere from hundreds to between one and two thousand years, with greater duration of cold periods starting around 32,000 BP. The pollen record from Elikchan Lake, north of the 242: 42: 5457:

processes were reflected in the Beringian tradition's wide proliferation in the region and led to the emergence of several ancestral lineages (Fig. 1) in Extreme Northeastern Asia: the Ancient Paleosiberian population represented by the genome of the individual from Duvanny Yar, and the ancestral Native Americans. The latter type subsequently divided into the Ancient Beringians and all other Native Americans (Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018; Sikora et al. 2019).

1023:. Subhaplogroup D4h3 from China does not have the same geographic implication as Subhaplotype D1a from Amur-Hokkaido, so its implications for source models are more speculative. Its parent lineage, Subhaplotype D4h, is believed to have emerged in East Asia, rather than Siberia, around 20,000 BP. Subhaplogroup D4h2, a sister clade of D4h3, has also been found among Jōmon skeletons from Hokkaido. D4h3 has a coastal trace in the Americas. 8506: 416: 639:. More recently, studies at the archaeological sites Santa Elina (27000-10000 years BP) in the midwest, and Rincão I (20000-12000 years BP) in southeastern Brazil also show associations of evidence of human presence with sediments dating from before the LGM. A 2003 study dated evidence for the controlled use of fire to before 40,000 years ago. Additional evidence has been adduced from the morphology of 4728:

Australo-Melanesians and Andaman Islanders ('Australasians'). Specifically, we found that Australasians share significantly more genetic variants with some Amazonian populations—including ones speaking Tupi languages—than they do with other Native Americans. We called this putative ancient Native American lineage "Population Y" after Ypykuéra, which means 'ancestor' in the Tupi language family.

1215:

Southern Chile has been dated at 14,800 BP. The Paisley Cave site in eastern Oregon yielded a 14,500 BP, on a coprolite with human DNA and radiocarbon dates of 13,200 and 12,900 BP on horizons containing western stemmed points. Artifact horizons with non-Clovis lithic assemblages and pre-Clovis ages occur in eastern North America, although the maximum ages tend to be poorly constrained.

713:

and 14,200 BP. South of the ice sheets, the oldest such sites occur in association with the Clovis complex. If humans managed to breach the continental ice sheets significantly before 13,000 BP, there should be clear evidence for it in the form of at least some stratigraphically discrete archaeological components with a relatively high artifact count. So far, no such evidence exists."

2109:

E.; Barba-Pingarón, Luis; Ortiz-Butrón, Agustín; Blancas-Vázquez, Jorge; Rivera-González, Irán; Solís-Rosales, Corina; Rodríguez-Ceja, María; Gandy, Devlin A.; Navarro-Gutierrez, Zamara; de la Rosa-Díaz, Jesús J.; Huerta-Arellano, Vladimir; Marroquín-Fernández, Marco B.; Martínez-Riojas, L. Martin; López-Jiménez, Alejandro; Higham, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske (2020).

816:, a type of megafauna, have been identified as an ideal candidate for the tracing of human migrations out of Europe because of both their abundance in North America as well as being one of the first megafauna for which ancient DNA was used to trace patterns of population movement. Unlike other types of fauna that moved between the Americas and Eurasia ( 344:

barrier between interior Alaska and the Pacific coast broke up starting around 16,200 BP. The ice-free corridor to the interior of North America opened between 13,000 and 12,000 BP. Glaciation in eastern Siberia during the LGM was limited to alpine and valley glaciers in mountain ranges and did not block access between Siberia and Beringia.

600:

Beringia are lacking. Biomarker and microfossil analyses of sediments from Lake E5 and Burial Lake in northern Alaska suggest human presence in eastern Beringia as early as 34,000 years ago. These sedimentary analyses have been suggested to be the only possibly recoverable remnants of humans living in Alaska during the last Glacial period.

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coastlines that maritime people would have followed into the Americas. Finding sites associated with early coastal migrations is extremely difficult—and systematic excavation of any sites found in deeper waters is challenging and expensive. Strategies for finding earliest migration sites include identifying potential sites on submerged

1377:

BP) would then not be required: Migrants in boats could have easily bypassed ice barriers and settled in scattered coastal refugia, before the deglaciation of the coastal land route was complete. A maritime-competent source population in coastal East Asia is an essential part of the marine migration hypothesis.

1097:, two skulls from the Tlapacoya site (Mexico City), and 33 skulls from Baja California have exhibited certain craniofacial traits distinct from most modern Native Americans, leading physical anthropologists to posit an earlier "Paleoamerican" population wave. The most basic measured distinguishing trait is the 399:. The now-submerged coastal plain has potential for more refugia. Pollen data indicate mostly herb/shrub tundra vegetation in unglaciated areas, with some boreal forest towards the southern end of the range of Cordilleran ice. The coastal marine environment remained productive, as indicated by fossils of 1240:

retreat from the corridor are in the range of 13,000 to 12,000 years ago. Viability of the corridor as a human migration route has been estimated at 11,500 BP, later than the ages of the Clovis and pre-Clovis sites. Dated Clovis archaeological sites suggest a south-to-north spread of the Clovis culture.

5180:

Heintzman, Peter D.; Froese, Duane; Ives, John W.; Soares, André E. R.; Zazula, Grant D.; Letts, Brandon; Andrews, Thomas D.; Driver, Jonathan C.; Hall, Elizabeth; Hare, P. Gregory; Jass, Christopher N. (2016-07-19). "Bison phylogeography constrains dispersal and viability of the Ice Free Corridor in

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forests along much of the Pacific Rim from Japan to Beringia, the Pacific Northwest, and California, and as far as the Andean Coast of South America. Once the coastlines of Alaska and British Columbia had deglaciated about 16,000 years ago, these kelp forest (along with estuarine, mangrove, and

1239:

Geological findings on the timing of the ice-free corridor also challenge the notion that Clovis and pre-Clovis human occupation of the Americas was a result of migration through that route following the Last Glacial Maximum. Pre-LGM closing of the corridor may approach 30,000 BP and estimates of ice

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Stemmed points are a lithic technology distinct from Beringian and Clovis types. They have a distribution ranging from coastal East Asia to the Pacific coast of South America. The emergence of stemmed points has been traced to Korea during the upper Paleolithic. The origin and distribution of stemmed

755:

A study of the diversification of mtDNA Haplogroups C and D from southern Siberia and eastern Asia, respectively, suggests that the parent lineage (Subhaplogroup D4h) of Subhaplogroup D4h3, a lineage found among Native Americans and Han Chinese, emerged around 20,000 BP, constraining the emergence of

712:

The Clovis-first advocates have not accepted the veracity of these findings. In 2022, they said, "The oldest evidence for archaeological sites in the New World with large numbers of artifacts occurring in discrete and minimally disturbed stratigraphic contexts occur in eastern Beringia between 13,000

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The inland Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets retreated more slowly than did the coastal glaciers. Opening of an ice-free corridor did not occur until after 13,000 to 12,000 BP. The early environment of the ice-free corridor was dominated by glacial outwash and meltwater, with ice-dammed lakes and

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said that "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence – each aspect requires the strongest scrutiny," adding that "High and concentrated forces must have been required to smash the thickest mastodon bones, and the low energy depositional environment seemingly provides no obvious alternative

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is a variant of coastal migration; essentially its only difference is that it postulates that boats were the principal means of travel. The proposed use of boats adds a measure of flexibility to the chronology of coastal migration, because a continuous ice-free coast (16–15,000 calibrated years

1015:

are regarded as descendants of the Jōmon. The occurrence of the Subhaplogroups D1a and C1a in the lower Amur region suggests a source population from that region distinct from the Altai-Baikal source populations, where sampling did not reveal those two particular subclades. The conclusions regarding

2108:

Ardelean, Ciprian F.; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Schwenninger, Jean-Luc; Oviatt, Charles G.; Macías-Quintero, Juan I.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Sikora, Martin; Ocampo-Díaz, Yam Zul E.; Rubio-Cisneros, Igor I.; Watling, Jennifer G.; De Medeiros, Vanda B.; De Oliveira, Paulo

1356:

proposes that people first reached the Americas via water travel, following coastlines from northeast Asia into the Americas, originally proposed in 1979 by Knute Fladmark as an alternative to the hypothetical migration through an ice-free inland corridor. This model would help to explain the rapid

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in the early 1930s required extension of the timeframe for the settlement of North America to the period during which glaciers were still extensive. That led to the hypothesis of a migration route between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets to explain the early settlement. The Clovis site was

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skeleton which appeared to have been processed by humans. The mastodon skeleton was dated by thorium-230/uranium radiometric analysis, using diffusion–adsorption–decay dating models, to around 130 thousand years ago. No human bones were found and expert reaction was mixed; claims of tools and bone

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technology was subsequently identified over much of North America and in South America. The association of Clovis complex technology with late Pleistocene faunal remains led to the theory that it marked the arrival of big game hunters that migrated out of Beringia and then dispersed throughout the

982:

With further definition of subclades related to Native American populations, the requirements for sampling Asian populations to find the most closely related subclades grow more specific. Subhaplogroups D1 and D4h3 have been regarded as Native American specific based on their absence among a large

840:, relying on following food sources for survival. Mobility was part of what made humans successful. As nomadic groups, early humans likely followed the food from Eurasia to the Americas – part of the reason why tracing megafaunal DNA is so helpful for garnering insight to these migratory patterns. 343:

persisted on present-day islands, that supported terrestrial and marine mammals. As deglaciation occurred, refugia expanded until the coast became ice-free by 15,000 BP. The retreat of glaciers on the Alaskan Peninsula provided access from Beringia to the Pacific coast by around 17,000 BP. The ice

285:

of the Bering Strait and eustatic sea level curve place the event around 11,000 years BP (Figure 1). Ongoing research reconstructing Beringian paleogeography during deglaciation could change that estimate and possible earlier submergence could further constrain models of human migration into North

1412:

The coastal migration models provide a different perspective on migration to the New World, but they are not without their own problems: One such problem is that global sea levels have risen over 120 metres (390 ft) since the end of the last glacial period, and this has submerged the ancient

603:

At Old Crow Flats, mammoth bones have been found that are broken in distinctive ways indicating human butchery. The radiocarbon dates on these vary between 25,000 and 40,000 BP. Also, stone microflakes have been found in the area indicating tool production. However, the interpretations of butcher

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and pushed back the possible date of the first peopling of the Americas. Academics generally believe that humans reached North America south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at some point between 15,000 and 20,000 years ago. Some new controversial archaeological evidence suggests the possibility that

4727:

Recently, we carried out a stringent test of the null hypothesis of a single founding population of Central and South Americans using genome-wide data from diverse Native Americans. We detected a statistically clear signal linking Native Americans in the Amazonian region of Brazil to present-day

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It is possible that humans arrived in the Americas by way of interior routes that existed prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. Cosmogenic exposure dating, a technique that analyzes when in Earth's history a landscape was exposed to cosmic rays (and therefore unglaciated), performed by Mark Swisher

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in Pennsylvania. The oldest archaeological sites on the Alaskan side of Beringia date to around 14,000 BP. It is possible that a small founder population had entered Beringia before that time. However, archaeological sites that date closer to the LGM on either the Siberian or the Alaskan side of

426:

Pollen data indicate a warm period culminating between 17,000 and 13,000 BP followed by cooling between 13,000 and 11,500 BP. Coastal areas deglaciated rapidly as coastal alpine glaciers, then lobes of Cordilleran ice, retreated. The retreat was accelerated as sea levels rose and floated glacial

5456:

According to the latest paleogenetic data, East Asian populations migrated to Northeastern Siberia ca. 20,000–18,000 cal BP. The migration was accompanied by their mixing with the descendants of the "Ancient North Siberians", represented by the genome from the Yana and Malta individuals. These

4979:

Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Potter, Ben A.; Vinner, Lasse; Steinrücken, Matthias; Rasmussen, Simon; Terhorst, Jonathan; Kamm, John A.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Reuther, Joshua D.; Irish, Joel D.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Orlando, Ludovic; Song, Yun S.; Nielsen, Rasmus;

2460:

Chatters, James C.; Potter, Ben A.; Prentiss, Anna Marie; Fiedel, Stuart J.; Haynes, Gary; Kelly, Robert L.; Kilby, J. David; Lanoë, François; Holland-Lulewicz, Jacob; Miller, D. Shane; Morrow, Juliet E.; Perri, Angela R.; Rademaker, Kurt M.; Reuther, Joshua D.; Ritchison, Brandon T.; Sanchez,

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in January 2015 reviewed craniofacial variation focusing on differences between early and late Native Americans and explanations for these based on either skull morphology or molecular genetics. Arguments based on molecular genetics have in the main, according to the authors, accepted a single

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have an ascertained archaeological presence in the Americas dating back to about 15,000 years ago. More recent research, however, suggests a human presence dating to between 18,000 and 26,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum. There remain uncertainties regarding the precise dating of

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in Clovis, New Mexico. Numerical dating of Clovis sites has allowed comparison of Clovis dates with dates of other archaeological sites throughout the Americas, and of the opening of the ice-free corridor. Both lead to significant challenges to the Clovis First theory. The Monte Verde site of

1119:

Archaeogenetic studies do not support a two-wave model or the Paleoamerican hypothesis of an Australo-Melanesian origin, and firmly assign all Paleo-Indians and modern Native Americans to one ancient population that entered the Americas in a single migration from Beringia. Only in one ancient

1222:

An alternative to the Beringia route is proposed by the "stepping stones" hypothesis. The frequent submergence of islands along the Bering Transitory Archipelago would have forced the inhabitants of these island to continue traveling across the archipelago until they reached the mainland.

1209:

Recent radiocarbon dating of Clovis sites has yielded ages of between 13,000 and 12,600 BP, somewhat later than dates derived from older techniques. The re-evaluation of earlier radiocarbon dates led to the conclusion that no fewer than 11 of the 22 Clovis sites with radiocarbon dates are

1218:

Recent studies have suggested that the ice-free corridor opened later (around 13,800 ± 500 years ago) than the earliest widely accepted archaeological sites in the Americas, suggesting that it could have not have been used as the migration route for the earliest peoples to migrate south.

5123:

Posth, Cosimo; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Skoglund, Pontus; Mallick, Swapan; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Rohland, Nadin; Nägele, Kathrin; Adamski, Nicole; Bertolini, Emilie; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Cooper, Alan; Culleton, Brendan J.; Ferraz, Tiago; Ferry, Matthew (2018-11-15).

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Analyses of biomarkers and microfossils preserved in sediments from Lake E5 and Burial Lake in northern Alaska suggest early humans burned Beringian landscapes as early as 34,000 years ago. The authors of these studies suggest that fire was used as means of hunting megafauna.

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However, a third theory, the "Beringian standstill hypothesis", suggests that East Asians instead migrated north to Northeastern Siberia, where they mixed with ANE, and later diverged in Beringia, where distinct Native American lineages formed. This theory is supported by

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marine organisms colonized shorelines as ocean water replaced glacial meltwater. Replacement of herb/shrub tundra by coniferous forests was underway by 15,000 BP north of Haida Gwaii. Eustatic sea level rise caused flooding, which accelerated as the rate grew more rapid.

619:

State, has been dated to 26,000 years BP based on numerous lithic artefacts discovered there. However, there is scholarly debate over whether the artifacts should be considered evidence of human activity or if they were formed naturally. No evidence of human DNA or

1120:

specimen (Lagoa Santa) and a few modern populations in the Amazon region, a small Australasian ancestry component of c. 3% was detected, which remains unexplained by the current state of research (as of 2021), but may be explained by the presence of the more basal

472:

Map of Beringia showing the exposed seafloor and glaciation at 40,000 years ago and 16,000 years ago. The green arrow indicates the "interior migration" model along an ice-free corridor separating the major continental ice sheets, the red arrow indicates the

1054:. It is also present among African descendants and native populations in the Caribbean region and South America. It is rare in Central America and North America. Its distribution in the Americas has been regarded as due to importation with the slave trade. 7494: 4345:

commented that "To demonstrate such early occupation of the Americas requires the presence of unequivocal stone artifacts. There are no unequivocal stone tools associated with the bones... this site is likely just an interesting paleontological locality."

1243:

Pre-LGM migration into the interior has been proposed to explain pre-Clovis ages for archaeological sites in the Americas, although pre-Clovis sites such as Meadowcroft Rock Shelter, Monte Verde, and Paisley Cave have not yielded confirmed pre-LGM ages.

436:

periodic flooding from the release of ice-dammed meltwater. Biological productivity of the deglaciated landscape increased slowly. The earliest possible viability of the ice-free corridor as a human migration route has been estimated at 11,500 BP.

863:

deposits in Alaska show a continuous exchange of population from 12,500 radiocarbon years BP to beyond radiocarbon dating capabilities. This indicates that there was viable passage for grey wolf populations to exchange between the two continents.

1417:, seeking sites in areas uplifted either by tectonics or isostatic rebound, and looking for riverine sites in areas that may have attracted coastal migrants. On the other hand, there is evidence of marine technologies found in the hills of the 880:

and an ancient East Asian (ESEA) population. According to Jennifer Raff, the Ancient North Eurasian population mixed with a daughter population of ancient East Asians, who they encountered around 25,000 years ago, which led to the emergence of

541:. However, a 2016 study has argued against this, suggesting that the peopling of North America via such a corridor is unlikely to significantly pre-date the earliest Clovis sites. The study concludes that the ice-free corridor in what is now 4560:"New Evidence That Ancient Footprints Push Back Human Arrival in North America - Following up on a study in 2021 of tracks found in New Mexico, researchers used more methods to bolster the claim that the tracks are up to 23,000 years old" 867:

These faunas' ability to exchange populations during the period of the Last Glacial Maximum along with genetic evidence found from early human remains in the Americas provides evidence to support pre-Clovis migrations into the Americas.

302:

The onset of the Last Glacial Maximum after 30,000 years BP saw the expansion of alpine glaciers and continental ice sheets that blocked migration routes out of Beringia. By 21,000 years BP, and possibly thousands of years earlier, the

138:

While there is general agreement that the Americas were first settled from Asia, the pattern of migration and the place(s) of origin in Eurasia of the peoples who migrated to the Americas remain unclear. The traditional theory is that

5759:

Zakharov, I.A.; Derenko, M.V.; Maliarchuk, B.A.; et al. (12 January 2006). "Mitochondrial DNA variation in the aboriginal populations of the Altai-Baikal region: implications for the genetic history of North Asia and America".

5668:

Adachi, Noboru; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Umetsu, Kazuo & Matsumura, Hirofumi (March 2009). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Jōmon skeletons from the Funadomari site, Hokkaido, and its implication for the origins of Native American".

1124:, a deep East Asian lineage which did not directly contribute to modern East Asians but may have contributed to the ancestors of Native Americans in Siberia, as such ancestry is also found among previous Paleolithic Siberians ( 1389:

coral reef) habitats would have provided an ecologically homogenous migration corridor, entirely at sea level, and essentially unobstructed. A 2016 DNA analysis of plants and animals suggest a coastal route was feasible.

5873:

Adachi, Noboru; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Umetsu, Kazuo; et al. (November 2011). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Hokkaido Jōmon skeletons: Remnants of archaic maternal lineages at the southwestern edge of former Beringia".

1193:

Historically, theories about migration into the Americas have revolved around migration from Beringia through the interior of North America. The discovery of artifacts in association with Pleistocene faunal remains near

760:

at around 15,000 to 10,000 BP. Greater consistency of DNA molecular evolution rate models with each other and with archaeological data may be gained by the use of dated fossil DNA to calibrate molecular evolution rates.

4112:

González-José, R.; Bortolini, M.C.; Santos, F.R. & Bonatto, S.L. (October 2008). "The peopling of America: craniofacial shape variation on a continental scale and its interpretation from an interdisciplinary view".

1034:, X2a probably originated in the same Siberian population as the other four founding maternal lineages, and that there is no compelling reason to believe it is related to X lineages found in Europe or West Eurasia. The 999:

of the lower Amur River region (4 among 87 sampled, or 4.6%), along with Subhaplogroup C1a (1 among 87, or 1.1%). Subhaplogroup C1a is regarded as a close sister clade of the Native American Subhaplogroup C1b.

3902: 1974: 735:

Genetic studies have used high resolution analytical techniques applied to DNA samples from modern Native Americans and Asian populations regarded as their source populations to reconstruct the development of

382:

bulge equilibrated with the depression beneath the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, exposed the continental shelf to form a coastal plain. While much of the coastal plain was covered with piedmont glaciers, unglaciated

855:– during which it was believed that remaining populations of the grey wolf residing in North America faced extinction and were isolated from the rest of the population. This, however, may not be the case. 708:

suggest a human presence dating back to the LGM between 18,000 and 26,000 years ago. Later studies, reported in October 2023, confirmed that the age of the human footprints to be "up to 23,000 years old".

959:

The development of high-resolution genomic analysis has provided opportunities to further define Native American subclades and narrow the range of Asian subclades that may be parent or sister subclades.

5231:

Leonard, Jennifer A.; Vilà, Carles; Fox-Dobbs, Kena; Koch, Paul L.; Wayne, Robert K.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (2007-07-03). "Megafaunal Extinctions and the Disappearance of a Specialized Wolf Ecomorph".

2865:

Misarti, Nicole; Finney, Bruce P.; Jordan, James W.; et al. (10 August 2012). "Early retreat of the Alaska Peninsula Glacier Complex and the implications for coastal migrations of First Americans".

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which proposes that the first group of people entered Beringia, including ice-free parts of Alaska, at a much earlier date, possibly 40,000 years ago, followed by a much later second wave of immigrants.

3965:

Rodrigues, Cheliz; Giannini (2003). "Early anthropic occupation and geomorphological changes in South America: human–environment interactions and OSL data from the Rincão I site , southeastern Brazil".

7042:

Altschul, Jeffrey; Johnson, William C.; Sterner, Matthew A.; Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District; Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District; Statistical Research, Inc.; SRI Press (1989).

941:

A study published in July 2022 suggested that people in southern China may have contributed to the Native American gene pool, based on the discovery and DNA analysis of 14,000-year-old human fossils.

4001:

Santos, G.M; Bird, M.I; Parenti, F.; et al. (2003). "A revised chronology of the lowest occupation layer of Pedra Furada Rock Shelter, Piauı́, Brazil: The Pleistocene peopling of the Americas".

407:

over rocky marine shallows may have been a lure for coastal migration. Reconstruction of the southern Beringian coastline also suggests potential for a highly productive coastal marine environment.

7742:

Erlandson, Jon. M.; Graham, M. H.; Bourque, Bruce J.; et al. (30 October 2007). "The Kelp Highway Hypothesis: Marine Ecology, The Coastal Migration Theory, and the Peopling of the Americas".

7771:

Eshleman, Jason A.; Malhi, Ripan S. & Glenn Smith, David (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA Studies of Native Americans: Conceptions and Misconceptions of the Population Prehistory of the Americas".

7043: 2461:

Guadalupe; Sánchez-Morales, Ismael; Spivey-Faulkner, S. Margaret; Tune, Jesse W.; Haynes, C. Vance (October 23, 2021). "Evaluating Claims of Early Human Occupation at Chiquihuite Cave, Mexico".

549:"was gradually taken over by a boreal forest dominated by spruce and pine trees" and that the "Clovis people likely came from the south, not the north, perhaps following wild animals such as 8137: 3125:

Erlandson, Jon M.; Graham, Michael H.; Bourque, Bruce J.; et al. (2007). "The Kelp highway hypothesis: marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas".

6966:

Clark, Jorie; Carlson, Anders E.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Carlson, Elizabeth C. B.; Guillaume, Louise; Milne, Glenn A.; Tarasov, Lev; Caffee, Marc; Wilcken, Klaus; Rood, Dylan H. (2022-04-05).

1057:

The Ainu have developed antibodies to HTLV-1, indicating its endemicity to the Ainu and its antiquity in Japan. A subtype "A" has been defined and identified among the Japanese (including

931:

DNA evidence, which may reflect different population histories for paternal and maternal lineages in Native Americans, which is not uncommon and has been observed in other populations.

916:

evidence. According to Grebenyuk, after 20,000 BP, a branch of Ancient East Asians migrated to Northeastern Siberia, and mixed with descendants of the ANE, leading to the emergence of

6684:

de Azvedo, Soledad; Bortolini, Maria C.; Bonatto, Sandro L.; et al. (January 2015). "Ancient Remains and the First Peopling of the Americas: Reassessing the Hoyo Negro Skull".

1259:

hold lithic remains of Silver Lake projectile points and Lake Mojave projectile points. This indicates an interior movement into the region as early as 13,800 BP, if not earlier.

6122:

Ishida, Takafumi; Yamamoto, Kohtaro; Omoto, Keiichi; et al. (September 1985). "Prevalence of a human retrovirus in native Japanese: evidence for a possible ancient origin".

3804:"Popular theory on how humans populated North America can't be right, study shows: Ice-free corridor through Alberta, B.C. not usable by humans until after Clovis people arrived" 885:

ancestral populations. However, the exact location where the admixture took place is unknown, and the migratory movements that united the two populations are a matter of debate.

6270:

Li, Hong-Chuan; Fujiyoshi, Toshinobu; Lou, Hong; et al. (December 1999). "The presence of ancient human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I provirus DNA in an Andean mummy".

944:

The contrast between the genetic profiles of the Hokkaido Jōmon skeletons and the modern Ainu illustrates another uncertainty in source models derived from modern DNA samples.

655:

released a study that contradicts the alleged Australo-Melanesian origin of Luzia. Using DNA sequencing, the results showed that Luzia's ancestry was entirely Native American.

6429:

González-José, Rolando; González-Martín, Antonio; Hernández, Miquel; et al. (4 September 2003). "Craniometric evidence for Palaeoamerican survival in Baja California".

3883: 647:. This interpretation was challenged in a 2003 review which concluded the features in question could also have arisen by genetic drift. In November 2018, scientists of the 566: 11993: 9161: 8826: 8525: 1729:

Ancient genetic landscape of archaeological human remains from Panama, South America and Oceania described through STR genotype frequencies and mitochondrial DNA sequences

1038:

fossil was found to carry the deepest branch of the X2a haplogroup, and he did not have any European ancestry that would be expected for a European origin of the lineage.

1199:

host to a lithic technology characterized by spear points with an indentation, or flute, where the point was attached to the shaft. A lithic complex characterized by the

439:

Birch forests were advancing across former herb tundra in Beringia by 17,000 BP in response to climatic amelioration, indicating increased productivity of the landscape.

1400:

occurring along the west coast of the Americas, has been identified as a clade associated with coastal migration. This haplogroup was found in a skeleton referred to as

510:

The archaeological sites in the Americas with the oldest dates that have gained broad acceptance are all compatible with an age of about 15,000 years. This includes the

5311:

Zhang, Xiaoming; Ji, Xueping; Li, Chunmei; Yang, Tingyu; Huang, Jiahui; Zhao, Yinhui; Wu, Yun; Ma, Shiwu; Pang, Yuhong; Huang, Yanyi; He, Yaoxi; Su, Bing (2022-07-25).

7209: 6073:"Low degree of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I genetic drift in vivo as a means of monitoring viral transmission and movement of ancient human populations" 5582:

Zhang, Xiaoming; Ji, Xueping; Li, Chunmei; Yang, Tingyu; Huang, Jiahui; Zhao, Yinhui; Wu, Yun; Ma, Shiwu; Pang, Yuhong; Huang, Yanyi; He, Yaoxi; Su, Bing (July 2022).

963:

The common occurrence of the mtDNA Haplogroups A, B, C, and D among eastern Asian and Native American populations has long been recognized, along with the presence of

836:, however, contains evidence of a bottleneck – something that can be used to test hypothesis on migrations between the two continents. Early human groups were largely 10581: 8869: 781:(ANA) lineage about 20,000 years ago. The ANA lineage was estimated as having been formed between 20,000 and 25,000 years ago by a mixture of East Asian (~65%) and 8859: 1445: 1310:

The interior route is consistent with the spread of the Na-Dene language group and subhaplogroup X2a into the Americas after the earliest paleoamerican migration.

1116:

gave rise to a distinct morphology that was similar in all known Paleoamerican skulls, followed by later convergence towards the modern Native American phenotype.

488:, that the first migration occurred after the LGM, which went into decline after about 19,000 years ago, and was then followed by successive waves of immigrants. 12051: 10444: 3085:

Erlandson, Jon M. & Braje, Todd J. (2011). "From Asia to the Americas by boat? Paleogeography, paleoecology, and stemmed points of the northwest Pacific".

360:

The paleoclimates and vegetation of eastern Siberia and Alaska during the Wisconsin glaciation have been deduced from high resolution oxygen isotope data and

11988: 10515: 9470: 9122: 9117: 8899: 8495: 1435: 722: 124: 3256: 8680: 6569: 17: 3719: 3533: 1026:

X is one of the five mtDNA haplogroups found in Indigenous Americans. Native Americans mostly belong to the X2a clade, which has never been found in the

7141: 6728:""The first human settlement of the New World " A closer look at craniofacial variation and evolution of early and late Holocene Native American groups" 4569: 1849: 265:

analysis of deep sea cores, the dating of marine terraces, and high-resolution oxygen isotope sampling from ocean basins and modern ice caps. A drop of

7338:"Humans may have taken different path into Americas than thought Arctic passage wouldn't have provided enough food for the earliest Americans' journey" 4363:

Pitulko, V.V.; Nikolsky, P.A.; Girya, E. Yu; et al. (2 January 2004). "The Yana RHS Site: Humans in the Arctic Before the Last Glacial Maximum".

1016:

Subhaplogroup D1 indicating potential source populations in the lower Amur and Hokkaido areas stand in contrast to the single-source migration model.

8428: 2650:

Jackson, L.E. Jr.; Phillips, F.M.; Shimamura, K. & Little, E.C. (1997). "Cosmogenic Cl dating of the Foothills Erratics train, Alberta, Canada".

7357:

Rasmussen, Morten; Anzick, Sarah L.; Waters, Michael R.; Skoglund, Pontus; DeGiorgio, Michael; Stafford, Thomas W. Jr; et al. (February 2014).

6383: 1285:

and published in 2010. This theory received support from many linguists, with archaeological and genetic studies providing it with further support.

8819: 8212: 6036:

Verdonck, K.; González, E.; Van Dooren, S.; et al. (April 2007). "Human T-lymphotropic virus 1: recent knowledge about an ancient infection".

1549: 8130: 4274:

Holen, Steven R.; Deméré, Thomas A.; Fisher, Daniel C.; et al. (2017). "A 130,000-year-old archaeological site in southern California, USA".

2084: 8685: 3570: 281:(LGM), the Beringian land bridge was again submerged. Estimates of the final re-submergence of the Beringian land bridge based purely on present 6812:

Waters, Michael R. & Stafford, Thomas W. (23 February 2007). "Redefining the age of Clovis: implications for the peopling of the Americas".

11968: 10614: 9492: 8721: 1498: 1313:

Nevertheless, some scholars suggest that the ancestors of western North Americans speaking Na-Dene languages made a coastal migration by boat.

11953: 10013: 9385: 7802:

Fedje, Daryl W. & Christensen, Tina (October 1999). "Modeling Paleoshorelines and Locating Early Holocene Coastal Sites in Haida Gwaii".

8731: 8726: 8634: 8530: 4691: 3903:"30ky old archaeological material at Chiquihuite Cave, round 2: It still doesn't matter how much some of the objects look like stone tools" 10930: 10553: 10489: 9429: 9274: 8812: 5824:"Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups" 2426:"New AMS Radiocarbon Ages from the Preceramic Levels of Coxcatlan Cave, Puebla, Mexico: A Pleistocene Occupation of the Tehuacan Valley?" 1450: 557:, which may have been feasible along the deglaciated (but now submerged) coastline of the Pacific Northwest from about 16,000 years ago. 35: 983:

sampling of populations regarded as potential descendants of source populations, over a wide area of Asia. Among the 3,764 samples, the

10429: 10118: 9134: 9129: 8314: 8254: 5762: 583:

Pre-LGM migration across Beringia has been proposed to explain purported pre-LGM ages of archaeological sites in the Americas such as

11958: 10188: 9978: 9463: 9436: 9187: 4038: 1133: 10962: 10083: 7469:"California islands give up evidence of early seafaring: Numerous artifacts found at late Pleistocene sites on the Channel Islands" 7032:

Dobson, Jerome (et al.) (2021). The Bering Transitory Archipelago: Stepping Stones for the First Americans. Géoscience, 353, 55-65.

4036:

van Vark, G.N.; Kuizenga, D. & Williams, F.L. (June 2003). "Kennewick and Luzia: lessons from the European Upper Paleolithic".

1421:, circa 12,000 BP. If there was an early pre-Clovis coastal migration, there is always the possibility of a "failed colonization". 7415: 7066: 4683: 9878: 8560: 1941: 504: 213: 7230:

Swisher, Mark (et al.). 2013. A Reassessment of the Role of the Canadian Ice-Free Corridor in Light of New Geological Evidence.

1824: 1292:

of Alaska and the Canadian Arctic may have originated in East Siberia about 5,000 years ago. This is connected with the ancient

9953: 9888: 9868: 8394: 8329: 8304: 8278: 810:

DNA lineage can be used to trace movements of megafauna – large mammalian – as well as the early human groups who hunted them.

50: 9195: 7045:

Deep Creek Site (CA-SBr-176): A Late Prehistoric Base Camp in the Mojave River Forks Region, San Bernardino County, California

5428:

Grebenyuk, Pavel S.; Fedorchenko, Alexander Yu.; Dyakonov, Viktor M.; Lebedintsev, Alexander I.; Malyarchuk, Boris A. (2022).

3926: 1664: 10950: 10093: 9260: 9156: 8545: 8421: 8077: 8054: 8033: 8012: 7989: 7964: 7943: 7732: 7680: 7656: 7635: 7614: 7593: 7489:

Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena, and Thomas Higham. (2020) "The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America."

5920: 5449: 5387: 4665: 3841: 3731: 3673: 3516: 3482: 3294: 3060: 3022: 2923: 2801: 2589: 2520: 2382: 2347: 2312: 2277: 2011: 1807: 1780: 1529: 1478: 579:

Figure 2. Schematic illustration of maternal (mtDNA) gene-flow in and out of Beringia (long chronology, single source model).

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ice. As water accumulated in glaciers, the volume of water in the oceans correspondingly decreased, resulting in lowering of

31: 7337: 7217: 3938:

Vialou, D.; Feathers; Fontugne; Vialou (2017). "Peopling South America's centre: the late Pleistocene site of Santa Elina".

2537: 11864: 10979: 9456: 9395: 9390: 8649: 8565: 8550: 8299: 8205: 6921:

Adovasio, J. M; Donahue, J. & Stuckenrath, R. (1990). "The Meadowcroft Rockshelter Rasdiocarbon Chronology 1975–1990".

4638: 4166:

Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Vinner, Lasse; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; et al. (7 December 2018).

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by 18,000 BP. Coastal alpine glaciers started to retreat around 19,000 BP while Cordilleran ice continued advancing in the

2710:"Late Quaternary paleoenvironments of Northwestern North America: implications for inland versus coastal migration routes" 2164:

Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Higham, Thomas (2020). "The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America".

315:, closing off a potential migration route into the center of North America. Alpine glaciers in the coastal ranges and the 11923: 10974: 10852: 10474: 10449: 10399: 9863: 9415: 9270: 9094: 8555: 8156: 7773: 7545:

Bradley, Bruce & Stanford, Dennis J. (2006). "The Solutrean-Clovis connection: reply to Straus, Meltzer and Goebel".

7419: 6525: 4747:"Genetic Analysis of Early Holocene Skeletal Remains From Alaska and its Implications for the Settlement of the Americas" 4072: 2820:

Blaise, B.; Clague, J.J. & Mathewes, R.W. (1990). "Time of maximum Late Wisconsin glaciation, west coast of Canada".

745: 111:, by 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. The earliest populations in the Americas, before roughly 10,000 years ago, are known as 6223:"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 in coastal natives of British Columbia: phylogenetic affinities and possible origins" 979:

of C and D closer to the Native American subclades occur among Mongolian, Amur, Japanese, Korean, and Ainu populations.

934:

A 2019 study suggested that Native Americans are the closest living relatives to 10,000-year-old fossils found near the

11978: 10957: 10596: 10223: 10003: 9828: 9255: 9084: 8835: 8698: 8693: 8654: 8644: 8520: 5992: 1165: 921: 882: 737: 452: 356:

Vegetation cover at the Last Glacial Maximum period ~18,000 years ago, describing the type of vegetation cover present

12041: 11917: 10986: 9112: 8389: 8324: 8273: 8103: 6326: 5938:"Does Mitochondrial Haplogroup X Indicate Ancient Trans-Atlantic Migration to the Americas? A Critical Re-Evaluation" 5066:

Castro e Silva, Marcos Araújo; Ferraz, Tiago; Bortolini, Maria Cátira; Comas, David; Hünemeier, Tábita (2021-04-06).

3833:

From the Yenisei to the Yukon: Interpreting Lithic Assemblage Variability in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Beringia

3726:. Peopling of the Americas. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University. pp. 103–112. 1322:

suggests that an older ice-free corridor existed in North America 25,000 years ago. Swisher attributes sites such as

802:

Although there is no archaeological evidence that can be used to direct support a coastal migration route during the

7974:

Korotayev, Andrey; Berezkin, Yuri E.; Borinskaya, Svetlana A.; Davletshin, Albert I.; Khaltourina, Daria A. (2017).

5053:

17.5-14.6 kya for the separation of Paleo Indian into North Native Americans (NNA) and South Native Americans (SNA).

1636: 11738: 11427: 9968: 9205: 8639: 8414: 8269: 4559: 2784:

Booth, Derek B.; Troost, Kathy Goetz; Clague, John J. & Waitt, Richard B. (2003). "The Cordilleran Ice Sheet".

2538:"Scientists say they've confirmed evidence that humans arrived in the Americas far earlier than previously thought" 245:

Figure 1. Submergence of the Beringian land bridge with post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) rise in eustatic sea level.

6726:

Azevedo, Soledad de; Quinto-Sánchez, Mirsha; Paschetta, Carolina & González-José, Rolando (28 February 2017).

6633:

Willerslev, Eske; Meltzer, David J. (17 June 2021). "Peopling of the Americas as inferred from ancient genomics".

6164:"Phylogenetic subtypes of human T-lymphotropic virus type I and their relations to the anthropological background" 3628:

Cinq-Mars, J. (1979). "Bluefish Cave 1: A Late Pleistocene Eastern Beringian Cave Deposit in the Northern Yukon".

731:

Map of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups – dominant haplogroups in pre-colonial populations with proposed migrations routes

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being 16,000 years old, at a time when the glacial maximum would have theoretically allowed for lower coastlines.

277:, a durable and extensive geographic feature connecting Siberia with Alaska. With the rise of sea level after the 11808: 11438: 11120: 10935: 10546: 10469: 10434: 10238: 10108: 9958: 9913: 9338: 9283: 9245: 9225: 8905: 8490: 8198: 3630: 1440: 392: 6616: 3803: 2673: 1268: 11900: 11743: 10591: 10379: 10173: 10148: 10068: 9760: 9504: 9400: 9328: 9318: 9303: 9230: 9071: 8675: 8577: 7935: 6322:"On the phylogenetic placement of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 sequences associated with an Andean mummy" 4746: 3167:"Sedimentary biomarkers reaffirm human impacts on northern Beringian ecosystems during the Last Glacial period" 2952:"Radiocarbon-based chronology of the Paleolithic in Siberia and its relevance to the peopling of the New World" 1874: 178:. Any archaeological evidence of coastal occupation during the last Ice Age would now have been covered by the 11879: 11155: 3543: 1281:

of Siberia was first proposed as early as 1923, and developed further by others. A detailed study was done by

481:

In the early 21st century, the models of the chronology of migration are divided into two general approaches.

12056: 11889: 11130: 10634: 9333: 9308: 9288: 9235: 6523:

Fiedel, Stuart J. (Spring 2004). "The Kennewick follies: "new" theories about the peopling of the Americas".

3317: 2627: 2215:

Gruhn, Ruth (22 July 2020). "Evidence grows that peopling of the Americas began more than 20,000 years ago".

1853: 1418: 756:

D4h3 to post-LGM. Age estimates based on Y-chromosome micro-satellite diversity place origin of the American

697: 384: 11905: 5988:"Provirus load in breast milk and risk of mother-to-child transmission of Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type I" 3566:"A single and early migration for the peopling of the Americas supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data" 12046: 11983: 11911: 11875: 10945: 10384: 9933: 9313: 9293: 9250: 9240: 9200: 8540: 8354: 8334: 8264: 7244:

Fladmark, Knute R. (January 1979). "Routes: alternate migration corridors for early man in North America".

7071: 1727: 1347: 554: 474: 116: 7210:"Face of Ancient Human Drawn From Hair's DNA; Genome paints picture of man from extinct Greenland culture" 375:

were present in those environments. Herb tundra dominated during the LGM, due to cold and dry conditions.

185:

The precise date for the peopling of the Americas is a long-standing open question, and while advances in

11577: 11449: 11035: 10777: 10586: 10479: 10248: 9833: 9818: 9692: 9358: 9298: 9047: 8991: 8864: 8716: 8319: 8184: 3748: 3664:. Occasional Papers No. 1. Edmonton: Archaeological Researches International Department of Anthropology, 2757: 1289: 1147:

points have been interpreted as a cultural marker related to a source population from coastal East Asia.

324: 5471:"Beringia and the global dispersal of modern humans: Beringia and the Global Dispersal of Modern Humans" 5068:"Deep genetic affinity between coastal Pacific and Amazonian natives evidenced by Australasian ancestry" 3884:"Discovery in Mexican Cave May Drastically Change the Known Timeline of Humans' Arrival to the Americas" 1608: 30:

This article is about the original peopling of the Americas. For the later settlement by Europeans, see

11804: 11688: 11531: 10539: 10088: 9843: 9323: 8758: 8753: 8470: 8172: 8160: 5708: 2999: 2714: 876:

The Native American source population was formed in Siberia by the mixing of two distinct populations:

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by about 60 to 120 metres (200 to 390 ft) from present-day levels, commencing around 30,000 years

4215:

Posth, Cosimo; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Skoglund, Pontus; et al. (15 November 2018).

4070:

Fiedel, Stuart J. (2004). "The Kennewick Follies: 'New' Theories about the Peopling of the Americas".

3658:"Critical arguments for Pleistocene artifacts from the Old Crow basin, Yukon: a preliminary statement" 2399: 967:. As a whole, the greatest frequency of the four Native American associated haplogroups occurs in the 648: 427:

termini. It has been estimated that the coast range was fully ice-free between 16,000 and 15,000 BP.

10306: 10258: 8912: 6775:

Seong, Chuntaek (December 2008). "Tanged points, microblades and late paleolithic hunting in Korea".

6384:"Paleoindian sites from the Basin of Mexico: Evidence from stratigraphy, tephrochronology and dating" 5044:

26.1-23-9 kya for the separation of the East Asian lineage of ANA from modern East Asian populations;

3863: 1086: 778: 701: 690: 9780: 7882:"On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas" 7690:

Erlandson, Jon M. (2001). "The Archaeology of Aquatic Adaptations: Paradigms for a New Millennium".

7520: 4766: 1579: 1404:, found in Montana in close association with several Clovis artifacts, dated 12,500 years ago. 229:

For an introduction to the radiocarbon dating techniques used by archaeologists and geologists, see

11511: 11115: 11040: 10917: 10892: 10606: 10193: 10048: 10018: 9577: 9479: 8986: 8749: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8460: 8146: 7976:"Which genes and myths did the different waves of the peopling of Americas bring to the New World?" 7041: 6968:"The age of the opening of the Ice-Free Corridor and implications for the peopling of the Americas" 6391: 5828: 3858: 2950:

Vasil'ev, Sergey A.; Kuzmin, Yaroslav V.; Orlova, Lyubov A. & Dementiev, Vyacheslav N. (2002).

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Brigham-Grette, Julie; Lozhkin, Anatoly V.; Anderson, Patricia M. & Glushkova, Olga Y. (2004).

1494: 953: 757: 596: 570: 511: 2400:"Scientists still are figuring out how to age the ancient footprints in White Sands National Park" 1384:

proposed a "kelp highway hypothesis", a variant of coastal migration based on the exploitation of

11587: 11260: 10757: 10484: 10218: 10208: 10168: 10043: 9775: 9710: 9405: 9001: 8933: 8736: 8659: 8452: 8444: 8379: 8374: 8124: 7721:"Anatomically modern humans, maritime voyaging, and the Pleistocene colonization of the Americas" 7468: 5647: 3695: 2708:

Mandryk, Carole A.S.; Josenhans, Heiner; Fedje, Daryl W. & Mathewes, Rolf W. (January 2001).

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spread to coastal sites extremely distant from the Bering Strait region, including sites such as

1327: 1125: 1112:

Other anthropologists advocate an alternative hypothesis that evolution of an original Beringian

877: 515: 378:

Coastal environments during the Last Glacial Maximum were complex. The lowered sea level, and an

332: 294: 204:

have progressively shed more light on the subject, significant questions remain unresolved. The "

11812: 7504:(2004). "The North Atlantic ice-edge corridor: a possible Palaeolithic route to the New World". 7048:. Statistical Research Technical Series. Paul D. Bouey, Thomas M. Origer. Tucson, AZ: SRI Press. 6864: 5429: 5253: 5202: 4928: 10153: 9873: 9720: 9663: 9597: 9582: 8465: 8221: 7515: 4761: 1574: 1503: 1430: 1397: 917: 806:, genetic analysis has been used to support this thesis. In addition to human genetic lineage, 782: 46: 11230: 8065: 7449:

Hetherington, Renée; Barrie, J. Vaughn; MacLeod, Roger & Wilson, Michael (February 2004).

5910: 5377: 4808:"Distinctive Paleo-Indian Migration Routes from Beringia Marked by Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups" 4593:"Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands" 3657: 3506: 2508: 2302: 2267: 1797: 1766: 1519: 896:, where they would have encountered and mixed with ancient East Asians. Genetic evidence from 11733: 11648: 11582: 11215: 10969: 10940: 10739: 10714: 10679: 10347: 10281: 10228: 10123: 10023: 9790: 9755: 9745: 9686: 9410: 9089: 8996: 8603: 8150: 7720: 4870:"Origin and Post-Glacial Dispersal of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups C and D in Northern Asia" 3665: 3049:"Late Wisconsin Environment and Archaeological Visibility along the Northern Northwest Coast" 3048: 3000:"Modern Human Colonization of the Siberian Mammoth Steppe: A View from South-Central Siberia" 2956: 2911: 2577: 2372: 2337: 1995: 1169: 829: 774: 671: 503:

theory, which dominated thinking on New World anthropology for much of the 20th century, was

396: 304: 197: 163: 144: 10867: 8023: 7954: 7670: 7646: 7625: 7604: 4868:

Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz; et al. (December 21, 2010).

3831: 3472: 627:

Pre-LGM human presence in South America rests partly on the chronology of the controversial

12017: 11884: 11748: 11713: 11633: 11322: 11030: 10925: 10907: 10807: 10531: 9918: 9770: 9642: 9368: 9363: 9079: 8874: 8618: 8613: 8535: 8259: 7843: 7370: 7300: 7156: 6979: 6876: 6821: 6739: 6642: 6584: 6570:"Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern Native Americans" 6438: 6400: 6335: 6175: 6124: 5822:

Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Sukernik, Rem I.; Derbeneva, Olga A.; et al. (January 2005).

5771: 5725: 5648:"DNA from ancient population in Southern China suggests Native Americans' East Asian roots" 5595: 5530: 5324: 4993: 4982:"Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans" 4881: 4821: 4606: 4512: 4446: 4372: 4283: 4179: 4010: 3927:

https://www.science.org/content/article/were-humans-living-mexican-cave-during-last-ice-age

3760: 3579: 3425: 3360: 3178: 3094: 2965: 2875: 2831: 2723: 2661: 2224: 2173: 2122: 1772: 1681: 1665:"Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans" 1566: 1173: 964: 852: 803: 790: 308: 278: 250: 218: 159: 115:. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to Siberian populations by proposed 104: 100: 84: 11210: 6382:

Gonzaleza, Silvia; Huddart, David; Israde-Alcántara, Isabel; et al. (30 March 2015).

4326: 3836:. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University Press. p. 5. 3213:"Evidence of Ice Age humans in eastern Beringia suggests early migration to North America" 1274: 1231: 575: 477:" model, both leading to a "rapid colonization" of the Americas after c. 16,000 years ago. 8: 11850: 11612: 10644: 10624: 10409: 9705: 9632: 9607: 9572: 9552: 8778: 6863:

Jenkins, Dennis L.; Davis, Loren G.; Stafford, Thomas W. Jr; et al. (13 July 2012).

6777: 6077: 3538: 2822: 1999: 1331: 1278: 1078: 667: 644: 507:

by the secure dating of archaeological sites in the Americas to before 13,000 years ago.

457: 10842: 7648:

Bones, Boats & Bison: Archeology and the First Colonization of Western North America

7374: 7304: 7160: 6983: 6880: 6865:"Clovis Age Western Stemmed Projectile Points and Human Coprolites at the Paisley Caves" 6825: 6743: 6646: 6588: 6442: 6404: 6339: 6179: 5775: 5729: 5599: 5534: 5328: 5047:

25-20 kya for the admixture event of ANE and early East Asian lineages ancestral to ANA;

4997: 4885: 4825: 4610: 4516: 4450: 4376: 4287: 4183: 4014: 3764: 3583: 3429: 3364: 3182: 3098: 2969: 2879: 2835: 2727: 2665: 2374:

Resilient Cultures: America's Native Peoples Confront European Colonialization 1500-1800

2228: 2177: 2126: 2027:

Surovell, T. A.; Allaun, S. A.; Gingerich, J. A. M.; Graf, K. E.; Holmes, C. D. (2022).

1898:

Fladmark, K. R. (1979). "Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America".

1685: 1570: 11973: 11963: 11869: 11693: 11602: 11381: 11125: 11070: 11045: 10709: 10704: 10674: 10669: 10494: 10038: 10033: 9893: 9740: 9676: 9657: 9592: 9587: 9519: 9373: 9166: 8572: 8290: 7908: 7881: 7868: 7860: 7829: 7821: 7804: 7790: 7759: 7707: 7572: 7564: 7533: 7427: 7391: 7358: 7269: 7261: 7185: 7125: 7010: 6967: 6948: 6940: 6923: 6900: 6845: 6794: 6666: 6608: 6550: 6542: 6505: 6462: 6356: 6321: 6295: 5967: 5850: 5823: 5795: 5741: 5716: 5629: 5564: 5498: 5358: 5158: 5125: 5100: 5050:

22.0-18.1 kya for the separation of Ancient Beringian from other Paleo-Indian lineages;

5017: 4956: 4904: 4869: 4847: 4713: 4630: 4564: 4535: 4500: 4469: 4434: 4404: 4307: 4251: 4216: 4148: 4097: 4089: 3983: 3784: 3747:

Pedersen, Mikkel W.; Ruter, Anthony; Schweger, Charles; et al. (August 10, 2016).

3635: 3448: 3411: 3384: 3322: 3284: 3234: 3142: 2847: 2619: 2486: 2248: 2197: 2146: 2055: 2028: 1923: 1915: 1747: 1705: 1641: 1600: 1304: 1195: 1160: 856: 652: 336: 266: 258: 230: 11592: 9612: 7979: 7096:

Flegontov, Pavel; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Changmai, Piya; et al. (October 13, 2017).

6247: 6222: 6198: 6163: 6137: 6099: 6072: 6049: 4592: 4022: 3348: 2793: 2735: 2110: 1970: 1823:

Fitzhugh, Drs. William; Goddard, Ives; Ousley, Steve; Owsley, Doug; Stanford, Dennis.

352: 11998: 11928: 11894: 11617: 11607: 11317: 11285: 11165: 11095: 10827: 10802: 10734: 10724: 10562: 10520: 10321: 10028: 9785: 9765: 9547: 9220: 9104: 8884: 8854: 8804: 8773: 8608: 8598: 8439: 8364: 8345: 8309: 8245: 8099: 8092: 8073: 8050: 8029: 8008: 8001: 7985: 7960: 7939: 7913: 7872: 7833: 7763: 7728: 7676: 7652: 7631: 7610: 7589: 7576: 7547: 7537: 7506: 7396: 7318: 7273: 7190: 7172: 7120: 7081: 7015: 6997: 6952: 6892: 6837: 6798: 6727: 6711: 6670: 6658: 6612: 6600: 6568:

Chatters, James C.; Kennett, Douglas J.; Asmerom, Yemane; et al. (16 May 2014).

6554: 6497: 6454: 6361: 6317: 6287: 6252: 6238: 6203: 6141: 6104: 6053: 6011: 5959: 5916: 5891: 5855: 5841: 5787: 5686: 5633: 5621: 5613: 5568: 5556: 5490: 5470: 5445: 5383: 5362: 5350: 5342: 5292: 5249: 5206: 5198: 5163: 5145: 5105: 5087: 5009: 4961: 4927:

Bortolini, Maria-Catira; Salzano, Francisco M.; Thomas, Mark G.; et al. (2003).

4909: 4839: 4779: 4718: 4634: 4622: 4597: 4540: 4474: 4408: 4396: 4388: 4342: 4311: 4299: 4256: 4238: 4197: 4140: 4101: 4055: 3987: 3837: 3776: 3727: 3669: 3607: 3602: 3565: 3512: 3478: 3453: 3388: 3376: 3290: 3238: 3146: 3056: 3018: 2919: 2851: 2843: 2797: 2753: 2709: 2652: 2585: 2516: 2490: 2478: 2378: 2353: 2343: 2318: 2308: 2283: 2273: 2252: 2240: 2201: 2189: 2150: 2138: 2060: 2007: 1927: 1803: 1776: 1751: 1697: 1592: 1557: 1525: 1474: 766: 675: 316: 140: 62: 11195: 11060: 11026: 7956:

Respect for the Ancestors: American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West

7794: 7711: 7359:"The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from aClovis burial site in western Montana" 7129: 6904: 6849: 6299: 6090: 5971: 5954: 5937: 5799: 5518: 5067: 4152: 3229: 3212: 2887: 1828: 1637:"In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas" 1604: 11698: 11638: 11622: 11505: 11469: 11376: 11280: 11080: 10897: 10872: 10689: 10684: 10464: 10301: 10253: 10203: 10143: 10058: 9983: 9973: 9948: 9903: 9750: 9700: 9681: 9671: 9622: 9617: 9378: 9052: 8763: 7903: 7893: 7852: 7813: 7782: 7751: 7699: 7666: 7556: 7525: 7450: 7386: 7378: 7308: 7253: 7180: 7164: 7115: 7107: 7097: 7076: 7005: 6987: 6932: 6884: 6829: 6786: 6755: 6747: 6701: 6693: 6650: 6592: 6534: 6509: 6489: 6466: 6446: 6408: 6351: 6343: 6279: 6242: 6234: 6193: 6183: 6133: 6094: 6086: 6045: 6001: 5949: 5883: 5845: 5837: 5779: 5745: 5733: 5678: 5603: 5546: 5538: 5502: 5482: 5437: 5332: 5282: 5241: 5190: 5153: 5137: 5095: 5079: 5021: 5001: 4951: 4943: 4929:"Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas" 4899: 4889: 4851: 4829: 4771: 4708: 4700: 4614: 4530: 4520: 4464: 4454: 4380: 4291: 4246: 4228: 4187: 4130: 4122: 4081: 4047: 4018: 3975: 3947: 3868: 3788: 3768: 3597: 3587: 3443: 3433: 3368: 3224: 3186: 3134: 3102: 3047:

Fedje, Daryl W.; Mackie, Quentin; Dixon, E. James & Heaton, Timothy H. (2004).

3010: 2973: 2883: 2839: 2789: 2761: 2731: 2669: 2470: 2437: 2232: 2181: 2130: 2050: 2040: 1907: 1737: 1709: 1689: 1672: 1584: 893: 612: 546: 340: 328: 8406: 2474: 11821: 11500: 11459: 11444: 11407: 11371: 11265: 11160: 11075: 11050: 11011: 10996: 10817: 10654: 10357: 10311: 10063: 10008: 9998: 9858: 9637: 9567: 9562: 9542: 9509: 9057: 8793: 8768: 8141: 8044: 7929: 7898: 7501: 7140:

Flegontov, Pavel; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Changmai, Piya; et al. (5 June 2019).

6751: 6412: 6381: 6347: 4894: 4812: 4525: 4459: 3438: 3106: 3014: 2515:. Garland reference library of the humanities. Vol. 1537. pp. 682–683. 2304:

50 Great Myths of Human Evolution: Understanding Misconceptions about Our Origins

2045: 1414: 1177: 968: 770: 727: 592: 320: 312: 65: 7529: 6428: 5441: 5270: 4165: 2578:"Paleoenvironmental Conditions in West Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum" 11752: 11718: 11562: 11537: 11494: 11484: 11474: 11464: 11422: 11205: 11016: 11006: 10699: 10659: 10649: 10439: 10424: 10414: 10053: 9883: 9838: 9735: 9647: 9602: 9027: 9017: 8948: 8788: 8359: 7981:

History and Mathematics: Economy, Demography, Culture, and Cosmic Civilizations

7925: 7142:"Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America" 6654: 6168:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5141: 4347: 4233: 2236: 1975:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1499:"What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking?" 1252: 1247:

There are many pre-Clovis sites in the American Southwest, particularly in the

1098: 785:(~35%) lineages, consistent with the model of the peopling of the Americas via 749: 588: 584: 534: 523: 368: 270: 262: 241: 212:

represents the earliest human presence in the Americas about 13,000 years ago.

209: 179: 80: 11854: 11838: 11658: 10316: 9448: 8166: 7755: 7703: 7560: 7168: 6790: 5608: 5583: 5542: 5337: 5312: 5245: 4981: 4834: 4807: 4704: 3138: 2978: 2951: 2357: 2322: 2287: 2185: 2134: 1094: 12035: 11708: 11552: 11521: 11489: 11433: 11401: 11240: 11200: 11190: 11185: 11175: 11170: 11105: 11100: 11055: 10619: 10576: 10296: 10291: 10183: 10133: 10128: 10113: 10103: 10098: 9848: 9725: 9537: 9514: 9022: 8963: 8849: 8593: 8384: 8176: 8087: 7176: 7001: 6538: 5963: 5617: 5346: 5296: 5149: 5091: 4806:

Perego, Ugo A.; Achilli, Alessandro; Angerhofer, Norman; et al. (2009).

4392: 4242: 4085: 3749:"Postglacial viability and colonization in North America's ice-free corridor" 3257:"Continent's oldest spear points provide new clues about the first Americans" 3053:

Entering America: Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum

2916:

Entering America: Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum

2582:

Entering America: Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum

2482: 1335: 1248: 1074: 1035: 1031: 171: 112: 73: 69: 34:. For theories about potential pre-Columbian contacts with the Americas, see 11799: 11795: 10787: 10782: 7841:

Greenman, E.F. (February 1963). "The Upper Palaeolithic and the New World".

6992: 6888: 6833: 6596: 5783: 5287: 5194: 5083: 4618: 4384: 4192: 4167: 3372: 2912:"Environments of Northwestern North America before the Last Glacial Maximum" 2107: 1588: 468: 339:

up to 16,800 BP. Even during the maximum extent of coastal ice, unglaciated

41: 11791: 11767: 11723: 11673: 11668: 11557: 11542: 11526: 11391: 11342: 11337: 11312: 11290: 11255: 11135: 10837: 10772: 10729: 10499: 10454: 10404: 10394: 10374: 10342: 10243: 10198: 10178: 9963: 9943: 9908: 9823: 9808: 9627: 9499: 9215: 8953: 8943: 8938: 7917: 7400: 7342: 7322: 7194: 7062: 7019: 6896: 6841: 6725: 6715: 6662: 6604: 6501: 6458: 6365: 6291: 6188: 6057: 6015: 5895: 5859: 5791: 5690: 5625: 5560: 5517:

Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; et al. (2019).

5494: 5354: 5167: 5109: 5013: 4965: 4913: 4843: 4783: 4722: 4626: 4544: 4478: 4400: 4303: 4260: 4201: 4144: 4059: 3780: 3592: 3457: 3380: 2244: 2193: 2142: 2064: 1701: 1596: 1293: 1282: 1201: 1121: 935: 777:(dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago. The AB lineage diverged from the 680: 628: 567:

Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas § Paleoamericans

500: 364: 201: 11275: 8070:

The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas: North America

6256: 6207: 6145: 6108: 5986:

Li, Hong-Chuan; Biggar, Robert J.; Miley, Wendell J.; et al. (2004).

3951: 3611: 1742: 11787: 11777: 11396: 11327: 11180: 11150: 10857: 10749: 10629: 10352: 10233: 10213: 10078: 9938: 9928: 9813: 9557: 8783: 8190: 8066:"The First Americans and the Differentiation of Hunter-Gatherer Cultures" 5126:"Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America" 4217:"Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America" 3313: 1632: 1362: 1358: 1323: 1256: 1235:

1953 excavation of jasper projectile points from Deep Creek, Lake Mojave.

1181: 1082: 1058: 1020: 1012: 996: 992: 913: 897: 659: 640: 527: 519: 420: 404: 388: 190: 186: 148: 120: 7568: 7382: 6480:

Dillehay, Thomas D. (4 September 2003). "Tracking the first Americans".

6450: 5551: 5271:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia" 5005: 4295: 4135: 3772: 3639: 3211:

Vachula, R.S.; Huang, Y.; Longo, W. M.; et al. (13 December 2018).

2442: 2425: 2111:"Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum" 1693: 1164:

Map showing the approximate location of the ice-free corridor along the

1102: 11825: 11663: 11643: 11085: 10877: 10639: 10389: 10286: 10158: 10073: 9898: 8958: 8928: 7864: 7825: 7786: 6760: 6706: 6697: 6546: 5887: 5737: 5682: 5486: 5427: 4775: 4499:

Kitchen, Andrew; Miyamoto, Michal M. & Mulligan, Connie J. (2008).

4126: 4093: 4051: 2424:

Somerville, Andrew D.; Casar, Isabel; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín (2021).

1393: 1090: 988: 860: 741: 705: 687: 298:

Potential extent of human survivability during the last glacial maximum

282: 253:, the Earth's ocean water was, to varying degrees over time, stored in 77: 11270: 9988: 7289:"Plant and animal DNA suggests first Americans took the coastal route" 7265: 6944: 6221:

Picard, F.J.; Coulthart, M.B.; Oger, J.; et al. (November 1995).

5519:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 5218:

Society, National Geographic (2019-08-19). "Hunter-Gatherer Culture".

4745:

Kemp, Brian M.; Malhi, Ripan S.; McDonough, John; et al. (2007).

3191: 3166: 2575: 1919: 1827:. Smithsonian Institution Anthropology Outreach Office. Archived from 533:

It has often been suggested that an ice-free corridor, in what is now

103:(26,000 to 19,000 years ago). These populations expanded south of the 11846: 11842: 11817: 11567: 10902: 10792: 10163: 9993: 8072:. Vol. 1: Part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–199. 7978:. In Leonid E. Grinin; Andrey V. Korotayev; Yuri E. Berezkin (eds.). 7973: 5909:

Scatena, Roberto; Bottoni, Patrizia; Giardina, Bruno (8 March 2012).

5821: 5436:. Springer Geography. Springer International Publishing. p. 96. 3979: 3349:"Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum" 3165:

Vachula, R.S.; Huang, Y.; Russell, J. M.; et al. (20 May 2020).

1366: 1211: 1113: 1027: 976: 889: 807: 616: 372: 151: 96: 11351: 11021: 7975: 7817: 7313: 7288: 6493: 6162:

Miura, T.; Fukunaga, T.; Igarashi, T.; et al. (February 1994).

3318:"Ancient Footprints Push Back Date of Human Arrival in the Americas" 2788:. Developments in Quaternary Sciences. Vol. 1. pp. 17–43. 2085:"New Evidence Complicates the Story of the Peopling of the Americas" 1768:

The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline

1407: 995:. In another study, Subhaplogroup D1a has been identified among the 446: 261:. The variation of sea level over time has been reconstructed using 166:

ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using

11833: 11683: 11225: 11220: 11110: 11090: 10362: 10326: 10276: 10138: 9923: 9210: 8505: 7856: 7257: 7111: 6936: 6006: 5987: 4978: 4947: 4867: 4501:"A Three-Stage Colonization Model for the Peopling of the Americas" 4111: 3808: 3416: 3412:"A Three-Stage Colonization Model for the Peopling of the Americas" 2766: 1911: 1662: 1401: 1106: 1008: 984: 904:

supports this area as the location where the admixture took place.

888:

One theory supposes that Ancient North Eurasians migrated south to

786: 538: 428: 400: 379: 274: 167: 128: 108: 11245: 7931:

The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World

7725:

The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World

7586:

Pre-Clovis First Americans: The Origin of America's Clovis Culture

6683: 6283: 6035: 5065: 4972: 4433:

Tamm, Erika; Kivisild, Toomas; Reidla, Maere; et al. (2007).

1875:"The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health" 1062: 1004: 632: 607:

In 2020, evidence emerged for a new pre-LGM site in North-Central

319:

isolated the interior of Beringia from the Pacific coast. Coastal

11829: 11366: 11250: 10991: 10887: 10862: 10847: 10767: 10762: 10719: 10694: 10664: 10369: 9853: 9730: 9652: 8230: 8161:

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Humanities Center

7139: 7102: 7095: 5758: 2949: 2910:

Clague, John J.; Mathewes, Rolf W. & Ager, Thomas A. (2004).

2618:

Jackson, Lionel E. Jr. & Wilson, Michael C. (February 2004).

1550:"The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas" 1300: 927:

However, the Beringian standstill hypothesis is not supported by

848: 817: 542: 254: 193: 88: 11295: 8120: 4805: 415: 11772: 11762: 11145: 11140: 11065: 11001: 10882: 10832: 10822: 10797: 9715: 8151:

United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service

7448: 6315: 5122: 4214: 3474:

American Indian chronology: chronologies of the American mosaic

1051: 1047: 972: 901: 833: 636: 621: 608: 361: 224: 92: 6161: 2649: 2423: 327:

that covered large stretches of the coastline as far south as

11412: 11356: 11347: 11235: 10812: 10459: 7741: 7356: 4435:"Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders" 3124: 2707: 1942:"68 Responses to "Sea will rise 'to levels of last Ice Age'"" 1663:

Moreno-Mayar, JV; Potter, BA; Vinner, L; et al. (2018).

1548:

Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008).

952:

For a non-technical introduction to genetics in general, see

928: 909: 837: 821: 813: 663: 550: 217:

human arrival in the Americas may have occurred prior to the

175: 11994:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

10561: 5667: 4926: 4362: 3937: 2459: 553:". An alternative hypothesis for the peopling of America is 410: 143:

moved when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the

10419: 8235: 7606:

Across Atlantic Ice: The Origin of America's Clovis Culture

7423: 6071:

Gessain, A.; Gallo, R.C. & Franchini, G. (April 1992).

5516: 3746: 3720:"Evidence of Pre-Clovis sites in the eastern United States" 2864: 2674:

10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0195:ccdotf>2.3.co;2

2026: 1385: 1226: 1109:

of Tierra del Fuego exhibit that same morphological trait.

1101:

of the skull. Some modern isolated populations such as the

844: 825: 537:, would have allowed migration before the beginning of the 6920: 6862: 6567: 6121: 4432: 2513:

Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia

1262: 8180: 5872: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5430:"Ancient Cultures and Migrations in Northeastern Siberia" 5040:

Confidence intervals given in Moreno-Mayar et al. (2018):

4744: 4273: 3164: 1299:

The Arctic Small Tool tradition source may have been the

132: 8046:

First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America

7770: 6965: 4035: 4000: 2370: 1946:

Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University

1852:. National Geographic Society. 1996–2008. Archived from 1547: 1446:

Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

236: 8125:

The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology

6220: 5936:

Raff, Jennifer A.; Bolnick, Deborah A. (October 2015).

4498: 4351:

to humans using the heavy cobbles found with the bones.

3564:

Bonatto, Sandro L. & Salzano, Francisco M. (1997).

1822: 1210:"problematic" and should be disregarded, including the 773:

lineage, based on the genome of an infant found at the

522:

site in southern Chile. Archaeological evidence of pre-

387:

supporting terrestrial mammals have been identified on

8834: 5915:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 446. 5908: 5806: 5584:"A Late Pleistocene human genome from Southwest China" 5313:"A Late Pleistocene human genome from Southwest China" 3740: 3662:

Early Man in America from a Circum-Pacific Perspective

3046: 2783: 2163: 1277:

of North America (such as Navajo and Apache), and the

1206:

Americas, otherwise known as the Clovis First theory.

560: 456:

individual sites and regarding conclusions drawn from

347: 11989:

Painting in the Americas before European colonization

6424: 6422: 6269: 6070: 5709:"Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World" 4682:

Skoglund, Pontus & Reich, David (December 2016).

2502: 2500: 1436:

Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

723:

Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

7603:

Stanford, Dennis J. & Bradley, Bruce A. (2013).

6916: 6914: 6377: 6375: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 5985: 5475:

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews

5116: 5059: 4653: 3210: 3120: 3118: 3116: 2819: 1850:"Atlas of the Human Journey-The Genographic Project" 1176:

ice sheets. Also indicated are the locations of the

1003:

Subhaplogroup D1a has also been found among ancient

8436: 8068:. In Bruce G. Trigger; Wilcomb E. Washburn (eds.). 6805: 2703: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 1307:sequence of East Siberia, dated to 6,500–2,800 BP. 832:that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene. Their 8091: 8003:Who Came First: New Clues to Prehistoric Americans 8000: 7727:. California Academy of Sciences. pp. 59–92. 7098:"Paleo-Eskimo genetic legacy across North America" 6419: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 4863: 4861: 4591:Pigati, Jeffrey S.; et al. (5 October 2023). 4590: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3347:Matthew Bennett; et al. (23 September 2021). 3206: 3204: 3202: 3160: 3158: 3156: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2909: 2752:Dyke, A.S.; Moore, A. & Robertson, L. (2003). 2751: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2497: 2300: 1765:Ash, Patricia J. & Robinson, David J. 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SAGE Publications. 1773:John Wiley & Sons 1743:10.53846/goediss-9012 1342:Pacific coastal route 1234: 1163: 1069:Physical anthropology 798:Megafaunal migrations 775:Upward Sun River site 730: 721:Further information: 717:Genomic age estimates 672:Cerutti Mastodon site 666:, have been found in 624:have been unearthed. 578: 565:Further information: 471: 418: 397:Alexander Archipelago 355: 297: 244: 198:physical anthropology 145:Quaternary glaciation 44: 12057:Last Glacial Maximum 11885:Francisco de Montejo 11813:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 10926:Andean civilizations 10853:Shaft tomb tradition 10490:Transoceanic contact 10380:Container Revolution 9954:Gila Cliff Dwellings 9919:Etowah Indian Mounds 8875:Solutrean hypothesis 8737:Mesoamerica timeline 8650:Indigenous languages 8566:British colonization 8551:Spanish colonization 8536:Christopher Columbus 8491:Andean South America 8133:Smithsonian Magazine 7844:Current Anthropology 6125:Journal of Infection 5594:(14): 3095–3109.e5. 5323:(14): 3095–3109.e5. 5136:(5): 1185–1197.e22. 4227:(5): 1185–1197.e22. 4009:(21–22): 2303–2310. 3888:Smithsonian Magazine 3696:"Journey of mankind" 3668:. pp. 102–118. 1253:Lake Mojave quarries 1077:(Washington State), 853:Last Glacial Maximum 804:Last Glacial Maximum 791:Last Glacial Maximum 696:A 2021 discovery of 279:Last Glacial Maximum 251:Wisconsin glaciation 219:Last Glacial Maximum 105:Laurentide Ice Sheet 101:Last Glacial Maximum 85:Beringia land bridge 51:Out of Africa theory 12047:Paleo-Indian period 11851:Manco Inca Yupanqui 11156:Manteño-Huancavilca 10625:Ancestral Puebloans 10410:Green Corn Ceremony 10224:Turkey River Mounds 10014:Lake Jackson Mounds 9834:Blue Spring Shelter 9256:Trinidad and Tobago 8779:Classical Antiquity 8556:French colonization 8155:Shepard Krech III, 7502:Stanford, Dennis J. 7383:10.1038/nature13025 7375:2014Natur.506..225R 7305:2016Natur.536..138C 7234:Volume 38(4): 8-13. 7220:on October 1, 2019. 7161:2019Natur.570..236F 6984:2022PNAS..11918558C 6978:(14): e2118558119. 6881:2012Sci...337..223J 6826:2007Sci...315.1122W 6820:(5815): 1122–1126. 6744:2017QuInt.431..152D 6738:(part B): 152–167. 6647:2021Natur.594..356W 6589:2014Sci...344..750C 6451:10.1038/nature01816 6443:2003Natur.425...62G 6405:2015QuInt.363....4G 6340:2006InfGE...6...91C 6227:Journal of Virology 6180:1994PNAS...91.1124M 6078:Journal of Virology 5776:2004NYASA1011...21Z 5730:2000AmSci..88..246S 5600:2022CBio...32E3095Z 5535:2019Natur.570..182S 5329:2022CBio...32E3095Z 5006:10.1038/nature25173 4998:2018Natur.553..203M 4886:2010PLoSO...515214D 4826:2009CBio...19....1P 4611:2023Sci...382...73P 4517:2008PLoSO...3.1596K 4451:2007PLoSO...2..829T 4377:2004Sci...303...52P 4296:10.1038/nature22065 4288:2017Natur.544..479H 4184:2018Sci...362.2621M 4015:2003QSRv...22.2303S 3773:10.1038/nature19085 3765:2016Natur.537...45P 3700:Bradshaw Foundation 3584:1997PNAS...94.1866B 3539:National Geographic 3430:2008PLoSO...3.1596K 3365:2021Sci...373.1528B 3359:(6562): 1528–1531. 3183:2020Borea..49..514V 3099:2011QuInt.239...28E 2970:2002Radcb..44..503V 2880:2012QSRv...48....1M 2836:1990QuRes..34..282B 2823:Quaternary Research 2728:2001QSRv...20..301M 2666:1997Geo....25..195J 2443:10.1017/laq.2021.26 2229:2020Natur.584...47G 2178:2020Natur.584...93B 2127:2020Natur.584...87A 2000:Timothy R. Pauketat 1969:Null (2022-06-27). 1879:Scientific American 1694:10.1038/nature25173 1686:2018Natur.553..203M 1635:(January 3, 2018). 1571:2008Sci...319.1497G 1565:(5869): 1497–1502. 1473:. Weltbild Verlag. 1471:Die ersten Menschen 1332:Manis Mastodon site 1279:Yeniseian languages 1255:dating back to the 1189:Clovis-First theory 1184:Paleo-Indian sites. 1079:Hoya Negro skeleton 750:founding population 668:southern California 645:Australo-Melanesian 458:population genetics 125:genetic composition 11974:Columbian exchange 11964:Portal:Mesoamerica 11116:La Tolita (Tumaco) 10931:Indigenous peoples 10670:Hopewell tradition 10597:Indigenous peoples 10495:Underwater panther 10169:Rosenstock Village 10039:Marmes Rockshelter 10024:L'Anse aux Meadows 9416:In popular culture 9167:Columbian exchange 9162:Population history 8893:Mythology/Religion 8681:Indigenous peoples 8573:Columbian Exchange 8521:Indigenous peoples 8291:Middle Paleolithic 8140:2013-12-09 at the 7959:. Bauu Institute. 7926:Jablonski, Nina G. 7805:American Antiquity 7787:10.1002/evan.10048 7246:American Antiquity 6924:American Antiquity 6698:10.1002/ajpa.22801 6318:Crandall, Keith A. 5888:10.1002/ajpa.21561 5738:10.1511/2000.3.246 5717:American Scientist 5683:10.1002/ajpa.20923 5487:10.1002/evan.21478 4776:10.1002/ajpa.20543 4565:The New York Times 4178:(6419): eaav2621. 4127:10.1002/ajpa.20854 4052:10.1002/ajpa.10176 3546:on March 14, 2008. 3323:The New York Times 1900:American Antiquity 1736:(doctoralThesis). 1642:The New York Times 1338:to this corridor. 1305:Ymyakhtakh culture 1237: 1196:Clovis, New Mexico 1186: 1166:Continental Divide 872:Source populations 857:Radiocarbon dating 733: 653:Harvard University 581: 479: 424: 358: 300: 267:eustatic sea level 247: 231:radiocarbon dating 156:ice-free corridors 141:Ancient Beringians 117:linguistic factors 55: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12024: 11999:Pre-Columbian art 11935: 11934: 11929:Francisco Pizarro 11895:Pedro de Alvarado 11211:Pucará de Tilcara 10529: 10528: 10521:Pre-Columbian era 10322:Spirit Cave mummy 10119:Plum Bayou Mounds 10029:Lynch Quarry Site 9548:Ancient Beringian 9446: 9445: 9347: 9346: 9143: 9142: 9066: 9065: 9036: 9035: 8855:Pre-Columbian era 8802: 8801: 8774:Pre-Columbian era 8599:Pre-Columbian era 8404: 8403: 8365:Ancient Beringian 8346:Upper Paleolithic 8315:archaic admixture 8310:Coastal migration 8260:Neanderthal range 8246:Lower Paleolithic 8079:978-0-521-57392-4 8056:978-0-520-94315-5 8035:978-1-315-41739-4 8014:978-0-7922-8228-0 7991:978-5-7057-5247-8 7966:978-0-9721349-2-7 7945:978-0-940228-50-4 7734:978-0-940228-50-4 7682:978-1-4757-5042-3 7667:Erlandson, Jon M. 7658:978-0-8263-2138-1 7637:978-0-8263-1406-2 7616:978-0-520-27578-2 7595:978-0-520-22783-5 7548:World Archaeology 7507:World Archaeology 7369:(7487): 225–229. 7155:(7760): 236–240. 7065:(18 April 2017). 6875:(6091): 223–228. 6641:(7863): 356–364. 6583:(6185): 750–754. 6278:(12): 1428–1432. 5922:978-94-007-2869-1 5529:(7760): 182–188. 5451:978-3-030-90060-1 5389:978-1-5387-4970-8 5240:(13): 1146–1150. 5189:(29): 8057–8063. 5181:western Canada". 4343:Michael R. Waters 4282:(7651): 479–483. 3843:978-1-60344-384-5 3733:978-1-60344-812-3 3675:978-0-88864-999-7 3518:978-0-8129-7146-0 3484:978-0-313-33820-5 3296:978-0-465-07669-7 3192:10.1111/bor.12449 3062:978-0-87480-786-8 3024:978-0-387-76478-8 2925:978-0-87480-786-8 2803:978-0-4445-1470-7 2591:978-0-87480-786-8 2522:978-0-8153-0725-9 2384:978-1-315-50987-7 2349:978-1-4522-6630-5 2314:978-0-470-67391-1 2279:978-0-7922-6215-2 2013:978-0-19-538011-8 1948:. 26 January 2009 1809:978-1-4088-1091-0 1782:978-1-119-96424-7 1680:(7687): 203–207. 1531:978-1-317-34244-1 1497:(March 8, 2017). 1480:978-3-8289-0741-6 1372:The very similar 1275:Na-Dené languages 1168:, separating the 767:Ancient Beringian 555:coastal migration 484:The first is the 475:coastal migration 325:piedmont glaciers 317:Alaskan Peninsula 16:(Redirected from 12064: 12016: 12015: 12014: 11938: 11937: 11924:Spanish Conquest 11901:Spanish Conquest 11876:Spanish Conquest 11865:Spanish Conquest 11307: 11306: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10533: 10532: 10465:Projectile point 10302:Leanderthal Lady 10229:Upward Sun River 10204:Stallings Island 10194:Shell ring sites 10144:Recapture Canyon 10059:Moorehead Circle 9904:El Fin del Mundo 9889:Cueva de la Olla 9695: 9682:Maritime Archaic 9666: 9496: 9473: 9466: 9459: 9450: 9449: 9184: 9183: 9101: 9100: 8977: 8976: 8919: 8918: 8887: 8829: 8822: 8815: 8806: 8805: 8764:Three-age system 8508: 8443: 8442: 8431: 8424: 8417: 8408: 8407: 8305:Out of Africa II 8215: 8208: 8201: 8192: 8191: 8169: 8109: 8097: 8083: 8060: 8039: 8018: 8006: 7995: 7970: 7949: 7921: 7911: 7901: 7876: 7837: 7798: 7767: 7738: 7715: 7686: 7662: 7641: 7620: 7599: 7580: 7541: 7523: 7477: 7476: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7426:. Archived from 7411: 7405: 7404: 7394: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7316: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7241: 7235: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7216:. Archived from 7205: 7199: 7198: 7188: 7146: 7138: 7133: 7123: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7067:"Dene-Yeniseian" 7063:Vajda, Edward J. 7059: 7050: 7049: 7039: 7033: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7013: 6995: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6918: 6909: 6908: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6785:(318): 871–883. 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6724: 6719: 6709: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6615:. Archived from 6574: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6426: 6417: 6416: 6388: 6379: 6370: 6369: 6359: 6313: 6304: 6303: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6250: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6201: 6191: 6174:(3): 1124–1127. 6159: 6150: 6149: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6102: 6085:(4): 2288–2295. 6068: 6062: 6061: 6033: 6020: 6019: 6009: 6000:(7): 1275–1278. 5983: 5977: 5975: 5957: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5853: 5819: 5804: 5803: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5713: 5704: 5695: 5694: 5665: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5611: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5554: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5340: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5290: 5266: 5257: 5229: 5223: 5216: 5210: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5161: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5103: 5063: 5057: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5028: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4959: 4933: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4907: 4897: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4837: 4803: 4788: 4787: 4769: 4751: 4742: 4731: 4730: 4716: 4688: 4679: 4670: 4669: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4538: 4528: 4496: 4483: 4482: 4472: 4462: 4430: 4413: 4412: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4254: 4236: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4138: 4110: 4105: 4068: 4063: 4033: 4027: 4026: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3980:10.1002/jqs.3505 3962: 3956: 3955: 3946:(358): 865–884. 3935: 3929: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3869:Historica Canada 3859:"Old Crow Basin" 3854: 3848: 3847: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3715: 3704: 3703: 3691: 3680: 3679: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3605: 3595: 3578:(5): 1866–1871. 3561: 3548: 3547: 3542:. Archived from 3529: 3523: 3522: 3502: 3489: 3488: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3451: 3441: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3280: 3265: 3264: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3232: 3208: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3162: 3151: 3150: 3122: 3111: 3110: 3082: 3067: 3066: 3044: 3029: 3028: 3004: 2995: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2947: 2930: 2929: 2907: 2892: 2891: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2817: 2808: 2807: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2705: 2678: 2677: 2647: 2632: 2631: 2615: 2596: 2595: 2573: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2504: 2495: 2494: 2457: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2080: 2069: 2068: 2058: 2048: 2024: 2018: 2017: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1745: 1723: 1714: 1713: 1669: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1607:. Archived from 1582: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1535: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1495:Pringle, Heather 1491: 1485: 1484: 1466: 1151:Migration routes 894:Southern Siberia 769:(AB) is a human 631:rock shelter in 613:Chiquihuite cave 547:British Columbia 329:Vancouver Island 259:global sea level 127:as reflected by 66:hunter-gatherers 21: 12072: 12071: 12067: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12061: 12032: 12031: 12030: 12021: 12012: 12010: 12003: 11945: 11936: 11926: 11915: 11909: 11903: 11892: 11888: 11882: 11878: 11867: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11822:Quemuenchatocha 11820: 11811: 11807: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11751: 11620: 11529: 11503: 11492: 11439:Human Sacrifice 11436: 11428:Human Sacrifice 11425: 11399: 11372:Mayan Languages 11300: 10912: 10744: 10601: 10582:Genetic history 10565: 10560: 10530: 10525: 10516:Genetic history 10504: 10358:Ceremonial pipe 10331: 10312:Minnesota Woman 10269: 10263: 10084:Ocmulgee Mounds 10064:Morrison Mounds 10009:Kolomoki Mounds 9999:Kimball Village 9859:Candelaria Cave 9801: 9795: 9776:Suwannee Valley 9711:Old Cordilleran 9691: 9662: 9530: 9524: 9490: 9482: 9477: 9447: 9442: 9420: 9343: 9265: 9179: 9173: 9149: 9139: 9099: 9062: 9032: 9006: 8968: 8917: 8906:List of deities 8888: 8879: 8838: 8833: 8803: 8798: 8769:Ancient history 8741: 8705: 8664: 8623: 8582: 8509: 8500: 8471:Central America 8447: 8437: 8435: 8405: 8400: 8399: 8340: 8339: 8285: 8284: 8255:Out of Africa I 8240: 8224: 8219: 8167: 8142:Wayback Machine 8117: 8112: 8106: 8080: 8057: 8036: 8015: 7992: 7967: 7946: 7818:10.2307/2694209 7735: 7683: 7659: 7638: 7617: 7596: 7521:10.1.1.694.6801 7485: 7483:Further reading 7480: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7447: 7443: 7433: 7431: 7412: 7408: 7355: 7351: 7334: 7330: 7314:10.1038/536138a 7285: 7281: 7242: 7238: 7229: 7225: 7206: 7202: 7144: 7136: 7134: 7094: 7090: 7060: 7053: 7040: 7036: 7031: 7027: 6964: 6960: 6919: 6912: 6861: 6857: 6810: 6806: 6773: 6769: 6722: 6720: 6682: 6678: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6521: 6517: 6494:10.1038/425023a 6488:(6953): 23–24. 6478: 6474: 6437:(6953): 62–65. 6427: 6420: 6386: 6380: 6373: 6314: 6307: 6272:Nature Medicine 6268: 6264: 6233:(11): 7248–56. 6219: 6215: 6160: 6153: 6120: 6116: 6069: 6065: 6034: 6023: 5984: 5980: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5871: 5867: 5836:(Pt 1): 67–89. 5820: 5807: 5757: 5753: 5711: 5705: 5698: 5666: 5655: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5588:Current Biology 5580: 5576: 5515: 5511: 5467: 5463: 5452: 5426: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5374: 5370: 5317:Current Biology 5309: 5305: 5267: 5260: 5234:Current Biology 5230: 5226: 5217: 5213: 5179: 5175: 5121: 5117: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5039: 5035: 5026: 5024: 4977: 4973: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4866: 4859: 4813:Current Biology 4804: 4791: 4767:10.1.1.576.7832 4749: 4743: 4734: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4605:(6666): 73–75. 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4556: 4552: 4497: 4486: 4431: 4416: 4371:(5654): 52–56. 4361: 4357: 4335: 4333: 4323: 4319: 4272: 4268: 4213: 4209: 4164: 4160: 4108: 4106: 4066: 4064: 4034: 4030: 3999: 3995: 3963: 3959: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3899: 3895: 3880: 3876: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3800: 3796: 3759:(7618): 45–49. 3745: 3741: 3734: 3716: 3707: 3692: 3683: 3676: 3654: 3647: 3626: 3619: 3562: 3551: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3503: 3492: 3485: 3469: 3465: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3345: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3281: 3268: 3261:Washington Post 3253: 3246: 3209: 3200: 3163: 3154: 3123: 3114: 3083: 3070: 3063: 3045: 3032: 3025: 3002: 2996: 2987: 2948: 2933: 2926: 2908: 2895: 2863: 2859: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2782: 2775: 2750: 2743: 2706: 2681: 2648: 2635: 2616: 2599: 2592: 2574: 2555: 2546: 2544: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2505: 2498: 2458: 2451: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2404:Popular Science 2396: 2392: 2385: 2369: 2365: 2350: 2334: 2330: 2315: 2299: 2295: 2280: 2264: 2260: 2223:(7819): 47–48. 2213: 2209: 2172:(7819): 93–97. 2162: 2158: 2121:(7819): 87–92. 2106: 2102: 2093: 2091: 2081: 2072: 2039:(4): e0264092. 2025: 2021: 2014: 1992: 1988: 1979: 1977: 1967: 1960: 1951: 1949: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1896: 1892: 1883: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1825:"Paleoamerican" 1821: 1817: 1810: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1775:. p. 289. 1763: 1759: 1724: 1717: 1667: 1661: 1657: 1647: 1645: 1630: 1626: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1580:10.1.1.398.9315 1552: 1546: 1539: 1532: 1516: 1512: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1427: 1415:paleoshorelines 1410: 1350: 1344: 1319: 1271: 1265: 1229: 1191: 1158: 1153: 1144: 1095:Peñon Woman III 1089:site (Brazil), 1071: 1044: 1042:HTLV-1 genomics 1030:. According to 1007:skeletons from 957: 950: 922:Native American 883:Native American 874: 800: 795: 794: 725: 719: 691:Rhino Horn site 593:Yukon Territory 573: 563: 466: 449: 413: 350: 321:alpine glaciers 313:Rocky Mountains 292: 239: 234: 227: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12070: 12060: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12027: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11933: 11932: 11921: 11898: 11873: 11862: 11858: 11857: 11836: 11815: 11802: 11785: 11784:Notable Rulers 11781: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11756: 11755: 11753:Neo-Inca State 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11702: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11677: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11652: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11627: 11626: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11571: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11524: 11519: 11515: 11514: 11509: 11498: 11487: 11482: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11453: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11431: 11420: 11416: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11394: 11389: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11360: 11359: 11354: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10972: 10967: 10966: 10965: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10922: 10920: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10754: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10611: 10609: 10603: 10602: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10573: 10571: 10567: 10566: 10559: 10558: 10551: 10544: 10536: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10440:Mound Builders 10437: 10432: 10427: 10425:Medicine wheel 10422: 10417: 10415:Horned Serpent 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10339: 10337: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10273: 10271: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10154:Roberts Island 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10089:Old Stone Fort 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10054:Moaning Cavern 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10004:Kincaid Mounds 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9884:Cuarenta Casas 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9839:Bluefish Caves 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9805: 9803: 9800:Archaeological 9797: 9796: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9668: 9667: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9598:Caloosahatchee 9595: 9590: 9585: 9583:Caborn-Welborn 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9534: 9532: 9529:Archaeological 9526: 9525: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9476: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9453: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9440: 9433: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9355: 9353: 9352:Related topics 9349: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9278: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9192: 9190: 9181: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9153: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9115: 9109: 9107: 9098: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9076: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9014: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8983: 8981: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8949:Medicine wheel 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8925: 8923: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8860:Classification 8857: 8852: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8832: 8831: 8824: 8817: 8809: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8789:Modern history 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8672: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8590: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8578:Decolonization 8575: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8457: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8434: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8411: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8360:Mammoth steppe 8357: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8276: 8270:Southeast Asia 8267: 8262: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8218: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8164: 8153: 8144: 8128: 8116: 8115:External links 8113: 8111: 8110: 8104: 8088:Wells, Spencer 8084: 8078: 8061: 8055: 8040: 8034: 8019: 8013: 7996: 7990: 7971: 7965: 7950: 7944: 7922: 7877: 7857:10.1086/200337 7838: 7812:(4): 635–652. 7799: 7768: 7750:(2): 161–174. 7739: 7733: 7716: 7698:(4): 287–350. 7687: 7681: 7663: 7657: 7642: 7636: 7621: 7615: 7600: 7594: 7581: 7555:(4): 704–714. 7542: 7514:(4): 459–478. 7497: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7460: 7441: 7406: 7349: 7328: 7279: 7258:10.2307/279189 7236: 7223: 7200: 7112:10.1101/203018 7088: 7051: 7034: 7025: 6958: 6937:10.2307/281652 6931:(2): 348–354. 6910: 6855: 6804: 6767: 6692:(3): 514–521. 6676: 6625: 6622:on 2015-07-13. 6560: 6515: 6472: 6418: 6371: 6305: 6262: 6213: 6151: 6132:(2): 153–157. 6114: 6063: 6044:(4): 266–281. 6021: 6007:10.1086/423941 5978: 5948:(4): 297–304. 5928: 5921: 5901: 5882:(3): 346–360. 5865: 5805: 5751: 5696: 5677:(3): 255–265. 5653: 5639: 5574: 5509: 5461: 5450: 5420: 5408: 5396: 5388: 5368: 5303: 5258: 5224: 5211: 5173: 5115: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5033: 4971: 4948:10.1086/377588 4942:(3): 524–539. 4919: 4880:(12): e15214. 4857: 4789: 4760:(4): 605–621. 4732: 4671: 4652: 4583: 4550: 4484: 4414: 4355: 4348:Chris Stringer 4317: 4266: 4207: 4158: 4121:(2): 175–187. 4028: 3993: 3974:(5): 685–701. 3957: 3930: 3919: 3907:ArcheoThoughts 3893: 3874: 3849: 3842: 3822: 3794: 3739: 3732: 3705: 3681: 3674: 3645: 3617: 3549: 3524: 3517: 3490: 3483: 3463: 3401: 3336: 3302: 3295: 3266: 3244: 3198: 3177:(3): 514–525. 3152: 3133:(2): 161–174. 3112: 3093:(1–2): 28–37. 3068: 3061: 3030: 3023: 2985: 2964:(2): 503–530. 2931: 2924: 2893: 2857: 2830:(3): 282–295. 2809: 2802: 2773: 2767:10.4095/214399 2741: 2722:(1): 301–314. 2679: 2660:(3): 195–198. 2633: 2597: 2590: 2553: 2528: 2521: 2496: 2449: 2436:(3): 612–626. 2416: 2390: 2383: 2363: 2348: 2328: 2313: 2293: 2278: 2258: 2207: 2156: 2100: 2070: 2019: 2012: 1986: 1958: 1933: 1912:10.2307/279189 1890: 1866: 1841: 1815: 1808: 1788: 1781: 1757: 1715: 1655: 1624: 1537: 1530: 1510: 1486: 1479: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1426: 1423: 1409: 1406: 1392:Mitochondrial 1346:Main article: 1343: 1340: 1318: 1315: 1267:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1228: 1225: 1190: 1187: 1157: 1156:Interior route 1154: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1142:Stemmed points 1140: 1099:dolichocephaly 1070: 1067: 1043: 1040: 949: 946: 873: 870: 799: 796: 771:archaeogenetic 764: 763: 718: 715: 589:Old Crow Flats 585:Bluefish Caves 562: 559: 535:Western Canada 514:in Texas, the 465: 462: 448: 445: 412: 409: 369:Sea of Okhotsk 349: 346: 337:Puget lowlands 291: 288: 273:(BP), created 271:Before Present 263:oxygen isotope 238: 235: 226: 223: 210:Clovis culture 180:sea level rise 131:data, such as 81:Mammoth steppe 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12069: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12020: 12019: 12006: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11948: 11944: 11939: 11930: 11925: 11922: 11919: 11913: 11907: 11902: 11899: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11877: 11874: 11871: 11870:Hernán Cortés 11866: 11863: 11859: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11810: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11786: 11782: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11728: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11703: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11678: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11653: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11572: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11547: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11533: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11516: 11513: 11510: 11507: 11502: 11499: 11496: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11479: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11440: 11435: 11432: 11429: 11424: 11421: 11417: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11403: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11386: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11332: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11308: 11303: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10981: 10978: 10977: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10959: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10918:South America 10915: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10747: 10741: 10740:Weeden Island 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10715:Poverty Point 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10680:Mississippian 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10607:North America 10604: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10577:Paleo-Indians 10575: 10574: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10557: 10552: 10550: 10545: 10543: 10538: 10537: 10534: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10400:Falcon dancer 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336:Miscellaneous 10334: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10307:Melbourne Man 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10297:La Brea Woman 10295: 10293: 10292:Kennewick Man 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10184:Serpent Mound 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10134:Pueblo Bonito 10132: 10130: 10129:Poverty Point 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10114:Pinson Mounds 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10104:Painted Bluff 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9984:Horr's Island 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9914:Effigy Mounds 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9879:Crystal River 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9791:Weeden Island 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9756:Safety Harbor 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9746:Poverty Point 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9726:Paleo-Indians 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9694: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9687:Mississippian 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9665: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9527: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9494: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9474: 9469: 9467: 9462: 9460: 9455: 9454: 9451: 9439: 9438: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9272: 9271:South America 9268: 9262: 9261:United States 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9188:North America 9185: 9182: 9178:Modern groups 9176: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9146: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041:South America 9039: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8964:Turtle Island 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8922:North America 8920: 8914: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8886: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8850:Paleo-Indians 8848: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8825: 8823: 8818: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8700: 8699:South America 8697: 8695: 8694:North America 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8594:Paleo-Indians 8592: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8512: 8507: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8486:South America 8484: 8482: 8481:Latin America 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8461:North America 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8441: 8432: 8427: 8425: 8420: 8418: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8385:Younger Dryas 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8223: 8216: 8211: 8209: 8204: 8202: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8177:Spencer Wells 8174: 8170: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8135:February 2013 8134: 8129: 8126: 8122: 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2005: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1963: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1856:on 2011-05-01 1855: 1851: 1845: 1831:on 2009-01-05 1830: 1826: 1819: 1811: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1722: 1720: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1666: 1659: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1628: 1614:on 2014-01-02 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1482: 1476: 1472: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394:subhaplogroup 1390: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1339: 1337: 1336:Paisley Caves 1333: 1329: 1325: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:Mojave Desert 1245: 1241: 1233: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1197: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1148: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:Kennewick Man 1066: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1039: 1037: 1036:Kennewick man 1033: 1032:Jennifer Raff 1029: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 998: 994: 990: 986: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 955: 945: 942: 939: 937: 932: 930: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 879: 869: 865: 862: 858: 854: 851:prior to the 850: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 809: 805: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 762: 759: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 729: 724: 714: 710: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 689: 684: 682: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 618: 614: 610: 605: 601: 598: 594: 590: 586: 577: 572: 568: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 497: 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10244:Wickiup Hill 10199:Spiro Mounds 10179:Salmon Ruins 10174:Russell Cave 9969:Helen Blazes 9964:Grimes Point 9944:Fort Juelson 9934:Fort Ancient 9909:El Vallecito 9869:Chaco Canyon 9809:Angel Mounds 9771:Steed-Kisker 9721:Paleo-Arctic 9643:Glacial Kame 9628:Fort Ancient 9520:Post-Classic 9491: 9435: 9428: 9150:colonization 8954:The red road 8944:Medicine man 8939:Great Spirit 8369: 8234: 8132: 8093: 8069: 8045: 8024: 8002: 7980: 7955: 7930: 7889: 7886:PLOS Biology 7885: 7851:(1): 41–66. 7848: 7842: 7809: 7803: 7778: 7772: 7747: 7743: 7724: 7695: 7691: 7671: 7647: 7626: 7605: 7585: 7552: 7546: 7511: 7505: 7490: 7472: 7463: 7454: 7444: 7432:. 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Retrieved 4602: 4596: 4586: 4574:. Retrieved 4563: 4553: 4511:(2): e1596. 4508: 4504: 4442: 4438: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4341: 4334:. Retrieved 4330: 4320: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4136:11336/101290 4118: 4114: 4077: 4071: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3922: 3910:. Retrieved 3906: 3896: 3887: 3877: 3862: 3852: 3832: 3825: 3813:. Retrieved 3807: 3797: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3723: 3699: 3661: 3629: 3575: 3569: 3544:the original 3537: 3527: 3507: 3473: 3466: 3424:(2): e1596. 3421: 3415: 3408:Figure 4 of 3404: 3394:24 September 3392:. Retrieved 3356: 3352: 3329:23 September 3327:. Retrieved 3321: 3314:Zimmer, Carl 3285: 3260: 3220: 3216: 3174: 3170: 3130: 3126: 3090: 3086: 3052: 3006: 2961: 2955: 2915: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2827: 2821: 2785: 2719: 2713: 2657: 2651: 2623: 2581: 2545:. Retrieved 2541: 2531: 2512: 2509:"Pre-Clovis" 2466: 2463:PaleoAmerica 2462: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2407:. 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