139:, and foraging style two bird species are, the more likely they are to be found cooperating in mixed-species flocks. Researchers have proposed two primary evolutionary mechanisms to explain the formation of mixed-species flocks. The first mechanistic explanation is that these different bird species cooperate to gain access to more food. Studies have shown that birds in mixed-species flocks are more likely to spot potential food sources, avoid already exploited locations, and drive insects out of hiding. The second mechanistic explanation is that birds join mixed-species flocks to avoid predation. A bird reduces its risk of being eaten when it is surrounded by other birds who can be potential food for the predator instead. Other studies have hypothesized that multi-species flocks form because large groups reduce a predator's ability to single out one prey, while others have hypothesized that multi-species flocks are more likely to spot predators.
842:
31:
2258:
2073:
147:
Mixed-species feeding flocks are not purely beneficial for their member species. Some bird species suffer a higher cost when joining mixed-species flocks. Studies have shown that some bird species will leave their standard optimal feeding area to travel to a worse foraging location in order to follow
134:
compete for resources. The formation of mixed-species flocks demonstrates a possible exception to this universal ecological assumption. Instead of competing with one another for limited resources, some bird species who share the same food source can co-exist in mixed-species flocks. In fact, the more
83:
While it is currently unknown how mixed-species foraging flocks originate, researchers have proposed a few mechanisms for their initiation. Many believe that nuclear species play a vital role in mixed-species flock initiation. Additionally, the forest structure is hypothesized to play a vital role in
117:
foraging strategy and intraspecifically social birds. "Associate" or "attendant" species are birds that trail the flock only after it has entered their territory. Researchers have shown that these species tend to have a higher fitness following mixed-species foraging flocks. The third class of birds
108:
Mixed-species foraging flocks tend to form around a "nuclear" species. Researchers believe nuclear species both stimulate the formation of a mixed-species flock and maintain the cohesion between bird species. They tend to have a disproportionately large influence on the flock. Nuclear species have a
587:
The flocks in the Old World are often much more loosely bonded than in the
Neotropics, many being only casual associations lasting the time the flock of core species spends in the attendants' territory. The more stable flocks are observed in tropical Asia, and especially Sri Lanka. Flocks there may
639:
were also recorded as present. With the crows only joining later and the large hornbills probably only opportunistic attendants rather than core species, it is likely that this flock was started by one of the former species – probably the bold and vocal cuckoo-shrikes rather than the more retiring
574:
mixed feeding flock moves through the forest at about 0.3 kilometers per hour (0.19 mph), with different species foraging in their preferred niches (on the ground, on trunks, in high or low foliage, etc.). Some species follow the flock all day, while others – such as the
1294:
Sridhar, Hari; Srinivasan, Umesh; Askins, Robert A.; Canales-Delgadillo, Julio Cesar; Chen, Chao-Chieh; Ewert, David N.; Gale, George A.; Goodale, Eben; Gram, Wendy K.; Hart, Patrick J.; Hobson, Keith A. (December 2012).
148:
the path of a mixed-species flock. Birds may also be forced to change their foraging strategy in order to conform with the flock. Another third proposed cost of mixed-species flocks is an increased risk of
588:
number several hundred birds spending the entire day together, and an observer in the rain forest may see virtually no birds except when encountering a flock. For example, as a flock approaches in the
80:
that join each other and move together while foraging. These are different from feeding aggregations, which are congregations of several species of bird at areas of high food availability.
304:
were most conspicuous. As this species is not an aerial insectivore, it is unlikely to have actually initiated the flock rather than happening across it and joining in. And while
671:
are typical core members in New Guinea and
Australia; in Australia, fairy-wrens are also significant. The core species are joined by birds of other families such as
289:. Core species often have striking plumage and calls that attract other birds; they are often also known to be very active sentinels, providing warning of would-be
203:
The advantages of this behavior are not certain, but evidence suggests that it confers some safety from predators, especially for the less watchful birds such as
427:) typically does. And while the importance of certain Thraupidae in initiating and keeping together mixed flocks has been mentioned already, for example the
1891:
2600:
1297:"Positive Relationships between Association Strength and Phenotypic Similarity Characterize the Assembly of Mixed-Species Bird Flocks Worldwide"
2077:
118:
found in mixed-species flocks have been termed "sentinel" species. Unlike nuclear species, sentinels are fly-catching birds that are rarely
17:
296:
But while such easy-to-locate bird species serve as a focal point for flock members, they do not necessarily initiate the flock. In one
461:(cotingas) are mainly opportunistic associates which rarely join flocks for long if they do so at all; the same holds true for most
551:
of mixed flocks at varying locations allows these irregular members more or less opportunity to get food. Such species include the
207:
and woodpeckers, and also improves feeding efficiency, perhaps because arthropod prey that flee one bird may be caught by another.
2289:
328:– often initiate formation of a larger and more diverse feeding flock, of which they are then only a less significant component.
797:
Sridhar, Hari; Sankar, K. (January 2008). "Effects of
Habitat Degradation on Mixed-Species Bird Flocks in Indian Rain Forests".
2469:
2208:
2055:
1985:
1788:
431:
is an opportunistic feeder that will appear at but keep its distance from any disturbance – be it a mixed feeding flock, an
2218:
2105:
1741:
667:
are sometimes described as the sentinels of the flock, but they are also known to steal prey from other flock members.
2411:
2002:
2308:
1029:"Mutualistic and Commensal Organization of Avian Mixed-Species Foraging Flocks in a Forest of Western Madagascar"
350:(tanagers). Other members of a Neotropic mixed feeding flock may come from most of the local families of smaller
1892:"An extraordinary feeding assemblage of birds at a termite swarm in the Serra da Mantiqueira, São Paulo, Brazil"
1546:"Experiments on whether schooling by their prey affects the hunting behaviour of cephalopods and fish predators"
1906:
1624:"Foraging Behavior Patterns Suggest a Possible Cost Associated with Participation in Mixed-Species Bird Flocks"
1709:
Chilton, Glen; Sealy, Spencer G. (January 1987). "Species Roles in Mixed-Species
Feeding Flocks of Seabirds".
405:
However, even of commonly participating families not all species join mixed flocks. There are genera such as
224:
2130:
929:"A composição dos bandos mistos de aves na Mata Atlântica da Serra de Paranapiacaba, no sudeste brasileiro"
597:
547:
Other species participate to varying extents depending on location or altitude – presumably, the different
301:
262:
122:. Their role is to alert the other birds in the mixed-species flock to the arrival of potential predators.
89:
2426:
2379:
1352:"Diversity in mixed species groups improves success in a novel feeder test in a wild songbird community"
2135:
859:[Mixed flocks of birds in Atlantic Rain Forest in Serra de Paranapiacaba, southeastern Brazil]
616:
601:
2313:
2284:
2184:
2122:
1813:"Raptors and "campo-cerrado" bird mixed flock led by Cypsnagra Hirundinacea (Emberizidae:Thraupinae)"
652:
628:
185:
841:
2464:
624:
589:
399:
395:
334:
make up much of almost every
Neotropical mixed-species feeding flock. Namely, these birds are from
2545:
2330:
1160:
609:
560:
533:
387:
321:
1576:
92:
might have a key role in the initiation of mixed-species foraging flocks, while in parts of the
2626:
2565:
2225:
2098:
552:
489:(grackles and relatives) are also not too often seen to take part in these assemblages, though
482:
274:
266:
97:
970:"The influence of a single species on the space use of mixed-species flocks in Amazonian Peru"
856:
2374:
2279:
1491:"Evidence for the dilution effect in the selfish herd from fish predation on a marine insect"
593:
494:
428:
420:
331:
232:
1663:"The Composition and Foraging Ecology of Mixed-Species Flocks in Pine Forests of Hispaniola"
1350:
Freeberg, Todd M.; Eppert, Shannon K.; Sieving, Kathryn E.; Lucas, Jeffrey R. (March 2017).
386:
there are also some species joining mixed flocks on a somewhat regular basis, including the
2631:
2585:
2550:
2388:
2335:
2242:
1588:
1502:
1363:
857:"Vocal mimicry by a passerine bird attracts other species involved in mixed-species flocks"
707:
576:
537:
424:
365:. Most Furnariidae do not participate in mixed flocks, though there are exceptions such as
325:
286:
282:
1545:
1459:
1161:"Benefits to satellite members in mixed-species foraging groups: an experimental analysis"
592:
in Sri Lanka, the typical daytime quiet of the jungle is broken by the noisy calls of the
8:
2595:
2570:
2560:
2150:
1254:
1208:"The role of alarm responses in the formation of mixed-species flocks of heathland birds"
775:
The organization and probable evolution of some mixed species flocks of neotropical birds
548:
2398:
1592:
1506:
1418:
1367:
1114:
711:
536:. Many Icteridae associate only with related species, but the western subspecies of the
2575:
2436:
2431:
2044:
1974:
1722:
1692:
1643:
1561:
1526:
1475:
1394:
1351:
1332:
1296:
1235:
1188:
1095:
1048:
1004:
969:
888:
830:
822:
733:
605:
498:
391:
379:
317:
136:
110:
563:
which are often recorded in lowland flocks but rarely join them at least in some more
509:
and allies) are usually absent from mixed feeding flocks, but some – for example, the
2540:
2459:
2446:
2406:
2247:
2091:
2051:
2003:"Notes on Philippine birds: interesting records from northern Luzon and Batan Island"
1981:
1852:
1844:
1784:
1718:
1684:
1604:
1600:
1518:
1440:
1435:
1399:
1381:
1324:
1316:
1276:
1227:
1180:
1130:
1115:"The relationship between leadership and gregariousness in mixed-species bird flocks"
1087:
1067:
1009:
991:
950:
880:
814:
779:
751:
746:
725:
383:
38:
34:
1829:
1812:
1239:
1192:
945:
928:
892:
834:
2621:
2421:
2369:
2352:
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1834:
1824:
1674:
1635:
1596:
1557:
1530:
1510:
1471:
1430:
1389:
1371:
1336:
1308:
1266:
1219:
1172:
1126:
1099:
1079:
1040:
999:
981:
940:
872:
806:
741:
715:
541:
530:
335:
181:
149:
131:
114:
1779:
Backhouse, Frances (January 2005). "Chapter 7: Relationships with Other
Species".
876:
2237:
2114:
692:
632:
510:
312:
236:
216:
30:
2636:
2580:
2514:
2491:
2325:
2320:
2303:
2296:
2189:
643:
African rainforests also hold mixed-species flocks, the core species including
636:
556:
526:
490:
442:
412:
2257:
1207:
1083:
986:
810:
2615:
2454:
2196:
2167:
2145:
2020:
1848:
1688:
1522:
1444:
1385:
1320:
1280:
1231:
1091:
995:
954:
884:
818:
783:
729:
466:
462:
407:
354:
343:
240:
70:
66:
1928:
1926:
1271:
2535:
2509:
2499:
2476:
2357:
1856:
1403:
1328:
1176:
1013:
720:
668:
648:
644:
640:
fairy-bluebirds, which are known to seek out such opportunities to forage.
502:
450:
339:
306:
1943:
1941:
1868:
1866:
1760:
1608:
1490:
1184:
755:
2555:
2504:
2345:
2201:
1923:
1748:
1293:
1253:
Goodale, Eben; Kotagama, Sarath W. (2005-01-01). Holberton, R. L. (ed.).
664:
620:
372:
258:
249:
200:
birds. This behavior is particularly common outside the breeding season.
197:
173:
826:
411:
in which some species do not join mixed flocks, while others (e.g., the
2362:
2340:
1938:
1863:
1839:
1696:
1647:
1623:
1223:
1052:
1028:
737:
660:
458:
416:
367:
351:
347:
204:
177:
42:
1376:
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1953:
1514:
773:
656:
571:
518:
486:
470:
375:
297:
270:
254:
220:
193:
161:
119:
85:
1679:
1662:
1639:
1044:
2519:
2481:
2213:
2155:
1312:
478:
446:
432:
290:
169:
93:
1419:"Does group foraging promote efficient exploitation of resources?"
2140:
672:
564:
278:
244:
189:
165:
77:
1068:"Does niche-overlap facilitate mixed-species flocking in birds?"
310:
species are initiators as well as core species, mixed flocks of
215:
Insectivorous feeding flocks reach their fullest development in
2174:
2072:
516:
Some species appear to prefer when certain others are present:
506:
485:, doubtfully assigned to that family, may be a regular member.
474:
436:
362:
358:
300:
mixed flock feeding on swarming termites, it was observed that
228:
1890:
Olson, Storrs L.; Alvarenga, Herculano M.F. (September 2006).
2416:
579:– join it only as long as it crosses their own territories.
2162:
2083:
1976:
A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and
Northern Central America
73:
1349:
968:
Williams, Sean M.; Lindell, Catherine A. (December 2019).
522:
454:
415:) will even do so in their winter quarters. Of the three
219:, where they are a typical feature of bird life. In the
1255:"Alarm Calling in Sri Lankan Mixed-Species Bird Flocks"
445:
are notable for their absence from these flocks, while
453:
rarely join them, but will if there is for example an
342:, Parulidae (New World "warblers"), and in particular
1661:
Latta, Steven C.; Wunderle, Joseph M. (August 1996).
130:
Ecologists generally assume that species in the same
693:"Assembly of avian mixed-species flocks in Amazonia"
501:
join mixed flocks on a somewhat more regular basis.
1740:Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl.
1159:Dolby, Andrew S; Grubb Jr, Thomas C (August 1998).
2601:Task allocation and partitioning of social insects
2043:
1973:
1972:Howell, Steve N. G.; Webb, Sophie (January 2010).
855:Goodale, Eben; Kotagama, Sarath W. (August 2006).
691:Graves, G. R.; Gotelli, N. J. (15 February 1993).
109:few universal qualities. Typically, they are both
1066:Hsieh, Fushing; Chen, Chao-Chieh (October 2011).
2613:
1112:
1489:Foster, W. A.; Treherne, J. E. (October 1981).
1460:"On Woodland Bird Parties in Northern Rhodesia"
1252:
967:
854:
700:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
469:may participate on more often. And though most
382:– are common or even "core" members. Among the
1889:
1739:
1488:
1143:
1113:Goodale, Eben; Beauchamp, Guy (January 2010).
922:
481:are rarely seen with mixed flocks, though the
2099:
1980:(Repr ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
1660:
1544:Neill, S. R. J.; Cullen, J. M. (2009-08-20).
1457:
1158:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
796:
690:
1810:
771:
1543:
1205:
582:
2106:
2092:
1971:
899:
465:(mockingbirds and relatives), though some
2000:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1838:
1828:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1783:. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books.
1778:
1678:
1434:
1416:
1393:
1375:
1270:
1144:Faaborg, John; Chaplin, Susan B. (2011).
1065:
1003:
985:
944:
745:
719:
651:, and attendants being as diverse as the
27:Swarming behaviour of birds when foraging
357:birds, and can also include woodpecker,
29:
2041:
2026:
1965:
1959:
1947:
1932:
1872:
1766:
1754:
1574:
926:
513:– can be encountered not infrequently.
168:(tits and chickadees), often joined by
14:
2614:
1878:
1797:
1735:
1733:
1731:
848:
261:(ovenbirds and woodcreepers) like the
2209:Patterns of self-organization in ants
2087:
2042:Perrins, Christopher M., ed. (2003).
1621:
684:
223:the leaders or "core" members may be
1206:Greig-Smith, P. W. (February 1981).
1026:
767:
765:
439:– and pick off prey trying to flee.
378:– e.g. those mentioned above or the
210:
88:, for example, vocal mimicry by the
1728:
1575:Pulliam, H.Ronald (February 1973).
1458:Winterbottom., J. M. (2008-04-03).
1212:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1146:Ornithology: an Ecological Approach
371:spinetails and some species of the
155:
24:
2219:symmetry breaking of escaping ants
1622:Hutto, Richard L. (January 1988).
1562:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1974.tb04385.x
1476:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1943.tb03857.x
25:
2648:
2065:
1899:Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia
762:
2256:
2071:
1811:Ragusa-Netto, J. (August 2000).
1436:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.14136.x
1417:Beauchamp, Guy (November 2005).
1131:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2009.04828.x
927:Machado, C. G. (February 1999).
840:
600:, joined by species such as the
273:(New World "warblers") like the
2050:. Buffalo, N.Y: Firefly Books.
1994:
1830:10.1590/S0034-71082000000300011
1772:
1703:
1654:
1615:
1577:"On the advantages of flocking"
1568:
1537:
1482:
1451:
1410:
1343:
1287:
1246:
1199:
1152:
1137:
946:10.1590/S0034-71081999000100010
933:Revista Brasileira de Biologia
778:. The Smithsonian Institution.
659:, the smallest bird of Africa.
2001:Nuytemans, H. (January 1998).
1817:Revista Brasileira de Biologia
1581:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1106:
1059:
1020:
961:
790:
302:buff-throated warbling finches
225:black-throated shrike-tanagers
103:
13:
1:
2078:Mixed species flocks of birds
2046:Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds
2035:
877:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.02.004
540:associates with jays and the
196:(New World "warblers") – all
2180:Mixed-species foraging flock
2131:Agent-based model in biology
2113:
1905:(3): 297–299. Archived from
1781:Woodpeckers of North America
1711:Journal of Field Ornithology
1601:10.1016/0022-5193(73)90184-7
1027:Hino, Teruaki (March 1998).
598:greater racket-tailed drongo
263:buff-fronted foliage-gleaner
164:, they are typically led by
90:greater racket-tailed drongo
84:these flocks' formation. In
55:mixed-species foraging flock
7:
2427:Particle swarm optimization
799:Journal of Tropical Ecology
617:Cordillera Central of Luzon
243:, core species may include
125:
51:mixed-species feeding flock
18:Mixed-species feeding flock
10:
2653:
2136:Collective animal behavior
629:Philippine fairy-bluebirds
602:ashy-headed laughingthrush
473:rarely join mixed flocks,
346:(American "sparrows") and
100:might play the same role.
96:tropics packs of foraging
2528:
2490:
2445:
2397:
2265:
2254:
2121:
1084:10.1007/s10336-011-0678-1
987:10.1186/s40462-019-0181-5
811:10.1017/S0266467408004823
653:red-billed dwarf hornbill
625:bar-bellied cuckooshrikes
186:lesser spotted woodpecker
2465:Self-propelled particles
1742:"Mixed-Species Flocking"
1119:Journal of Avian Biology
1033:Journal of Avian Biology
678:
590:Sinharaja Forest Reserve
583:In the Old World tropics
396:white-throated spadebill
316:species – in particular
142:
2546:Collective intelligence
2412:Ant colony optimization
1301:The American Naturalist
623:was mainly composed of
610:velvet-fronted nuthatch
561:red-crowned ant tanager
388:sepia-capped flycatcher
275:golden-crowned warblers
192:, and in North America
98:golden-crowned warblers
2566:Microbial intelligence
2226:Shoaling and schooling
1177:10.1006/anbe.1998.0808
1072:Journal of Ornithology
721:10.1073/pnas.90.4.1388
553:grey-hooded flycatcher
483:collared crescentchest
332:Nine-primaried oscines
267:olivaceous woodcreeper
233:three-striped warblers
46:
1272:10.1093/auk/122.1.108
772:Moynihan, M. (1962).
615:A mixed flock in the
594:orange-billed babbler
435:column or a group of
429:black-goggled tanager
421:yellow-rumped warbler
400:Oustalet's tyrannulet
326:green-headed tanagers
287:white-banded tanagers
33:
2586:Spatial organization
2551:Decentralised system
2389:Sea turtle migration
2243:Swarming (honey bee)
2080:at Wikimedia Commons
665:paradise-flycatchers
577:long-billed gnatwren
538:yellow-backed oriole
2561:Group size measures
2123:Biological swarming
2029:, "Cuckoo-shrikes".
1593:1973JThBi..38..419P
1507:1981Natur.293..466F
1368:2017NatSR...743014F
712:1993PNAS...90.1388G
549:species composition
525:like to flock with
281:habitat, it may be
135:similar body size,
59:mixed hunting party
45:foraging on a beach
2576:Predator satiation
2437:Swarm (simulation)
2432:Swarm intelligence
2407:Agent-based models
2238:Swarming behaviour
1550:Journal of Zoology
1356:Scientific Reports
1224:10.1007/BF00302839
606:Kashmir flycatcher
499:red-rumped cacique
457:or termite swarm.
392:eared pygmy tyrant
384:tyrant flycatchers
380:lesser woodcreeper
47:
39:bar-tailed godwits
35:Black-headed gulls
2609:
2608:
2596:Military swarming
2541:Animal navigation
2460:Collective motion
2447:Collective motion
2314:reverse migration
2248:Swarming motility
2076:Media related to
2057:978-1-55297-777-4
1987:978-0-19-854012-0
1790:978-1-55407-046-6
1501:(5832): 466–467.
1377:10.1038/srep43014
867:(in Portuguese).
531:emerald toucanets
477:do so regularly.
425:Audubon's warbler
211:In the Neotropics
16:(Redirected from
2644:
2422:Crowd simulation
2399:Swarm algorithms
2370:Insect migration
2275:Animal migration
2267:Animal migration
2260:
2185:Mobbing behavior
2108:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2075:
2061:
2049:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1896:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1842:
1832:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1776:
1770:
1769:, "Woodpeckers".
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1726:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1682:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1515:10.1038/293466a0
1486:
1480:
1479:
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1397:
1379:
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1340:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1165:Animal Behaviour
1156:
1150:
1149:
1148:. Prentice-Hall.
1141:
1135:
1134:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1007:
989:
974:Movement Ecology
965:
959:
958:
948:
924:
897:
896:
865:Animal Behaviour
862:
852:
846:
845:
844:
838:
794:
788:
787:
769:
760:
759:
749:
723:
706:(4): 1388–1391.
697:
688:
633:violaceous crows
542:band-backed wren
217:tropical forests
182:downy woodpecker
156:In the Holarctic
150:kleptoparasitism
132:ecological niche
53:, also termed a
21:
2652:
2651:
2647:
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2117:
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2033:
2025:
2021:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1935:, "Gnateaters".
1931:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1894:
1888:
1879:
1871:
1864:
1809:
1798:
1791:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1757:, "Nuthatches".
1753:
1749:
1738:
1729:
1708:
1704:
1680:10.2307/1369572
1659:
1655:
1640:10.2307/3565809
1620:
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900:
860:
853:
849:
839:
795:
791:
770:
763:
695:
689:
685:
681:
637:Luzon hornbills
585:
534:species complex
527:unicolored jays
511:squirrel cuckoo
322:brassy-breasted
237:Central America
213:
158:
145:
128:
106:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2634:
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2607:
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2598:
2593:
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2581:Quorum sensing
2578:
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2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2529:Related topics
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2515:Swarm robotics
2512:
2507:
2502:
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2492:Swarm robotics
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2338:
2333:
2326:Fish migration
2323:
2321:Cell migration
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2304:Bird migration
2301:
2300:
2299:
2297:coded wire tag
2294:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2253:
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2250:
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2222:
2221:
2216:
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2194:
2193:
2192:
2190:feeding frenzy
2182:
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2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2143:
2138:
2133:
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2110:
2103:
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2067:
2066:External links
2064:
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2019:
1993:
1986:
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1937:
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1717:(4): 456–463.
1702:
1673:(3): 595–607.
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1587:(2): 419–422.
1567:
1556:(4): 549–569.
1536:
1481:
1470:(4): 437–442.
1450:
1429:(2): 403–407.
1409:
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1313:10.1086/668012
1307:(6): 777–790.
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1265:(1): 108–120.
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1171:(2): 501–509.
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871:(2): 471–477.
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805:(2): 135–147.
789:
761:
682:
680:
677:
584:
581:
557:plain antvireo
419:groups of the
413:red-eyed vireo
212:
209:
162:Temperate Zone
157:
154:
144:
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127:
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113:that employ a
105:
102:
61:or informally
26:
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2015:
2011:
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1997:
1989:
1983:
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1961:
1956:
1950:, "Swallows".
1949:
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1934:
1929:
1927:
1912:on 2017-02-02
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495:golden-winged
492:
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463:Muscicapoidea
460:
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448:
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397:
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385:
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364:
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355:insectivorous
353:
349:
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344:Passerellidae
341:
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241:South America
238:
235:elsewhere in
234:
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206:
201:
199:
198:insect-eating
195:
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183:
180:(such as the
179:
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160:In the North
153:
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116:
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87:
81:
79:
76:of different
75:
72:
71:insectivorous
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2536:Allee effect
2510:Nanorobotics
2500:Ant robotics
2477:Vicsek model
2179:
2045:
2027:Perrins 2003
2022:
2013:
2009:
1996:
1975:
1967:
1960:Perrins 2003
1955:
1948:Perrins 2003
1933:Perrins 2003
1914:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1902:
1898:
1873:Perrins 2003
1823:(3): 461–7.
1820:
1816:
1780:
1774:
1767:Perrins 2003
1762:
1755:Perrins 2003
1750:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1634:(1): 79–83.
1631:
1627:
1617:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1467:
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1453:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1362:(1): 43014.
1359:
1355:
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1300:
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1258:
1248:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1168:
1164:
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1145:
1139:
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1118:
1108:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1039:(1): 17–24.
1036:
1032:
1022:
977:
973:
963:
939:(1): 75–85.
936:
932:
868:
864:
850:
802:
798:
792:
774:
703:
699:
686:
669:Acanthizidae
642:
614:
586:
569:
546:
517:
515:
503:Cuculiformes
441:
423:, only one (
406:
404:
366:
338:such as the
330:
311:
307:Basileuterus
305:
295:
283:white-rumped
248:
227:in southern
214:
202:
174:treecreepers
159:
146:
129:
107:
82:
62:
58:
54:
50:
48:
2632:Ornithology
2556:Eusociality
2505:Microbotics
2375:butterflies
2346:sardine run
2280:altitudinal
2202:pack hunter
1962:, "Swifts".
1840:11449/28947
1721:0273-8570.
1218:(1): 7–10.
621:Philippines
373:woodcreeper
259:Furnariidae
250:Thamnomanes
178:woodpeckers
111:generalists
104:Composition
69:of usually
43:sanderlings
2616:Categories
2470:clustering
2363:philopatry
2341:salmon run
2336:Lessepsian
2036:References
1916:2016-10-01
1667:The Condor
1078:(4): 955.
570:A typical
459:Cotingidae
443:Gnateaters
417:subspecies
368:Synallaxis
348:Thraupidae
318:red-necked
277:. In open
255:antshrikes
221:Neotropics
170:nuthatches
120:gregarious
2591:Stigmergy
2571:Mutualism
2231:bait ball
1849:0034-7108
1689:1938-5129
1523:0028-0836
1445:0030-1299
1386:2045-2322
1321:0003-0147
1281:1938-4254
1232:0340-5443
1092:2193-7192
996:2051-3933
980:(1): 37.
955:0034-7108
885:0003-3472
819:0266-4674
784:432686637
730:0027-8424
657:tit-hylia
572:Neotropic
567:regions.
555:, or the
519:Cyanolyca
493:like the
487:Icteridae
479:Tapaculos
471:Tityridae
376:subfamily
340:cardinals
298:Neotropic
291:predators
271:Parulidae
194:Parulidae
86:Sri Lanka
63:bird wave
2520:Symbrion
2482:BIO-LGCA
2285:tracking
2214:ant mill
2156:sort sol
2151:flocking
2115:Swarming
2016:: 39–42.
2010:Forktail
1857:11188872
1725:4513268.
1404:28230159
1329:23149402
1240:40812217
1193:42672383
1014:31798886
893:53148848
835:86835417
827:25172907
673:minivets
655:and the
649:sunbirds
559:and the
529:and the
491:caciques
467:thrushes
451:swallows
433:army ant
336:families
247:such as
245:antbirds
190:kinglets
137:taxonomy
126:Benefits
115:gleaning
94:American
2622:Zoology
2380:monarch
2309:flyways
2290:history
2141:Droving
1697:1369572
1648:3565809
1609:4734745
1589:Bibcode
1531:4365789
1503:Bibcode
1395:5322357
1364:Bibcode
1337:8402443
1259:The Auk
1185:9787042
1100:9687855
1053:3677336
1005:6883610
756:8433996
738:2361195
708:Bibcode
661:Drongos
645:bulbuls
619:in the
565:montane
507:cuckoos
475:becards
437:monkeys
363:trogons
359:toucans
352:diurnal
313:Tangara
279:cerrado
265:or the
166:Paridae
78:species
65:, is a
2353:Homing
2175:Locust
2054:
1984:
1855:
1847:
1787:
1695:
1687:
1646:
1607:
1529:
1521:
1495:Nature
1443:
1402:
1392:
1384:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1279:
1238:
1230:
1191:
1183:
1098:
1090:
1051:
1012:
1002:
994:
953:
891:
883:
833:
825:
817:
782:
754:
744:
736:
728:
631:, and
608:, and
447:swifts
398:, and
361:, and
324:, and
229:Mexico
205:vireos
2637:Birds
2417:Boids
2358:natal
2146:Flock
2006:(PDF)
1910:(PDF)
1895:(PDF)
1723:JSTOR
1693:JSTOR
1644:JSTOR
1628:Oikos
1527:S2CID
1423:Oikos
1333:S2CID
1236:S2CID
1189:S2CID
1096:S2CID
1049:JSTOR
889:S2CID
861:(PDF)
831:S2CID
823:JSTOR
747:45878
734:JSTOR
696:(PDF)
679:Notes
408:Vireo
269:, or
239:. In
231:, or
143:Costs
74:birds
67:flock
2197:Pack
2163:Herd
2052:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1853:PMID
1845:ISSN
1785:ISBN
1719:ISSN
1685:ISSN
1605:PMID
1519:ISSN
1464:Ibis
1441:ISSN
1400:PMID
1382:ISSN
1325:PMID
1317:ISSN
1277:ISSN
1228:ISSN
1181:PMID
1088:ISSN
1010:PMID
992:ISSN
951:ISSN
881:ISSN
815:ISSN
780:OCLC
752:PMID
726:ISSN
663:and
647:and
596:and
523:jays
449:and
184:and
41:and
1835:hdl
1825:doi
1675:doi
1636:doi
1597:doi
1558:doi
1554:172
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