394:. Traditionally, gofukuyas provided products made to order; a visit was made to the customer's house (typically a person of high social class or who was successful in business), an order taken, then fulfilled. The system of accountancy was called "margin transaction". Mitsui changed this by producing products first, then selling them directly at his shop for cash. This was then an unfamiliar mode of operation in Japan. Even as the shop began providing dry goods to the government of the city of Edo, cash sales were not yet a widespread business practice.
173:
114:
282:
47:
449:
38:
1558:
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Era. It entered into mining when it acquired a mine as collateral from a loan it had made, partly because it could buy a mine cheaply from the government, Mitsui then diversified to become the biggest business in pre-war Japan. The diversification was mainly into related fields to take advantage of
546:
where the production exported. Within the mouthpiece were small discreet doses of opium or heroin, and consequently millions of unsuspecting consumers became addicted to these narcotics, while huge profits were created for the company. The mastermind of the plan, Doihara, was later prosecuted and
366:
when he was 14 years old, and later his older brother joined him. Sent back to
Matsusaka by his brother, Takatoshi waited for 24 years until his older brother died before he could take over the family shop, Echigoya. He opened a new branch in 1673; a large gofukuya
488:
Likewise, Mitsui invested in maritime transportation to support its trading activities as well as invest in passenger transportation, first with the creation in 1878, of Osaka Shosen Kaisha (OSK), which was merged with Mitsui
Steamship in 1964, to become
436:
were led by non-family managers such as
Minomura Rizaemon, who guided the business by accurately forecasting the coming political and economic situations, by acquaintance with high-ranking government officials or politicians, and bold investment.
555:, sentenced to death; but no actions ever took place against the company which profited from their production. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization policy in China, including
216:
of the pre-war period, there is no controlling company with regulatory power. Instead, the companies in the group hold shares in each other, but they are limited to exchanging information and coordinating plans through regular meetings.
621:
after the war, which resulted in reduced cohesion of the conglomerate. Many companies that were once part of the Mitsui Group have become independent or tied to other conglomerates. Specifically,
715:
508:, Mitsui Bank and Mitsui & Co. were found to have speculated around the transaction. This raised a political furor in Japan and resulted in the assassination of Mitsui executive
591:
conglomerates, including Mitsui. The Mitsui Group, broken into many separate companies, reorganized itself as a horizontal coalition of independent companies in the 1950s, once the
1369:
Our Roots: Sakichi Toyoda and Toyota
Industries Corporation backed by the former Mitsui & CO.: Forming the roots of our strong relationship with Toyota Motor Corporation today
559:, was estimated in 20 million to 30 million yen per year, while another authority stated that the annual revenue was estimated by the Japanese military at US$ 300 million a year.
237:
617:
in reorganization. Mitsui Bank, which should have been the mainstay and principal capital provider of the group, declined in size due to the collapse of the
943:
1271:
552:
1904:
524:
using the then-popular Far East trademark. Their circulation was prohibited in Japan and was used only for export. Local
Japanese secret service
482:
1899:
401:. Osaka would sell crops and other material to pay its land tax. The money was then sent to Edo—but moving money was dangerous in middle
1191:
939:
440:
Mitsui's main business in the early period was drapery, finance, and trade, the first two being the businesses it inherited from the
924:
1368:
1889:
1248:
1231:
312:
1894:
1439:
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462:(1848–1938) as its president. Mitsui Bank, which following a merger with Taiyō-Kobe Bank in the mid-1980s became part of
308:
229:
477:
Mitsui Bank became the holding company of the Mitsui zaibatsu from 1876. It was joined as an ultimate parent company by
1615:
1464:
432:
not simply because they were already big and rich at the start of modern industrial development. Firms like Mitsui and
1319:
1169:
1144:
633:, once part of the Mitsui Group, became independent, with the Toyota Group becoming a conglomerate in its own right.
1593:
1504:
1395:
679:
485:
in 1900, with various industrial concerns owned by various combinations of these companies and their subsidiaries.
445:
accumulated capabilities; for instance, the trading company entered into chemicals to attain forward integration.
1454:
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852:
815:
727:
659:
582:
1536:
857:
695:
667:
253:
1192:"Keiretsu groups: their role in the Japanese economy and a reference point (or paradigm) for other countries"
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402:
1924:
1531:
872:
847:
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771:
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During the 1930s and '40s, the subsidiary tobacco industry of Mitsui had started production of special
413:) to be established in Edo. The Mitsui "exchange shops" facilitated transfers while mitigating risks.
249:
1705:
1700:
1577:
1041:
955:
952:- once had a transaction in its development on the purchase of several Mitsui subsidiaries by Oji.
595:
had ended and some of the smaller companies were allowed to re-coalesce. The central firms in the
172:
1914:
965:
959:
823:
731:
567:
304:
233:
113:
52:
20:
1198:
1099:. Bachelor's thesis. Supervisor: Kristín Ingvarsdóttir. Reykjavik, University of Iceland, p. 15.
674:
could be taking over other parts of the
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group. Mitsukoshi merged into
1843:
1608:
1487:
886:
655:
531:
521:
316:
1260:
1519:
1514:
1546:
1476:
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892:
8:
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810:
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261:
1329:. Kobe: Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kōbe University.
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88:
19:
This article is about the Mitsui Group. For other uses of the name "Mitsui", see
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375:, a district in the heart of Edo. The genesis of Mitsui's business was in the
1878:
1720:
1572:
1524:
1347:
1036:
903:
750:, Tri-net Logistics Management, and Mitsui Commodity Risk Management (MCRM).
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1863:
1853:
1848:
1745:
1715:
1645:
1541:
1360:
862:
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493:(MOL), which became one of the largest ocean shipping groups in the world.
458:
On July 1, 1876, Mitsui Bank, Japan's first private bank, was founded with
281:
916:
Berhad – Mitsui owns 20.5% of the company and is represented on its board.
153:
46:
1785:
1509:
640:
600:
463:
225:
1833:
1828:
1775:
1770:
1654:
1272:"'The truth needs to be told' about Japan's war history, some vets say"
975:
919:
755:
610:
548:
509:
441:
391:
372:
320:
300:
428:, Mitsui was among the enterprises that were able to expand to become
1806:
1765:
556:
543:
526:
348:
296:
946:)– Mitsui owns 24.5% of the company and is represented on its board.
1710:
1632:
1628:
1013:
908:
587:
471:
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429:
340:
208:
202:
64:
1314:. Delacorte Universal History no. XX. New York: Delacorte Press.
383:
986:
978:– Mitsui owns 18% of the company and is represented on its board.
637:
630:
622:
570:
as slave laborers, some of whom were maimed by Mitsui employees.
448:
390:
In time, the gofukuya division separated from Mitsui, and became
377:
144:
Financial services, real estate, retail, shipping, and logistics
1008:
992:
675:
644:
470:. During the early 20th century, Mitsui was one of the largest
368:
299:, depicting the Echigoya kimono and money exchange store with
1730:
1624:
1459:
585:
pressed the
Japanese government to dismantle the ten largest
539:
398:
356:
331:(1622–1694), who was the fourth son of a shopkeeper in
1809:(originated from Sanwa Group, later renamed to "Midori Kai")
1339:
981:
344:
1557:
212:
groups that were dissolved after World War II. Unlike the
37:
1373:
898:
363:
352:
291:
666:
than the Mitsui Group. As of 2021 there were signs that
1327:
History of the Yen: 100 Years of
Japanese Money-economy
1128:
1123:
History of the Yen: 100 Years of
Japanese Money-economy
351:
business. The family would later open a second shop in
1243:
Encyclopedia of espionage, p.315, Ronald Sydney Seth,
879:
690:
Companies associated with the Mitsui keiretsu include
753:
1153:
726:, Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Ltd, Mitsui-Soko,
682:, to form Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings in April 2008.
636:
1073:. Mitsui Public Relations Committee. Archived from
678:, a major department store with close ties to the
573:
397:Edo's government had struck a business deal with
343:(越後屋), Mitsui Takatoshi's father originally sold
16:Japanese multinational corporate group (keiretsu)
1876:
553:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
405:. In 1683, the shogunate granted permission for
1297:Chemie-Geschichte: Chemische Fabrik E. Schering
895:- Mitsui owns 15% of the British rail operator.
889:– Mitsui owns 40% of the British rail operator.
416:
193:
1162:Technology and Industrial Development in Japan
1137:Technology and Industrial Development in Japan
319:, is located on the right side of the street.
187:
1755:Big 6 Keiretsu (until roughly 10 years after
1679:Second tier zaibatsu (preceding World War II)
1609:
1389:
685:
1224:Mitsui: Three Centuries of Japanese Business
1189:
1139:. Oxford University Press. pp. 72–73.
1616:
1602:
1396:
1382:
1269:
171:
112:
36:
609:Mitsui lagged somewhat behind its rivals
538:had the control of their distribution in
220:The major companies of the group include
447:
280:
1353:Mitsui Interbusiness Research Institute
1164:. Oxford University Press. p. 76.
1159:
1134:
1905:Japanese companies established in 1876
1877:
1312:Japan: From Prehistory to Modern Times
1185:
1183:
1181:
1110:Japan: From Prehistory to Modern Times
807:Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd.
716:Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd.
654:) is now considered to be part of the
650:Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (
136:Food and beverage, industrial products
1900:Conglomerate companies based in Tokyo
1597:
1440:Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding
1377:
1340:The Mitsui Public Relations Committee
1270:Pennington, Matthew (25 April 2015).
1097:Origins of the Zaibatsu conglomerates
1089:
795:Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding
708:Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding
323:department store is on the left side.
313:The Chuo Mitsui Trust and Banking Co.
276:
258:Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding
1500:Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
1178:
880:Companies with close ties to Mitsui
843:Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
736:Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
468:Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
309:Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
230:Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
13:
1465:Cholamandalam MS General Insurance
1304:
504:in 1931, during the height of the
200:is a Japanese corporate group and
14:
1936:
1333:
1278:. United States. Associated Press
1190:Grabowiecki, Jerzy (March 2006).
1556:
1505:Daiwa Securities Capital Markets
474:, operating in numerous fields.
45:
1455:Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group
1290:
1254:
1052:Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group
853:Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group
816:Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group
728:Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group
660:Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group
583:Supreme Commander Allied Powers
515:
1537:Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings
1237:
1216:
1115:
1102:
1063:
858:Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings
696:Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings
668:Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group
303:in background. Currently, the
254:Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings
1:
1890:Companies established in 1876
662:are more closely tied to the
206:that traces its roots to the
1532:Sumitomo Mitsui Construction
1057:
873:Toyo Engineering Corporation
848:Sumitomo Mitsui Construction
839:Shin Nippon Air Technologies
680:Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ
658:, and many companies in the
387:meaning "Prolonged Wealth".
290:One Hundred Famous Views of
77:; 148 years ago
7:
1895:Companies in the Nikkei 225
1757:Japanese asset price bubble
1310:Hall, John Whitney (1970).
1020:
734:, Pacific Coast Recycling,
706:, Mitsui Construction Co.,
566:, Mitsui employed American
305:Mitsui Main Building (三井本館)
194:
10:
1941:
1644:Big 4 zaibatsu (preceding
1403:
1348:The Tsunamachi Mitsui Club
1160:Odagiri, Hiroyuki (1996).
1135:Odagiri, Hiroyuki (1996).
1027:List of Japanese companies
772:Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings
720:Mitsui Oil Exploration Co.
686:Makeup of the Mitsui Group
466:, survives as part of the
271:
250:Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings
18:
1816:
1799:
1754:
1706:Nakajima Aircraft Company
1701:Kawasaki Heavy Industries
1678:
1643:
1578:Mitsui Golden Glove Award
1565:
1554:
1411:
1121:Shinjō, Hiroshi. (1962).
1095:Ríkarðsson, Árni (2020).
1042:Mitsui Golden Glove Award
956:The Oriental Land Company
804:Mitsui Life Insurance Co.
286:Surugacho (Suruga Street)
188:
148:
140:
132:
122:
105:
95:
71:
59:
51:Mitsui Main Building and
44:
35:
1325:Shinjō, Hiroshi (1962).
754:Mitsui companies in the
530:under the controversial
339:. From his shop, called
1222:Roberts, John G. 1991.
1197:. JETRO. Archived from
960:Keisei Electric Railway
824:Nippon Paper Industries
732:Nippon Paper Industries
574:Postwar development as
522:"Golden Bat" cigarettes
234:Nippon Paper Industries
226:general trading company
53:Nihonbashi Mitsui Tower
21:Mitsui (disambiguation)
1844:Mizuho Financial Group
1800:Transitionary keiretsu
1488:Anchor Brewing Company
887:Abellio Greater Anglia
581:In 1947 and 1948, the
532:Imperial Japanese Army
455:
324:
317:Mitsui Memorial Museum
238:Pokka Sapporo Holdings
1520:SMBC Nikko Securities
1515:SMBC Aviation Capital
763:Aim Services Co., Ltd
451:
284:
1547:West Midlands Trains
1477:Penske Truck Leasing
1108:Hall, John. (1970).
989:- former subsidiary.
893:West Midlands Trains
820:Mitsui-Soko Holdings
417:Formation of Mitsui
1925:Japanese war crimes
1261:Unfinished Business
1047:Mitsui O.S.K. Lines
995:- former subsidiary
811:Mitsui O.S.K. Lines
724:Mitsui O.S.K. Lines
593:occupation of Japan
362:Takatoshi moved to
262:Mitsui O.S.K. Lines
32:
1741:Taisei Corporation
1077:on 30 January 2015
1071:"Member Companies"
500:withdrew from the
456:
325:
311:, Mitsui Fudosan,
277:Edo period origins
28:
1872:
1871:
1591:
1590:
1493:Sleeman Breweries
1483:Sapporo Breweries
1472:Oji Paper Company
1425:Japan Steel Works
1276:Stars and Stripes
1251:, Doubleday, 1974
1249:978-0-385-01609-4
1232:978-0-8348-0080-9
1204:on 13 August 2014
950:Oji Paper Company
944:Multiexport Foods
831:Sanki Engineering
780:Japan Steel Works
776:JA Mitsui Leasing
700:Japan Steel Works
426:Meiji Restoration
381:era, which was a
335:, in what became
180:
179:
1932:
1736:Shibusawa Eiichi
1637:corporate groups
1618:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1583:Mitsui Takatoshi
1560:
1450:Mitsui OSK Lines
1435:Mitsui Chemicals
1398:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1357:
1344:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1258:
1252:
1241:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1067:
868:Toray Industries
790:Mitsui Chemicals
785:Mitsui & Co.
748:Toray Industries
704:Mitsui Chemicals
692:Mitsui & Co.
672:Mitsubishi Group
605:Mitsui & Co.
568:prisoners of war
564:Second World War
506:Great Depression
491:Mitsui OSK Lines
479:Mitsui & Co.
329:Mitsui Takatoshi
246:Mitsui Chemicals
242:Toray Industries
222:Mitsui & Co.
199:
197:
191:
190:
176:
175:
168:
165:
163:
161:
159:
157:
155:
117:
116:
100:Mitsui Takatoshi
89:Mitsui & Co.
85:
83:
78:
49:
40:
33:
27:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1812:
1795:
1750:
1726:Nomura Holdings
1674:
1670:Yasuda zaibatsu
1639:
1622:
1592:
1587:
1561:
1552:
1430:Mitsui & Co
1407:
1402:
1363:
1355:
1342:
1336:
1307:
1305:General sources
1302:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1268:
1267:, June 28, 2010
1259:
1255:
1242:
1238:
1226:, Weatherhill,
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1179:
1172:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1032:Mitsui & Co
1023:
1018:
929:Kao Corporation
882:
877:
835:Sapporo Brewery
759:
740:Taiheiyo Cement
714:, Mitsui-gold,
688:
652:IHI Corporation
579:
518:
422:
407:money exchanges
307:, which houses
279:
274:
185:
170:
152:
125:
118:
111:
87:(foundation of
86:
81:
79:
76:
55:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:Sumitomo Group
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1859:Sumitomo Group
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1824:Furukawa Group
1820:
1818:
1817:Current groups
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1791:Sumitomo Group
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1759:ended in 1991)
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1696:Furukawa Group
1693:
1688:
1686:Asano zaibatsu
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1665:Sumitomo Group
1662:
1657:
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1522:
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1507:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1452:
1447:
1445:Mitsui Fudosan
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1419:Greater Anglia
1415:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1393:
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1378:
1372:
1371:
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1358:
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1345:
1335:
1334:External links
1332:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1289:
1265:Foreign Policy
1253:
1236:
1234:, pp. 312–313.
1215:
1177:
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1145:
1127:
1114:
1101:
1088:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
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1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
984:
979:
973:
971:Sagami Railway
968:
963:
953:
947:
937:
932:
922:
917:
914:IHH Healthcare
911:
906:
901:
896:
890:
883:
881:
878:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
837:
832:
829:
826:
821:
818:
813:
808:
805:
802:
800:Mitsui Fudosan
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
774:
769:
764:
760:
758:
752:
712:Mitsui Fudosan
687:
684:
664:Sumitomo Group
615:Sumitomo Group
578:
572:
547:convicted for
517:
514:
498:United Kingdom
460:Takashi Masuda
453:Takashi Masuda
421:
415:
337:Mie prefecture
278:
275:
273:
270:
266:Mitsui Fudosan
178:
177:
150:
146:
145:
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624:
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619:Imperial Bank
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550:
545:
541:
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536:Kenji Doihara
533:
529:
528:
523:
513:
511:
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503:
502:gold standard
499:
494:
492:
486:
484:
483:Mitsui Mining
480:
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288:(1856), from
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205:
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195:Mitsui Gurūpu
184:
174:
167:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
121:
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108:
104:
101:
98:
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74:
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66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:Mitsui Group
26:
22:
1864:Toyota Group
1854:Nomura Group
1849:Nissan Group
1838:
1780:
1716:Nissan Group
1659:
1646:World War II
1542:TBS Holdings
1412:Subsidiaries
1404:
1361:Mitsui Bunko
1326:
1311:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1275:
1264:
1256:
1239:
1223:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1199:the original
1161:
1155:
1136:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1065:
863:TBS Holdings
828:Nihon Unisys
744:TBS Holdings
689:
656:Mizuho Group
649:
635:
608:
596:
586:
580:
575:
561:
525:
519:
516:World War II
495:
487:
476:
457:
439:
423:
418:
410:
403:feudal Japan
396:
389:
382:
376:
361:
326:
289:
285:
219:
213:
207:
201:
183:Mitsui Group
182:
181:
106:Headquarters
63:
60:Company type
25:
1786:Sanwa Group
1510:Sakura Bank
641:Schering AG
601:Mitsui Bank
562:During the
551:before the
464:Sakura Bank
327:Founded by
124:Area served
110:Japan
1879:Categories
1834:Mitsubishi
1829:Midori Kai
1776:Mitsubishi
1771:Fuyo Group
1655:Mitsubishi
976:Sims Metal
920:Ito-Yokado
756:Nikkei 225
611:Mitsubishi
549:war crimes
510:Takuma Dan
424:After the
392:Mitsukoshi
373:Nihonbashi
347:and ran a
321:Mitsukoshi
301:Mount Fuji
1807:UFJ Group
1766:DKB Group
1112:, p. 290.
1058:Citations
966:Rio Tinto
722:(MOECO),
557:Manchukuo
544:Manchuria
527:kempeitai
496:When the
411:ryōgaeten
371:shop) in
349:pawn shop
333:Matsusaka
297:Hiroshige
128:Worldwide
1920:Zaibatsu
1910:Keiretsu
1711:Nichitsu
1633:keiretsu
1629:zaibatsu
1282:25 April
1208:23 April
1125:, p. 11.
1081:23 April
1021:See also
1014:RTV Pink
909:Fujifilm
670:and the
597:keiretsu
588:zaibatsu
576:keiretsu
534:General
472:zaibatsu
442:Tokugawa
434:Sumitomo
430:zaibatsu
419:zaibatsu
355:(modern
341:Echigoya
214:zaibatsu
209:zaibatsu
203:keiretsu
141:Services
133:Products
65:Keiretsu
1566:Related
987:Suntory
940:Multi X
935:Komatsu
631:Suntory
623:Toshiba
599:became
272:History
156:.mitsui
149:Website
96:Founder
80: (
72:Founded
1885:Mitsui
1839:Mitsui
1781:Mitsui
1691:Fujita
1660:Mitsui
1405:Mitsui
1318:
1247:
1230:
1168:
1143:
1009:Yanmar
1004:Yamaha
993:Toyota
925:Kanebo
676:Isetan
645:Berlin
638:German
629:, and
369:kimono
189:三井グループ
169:
164:/index
31:三井グループ
1731:RIKEN
1625:Japan
1549:(15%)
1479:(30%)
1460:Amlin
1421:(40%)
1202:(PDF)
1195:(PDF)
767:Denka
643:from
540:China
399:Osaka
384:nengō
357:Tokyo
295:, by
166:.html
1316:ISBN
1284:2015
1245:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1210:2014
1166:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1083:2014
999:Vale
982:Sony
613:and
603:and
542:and
481:and
378:Enpō
345:miso
315:and
264:and
158:.com
82:1876
75:1876
1627:'s
899:BHP
364:Edo
359:).
353:Edo
292:Edo
228:),
162:/en
160:/jp
154:www
1881::
1631:,
1274:.
1263:,
1180:^
746:,
742:,
738:,
730:,
718:,
710:,
702:,
698:,
694:,
647:.
625:,
512:.
268:.
260:,
256:,
252:,
248:,
244:,
240:,
236:,
232:,
192:,
1648:)
1617:e
1610:t
1603:v
1397:e
1390:t
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1212:.
1174:.
1149:.
1085:.
962:)
958:(
942:(
931:)
927:(
409:(
367:(
224:(
198:)
186:(
91:)
84:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
